US20050230017A1 - Gas generant compositions - Google Patents

Gas generant compositions Download PDF

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US20050230017A1
US20050230017A1 US10/964,052 US96405204A US2005230017A1 US 20050230017 A1 US20050230017 A1 US 20050230017A1 US 96405204 A US96405204 A US 96405204A US 2005230017 A1 US2005230017 A1 US 2005230017A1
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tetrazole
poly
salt
vinyl
gas generating
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US10/964,052
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Graylon Williams
Sean Burns
Indu Mishra
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Automotive Systems Laboratory Inc
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Automotive Systems Laboratory Inc
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Priority to US10/964,052 priority Critical patent/US20050230017A1/en
Assigned to AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS LABORATORY, INC. reassignment AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS LABORATORY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BURNS, SEAN P., MISHRA, INDU B., WILLIAMS, GRAYLON K.
Publication of US20050230017A1 publication Critical patent/US20050230017A1/en
Priority to US11/264,983 priority patent/US7686901B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
    • C06D5/06—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
    • C06B45/04—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive
    • C06B45/06—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component
    • C06B45/10—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component the organic component containing a resin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to gas generating systems, and to gas generant compositions employed in gas generator devices for automotive restraint systems, for example.
  • the present invention relates to nontoxic gas generating compositions that upon combustion rapidly generate gases that are useful for inflating occupant safety restraints in motor vehicles and specifically, the invention relates to thermally stable nonazide gas generants having not only acceptable burn rates, but that also, upon combustion, exhibit a relatively high gas volume to solid particulate ratio at acceptable flame temperatures.
  • pyrotechnic nonazide gas generants contain ingredients such as oxidizers to provide the required oxygen for rapid combustion and reduce the quantity of toxic gases generated, a catalyst to promote the conversion of toxic oxides of carbon and nitrogen to innocuous gases, and a slag forming constituent to cause the solid and liquid products formed during and immediately after combustion to agglomerate into filterable clinker-like particulates.
  • ingredients such as oxidizers to provide the required oxygen for rapid combustion and reduce the quantity of toxic gases generated, a catalyst to promote the conversion of toxic oxides of carbon and nitrogen to innocuous gases, and a slag forming constituent to cause the solid and liquid products formed during and immediately after combustion to agglomerate into filterable clinker-like particulates.
  • Other optional additives such as burning rate enhancers or ballistic modifiers and ignition aids, are used to control the ignitability and combustion properties of the gas generant.
  • nonazide gas generant compositions One of the disadvantages of known nonazide gas generant compositions is the amount and physical nature of the solid residues formed during combustion. When employed in a vehicle occupant protection system, the solids produced as a result of combustion must be filtered and otherwise kept away from contact with the occupants of the vehicle. It is therefore highly desirable to develop compositions that produce a minimum of solid particulates while still providing adequate quantities of a nontoxic gas to inflate the safety device at a high rate.
  • phase stabilized ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer, for example, is desirable because it generates abundant nontoxic gases and minimal solids upon combustion.
  • gas generants for automotive applications must be thermally stable when aged for 400 hours or more at 107.degree. C.
  • the compositions must also retain structural integrity when cycled between ⁇ 40.degree. C. and 107.degree. C.
  • gas generant compositions incorporating phase stabilized or pure ammonium nitrate sometimes exhibit poor thermal stability, and produce unacceptably high levels of toxic gases, CO and NO.sub.x for example, depending on the composition of the associated additives such as plasticizers and binders.
  • Yet another concern includes slower cold start ignitions of typical smokeless gas generant compositions, that is gas generant compositions that result in less than 10% of solid combustion products.
  • gas generating systems including a gas generant composition containing an extrudable polyvinylazole fuel such as a polyvinyltetrazole, polyvinyltriazole, or polyvinyldiazole.
  • Preferred oxidizers include nonmetal oxidizers such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium perchlorate.
  • Other oxidizers include alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates.
  • the fuel is selected from the group of polyvinyltetrazoles, polyvinyltriazoles, polyvinyldiazoles or polyvinylfurazans, and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred group of fuels includes polymeric tetrazoles, triazoles, and oxadiazoles (furazans), having functional groups on the azole pendants.
  • Preferred vinyl tetrazoles include 5-Amino-1-vinyltetrazole and poly(5-vinyltetrazole), both exhibiting self-propagating thermolysis or thermal decomposition.
  • Other fuels include poly(2-methyl-5-vinyl)tetrazole, poly(1-vinyl)tetrazole, poly(3-vinyl)1,2,5-oxadiazole, and poly(3-vinyl)1,2,4-triazole. These and other possible fuels are structurally illustrated in the figures included herewith.
  • the fuel preferably constitutes 10-40% by weight of the gas generant composition.
  • An oxidizer is preferably selected from the group of nonmetal, and alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates, and mixtures thereof.
  • Nonmetal nitrates include ammonium nitrate and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, stabilized as known in the art.
  • Alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates include potassium nitrate and strontium nitrate.
  • Other oxidizers known for their utility in air bag gas generating compositions are also contemplated.
  • the oxidizer preferably constitutes 60-90% by weight of the gas generant composition.
  • gas generant constituents known for their utility in air bag gas generant compositions may be employed in effective amounts in the compositions of the present invention. These include, but are not limited to, coolants, slag formers, and ballistic modifiers known in the art.
  • the present invention includes gas generant compositions that maximize gas combustion products and minimize solid combustion products while retaining other design requirements such as thermal stability.
  • a pyrotechnic composition includes extrudable fuels such as polyvinyltetrazoles (PVT) for use within a gas generating system, such as that exemplified by a high gas yield automotive airbag propellant in a vehicle occupant protection system.
  • PVT polyvinyltetrazoles
  • the fuel also functions as a binder.
  • Preferred oxidizers include nonmetal oxidizers such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium perchlorate. Other oxidizers include alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates.
  • the fuel is selected from the group of polyvinyltetrazoles, polyvinyltriazoles, polyvinyidiazoles or polyvinylfurazans, and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred group of fuels includes polymeric tetrazoles, triazoles, and oxadiazoles (furazans), having functional groups on the azole pendants.
  • Preferred vinyl tetrazoles include 5-Amino-1-vinyltetrazole and poly(5-vinyltetrazole), both exhibiting self-propagating thermolysis or thermal decomposition.
  • Other fuels include poly(2-methyl-5-vinyl) tetrazole, poly(1-vinyl) tetrazole, poly(3-vinyl)1,2,5-oxadiazole, and poly(3-vinyl)1,2,4-triazole. These and other possible fuels are exemplified by, but not limited to, the structures shown below.
  • compositions resulting in difficult cold-start ignitions that necessitate more powerful ignition trains and boosters are avoided.
  • Poly(5-amino-1-vinyl)tetrazole for example, has no endothermic process before exothermic decomposition begins. Therefore, the heat-consuming step normally attendant prior to the energy releasing steps of combustion (that acts as an energy barrier) is not present in the present compositions. It is believed that other polymeric azoles functioning as fuels in the present invention have the same benefit.
  • the polyvinylazole fuel preferably constitutes 5-40% by weight of the gas generant composition.
  • An oxidizer is preferably selected from the group of nonmetal, and alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates, and mixtures thereof.
  • Nonmetal nitrates include ammonium nitrate and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, stabilized as known in the art.
  • Alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates include potassium nitrate and strontium nitrate.
  • Other oxidizers known for their utility in air bag gas generating compositions are also contemplated.
  • the oxidizer preferably constitutes 60-95% by weight of the gas generant composition.
  • gas generant constituents known for their utility in air bag gas generant compositions may be employed in effective amounts in the compositions of the present invention. These include, but are not limited to, coolants, slag formers, and ballistic modifiers known in the art.
  • the gas generant constituents of the present invention are supplied by suppliers known in the art and are preferably blended by a wet method.
  • a solvent chosen with regard to the group(s) substituted on the polymeric fuel is heated to a temperature sufficient to dissolve the fuel but below boiling, for example just below 100° C., but low enough to prevent autoignition of any of the constituents as they are added and then later precipitate.
  • Hydrophilic groups for example, may be more efficiently dissolved by the use of water as a solvent. Other groups may be more efficiently dissolved in an acidic solution, nitric acid for example.
  • Other solvents include alcohols and plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol. Once a suitable solvent is chosen and heated, the fuel is slowly added and dissolved. The oxidizer is then slowly added and also dissolved.
  • any other desirable constituents are likewise dissolved.
  • the solution is heated and continually stirred. As the solvent is cooked off over time, the fuel and oxidizer, and any other constituents, are co-precipitated in a homogeneous solid solution. The precipitate is removed from the heat once the solvent has been at least substantially volatilized, but more preferably completely volatilized. The composition may then be extruded into pellets or any other useful shape.
  • the polymeric fuels may be manufactured by known processes. For example, vinylation of a tetrazole with vinyl acetate, followed by polymerization is described in Vereshchagin, et al., J. Org. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.) 22(9), 1777-83, (1987). The synthesis of various vinyltetrazoles is also described in Russian Chemical Reviews 72(2), pages 143-164 (2003), herein incorporated by reference. The methyl-group of the starting tetrazole can be exchanged for an amino group. The vinyltetrazoles are then polymerized using a common polymerization initiator such as azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
  • AIBN azoisobutyronitrile
  • Reaction 1 illustrates how polyvinyldiazoles may be formed.
  • Reaction 2 illustrates how polyvinyltriazoles may be formed.
  • Reaction 3 exemplifies how polyvinyltetrazoles may be formed. where R ⁇ CH 3 , NH 2 , etc.
  • Reaction 3 This synthesis is for a substituted polyvinyltetrazole and exemplifies or blueprints a method of forming other polyvinyltetrazoles.
  • a generic polyvinylazole or a structure that generically represents the polyvinyltetrazoles, polyvinyltriazoles, and polyvinyldiazoles of the present invention, may be represented by an aromatic ring having five cites that contains,
  • the aromatic ring will contain from zero to a single oxygen atom, will contain at least two nitrogen atoms, and will contain at least one carbon atom.
  • a gas generant composition of the present invention will contain a polymeric azole and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. The advantages are high gas yield and low solids production, a high energy fuel/binder, and a low-cost oxidizer thereby obviating the need for filtration of the gas given that little if any solids are produced upon combustion.
  • the compositions of the present invention may be extruded given the pliant nature of the polymeric fuels.
  • the gas generant compositions of the present invention may also contain a secondary fuel formed from amine salts of tetrazoles and triazoles. These are described and exemplified in coowned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,872,329, 6,074,502, 6,210,505, and 6,306,232, each herein incorporated by reference.
  • the total weight percent of both the first and second fuels, or the fuel component of the present compositions is about 10 to 40 weight % of the total gas generant composition.
  • nonmetal salts of tetrazoles include in particular, amine, amino, and amide salts of tetrazole and triazole selected from the group including monoguanidinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.1GAD), diguanidinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.2GAD), monoaminoguanidinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.1AGAD), diaminoguanidinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.2AGAD), monohydrazinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.1HH), dihydrazinium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.2HH), monoammonium salt of 5,5′-bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.1NH 3 ), diammonium salt
  • Amine salts of triazoles include monoammonium salt of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (NTA.1NH 3 ), monoguanidinium salt of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (NTA.1GAD), diammonium salt of dinitrobitriazole (DNBTR.2NH 3 ), diguanidinium salt of dinitrobitriazole (DNBTR.2GAD), and monoammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole (DNTR.1 NH 3 ).
  • a generic nonmetal salt of tetrazole as shown in Formula I includes a cationic nitrogen containing component, Z, and an anionic component comprising a tetrazole ring and an R group substituted on the 5-position of the tetrazole ring.
  • a generic nonmetal salt of triazole as shown in Formula II includes a cationic nitrogen containing component, Z, and an anionic component comprising a triazole ring and two R groups substituted on the 3- and and 5- positions of the triazole ring, wherein R 1 may or may not be structurally synonymous with R 2 .
  • R component is selected from a group including hydrogen or any nitrogen-containing compound such as an amino, nitro, nitramino, or a tetrazolyl or triazolyl group as shown in Formula I or II, respectively, substituted directly or via amine, diazo, or triazo groups.
  • the compound Z is substituted at the 1-position of either formula, and is formed from a member of the group comprising amines, aminos, and amides including ammonia, carbohydrazide, oxamic hydrazide, and hydrazine; guanidine compounds such as guanidine, aminoguanidine, diaminoguanidine, triaminoguanidine, dicyandiamide and nitroguanidine; nitrogen substituted carbonyl compounds or amides such as urea, oxamide, bis-(carbonamide) amine, azodicarbonamide, and hydrazodicarbonamide; and, amino azoles such as 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole, 5-aminotetrazole, 3-nitramino-1,2,4-triazole, 5-nitraminotetrazole, and melamine.
  • guanidine compounds such as guanidine, aminoguanidine, di
  • a gas generant composition of the present invention is formed by first synthesizing a polyvinyltetrazole.
  • a generic substituted tetrazole and vinyl acetate are combined to vinylate the tetrazole.
  • the vinylated tetrazole is added to a molar equivalent of mercury acetate and boron trifluoride-etherate for polymerization thereof.
  • the resulting products may then be separated by oil distillation for example.
  • the polyvinyltetrazoles illustrated in the drawings may be formed in the same way. Reaction 3 exemplifies the process described above.
  • a gas generant composition of the present invention is formed by first synthesizing a polyvinyltriazole.
  • a generic substituted triazole metal or nonmetal salt is added to a molar equivalent amount of a free radical brominating reagent such as n-bromo-succinamide and to a benzoyl-peroxide free radical initiator to form a brominated triazole.
  • the brominated triazole is then added to triphenyl phosphine to form a Wittig salt group on the substituted triazole salt.
  • the triazole salt is then added to a metal or nonmetal organic or inorganic base, and also to formaldehyde to form a vinylated triazole salt.
  • the vinylated triazole salt is next added to a free radical polymerization reagent such as azoisobutyronitrile and a catalytic amount of a cationic polmerizer or Ziegler-Natta catalyst such as a metal or titanium complex.
  • Reaction 2 exemplifies the process described above wherein the synthesis of poly(vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) is described.
  • a gas generant composition of the present invention is formed by first synthesizing a polyvinyldiazole. An alkenol containing two —OH groups is added to acetic anhydride to form a substituted diazole. The substituted diazole is then added to a molar equivalent amount of a free radical brominating reagent such as n-bromo-succinamide and to a free radical initiator such as benzoyl-peroxide to form a brominated diazole. The substituted diazole is then added to triphenyl phosphine to form a Wittig salt group on the substituted diazole salt.
  • a free radical brominating reagent such as n-bromo-succinamide
  • a free radical initiator such as benzoyl-peroxide
  • the diazole salt is then added to a metal or nonmetal organic or inorganic base, and also to formaldehyde to form a vinylated diazole salt.
  • the vinylated diazole salt is next added to a free radical polymerization reagent such as azoisobutyronitrile and a catalytic amount of a cationic polymerizer or Ziegler-Natta reagent such as a metal complex.
  • Reaction 1 exemplifies the process described above wherein the synthesis of poly(vinyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole) is described.
  • Example 4 is a representative gas generant composition formed from 5-aminotetrazole and strontium nitrate, in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,757 herein incorporated by reference.
  • Example 5 is a representative gas generant composition formed from an amine salt of tetrazole such as diammonium salt of 5,5′-bi-1H-tetrazole, phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and clay in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,505 herein incorporated by reference.
  • Example 6 is a representative gas generant composition formed from an amine salt of tetrazole such as diammonium salt of 5,5′-bi-1H-tetrazole and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,329 herein incorporated by reference.
  • Example 7 is a representative gas generant composition formed from ammonium nitramine tetrazole and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,329 herein incorporated by reference.
  • Example 8 is a representative gas generant composition formed from ammonium nitramine tetrazole, phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, and a slag former in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,329 herein incorporated by reference.
  • Example 9 is a representative composition formed in accordance with the present invention containing ammonium polyvinyl tetrazole and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate coprecipitated with 10% potassium nitrate).
  • Table 1 details the relative amounts produced (ppm) of carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with regard to each example and the amount of gas generant in grams (Gg). All examples were combusted in a gas generator of substantially the same design.
  • Gg P c CO NH3 NO NO2 4 45 15 125 10 49 9 5 25 36 109 65 29 4 6 25 29 111 29 37 5 7 25 36 62 10 28 3 8 25 37 98 35 33 4 9 25 34 129 4 28 4
  • composition of Example 9 formed in accordance with the present invention, results in far less ammonia than the other examples, well below the industry standard of 35 ppm. It has been discovered that compositions of the present invention result in substantially less amounts of ammonia as compared to other known gas generants. In many known gas generant compositions, it is often difficult to reduce the total amount of ammonia produced upon combustion, even though other performance criteria remain favorable.
  • Theoretical examples 10-14 are tabulated below and provide a comparative view of the different amounts and types of gas produced with regard to several gas generant compositions formed in accordance with the present invention.
  • All phase stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN10) referred to in Table 2 has been stabilized with 10% by weight potassium nitrate of the total PSAN.
  • All examples employ ammonium poly(C-vinyltetrazole) (APV) as the primary fuel.
  • Certain examples employ nonmetal diammonium salt of 5,5′-Bis-1H-tetrazole (BHT.2NH3) as a secondary fuel. All examples reflect results generated by combustion of the gas generant constituents (propellant composition) within a similarly designed inflator or gas generator with equivalent heat sink design.
  • Example 10 has been found to be thermally stable at 105 degrees Celsius for 400 hours with only a 0.5% mass loss. Accordingly, Example 10 exemplifies the unexpected thermal stability of gas generant compositions of the present invention, particularly those incorporating a polyvinylazole as defined herein and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate (stabilized with 10% potassium nitrate). It should be emphasized that other phase stabilizers are also contemplated as known or recognized in the art.
  • Examples 11 through 13 exemplify the use of a polyvinylazole with metallic oxidizers.
  • the use of a metallic oxidizer may be desired for optimization of ignitability, burn rate exponent, gas generant burn rate, and other design criteria.
  • the examples illustrate that the more metallic oxidizer is used the less mols of gas produced upon combustion.
  • Examples 10 and 14 illustrate that molar amounts of gas combustion products are maximized when nonmetal gas generant constituents are employed. Accordingly, preferred gas generant compositions of the present invention contain at least one polyvinylazole as a fuel component and a nonmetal oxidizer as an oxidizer component.
  • Example 14 it has been found that the gas generant burn rate may be enhanced by adding another nonmetal fuel, BHT.2NH3, to APV and PSAN10, thereby optimizing the combustion profile of the gas generant composition.
  • the burn rate of Example 14 is recorded at 1.2 inches per second at 5500 psi. It can be concluded therefore, that the addition of nonmetal amine salts of tetrazoles and/or nonmetal amine salts of triazoles as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,329 may be advantageous with regard to burn rate and gas generation.
  • the pliant nature of the APV provides extrudability of the propellant composition.
  • Examples 15 and 16 exemplify the cold start advantage of gas generant compositions containing a polyvinylazole.
  • DSR differential scanning calorimetry
  • typical smokeless or nonmetal compositions may exhibit an endothermic trend prior to exothermic combustion.
  • relatively greater amounts of energy must be available to ignite the gas generant and sustain combustion of the same.
  • a more aggressive ignition train to include an aggressive booster composition perhaps, is required to attain the energy level necessary to ignite the gas generant and sustain combustion.
  • Example 15 pertains to a composition containing 65% PSAN10 and about 35% BHT.2NH3. As shown in FIG.
  • Example 16 pertains to a composition containing about 15% poly(C-vinyltetrazole) and about 85% PSAN10. Most unexpectedly, there is no endothermic process and accordingly, combustion proceeds in an uninhibited manner. As a result, less energy is required to combust the gas generant composition thereby reducing the ignition train or ignition and booster requirements.
  • the present compositions may be employed within a gas generating system.
  • a vehicle occupant protection system made in a known way contains crash sensors in electrical communication with an airbag inflator in the steering wheel, and also with a seatbelt assembly.
  • the gas generating compositions of the present invention may be employed in both subassemblies within the broader vehicle occupant protection system or gas generating system. More specifically, each gas generator employed in the automotive gas generating system may contain a gas generating composition as described herein.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
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US20050257866A1 (en) * 2004-03-29 2005-11-24 Williams Graylon K Gas generant and manufacturing method thereof
US20070169863A1 (en) * 2006-01-19 2007-07-26 Hordos Deborah L Autoignition main gas generant
US20070175553A1 (en) * 2006-01-31 2007-08-02 Burns Sean P Gas Generating composition
US20080271825A1 (en) * 2006-09-29 2008-11-06 Halpin Jeffrey W Gas generant
US20100258220A1 (en) * 2006-05-05 2010-10-14 Ganta Sudhakar R Gas generant compositions
US20100326575A1 (en) * 2006-01-27 2010-12-30 Miller Cory G Synthesis of 2-nitroimino-5-nitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
US9556078B1 (en) 2008-04-07 2017-01-31 Tk Holdings Inc. Gas generator

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US7686901B2 (en) * 2004-10-12 2010-03-30 Automotive Systems Laboratory, Inc. Gas generant compositions
US7776169B2 (en) 2005-06-01 2010-08-17 Automotive Systems Laboratory, Inc. Water-based synthesis of poly(tetrazoles) and articles formed therefrom
JP2010511594A (ja) * 2005-07-31 2010-04-15 オートモーティブ システムズ ラボラトリィ、 インク． ポリ（テトラゾール）類の水性合成およびそれから形成される物品
DE102012222424A1 (de) * 2012-12-03 2014-06-18 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 3,3'-Dinitro-5,5'-Bistriazol-1,1'-diol

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