US20050212661A1 - Data transmission method and apparatus in RFID and remote sensor systems - Google Patents

Data transmission method and apparatus in RFID and remote sensor systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050212661A1
US20050212661A1 US11/088,202 US8820205A US2005212661A1 US 20050212661 A1 US20050212661 A1 US 20050212661A1 US 8820205 A US8820205 A US 8820205A US 2005212661 A1 US2005212661 A1 US 2005212661A1
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return link
transponder
data transfer
transfer mode
subsymbol
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Ulrich Friedrich
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Atmel Corp
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Assigned to ATMEL GERMANY GMBH reassignment ATMEL GERMANY GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FRIEDRICH, ULRICH
Publication of US20050212661A1 publication Critical patent/US20050212661A1/en
Assigned to ATMEL AUTOMOTIVE GMBH reassignment ATMEL AUTOMOTIVE GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ATMEL GERMANY GMBH
Priority to US13/041,222 priority Critical patent/US8552837B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10297—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves arrangements for handling protocols designed for non-contact record carriers such as RFIDs NFCs, e.g. ISO/IEC 14443 and 18092
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for data transmission in RFID and remote sensor systems including at least one reader and one or more transponders or remote sensors that are located in an electromagnetic field of the reader, in which a multipart return link header containing transmission parameters for the return link, such as modulation references, is transmitted at the beginning of a return link transmission of useful data from a transponder or sensor to a reader.
  • Auto-ID Automatic identification methods, also called auto-ID, have been widely used in recent years in many service sectors, in acquisition and distribution logistics, in commerce, in production, and material flow systems.
  • a goal of auto-ID is, for example, the thorough provision of information on persons, animals, objects, and products.
  • An example of such auto-ID systems are chip cards, which are widely used today, and in which a silicon memory chip by mechanical-galvanic contacting using a reader is provided with power, read out, and optionally also is reprogrammed.
  • the acquisition device is routinely called a reader, regardless of whether data can only be read thereby or also rewritten.
  • the data carrier e.g., the transponder
  • the data carrier can be supplied with power not only through galvanic contact but also contactless with the use of electromagnetic fields within the radio range (radio frequency: RF).
  • RFID systems typically have two basic components, namely, the transponder or sensor in the case of a remote sensor system, i.e., an application-specific integrated circuit (IC) with a coupling element, such as a dipole antenna for transmitting and receiving, and of the reader (also: base station), which typically has a high-frequency module (transmitter-receiver) and also a coupling element.
  • the reader provides the transponder or sensor, which usually does not have its own power supply, with power and a clock signal. Data are transmitted both from the reader to the transponder (forward link) and also in the opposite direction (return link).
  • Such RFID systems whose range is considerably greater than 1 m, work with electromagnetic waves in the UHF and microwave range.
  • a backscattering method typically called the backscatter principle because of its physical operating mode, is used predominantly, during the course of which a portion of the energy arriving at the transponder from the reader is reflected (backscattered) and in so doing can be modulated for data transmission.
  • the IC receives via the coupling element a high frequency carrier, which it transmits by means of suitable modulation and backscattering devices partially back to the reader.
  • the RFID and remote sensor systems outlined above and based on backscattering, generally have the disadvantage that the return link is very weak with respect to the power balance, primarily because of the free space attenuation both in the forward and return link. For this reason, attention must be focused especially in the design of such systems that a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus a low bit error rate can be achieved.
  • SNR signal-to-noise ratio
  • ISO standard 18000-6 FDIS furthermore, describes systems with an asynchronous return link, in which a transponder or sensor transmits a “free” data stream without being affected by synchronization tags sent by the reader.
  • asynchronous link mechanisms can be realized in UHF RFID systems more economically than the named synchronous link mechanisms, because, for example, normal processors can be used instead of DSPs.
  • the SNR values as well are poorer in comparison with the synchronous solution, which can be acceptable, however, if the effect of reflections primarily in the near range, e.g., multipath propagation effects, is low.
  • Asynchronous methods possess advantages during use in RFID or remote sensor systems, which comprise a plurality of readers within a common range, because the noise contribution can be reduced by asynchronous operation.
  • a synchronous return link is to be preferred, however, in cases of only a small number of readers or merely an insignificant effect for some other reasons.
  • An object of the invention is that a relative time duration of individual subsymbols of the return link header is modified to select a data transfer mode from a number of different data transfer modes.
  • Simple transfer of time information within a data structure present by default in this manner enables pre-selection of the transfer mode that is to be used, whereby the mentioned time information is not supplied by the carrier but by a modulation of the carrier, which leads to a notch signal.
  • This in turn is then simple to detect. Only the transmission of a narrow band carrier is necessary to accomplish this on the part of the reader (base station). This in turn leads to a limitation of the reflection/multipath propagation effects in the near range (associated with a positive effect on SNR values in asynchronous transmission; see above) and permits a simple evaluation of the signals received from the transponder. This last property in turn has economic effects on the technical realization of the readers that are used.
  • either a synchronous or asynchronous data transfer mode is selected. By doing so, the time durations of two successive subsymbols of the return link header can be compared to select the data transfer mode.
  • the ISO submission ISO 18000-6 M3, of Feb. 1, 2002 defined that upon data transmission from the reader to the transponder or sensor a multipart return link header, typically called a return link header, follows the last EOT symbol (end-of-transmission) of the forward link, which header typically has four subsymbols and, inter alia, serves to transfer the modulation references for the return link.
  • the individual subsymbols are defined by the notch signals (field gaps, modulation dips). The actual useful data of the transponder or sensor thus follow the fourth subsymbol.
  • NRZ Modulation can be used by the reader to adapt the “on” baud rate of the return link 2 nd subsymbol, control element 3phaseX control (timing reference) FM0 control Anticollision control symbol 3 rd subsymbol, control element defines whether the CRC value of the transponder UID is part of the return link Modulation in the 3 rd subsymbol The type of modulation depends on the “on” allowed types of modulation. If NRZI only is supported, then modulation is “on,” otherwise it is controlled by the 2 nd subsymbol 4 th subsymbol represents the Modulation like “0” time reference for EOT detection in (synchronous) return link
  • the position and length of the aforementioned CRC data normally depends on the actual UID (unique identification) mechanism in the forward and/or return link. Because this in turn varies greatly according to the application, the functionality of the third subsymbol in the table according to ISO 18000-6 remained free and can be used according to the invention to make a selection with respect to the type of return link to be used.
  • the later subsymbol here the functionally “free” third subsymbol of the return link header, is modified with regard to standard length, e.g., is shortened, so that its time duration differs from that of the earlier second subsymbol.
  • the state of a memory element of the transponder or sensor can be changed, to indicate permanently the receipt of the modified symbol (in its property as a control signal) and a release of the asynchronous data transfer mode.
  • the fourth subsymbol represents, in the synchronous case, a minimal length of the EOT signal.
  • a minimal (time) EOT threshold it can be defined that no notch signal has to occur before the second (useful data) bit is reached in the asynchronous data stream.
  • the transponders or sensors assume that they are in the asynchronous mode, whereas the reader proceeds from a synchronous return link; thus the transponder or sensor within the scope of the method of the invention receives a synchronization signal (notch signal) of the reader, before a time corresponding to the minimal EOT threshold has passed; i.e., the transponder or sensor receives a notch signal in the middle of a symbol of its useful data transmission.
  • a synchronization signal notch signal
  • a feature of the method of the invention provides that the transponder or sensor upon receipt of a notch signal during its useful data transmission to the reader returns to the synchronous mode. Thereby, a set memory element that has a previously modified state can be reset.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an RFID/sensor system, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a return link header according to ISO 18000-6;
  • FIG. 3 a shows schematically a return link header and subsequent useful data in a synchronous return link
  • FIG. 3 b shows schematically the return link header and subsequent useful data in an asynchronous return link
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system, e.g., an RFID system 1 , that can include a reader 2 having a suitable transmitter and receiver 2 ′, such as a dipole antenna, and one or more transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 , which together are located within a response range A of the reader 2 .
  • a suitable transmitter and receiver 2 ′ such as a dipole antenna
  • transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 which together are located within a response range A of the reader 2 .
  • transponders are discussed in the following description, the method of the invention can also be used in remote sensor systems, in combined sensor-transponder systems, etc.
  • a data stream D which is sent by the reader 2 or the transmitter 2 ′ is received substantially simultaneously by all of the transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 .
  • the data transmission from the reader 2 to a transponder 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 is described below as a forward link.
  • the transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 respond at least to a completed data transmission from the reader 2 via the return links R (return link), whereby some of the energy coming in from the reader 2 together with the data D at the transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 is reflected (backscattered) and thereby is optionally modulated for data transmission from the transponders 3 . 1 - 3 . 4 to the reader 2 .
  • a data transmission to the reader 2 can also occur even during the forward link.
  • FIG. 2 shows first in the upper part schematically the basic construction of the return link header (RLH) according to ISO 18000-6 M3, p. 50. Shown in a lower portion of FIG. 2 is a logical signal “level2send” that is to be transmitted.
  • the arrow t in FIG. 2 indicates the time course of the notch signal sequence.
  • a last EOT symbol (end-of-transmission) of the forward link is recognizable, and in the right hand portion of FIG. 2 , a first useful data field ND of the return link R, is shown.
  • the time duration T 1 of the first subsymbol TS 1 is used for a main timing adjustment, which, due to the broad covered baud rate range between 1 and 80 kbit/s, is necessary, on the one hand, to reduce the activity in slow protocols (current saving) and, on the other hand, to control the accuracy of the modulation switching.
  • a duration T 2 of the second subsymbol TS 2 is a timing reference for a modulation of the return link data transmission to the reader 2 .
  • a third subsymbol TS 3 which is free according to ISO 18000-6, is used, according to an embodiment of the invention, as a “switch” to switch between synchronous or asynchronous data transmission in the return link R, as is explained in greater detail below.
  • a subsymbol T 4 is a reference time for an EOF detection (end-of-frame) in the return link, e.g., to indicate the end of a data block for the synchronous link.
  • FIGS. 3 a and 3 b each show excerpts from a start of a return link R from the transponder to the reader.
  • the switching between a synchronous, notch-triggered return link R ( FIG. 3 a ) and an asynchronous, free running return link R ( FIG. 3 b ) is made by the time correlation between the second subsymbol TS 2 and the third subsymbol TS 3 of the header RLH.
  • a relative time duration of individual subsymbols of the return link header can be changed to select a data transfer mode from a number of different data transfer modes. If, for example, a duration T 2 of the second subsymbol TS 2 is shorter than a duration T 3 of the third subsymbol TS 3 , the synchronous transfer mode is selected ( FIG. 3 a ). In the opposite case ( FIG. 3 b ), the asynchronous transfer mode is selected. Accordingly, time durations of two successive subsymbols of the return link header are compared.
  • the second subsymbol TS 2 contains important timing information with respect to signal modulation in the return link R, this remains unchanged in each case, and to select the asynchronous data transfer mode, only the later third subsymbol TS 3 is shortened relative to a standard length shown in FIG. 3 a so that its time duration T 3 is shorter than the duration T 2 of the earlier second subsymbol TS 2 , i.e., T 2 >T 3 .
  • a synchronous return link R is preset by default. However, if the transponder receives a third subsymbol TS 3 in which T 3 ⁇ T 2 , then a memory element (not shown) of the transponder is set to release the asynchronous transfer mode, i.e., it undergoes a change in state.
  • the transponder In the asynchronous return link mode, the transponder transmits its data once to the reader (e.g., autodecrement of a memory address either up to full memory or up to a block (32 bit) or page break (128 bit)) and is then mute in the expectation of a new notch signal, which is interpreted as the beginning of a new forward link and at the same time causes a resetting of the aforementioned memory element, so that the default synchronous mode is preselected again.
  • a normally present timeout control cycle is turned off in the asynchronous mode.
  • FIG. 4 shows a flow chart of the return link header RLH (top part of FIG. 4 up to dashed line), according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • step S 1 notch signals N 1 , N 2 ; receipt of the first subsymbol TS 1 ; cf. FIGS. 2, 3 a , and 3 b
  • step S 2 an internal clock of the transponder is first switched to a “slow” operating mode.
  • the clock signal or clock system is set with the first subsymbol TS 1 , either by further reducing a frequency of an oscillator, normally present in UHF applications, of the transponder or doubling the oscillator frequency. This occurs as a function of the first time measurement (T 1 ).
  • step S 3 waits for a time T 2 for the next notch signal N 3 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the time T 2 is determined and saved in the following step S 4 .
  • the internal clock signal can be set.
  • the transponder waits in step S 5 for a time T 3 for the following notch signal N 4 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • step S 6 a query is made whether T 3 >T 2 , as is assumed by default ( FIG. 3 a ), i.e., whether transmission occurs via a synchronous return link. If the answer to query S 6 is yes (y), the modulation reference time is set (step S 7 ); next for time T 4 the last notch signal N 5 of the header RLH is awaited (step S 8 ) and in step S 9 the EOT time is set and the data modulation is begun.
  • Step S 10 which is below the dashed line, symbolizes the synchronous return link R up to receipt of an EOT symbol.
  • step S 6 If the answer to the query in step S 6 is no (n), the transponder waits for the final notch signal N 5 (step S 8 ′) and then in step S 9 ′ begins an asynchronous data modulation.
  • Step S 10 ′ which is shown below the dashed line, symbolizes the asynchronous return link R until the receipt of a certain end condition.
  • the mode selection is backwards compatible. This is symbolized in FIG. 4 by an arrow between the asynchronous return link S 10 ′ and the synchronous return link S 10 . If the third subsymbol TS 3 was erroneously received by the transponder or erroneously transmitted by the reader, the relevant transponder according to the above, thus receives a synchronization signal (notch) from the reader before a minimal EOT time threshold is reached.
  • the aforementioned memory element which indicates an active asynchronous transfer mode, can be reset by this means, without affecting the transmission of the first useful data bit ND (cf. FIG. 3 a, b ) after transmission of the header, RLH.
  • the reader in an actual synchronous return link data transmission at time intervals sends notch signals Ni for synchronizing the data transmission through the transponder and the transponder receives such a notch signal Ni during its useful data transmission to the reader, particularly due to an erroneous shortening of the third subsymbol TS 3 , the transponder can return to the synchronous mode.
  • the method and apparatus of the invention has critical advantages during use in RFID or remote sensor systems, which, has, for example, a plurality of readers within a common range.
  • the noise contribution can be reduced by switching to asynchronous operation, which results in an improvement in the quality of the return link.
  • a synchronous return link is preferred. This is possible due to the switchability according to the invention between the two link mechanisms.
  • Another advantage of the method of the invention results in relation to (called upon) anticollision procedures, when there are several transponder or sensors in the field:
  • command sequences for anticollision can now be accelerated henceforth by using an allocated, predetermined anticollision method depending on the selected synchronous or asynchronous return link, for example, Aloha (a transponder-controlled, stochastic TDMA method; time domain multiple access—time multiplex; see Finkenzeller, RFID-Handbuch [RFID Handbook], 3rd ed., pp. 210ff) in the case of asynchronous transmission.
  • Aloha a transponder-controlled, stochastic TDMA method; time domain multiple access—time multiplex; see Finkenzeller, RFID-Handbuch [RFID Handbook], 3rd ed., pp. 210ff

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US20070030126A1 (en) * 2004-04-14 2007-02-08 Ulrich Friedrich Method for selecting one or several transponders
US20070073861A1 (en) * 2005-09-07 2007-03-29 International Business Machines Corporation Autonomic sensor network ecosystem
US20070198675A1 (en) * 2004-10-25 2007-08-23 International Business Machines Corporation Method, system and program product for deploying and allocating an autonomic sensor network ecosystem
WO2007099340A1 (en) 2006-03-03 2007-09-07 Wavetrend Technologies Limited Signalling in electromagnetic identification apparatus
WO2008084351A2 (en) * 2007-01-09 2008-07-17 Nxp B.V. Method of transmitting data, electronic device and transponder
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US20100097192A1 (en) * 2006-12-04 2010-04-22 David Alan Weston Back-door data synchronization for a multiple remote measurement system
CN102087697A (zh) * 2011-02-25 2011-06-08 深圳市中兴长天信息技术有限公司 一种阅读器与无线标签的数据传输方法
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US7769848B2 (en) 2004-09-22 2010-08-03 International Business Machines Corporation Method and systems for copying data components between nodes of a wireless sensor network
US9552262B2 (en) 2004-10-25 2017-01-24 International Business Machines Corporation Method, system and program product for deploying and allocating an autonomic sensor network ecosystem
US20070198675A1 (en) * 2004-10-25 2007-08-23 International Business Machines Corporation Method, system and program product for deploying and allocating an autonomic sensor network ecosystem
US8041772B2 (en) 2005-09-07 2011-10-18 International Business Machines Corporation Autonomic sensor network ecosystem
US20070073861A1 (en) * 2005-09-07 2007-03-29 International Business Machines Corporation Autonomic sensor network ecosystem
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US20110148590A1 (en) 2011-06-23
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CN1677973B (zh) 2010-06-09
US8552837B2 (en) 2013-10-08

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