US20050207844A1 - Oscillating water column wave energy converter incorporated into caisson breakwater - Google Patents

Oscillating water column wave energy converter incorporated into caisson breakwater Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050207844A1
US20050207844A1 US10/517,747 US51774704A US2005207844A1 US 20050207844 A1 US20050207844 A1 US 20050207844A1 US 51774704 A US51774704 A US 51774704A US 2005207844 A1 US2005207844 A1 US 2005207844A1
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United States
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room
duct
caisson
air
vertical
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Abandoned
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US10/517,747
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English (en)
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Paolo Boccotti
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
    • F03B13/141—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector
    • F03B13/142—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy with a static energy collector which creates an oscillating water column
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention discloses a caisson breakwater which is able to protect a port or a marine sheet of water with a small wave reflection, and is able to convert wave energy into electric power.
  • Caisson breakwaters consist of caissons in reinforced concrete close to each other or linked together, on a foundation on the seabed.
  • Each caisson is subdivided into a number of cells by vertical walls.
  • the caissons are manufactured in dry docks, towed and sunk.
  • the cells are filled with sand and/or gravel and/or concrete or other kind of ballast. Then a superstructure is cast in concrete.
  • Caisson breakwaters are excellent for protecting ports, because they can be built easily and are very resistant The only flaw is that they reflect nearly all the incident wave energy, and, as a consequence, wave heights off the breakwater grow, and huge overtopping discharges occur.
  • the wave amplification may be dangerous for boats and ships approaching a port, and the overtopping discharge may be dangerous for persons, facilities, and boats inside a port.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,732 B1 has disclosed a submerged caisson on the seabed, with an air pocket and a vertical duct having the same width as the caisson.
  • the upper opening of the vertical duct is beneath the sea level, and through this opening, the water alternately enters the caisson and exits from the caisson
  • the height of the air pocket inside the caisson is tuned with means for pumping or releasing air. Tuning is made so that the eigenperiod of free oscillations inside the caisson be close to the wave period.
  • An embodiment of patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,732 B1 comprises a self-rectifying turbine (e.g. a Wells turbine) that is a turbine whose direction of rotation does not change if the flow is reversed. This turbine is in a small section of the vertical duct and is driven by the high-speed water-flow in said duct.
  • a self-rectifying turbine e.g. a Wells turbine
  • the plant disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,732 B1 is an excellent absorber of wave energy, and it can be used very well to build submerged breakwaters with a very low environmental impact. These breakwaters are able to protect beaches from erosion, but they cannot protect a port because a part of the wave energy goes beyond these breakwaters.
  • the caisson of U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,732 B1 having an air pocket in pressure, needs a compressor, and needs control against air leakage.
  • the caisson of U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,732 B1 has the turbine beneath the sea level, which implies some difficulty of maintenance and the need for a water-tight room for a generator.
  • OWCs oscillating water columns
  • OWCs Conventional wave energy converters known as OWCs (oscillating water columns) are widely described in the scientific literature. They may be coastline OWCs (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,225), breakwater OWCs (see Takahashi S. et al., Proc. 23 rd Int. Conf. On Coastal Eng., 3440-3453, Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers, New York, 1992), or floating OWCs (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,791), according to whether they are installed on a coast, or in a caisson breakwater, or in a sink structure.
  • OWCs essentially, consist of a box which rests on the seabed, with the roof above the sea level and with a large vertical opening in the main vertical wall (the one beaten by waves). This vertical opening extends from nearly the seabed to nearly the sea level, so that waves be able to propagate into the OWC.
  • the air between the sea surface and the roof of the box, alternately, is compressed and expands because of the waves on the sea surface.
  • An air-duct connects the OWC to the atmosphere, and a self-rectifying turbine is driven by an alternate air flow in said air-duct.
  • an OWC is not a U-conduit with an air pocket acting as a spring.
  • an OWC cannot exploit a natural resonance where the eigenperiod of free oscillations in a U-conduit is equal to the wave period; This is why for improving the efficiency, some OWCs exploit a forced resonance with some complex devices for phase control in each individual wave (see Korde U. A. Applied Ocean Res. 13, 1991).
  • OWCs call for a large vertical opening in the main vertical wall so that their structure differs deeply from the compact structure of conventional caisson breakwaters. Moreover, to improve the efficiency, OWCs need some complex devices for phase control.
  • the objectives of the present invention are to make a caisson breakwater which:
  • a caisson 1 comprises:
  • the width and the length of the vertical duct 2 , and the width and the height of the room 3 are fixed so that the eigenperiod be close to the wave period of the waves which convey the largest amount of energy in the course of a year.
  • the plant of the present invention works as follows. Under wave action, pressure fluctuates on the outer opening 6 of the vertical duct 2 . These pressure fluctuations cause oscillations of the water in the U-conduit which consists of the vertical duct 2 and the room 3 . As a consequence the air in the room 3 is compressed and expands, and an alternate air flow is produced in air-duct 4 . This air flow drives the self-rectifying turbine 5 . Thus, waves do not propagate into the plant of the present invention, while, as said, waves propagate into OWCs.
  • valve 9 must be closed.
  • the water level in the room 3 may be measured by means of an ultrasonic probe attached to the roof 8 . Given that the plant exploits a natural resonance there is no need at all for phase control. Finally, given that the average air pressure in the room 3 is equal to the atmospheric pressure, there is no need for control against air leakage, nor there is need for compressors.
  • the plant exploits a nataral resonance in a U-conduit, it needs only a relatively small horizontal-outer-opening 6 .
  • the U-conduit (that is the vertical duct 2 and the room 3 ) can be well above the base of the caisson 1 , so that we can fill the room beneath the U-conduit with concrete. That is why the caisson breakwater of the present invention has nearly the same compact structure as a conventional caisson breakwater.
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-section of a first embodiment of a caisson of the breakwater according to the present invention, along plane I-I of FIGS. 3 and 4 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a horizontal cross-section of the first embodiment of the present invention, along plane II-II of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a horizontal cross-section of the first embodiment of the present invention, along plane III-III of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-section of a second embodiment of the present invention, along plane I-I of FIGS. 6 and 7 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a horizontal cross-section of the second embodiment of the present invention, along plane II-II of FIG. 5 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a horizontal cross-section of the second embodiment of the present invention, along plane III-III of FIG. 5 ;
  • FIG. 8 is a vertical cross-section of a third embodiment of the present invernion, along plane I-I of FIGS. 9 and 10 ;
  • FIG. 9 is a horizontal cross-section of the third embodiment of the present invention, along plane I-I of FIG. 8 ;
  • FIG. 10 is a horizontal cross-section of the third embodiment of the present invention, along plane III-III of FIG. 8 ;
  • FIG. 11 is a vertical cross-section of a fourth embodiment
  • FIG. 12 is a vertical cross-section of a fifth embodiment
  • the breakwater of the present invention consists of caissons close to each other or joined together, like a conventional caisson breakwater.
  • the caissons of the breakwater of the present invention typically rest on a rubble mound foundation 13 on the seabed 17
  • a caisson 1 of the breakwater consists of cells which are filled with sand and/or gravel 11 and/or concrete 12 .
  • a superstructure 10 is cast in concrete above each caisson.
  • some vertical stiffening-walls 14 ′, 14 ′′ subdivide the vertical duct into sections 2 ′, 2 ′′, 2 ′′′, and subdivide the room 3 into cells 3 ′, 3 ′′, 3 ′′′.
  • Each of said cells 3 ′, 3 ′′, 3 ′′′ is connected with the atmosphere by its own air-duct 4 ′, 4 ′′, 4 ′′′ with self-rectifying turbines (e.g. Wells turbines) 5 ′, 5 ′′, 5 ′′′ and valves 9 ′, 9 ′′, 9 ′′′.
  • self-rectifying turbines e.g. Wells turbines
  • the vertical walls 14 ′, 14 ′′, 14 IV , 14 V are provided with openings 15 ′, 15 ′′, 15 IV , 15 V , near roof 8 . Said openings let air flow from one to another of cells 3 ′, 3 ′′, 3 ′′′ and from one to another of cells 3 IV , 3 V , 3 VI .
  • the cells 3 ′, 3 ′′, 3 ′′′, are connected with the atmosphere through air-duct 4 ′ with self-rectyg turbine 5 ′ and valve 9 ′; the cells 3 IV , 3 V,3 VI are connected with the atmosphere through air-duct 4 ′′ with self-rectifying turbine 5 ′′ (not seen) and valve 9 ′′ (not seen).
  • FIGS. 8 - 9 - 10 there are no openings in the vertical walls 14 ′, 14 ′′, 14 ′′′, 14 IV , 14 V and the cells 3 ′, 3 ′′, 3 ′′′ are connected with the air-duct 4 ′ through tubes 16 ′, 16 ′′, 16 ′′′ being provided with valves 9 ′, 9 ′′, 9 ′′′, and the cells 3 IV , 3 V , 3 VI are connected with air-duct 4 ′′ through tubes 16 IV , 16 V , 16 VI being provided with valves 9 IV , 9 V , 9 VI .
  • the air-ducts 4 ′ and 4 ′′ are connected with the atmosphere, and contain self-rectifying turbines 5 ′, 5 ′′.
  • a fourth embodiment is a more sophisticated version of the second embodiment, wherein there is a vertical septum which extends in height from the roof 8 downwards without reaching the base of the room 3 . Closing the valve 9 ′ in the air duct 4 ′, the eigenperiod is reduced so that there is an increase of the production of electric power with wind waves of relatively small period.
  • the vertical duct 2 may be connected with the room 3 through a horizontal or sloping duct 19 .
  • the insertion of said horizontal or sloping duct 19 leads to an increase of the eigenperiod.
  • the breakwater of the present invention may be built for the only scope of producing electric power (not to protect a port).
  • a factory of green energy may consist of a caisson breakwater according to the present invention and a number of wind mills in the protected water sheet behind said breakwater.
  • a first advantage of this factory is to eliminate the wave trust on the offshore wind mills.
  • a second advantage is that a more regular production can be obtained. Indeed, even when there is no wind, the factory can produce electric power, exploiting the energy of swells.
  • the caisson breakwater of the present invention has the same solid structure in reinforced concrete as a conventional caisson breakwater. Also the building trade is the same, and the overall size is nearly the same—typically, the width of a caisson breakwater of the present invention proves to be about 5% greater than the width of a conventional caisson breakwater, under the same safety factors against sliding and overturning, and under the same load on the foundation.
  • the hydraulic apparatus is particularly simple—typically, it consists of a single turbine per caisson, with a diameter between 1 m and 1.5 m Control is reduced to a minimum, given that the plant exploits a natural resonance in a U-conduit and does not call for phase control.
  • the breakwater of the present invention has two important advantages over a conventional caisson breakwater. First, it converts part of the incident wave energy into electric power. Second, it reflects less wave energy. Our computations, based on numerical simulations of random wind-generated waves with some characteristic spectra, show that the breakwater of the present invention is able to absorb more than the 70% of the incident wave energy per year, and is able to convert into electric power more than one third of the absorbed energy. For this estimate use has been made of the plots of Curran and Gato (Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs. 211,1977) for the efficiency of a simple monoplane Wells turbine.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
US10/517,747 2002-06-28 2003-05-22 Oscillating water column wave energy converter incorporated into caisson breakwater Abandoned US20050207844A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT2002RC000008A ITRC20020008A1 (it) 2002-06-28 2002-06-28 Diga a cassoni in grado di assorbire l'energia ondosa e trasformarla in energia elettrica.
ITRC2002000008 2002-06-28
PCT/IT2003/000310 WO2004003379A1 (en) 2002-06-28 2003-05-22 Oscillating water column wave energy converter incorporated into caisson breakwater.

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US (1) US20050207844A1 (it)
EP (1) EP1518052B1 (it)
JP (1) JP2005531720A (it)
AT (1) ATE366871T1 (it)
AU (1) AU2003234078A1 (it)
DE (1) DE60314879D1 (it)
ES (1) ES2290461T3 (it)
IT (1) ITRC20020008A1 (it)
PT (1) PT1518052E (it)
WO (1) WO2004003379A1 (it)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2007037401A1 (ja) * 2005-09-29 2007-04-05 Yamaguchi University 可動物体型波力エネルギー変換装置の遊水室構造
US20080175667A1 (en) * 2007-01-22 2008-07-24 Bai-Chieng Liou Wave-dissipating block
US20110057448A1 (en) * 2009-09-08 2011-03-10 Joseph Page Wave energy converters
US20120263537A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2012-10-18 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Systems, Methods And Assemblies For Supplying Power To An Offshore Facility
WO2013009198A1 (en) * 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Petersen Peter Alfred Sea wave energy recovery installation
ES2438942A1 (es) * 2012-07-18 2014-01-20 Pedro Enrique MANSILLA LAGUNA Cajón prefabricado de hormigón armado con celdas de aligeramiento tipo "puente" para la construcción de diques de abrigo, muelles, espaldones o márgenes de canales de navegación que permite tanto el aprovechamiento energético del oleaje como el uso de diferentes sistemas o elementos internos de disipación de energía para conseguir bajos coeficientes de reflexión
US20140183122A1 (en) * 2011-09-06 2014-07-03 Electric Waves, S.L. Caisson Breakwater Module
JP2015512108A (ja) * 2012-03-27 2015-04-23 キム，ソク−ムン ３次元防波堤シミュレーションシステム及びそのシミュレーション方法
CN104594286A (zh) * 2015-01-20 2015-05-06 长沙理工大学 一种兼作波浪能发电装置的浮式防波堤
US20160273512A1 (en) * 2013-10-16 2016-09-22 Oceanlinx Ltd. Coastal protection and wave energy generation system
CN106194558A (zh) * 2016-08-30 2016-12-07 浙江大学 大直径圆筒型透空堤兼振荡水柱波能发电装置
JP6304434B1 (ja) * 2017-07-20 2018-04-04 新日鐵住金株式会社 支持構造、重力式防波堤、及び重力式防波堤の施工方法
US20190153689A1 (en) * 2014-06-17 2019-05-23 Harald Ørjavik Wave Power Plant
US20190277000A1 (en) * 2010-04-23 2019-09-12 French Development Enterprises, LLC Precast Dam Structure With Flowpath
WO2019235948A1 (pt) * 2018-06-05 2019-12-12 Instituto Superior Técnico Plataforma para suporte de atividades marinhas
US10533297B2 (en) * 2016-08-24 2020-01-14 Yujoo Co., Ltd. Caisson block construction method and caisson block structure
CN111610561A (zh) * 2020-06-05 2020-09-01 中国地质大学（北京） 定量建立海平面变化及海进-海退曲线计算方法
US11441532B2 (en) * 2020-03-23 2022-09-13 Idaho State University Submerged oscillating water column energy harvester

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GB0407014D0 (en) * 2004-03-27 2004-04-28 Brown Neal A Wave energy conversion device
NL2003445C2 (en) * 2009-09-07 2011-03-08 Konink Bam Groep Nv Wave energy conversion system and method for converting wave energy.
CA2785428A1 (en) * 2009-12-24 2011-06-30 Oceanlinx Ltd. Wave energy extraction system using an oscillating water column attached to the columns of an offshore platform
CN101962944A (zh) * 2010-09-21 2011-02-02 天津大学 具有波浪发电功能的箱筒型基础防波堤
WO2012167015A2 (en) * 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Alternative Current Corp. Offshore hybrid wind-wave power plants
FR2979392B1 (fr) * 2011-08-31 2016-03-04 IFP Energies Nouvelles Systeme de recuperation de l'energie de la houle par association d'une colonne hydraulique oscillante et d'un generateur electromagnetique
KR101495313B1 (ko) 2014-10-16 2015-02-27 (유) 이도건설 케이슨을 이용한 항만구조물 및 이의 시공방법
CN108518298B (zh) * 2018-04-16 2019-09-20 中国石油大学(华东) 一种底坡坡角可调的振荡水柱式波浪发电装置
CN108999144B (zh) * 2018-09-03 2023-07-25 哈尔滨工程大学 一种集成振荡水柱式与摆式发电装置的梳式防波堤系统
CN110541411A (zh) * 2019-09-16 2019-12-06 哈尔滨工程大学 一种集成多种海洋能发电装置的梳式防波堤单元及系统

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US6194791B1 (en) * 1996-06-10 2001-02-27 Applied Research & Technology Ltd. Wave energy converter

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4934824B2 (ja) * 2005-09-29 2012-05-23 国立大学法人山口大学 可動物体型波力エネルギー変換装置の遊水室構造
WO2007037401A1 (ja) * 2005-09-29 2007-04-05 Yamaguchi University 可動物体型波力エネルギー変換装置の遊水室構造
US20080175667A1 (en) * 2007-01-22 2008-07-24 Bai-Chieng Liou Wave-dissipating block
US7470087B2 (en) * 2007-01-22 2008-12-30 Bai-Chieng Liou Wave-dissipating block
US20110057448A1 (en) * 2009-09-08 2011-03-10 Joseph Page Wave energy converters
US20190277000A1 (en) * 2010-04-23 2019-09-12 French Development Enterprises, LLC Precast Dam Structure With Flowpath
US11708674B2 (en) 2010-04-23 2023-07-25 W.L. French Hydropower Holdings Llc Precast dam structure with flowpath
US10760233B2 (en) * 2010-04-23 2020-09-01 French Development Enterprises, LLC Precast dam structure with flowpath
US20120263537A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2012-10-18 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Systems, Methods And Assemblies For Supplying Power To An Offshore Facility
WO2013009198A1 (en) * 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Petersen Peter Alfred Sea wave energy recovery installation
RU2611917C2 (ru) * 2011-09-06 2017-03-01 Электрик Вэйвс, С.Л. Волнолом и блок кессонного волнолома
US20140183122A1 (en) * 2011-09-06 2014-07-03 Electric Waves, S.L. Caisson Breakwater Module
JP2015512108A (ja) * 2012-03-27 2015-04-23 キム，ソク−ムン ３次元防波堤シミュレーションシステム及びそのシミュレーション方法
ES2438942A1 (es) * 2012-07-18 2014-01-20 Pedro Enrique MANSILLA LAGUNA Cajón prefabricado de hormigón armado con celdas de aligeramiento tipo "puente" para la construcción de diques de abrigo, muelles, espaldones o márgenes de canales de navegación que permite tanto el aprovechamiento energético del oleaje como el uso de diferentes sistemas o elementos internos de disipación de energía para conseguir bajos coeficientes de reflexión
US20160273512A1 (en) * 2013-10-16 2016-09-22 Oceanlinx Ltd. Coastal protection and wave energy generation system
US10161379B2 (en) * 2013-10-16 2018-12-25 Oceanlinx Ltd. Coastal protection and wave energy generation system
US20190153689A1 (en) * 2014-06-17 2019-05-23 Harald Ørjavik Wave Power Plant
CN104594286A (zh) * 2015-01-20 2015-05-06 长沙理工大学 一种兼作波浪能发电装置的浮式防波堤
US10533297B2 (en) * 2016-08-24 2020-01-14 Yujoo Co., Ltd. Caisson block construction method and caisson block structure
CN106194558A (zh) * 2016-08-30 2016-12-07 浙江大学 大直径圆筒型透空堤兼振荡水柱波能发电装置
JP2019019620A (ja) * 2017-07-20 2019-02-07 新日鐵住金株式会社 支持構造、重力式防波堤、及び重力式防波堤の施工方法
JP6304434B1 (ja) * 2017-07-20 2018-04-04 新日鐵住金株式会社 支持構造、重力式防波堤、及び重力式防波堤の施工方法
WO2019235948A1 (pt) * 2018-06-05 2019-12-12 Instituto Superior Técnico Plataforma para suporte de atividades marinhas
US11441532B2 (en) * 2020-03-23 2022-09-13 Idaho State University Submerged oscillating water column energy harvester
CN111610561A (zh) * 2020-06-05 2020-09-01 中国地质大学（北京） 定量建立海平面变化及海进-海退曲线计算方法

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DE60314879D1 (de) 2007-08-23
EP1518052B1 (en) 2007-07-11
AU2003234078A1 (en) 2004-01-19
JP2005531720A (ja) 2005-10-20
ITRC20020008A1 (it) 2003-12-29
PT1518052E (pt) 2007-10-24
WO2004003379A1 (en) 2004-01-08
ATE366871T1 (de) 2007-08-15
EP1518052A1 (en) 2005-03-30
ES2290461T3 (es) 2008-02-16

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