US20050175695A1 - Carvedilol free base, salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, controlled release formulations, and treatment or delivery methods - Google Patents

Carvedilol free base, salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, controlled release formulations, and treatment or delivery methods Download PDF

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US20050175695A1
US20050175695A1 US10/997,836 US99783604A US2005175695A1 US 20050175695 A1 US20050175695 A1 US 20050175695A1 US 99783604 A US99783604 A US 99783604A US 2005175695 A1 US2005175695 A1 US 2005175695A1
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carvedilol
microparticle
controlled release
solvate
release
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Catherine Castan
Patrick Crowley
Florence Guimberteau
Remi Meyrueix
Chooh Oh
Gerard Soula
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Flamel Technologies SA
SmithKline Beecham Cork Ltd
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Flamel Technologies SA
SB Pharmco Puerto Rico Inc
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Assigned to SB PHARMCO PUERTO RICO INC. reassignment SB PHARMCO PUERTO RICO INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: OH, CHOON K., CROWLEY, PATRICK J.
Assigned to FLAMEL TECHNOLOGIES reassignment FLAMEL TECHNOLOGIES ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CASTAN, CATHERINE, SOULA, GERARD, GUIMBERTEAU, FLORENCE, MEYRUEIX, REMI
Publication of US20050175695A1 publication Critical patent/US20050175695A1/en
Assigned to SMITHKLINE BEECHAM (CORK) LIMITED reassignment SMITHKLINE BEECHAM (CORK) LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SB PHARMCO PUERTO RICO INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1641—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1658—Proteins, e.g. albumin, gelatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2077—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to carvedilol free base, carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or controlled release formulations, delivery methods of carvedilol forms to the gastrointestingal tract or methods to treat cardiovascular diseases, which may include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and angina.
  • the present invention relates to controlled release formulations, which comprise various cavedilol forms, which may include, but are not limited to carvedilol free base and corresponding carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof.
  • Carvedilol 1-(carbazol-4-yloxy-3-[[2-(o-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]-amino]-2-propanol is known as Carvedilol.
  • Carvedilol is depicted by the following chemical structure:
  • Carvedilol is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,067 to Wiedemann et al. (i.e., assigned to Boehringer Mannheim, GmbH, Mannheim-Waldhof, Fed. Rep. of Germany), which was issued on Mar. 5, 1985.
  • carvedilol is synthesized as free base for incorporation in medication that is available commercially.
  • the aforementioned free base form of carvedilol is a racemic mixture of R(+) and S( ⁇ ) enantiomers, where non-selective ⁇ -adrenoreceptor blocking activity is exhibited by the S( ⁇ ) enantiomer and ⁇ -adrenergic blocking activity is exhibited by both R(+) and S( ⁇ ) enantiomers.
  • racemic carvedilol mixture contributes to two complementary pharmacologic actions: i.e., mixed venous and arterial vasodilation and non-cardioselective, beta-adrenergic blockade.
  • Carvedilol is used for treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and angina.
  • the currently commercially available carvedilol product is a conventional, tablet prescribed as a twice-a-day (BID) medication in the United States.
  • the commercially available carvedilol formulation is in an immediate release or rapidly releasing carvedilol in its free base form, where the nature or the chemical and physical formulation properties are such that by the time the carvedilol leaves the stomach, it is either in solution or it is in the form of a suspension of fine particles, i.e. a form from which carvedilol can be readily absorbed.
  • solubility of carvedilol is limited by the solubility of its protonated form or its corresponding salt formed in-situ.
  • a hydrochloride salt of carvedilol generated in situ an acidic medium, which simulates gastric fluid, is less soluble in such medium.
  • the presence of the ⁇ -hydroxyl secondary amine group in the carvedilol chemical structure confers a propensity upon the compound to chemically react with excipients normally included in a dosage form to aid manufacture, maintain quality, or enhances dissolution rate.
  • the ⁇ -hydroxyl secondary amine group of carvedilol can react with aldehydes or ester functional groups through nucleophilic reactions.
  • Common chemical functional group residues associated with conventionally used excipients include ester, aldehyde or other chemical residue functional groups. This often results in marginal or unacceptable chemical stability upon storage.
  • a desire to maintain a constant concentration of a pharmaceutical composition within the blood stream of human or animal patient is dependent upon regular administration of such a composition, such as in an oral tablet or capsule form.
  • Regularity of oral administration of various drug dosage forms is important as a typical pharmaceutical composition form is released immediately upon dissolution in a recipients stomach.
  • any interruption in a patient's tablet supply regimen causes a consequent drug or pharmaceutical concentration reduction in the patient's blood.
  • controlled release technology allows for release of a pharmaceutical composition at a constant rate at a desired concentration into a patient's system over many hours. For example, if a controlled release tablet contains a sufficient drug or composition amount to maintain a desired concentration for twelve or more hours, there would be no need for a patient to take tablets frequently and would reduce interrupting a patient's drug regime.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,770 to Theeuwes et al. teaches a device that provides a controlled release via a core tablet including an active agent coated with a semipermeable membrane permeable only to a fluid present in the environment of use (i.e., water), where the active agent or another component of the core tablet exhibits osmotic activity and the rate of release is dependent upon the permeability of the semipermeable membrane.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,847 to Ayer et al. describes an osmotic dispensing device, where a drug mixed with an osmopolymer and/or osmagent is in a compartment surrounded by a semipermeable wall with an osmotic passageway to the compartment.
  • Other patents describing various osmotic dispensing devices include: U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,801 to Edgren; U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,203 to Theeuwes; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,049 to Magruder et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,008 to Wong et al.; U.S. Pat. No.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,660 to Baker et al. describes an osmotic dispensing device without a preformed single passageway to release water-soluble drugs, where based upon an osmotic gradient formed from water insoluble film coated core containing a drug is combined with excipient and an osmotic enhancing agent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,262 to McMullen relates to a controlled release disc-like configured tablet with a centrally extending cylindrical hole that allows for zero order or constant release of the active agent.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,183 to Zentner relates to a controlled release device with a charged resin core encased in a water insoluble semi-permeable material that is impermeable to core components, but permeable to the passage of an external fluid in the environment of use.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,182 to Graham et al. describes a controlled release device which comprises an active ingredient/hydrogel mixture with at least one surface of the device having a coating impermeable to aqueous media.
  • 4,792,448 to Ranade relates to a cylindrical tablet or bolus with a impermeable coated core having an active ingredient blended with inert excipients and formed into a cylindrical tablet preferably having a flat cylindrical side and a convex top and bottom.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,759 to Dunn describes a oral solid dosage coated tablet, which includes active particles (“AP”) protected from harmful effects of stomach acidity that are released at a constant rate in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • AP active particles
  • AP microparticulate pharmaceutical systems giving a sustained release of active particles
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,497 to Hendrickson et al. which relates to a once a day controlled release diltiazem formulation, which contains a blend of rapid release bead and delayed release coated diltiazem beads with different dissolution rates.
  • the short residence time in the small intestine poses a considerable problem to those skilled in the art interested in developing sustained-absorption medicinal products intended for oral administration.
  • the medicinal product administered orally is, in effect, subject to the natural transit of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby limiting its residence time.
  • the small intestine is the preferred location for systemic absorption and it represents the ideal site for making APs available.
  • novel carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous forms thereof corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or controlled release formulations containing carvedilol free base or novel carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous forms thereof, with greater aqueous solubility, chemical stability, prolonged residence time, absorption in the gastrointestingal tract, especially such as in the small intestine, etc. would offer many potential benefits for provision of medicinal products containing the drug carvedilol.
  • Examples of such benefits would include products with the ability to achieve desired or prolonged drug levels in a systemic system by sustaining absorption along the gastrointestinal tract of mammals (i.e., such as humans), particularly in regions of neutral pH, where a drug, such as carvedilol, has minimal solubility.
  • mammals i.e., such as humans
  • a drug such as carvedilol
  • Such carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof which may include, but are not limited to crystalline forms or other solid forms, also have potential to improve the stability of carvedilol in pharmaceutical compositions or controlled-release formulations due to the fact that the secondary amine functional group attached to the carvedilol core structure, a moiety pivotal to degradation processes, is protonated as a salt.
  • Such carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof which may include, but are not limited to crystalline forms or other solid forms, in pharmaceutical compositions or controlled-release formulations also have potential to lead to prolonged residence, absorption time, and/or good tolerance levels in the gastrointestinal tract, such as the small intestine, colon, etc.
  • carvedilol such as carvedilol free base or as a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof
  • cardiovascular diseases or associated disorders which may include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis or angina, etc., which comprises administration of the such carvedilol free base, carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms or solvate forms thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, or controlled release dosage formulations.
  • the present invention is directed to overcoming these and other problems encountered in the art.
  • the present invention relates to carvedilol free base, carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or controlled release formulations, and delivery methods of carvedilol forms to the gastrointestingal tract or methods to treat cardiovascular diseases, which may include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and angina.
  • the present invention generally relates to control release formulations, which comprise various cavedilol forms, which may include, but are not limited to carvedilol free base and corresponding carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof.
  • the present invention relates to a controlled release formulation, which comprises at least one of these components: [a]carvedilol free base; or [b] a solubility enhanced carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form; where the aforementioned controlled release formulation following oral dosage exhibits a substantially biphasic plasma profile with a first plasma concentration peak level and a first T max pulse occurring within 1-4 hours of ingestion and a second a plasma concentration peak level and second T max pulse occurring within 5-8 hours after ingestion.
  • FIG. 1 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 2 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 3 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 4 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form I).
  • FIG. 5 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form I).
  • FIG. 6 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 7 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form I).
  • FIG. 8 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form I).
  • FIG. 9 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form II).
  • FIG. 10 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form II).
  • FIG. 11 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form II).
  • FIG. 12 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form II).
  • FIG. 13 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form II).
  • FIG. 14 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form II).
  • FIG. 15 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form II).
  • FIG. 16 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form II).
  • FIG. 17 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (Form III).
  • FIG. 18 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (Form III).
  • FIG. 19 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form III).
  • FIG. 20 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form III).
  • FIG. 21 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (Form III).
  • FIG. 22 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form III).
  • FIG. 23 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum (Form III).
  • FIG. 24 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (Form III).
  • FIG. 25 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form IV).
  • FIG. 26 is a solid state 13 C NMR for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 27 is a solid state 31 P NMR for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form I).
  • FIG. 28 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate (Form V).
  • FIG. 29 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrogen phosphate (Form VI).
  • FIG. 30 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate.
  • FIG. 31 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate.
  • FIG. 32 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate.
  • FIG. 33 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 34 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 35 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate.
  • FIG. 36 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 37 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 38 is a view of a single molecule of carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate. The hydroxyl group and the water molecule are disordered.
  • FIG. 39 are views of molecules of carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate showing the N—H . . . Br . . . H—N interactions.
  • the top view focuses on Br1 and the bottom view focuses on Br2.
  • the interaction between the carvedilol cation and the bromine anion is unusual.
  • Each carvedilol molecule makes two chemically different contacts to the bromine anions.
  • Each bromine anion sits on a crystallographic special position (that is, on a crystallographic two-fold axis) which means that there are two half bromine anions interacting with each carvedilol cation.
  • FIG. 40 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate.
  • FIG. 41 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate.
  • FIG. 42 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 43 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 44 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate.
  • FIG. 45 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 46 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 47 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate.
  • FIG. 48 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate.
  • FIG. 49 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 50 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1 pentanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 51 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate.
  • FIG. 52 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 53 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 54 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 55 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 56 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 57 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 58 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 59 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 60 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 61 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 62 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 63 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 64 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 65 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 66 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 67 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 68 is a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 69 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 70 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 71 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 72 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 73 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 74 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 75 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1.
  • FIG. 76 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1.
  • FIG. 77 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1.
  • FIG. 78 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1 in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 79 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1 in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 80 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1.
  • FIG. 81 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1 in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 82 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1 in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 83 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2.
  • FIG. 84 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2.
  • FIG. 85 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2.
  • FIG. 86 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2 in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 87 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2 in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 88 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2.
  • FIG. 89 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2 in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 90 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2 in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 91 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms.
  • FIG. 92 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms.
  • FIG. 93 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms.
  • FIG. 94 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 95 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 96 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms.
  • FIG. 97 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 98 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 99 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 100 shows the thermal analysis results for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 101 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 102 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 103 is an FT-Raman spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate in the 2000-400 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 104 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 105 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate in the 4000-2000 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 106 is an FT-IR spectrum for carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate in the 2000-500 cm ⁇ 1 region of the spectrum.
  • FIG. 107 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate.
  • FIG. 108 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate.
  • FIG. 109 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 110 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 111 is an x-ray powder diffractogram for carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 112 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol monocitrate salt.
  • FIG. 113 depicts XRPD patterns of two different batches of Carvedilol monocitrate salt.
  • FIG. 114 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol mandelate salt.
  • FIG. 115 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol mandelate salt.
  • FIG. 116 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol lactate salt.
  • FIG. 117 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol lacatate salt.
  • FIG. 118 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol maleate salt.
  • FIG. 119 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol maleate salt.
  • FIG. 120 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol sulfate salt.
  • FIG. 121 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol sulfate salt.
  • FIG. 122 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol glutarate salt.
  • FIG. 123 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol glutarate salt.
  • FIG. 124 is a FT-IR spectrum of carvedilol benzoate salt.
  • FIG. 125 is a FT-Raman spectrum of carvedilol benzoate salt.
  • FIG. 126 depicts a pH-solubility profile for carvedilol.
  • FIG. 127 depicts mean plasma profiles in beagle dogs following intra-colonic administration of a carvedilol solution containing captisol or carvedilol in aqueous suspension.
  • FIG. 129 depicts mean plasma profiles in beagle dogs following oral administration of the formulations listed in Table 4.
  • FIG. 130 depicts mean plasma profiles following oral administration of companion capsules filled with four formulations at 10 mg strength to beagle dogs.
  • FIG. 131 depicts a plasma profile from capsules formulated according to Example 29 (B).
  • FIG. 132 depicts depicts a mean plasma profiles of subjects) for the formulation described in Example 33, Table 23.
  • FIG. 133 depicts a representative individual plasma profile.
  • FIG. 134 depicts a comparison between a test product profile (mean values as in FIG. 133 ) vs. a profile for a conventional (immediate release) product dosed twice daily.
  • the present invention relates to carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, anhydrous form, or solvate thereof, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or controlled release dosage forms or formulations, and delivery methods of carvedilol forms to the gastrointestingal tract or methods to treat cardiovascular diseases, which may include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and angina.
  • control release formulations which comprise various cavedilol forms, which may include, but are not limited to carvedilol free base or corresponding carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof.
  • the present invention generally relates to a controlled release formulation, which comprises at least one of these components: [a] carvedilol free base; or [b] a solubility enhanced carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous forms; where the aforementioned controlled release formulation following oral dosage exhibits a substantially biphasic plasma profile which exhibits a first plasma concentration peak level and a first T max pulse within 1-4 hours of ingestion and a second a plasma concentration peak level and second T max pulse within 5-8 hours after ingestion.
  • the present invention relates to a controlled release formulation, which comprises:
  • the present invention relates to a controlled release formulation, comprising at least one of these components:
  • the present invention relates to carvedilol free base or carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof.
  • the present invention relates to carvedilol free base or a novel crystalline salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate form thereof, which may include, but are not limited to crystalline or other solid forms, such as a salt form of 1-(carbazol-4-yloxy-3-[[2-(o-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]-2-propanol).
  • Carvedilol free base or all carvedilol salt, anhydrous or solvate compound forms thereof suitable for use in the present invention which include starting materials (i.e., such as carvedilol), intermediates or products, etc., are prepared as described herein, or by the application or adaptation of known methods, which may be methods used heretofore or described in the literature.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,010 to Franchini et al. discloses a novel salt form of carvedilol, namely carvedilol methanesulfonate salt form, pharmaceutical compositions containing carvedilol methanesulfonate and the use of the aforementioned compound in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and angina, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the present invention relates to a carvedilol compound, which is carvedilol free base or a novel salt, solvate or anhydrous form of carvedilol, which may include, but is not limited to a crystalline salt or other solid form.
  • carvedilol compounds may be isolated readily, but are not limited to crystalline forms or other solid forms, which display much higher solubility when compared to the free base form of carvedilol.
  • the present invention is related to pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of carvedilol free base or corresponding forms.
  • Such pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of carvedilol free base or corresponding forms thereof are formed by reaction with appropriate organic acids or mineral acids, which may include, but are not limited to formation by such methods described herein or conventionally known in the chemical arts.
  • Such acid addition salts may be formed via the following conventional chemical reactions or methods:
  • an acid addition salt of carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof is an acid addition salt formed from mineral acids or organic acids.
  • suitable organic or mineral acids may include, but are not limited to maleic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, pamoic acid, succinic acid, bismethylenesalicyclic acid, methane sulphonic or sulfonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, salicyclic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, aspartic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, itaconic acid, glycolic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, glutamic acid, benzene sulfonic acid or sulphonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or sulphuric acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like.
  • mineral acids may be selected from, but are not limited to hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid or sulphuric acid, and the like; and organic acids may be selected from, but not limited to methansulphuric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid and the like.
  • the present invention further relates to carvedilol salt forms, which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline salt or other solid forms of carvedilol mandelate, carvedilol lactate, carvedilol maleate, carvedilol sulfate, carvedilol glutarate, carvedilol mesylate, carvedilol phosphate, carvedilol citrate, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol oxalate, carvedilol hydrogen chloride, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol benzoate, or corresponding solvates thereof.
  • the present invention relates to carvedilol salt forms, which may include, but are not limited to carvedilol hydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate, carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2, carvedilol hydrobromide anhydr
  • salts or solvates of carvedilol of the present invention may be isolated, but not limited to different solid or crystalline forms.
  • a specific identified species of such carvedilol salts (or a specific identified corresponding solvate species) also may be isolated in various different crystalline or solid forms, which may include anhydrous forms or solvate forms.
  • suitable solvates of carvedilol phosphate as defined in the present invention include, but are not limited to carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (i.e., which include Forms II and IV, respectively), carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate, and carvedilol hydrogen phosphate.
  • carvedilol salt forms of the present invention may exhibit characteristic polymorphism.
  • polymorphism is defined as an ability of a compound to crystallize as more than one distinct crystalline or “polymorphic” species.
  • a polymorph is defined as a solid crystalline phase of a compound with at least two different arrangements or polymorphic forms of that compound molecule in the solid state.
  • Polymorphic forms of any given compound are defined by the same chemical formula or composition and are as distinct in chemical structure as crystalline structures of two different chemical compounds. Such compounds may differ in packing, geometrical arrangement of respective crystalline lattices, etc.
  • Solvates and/or hydrates of crystalline carvedilol salt forms of the present invention also may be formed when solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice structure of the compound molecule during the crystallization process.
  • solvate forms of the present invention may incorporate nonaqueous solvents such as methanol and the like as described herein below. Hydrate forms are solvate forms, which incorporate water as a solvent into a crystalline lattice.
  • FIGS. 1-125 depict spectroscopic and other characterizing data for different, specific, and distinct carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate forms thereof, which may include, but are not limited to crystalline or other solid forms.
  • carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate may be isolated as two different and distinct crystalline forms, Forms II and IV, respectively represented and substantially shown FIGS. 9 to 6 (for Form II) and FIG. 25 (for Form IV), which represent spectroscopic and/or other characterizing data.
  • the compounds of the present invention may exist in forms as stereoisomers, regioisomers, or diastereiomers. These compounds may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms. For example, carvedilol may exist as racemic mixture of R(+) and S( ⁇ ) enantiomers, or in separate respectively optical forms, i.e., existing separately as either the R(+) enantiomer form or in the S(+) enantiomer form. All of these individual compounds, isomers, and mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the present invention.
  • Carvedilol salts of the present invention may be prepared by various techniques, such as those exemplified below.
  • crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate of the instant invention can be prepared by crystallization from an acetone-water solvent system containing carvedilol and H 3 PO 4 .
  • suitable solvates of carvedilol phosphate salts of present invention may be prepared by preparing a slurrying a carvedilol phosphate salt, such as a carvedilol dihydrogen salt, in a solvent, such as methanol.
  • crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate of the present invention can be prepared by crystallization from an acetone-water solvent system containing carvedilol and hydrobromic acid.
  • suitable solvates of carvedilol hydrobromide salts may be made by preparing a slurry of the carvedilol hydrobromide salt in a solvent (i.e., such as dioxane, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol and n-propanol.
  • solvates of carvedilol hydrobromide as defined in the present invention include, but are not limited to carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-pentanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2, carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms), and/or dissolving the carvedilol hydrobromide salt in the aforementioned solvents and allowing the salt to crystallize out.
  • Carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms can be prepared by dissolving carvedilol in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, acetonitrile or isopropyl acetate, followed by the addition of anhydrous HBr (HBr in acetic acid or gaseous HBr).
  • a solvent such as dichloromethane, acetonitrile or isopropyl acetate
  • the crystalline carvedilol citrate salt of the instant invention can be prepared by making an aqueous citric acid solution saturated with carvedilol, either by lowering the temperature of the solution, or slowly evaporating water from the solution.
  • it can be prepared by crystallization from an acetone-water solvent system containing carvedilol and citric acid.
  • a particularly useful and surprising characteristic of the crystalline form of carvedilol citrate salt stems from the fact that citric acid is a prochiral molecule. Consequently, a 1 to 1 ratio of racemic diasteromers are present in the crystalline carvedilol citrate salt lattice. This avoids generation of yet more optically active forms that could potentially complicate stability, dissolution rates, in vivo absorption metabolism and possibly pharmacologic effects.
  • the various salt forms of carvedilol and/or corresponding solvates thereof are distinguished from each other using different characterization or identification techniques.
  • Such techniques include solid state 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 31 P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared (IR), Raman, X-ray powder diffraction, etc. and/or other techniques, such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) (i.e., which measures the amount of energy (heat) absorbed or released by a sample as it is heated, cooled or held at constant temperature).
  • DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • the aforementioned solid state NMR techniques are non-destructive techniques to yield spectra, which depict an NMR peak for each magnetically non-equivalent carbon site the solid-state
  • 13 C NMR spectrum of a powdered microcrystalline organic molecules reflect that the number of peaks observed for a given sample will depend on the number of chemically unique carbons per molecule and the number of non-equivalent molecules per unit cell. Peak positions (chemical shifts) of carbon atoms reflect the chemical environment of the carbon in much the same manner as in solution-state 13 C NMR. Although peaks can overlap, each peak is in principle assignable to a single type of carbon. Therefore, an approximate count of the number of carbon sites observed yields useful information about the crystalline phase of a small organic molecule.
  • Polymorphism also can be studied by comparison of 13 C and 31 P spectra. In the case of amorphous material, broadened peak shapes are usually observed, reflecting the range of environments experienced by the 13 C or 31 P sites in amorphous material types.
  • carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof, which may include novel crystalline forms are characterized substantially by spectroscopic data as described below and depicted in FIGS. 1-125 .
  • crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (see, Example 1: Form I) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 1 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 7.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 11.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 20.6 ⁇ 0.2 (28), 22.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 25.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (see, Example 2: Form II) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 9 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 6.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 7.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 13.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 14.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 21.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (see, Example 3: Form III) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 24 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 6.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 7.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 13.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 14.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.8 ⁇ 0.2 (28), and 34.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (see, Example 4: Form IV) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 24 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 6.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 9.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 20.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 24.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate preparation (see, Example 5: Form V) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 28 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 13.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 26.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrogen phosphate preparation (see, Example 6: Form VI) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 29 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2E): i.e., 5.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 12.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 19.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 24.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate (see, Example 8: Form 1) is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 1 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 6.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 10.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 19.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2E), 20.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 25.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 30.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate (see, Example 9: Form 2) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 78 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 7.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 19.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 27.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate (see, Example 10: Form 3) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 79 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 77.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 7.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 22.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 31.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate (see, Example 11: Form 4) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 80 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 7.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 28.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate (see, Example 12: Form 5) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 81 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e.,. 7.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 15.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 32.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate (see, Example 13: Form 6) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 82 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e.,. 7.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 32.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1 (see, Example 14: Form 7) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 46 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 7.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.5 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 21.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2 (see, Example 15: Form 8) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 54 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 8.0 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 25.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 27.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 30.6 ⁇ 0.2-(2 ⁇ ), and 32.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms (see, Example 16: Form 9) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 62 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e.,. 6.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 16.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.3 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 22.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 24.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 27.9 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide ethanol solvate (see, Example 17: Form 10) also is identified by an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 70 , which depicts characteristic peaks in degrees two-theta (2 ⁇ ): i.e., 8.1 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 8.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 13.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 17.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 18.6 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 21.8 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.2 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ), and 27.4 ⁇ 0.2 (2 ⁇ ).
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate further is identified by an infrared spectrum as shown substantially in FIG. 6 .
  • Carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms also an infrared spectrum, which comprises characteristic absorption, bands expressed in wave numbers as shown substantially in FIG. 67 .
  • Crystalline carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate is identified also by a Raman spectrum as shown substantially in FIG. 3 .
  • Carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous forms also a Raman spectrum which comprises characteristic peaks as shown substantially in FIG. 64 .
  • Crystalline carvedilol benzoate (see, Example 22) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 124 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 672 cm ⁇ 1 , 718 cm ⁇ 1 , 754 cm ⁇ 1 , 767 cm ⁇ 1 , 1022 cm ⁇ 1 , 1041 cm ⁇ 1 , 1106 cm ⁇ 1 , 1260 cm ⁇ 1 , 1498 cm ⁇ 1 , 1582 cm ⁇ 1 , 1604 cm ⁇ 1 , 1626 cm ⁇ 1 , 2932 cm ⁇ 1 , 3184 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3428 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • crystalline carvedilol benzoate (see, Example 22) is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 125 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 108 cm ⁇ 1 , 244 cm ⁇ 1 , 424 cm ⁇ 1 , 538 cm ⁇ 1 , 549 cm ⁇ 1 , 728 cm ⁇ 1 , 1001 cm ⁇ 1 , 1015 cm ⁇ 1 , 1128 cm ⁇ 1 , 1286 cm ⁇ 1 , 1598 cm ⁇ 1 , 1626 cm ⁇ 1 , 2934 cm ⁇ 1 , 3058 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3072 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Crystalline carvedilol mandelate (see, Example 23) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 114 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 699 cm ⁇ 1 , 723 cm ⁇ 1 , 752 cm ⁇ 1 , 784 cm ⁇ 1 , 1053 cm ⁇ 1 , 1583 cm ⁇ 1 , 1631 cm ⁇ 1 , 3189 cm ⁇ 1 , 3246 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3396 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Also crystalline carvedilol mandelate (see, Example 23) is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG.
  • Crystalline carvedilol lactate (see, Example 24) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 116 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 720 cm ⁇ 1 , 753 cm ⁇ 1 , 785 cm ⁇ 1 , 1097 cm ⁇ 1 , 1124 cm ⁇ 1 , 1253 cm ⁇ 1 , 1584 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3396 cm ⁇ 1 . Also, crystalline carvedilol lactate (see, Example 24) is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG.
  • Crystalline carvedilol sulfate (see, Example 25) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 120 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 727 cm ⁇ 1 , 743 cm ⁇ 1 , 787 cm ⁇ 1 , 1026 cm ⁇ 1 , 1089 cm ⁇ 1 , 1251cm ⁇ 1 , 1215 cm ⁇ 1 , 1586 cm ⁇ 1 , 1604 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3230 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • crystalline carvedilol sulfate (see, Example 25) also is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG.
  • Crystalline carvedilol maleate (see, Example 26) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 118 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 725 cm ⁇ 1 , 741 cm ⁇ 1 , 756 cm ⁇ 1 , 786 cm 1 , 1024 cm ⁇ 1 , 1109 cm 1 , 1215 cm ⁇ 1 , 1586 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3481 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • crystalline carvedilol maleate (see, Example 26) also is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG.
  • Crystalline carvedilol glutarate (see, Example 27) is identified by an FT-IR spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG. 122 , which depicts characteristic peaks in wavenumbers (cm ⁇ 1 ): i.e., 724 cm ⁇ 1 , 743 cm ⁇ 1 , 786 cm ⁇ 1 , 1024 cm 1 , 1044 cm ⁇ 1 , 1089 cm 1 , 1251 cm 1 , 1586 cm ⁇ 1 , 1604 cm ⁇ 1 , and 3229 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • crystalline carvedilol glutarate (see, Example 27) is identified by an FT-Raman spectrum pattern as shown substantially in FIG.
  • compositions Controlled-Release Formulations, Dosage Regimens and Dosage Forms
  • the present invention also relates to different dosage forms, pharmaceutical compositions and/or controlled-release formulations, which may contain carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous forms thereof as described herein.
  • carvedilol is known as an effective medication for treating hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular conditions. Its unique mode of action is a consequence of it being a mixture of R and S isomers with complimentary pharmacological effects. Vasodilation and reduced peripheral resistance are a consequence of the alpha blockade associated with the R isomer. Blood pressure reduction is ascribed to the beta blockade contributed by both R and S isomers.
  • Cardiovascular diseases treatable by methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, angina, etc.
  • a once-daily dosage regimen is desirable, to enhance patient compliance and reduce “pill burden”. Medication that is dosed once daily facilitates greater compliance with the dosage regimen. This applies especially to chronic asymptomatic illnesses. It follows that medication for a condition like hypertension, atherosclerosis and/or some other cardiac conditions is most effective, from a safety and efficacy perspective if dosed once daily.
  • the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a drug are such that once a day dosage, using conventional dosage forms provides adequate therapy.
  • Such modified release dosage forms are invariably designed to provide plasma levels that do not fluctuate significantly over time.
  • the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a drug may be such that once-a-day dosage, using conventional dosage forms provides adequate therapy. However, with some drugs it may be necessary to formulate so that the dosage form releases the drug over an extended period, in order to sustain plasma levels to provide the desired duration of action. Such modified release dosage forms are traditionally designed to provide plasma levels of drug that do not fluctuate significantly over time.
  • a medication providing constant plasma levels may not always be optimal for treating hypertension, atherosclerosis or related conditions.
  • Blood pressure is influenced by cirdadian rhythm. It rises in the morning on awakening (so-called “morning surge”), is maximum during daytime activities and falls at night, particularly between around midnight to 3 am (see, Anar. Y. A, White. W. B; Drugs (1998) 55 (5) 631-643; Chronotherapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease). “Morning-surge may be a factor in the higher incidence of cardiovascular incidents like stroke, acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris that occur in the early morning.
  • Blood pressure also can remain elevated at night in some hypertensives, particularly the elderly. These have been termed “non-dippers' and such a condition is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity (see, Kario. K, Matsuo. T, Kobayashi. H, Imiya. M, Matsuo. M, Shimida. K; Hypertension (1996) 27 (1) 130-135. Nocturnal Fall of Blood Pressure and Silent Cerebrovascular Damage in Elderly Hypertensive Patients).
  • Drug absorption following oral dosage requires that drug first dissolves in the gastro-intestinal milieu. In most cases such dissolution is primarily a function of drug solubility. If solubility is affected by pH it is likely that absorption will vary in different regions of the gastro intestinal tract, because pH varies from acidic in the stomach to more neutral values in the intestine.
  • pH-dependent solubility can complicate dosage form design when drug absorption needs to be prolonged, delayed or otherwise controlled, to evince a sustained or delayed action effect. Variations in solubility can lead to variable dissolution, absorption and consequent therapeutic effect.
  • beta blockade-associated effect on blood pressure is proportional to dose (De May. C. D, Breithaupt. K, Schloos. J, Neugebauer. G, Palm. D, Belz. G. G; Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics ((1994) 55 (3)329-337. Dose-Effect and Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Properties of Various Doses of Carvedilol in Healthy Humans.
  • a further advantage of an optimally designed dosage form concerns rate of release of drug from the unit immediately after ingestion.
  • Alpha blockade evinces a vasodilation effect and associated reduction of peripheral resistance. If drug plasma levels rise too rapidly this can lead to postural hypotension and risk of falling over. More gradual rise in plasma levels would, conceivably make for a safer medication.
  • a profile associated with such a once daily dosage of carvedilol would exhibit a first peak at about 1 hours to about 3 hours, which should be lower than the later or second peak as physiological activity is at a minimum during sleep so control requires less drug.
  • the pH-aqueous solubility of the free base form of carvedilol is such ( FIG. 126 ) that absorption is likely to be low, or even non-existent from the neutral regions of the gastro intestinal tract.
  • a drug needs to be in solution if it is to pass from the intestine to systemic circulation and it is generally accepted that, where aqueous solubility is less than about 5 mg/ml, absorption following oral dosage can be problematical (Ritschel W. A. Arzneim Forsch (1975), 25, p. 853)).
  • solubility of carvedilol free base does not exceed 0.1 mg (100 mcg) per ml).
  • solubility profile makes it difficult to design a dosage form to sustain absorption for long periods by providing slow release of drug from the dosage form as it transits the gastro intestinal tract.
  • solubility is likely to be insufficient to enable sufficient drug to dissolve to provide adequate absorption flux.
  • This constraint could theoretically be surmounted if it were possible to design a unit that remained in the stomach or upper small intestine, such that drug was released to an environment more conducive to dissolution and absorption.
  • the maximum period that a dosage form is retained in the fed stomach is about three hours. This time period possibly might be prolonged if a high fat content meal were consumed at the time of dosage. However, this is probably impractical for “before bedtime” dosage, especially where in any case such a diet is inadvisable for patients with cardiovascular disease.
  • Release from the dosage form needs to be slowed down so that absorption and subsequent systemic residence is prolonged. This however requires that release and dissolution occurs along the GI tract, not just in the stomach.
  • a carvedilol based dosage form that is taken at night (at bedtime), that delivers drug in two phases to cover the midnight-3 am period, and the early morning surge ought provide optimum therapy, while maintaining a once-daily dosage regimen.
  • solubility of carvedilol free base or various carvedilol salts, or solvates as those described herein may facilitate provision or development of a dosage form, such as a controlled-release formulation, from which the drug substance becomes available for bioabsorption throughout the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., in particular the lower small intestine and colon). See Example 28 herein and corresponding discussion at pages 111-116 of the instant specification.
  • Parts of the gastrointestinal tract are defined to include generally the stomach (i.e. which includes the antrum and pylorus bowel), small intestine (i.e., which has three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, illeum), large intestine (i.e., which has three parts: the cecum, colon, rectum), liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
  • stomach i.e. which includes the antrum and pylorus bowel
  • small intestine i.e., which has three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, illeum
  • large intestine i.e., which has three parts: the cecum, colon, rectum
  • liver gall bladder and pancreas.
  • the present invention relates to an embodiment where a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or controlled-release formulation or dosage form is presented as a unit dose taken or administered from 1 to 2 times daily, most especially taken or adminstered once daily to achieve the desired effect.
  • carvedilol forms described herein which include, but are not limited to the above-identified carvedilol free base or carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof indicate that those forms may be particularly suitable for inclusion in medicinal agents, pharmaceutical compositions, controlled release formulations or dosage forms, etc.
  • Treatment regimen for the administration of compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, or controlled-release formulations or dosage forms of the present invention also may be determined readily by those with ordinary skill in art.
  • the quantity of the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or controlled-release formulation or dosage form of the present invention administered may vary over a wide range to provide in a unit dosage in an effective amount based upon the body weight of the patient per day to achieve the desired effect and as based upon the mode of administration.
  • the scope of the present invention includes all compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, or controlled-release formulations or dosage forms, which is contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. While individual needs vary, determination of optimal ranges of effective amounts of each component is within the skill of the art.
  • a specific embodiment may include carvedilol free base or carvedilol free base, which may be, but is not limited to, be in a combination with a solubility enhanced carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form(s) thereof.
  • controlled release generally is defined as a formulation that achieves slow or controlled release of a drug over an extended period of time.
  • a portion of the carvedilol free base, salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof in a formulation is made available as a rapidly releasing, immediate release or or priming dose and where the remainder portion is released in a controlled, delayed or sustained release fashion.
  • controlled release systems may include, but are not limited to a matrix tablet or bead formulation, and/or a barrier film coated tablet or bead/pellet formulation.
  • delayed release is defined as any formulation, where release of the drug is delayed for certain time or minimum under acidic conditions but rapid above a certain pH depending on use of pharmaceutically acceptable coating materials or excipients, such the type of polymer used for a barrier film coat.
  • Conventional art known examples of such delayed release systems may include, but are not limited to timed-release tablets and capsules and enteric-coated tablets and beads.
  • extended release means contained in a matrix, or combined with excipients, which delay the release of and thereby prolong the duration of action of the active constituent.
  • long acting means having a longer time of elimination (t one-half or t 1/2 ) from the plasma compartment than other drugs of the same class.
  • pulsatile release is meant any multi-unit tablet or capsule formulation where in individual mini-tablets or particulates/pellets/beads are polymer barrier film coated, that utilizes intermittent pulsatile dosings of an active drug from one or more units as a function of time.
  • Such controlled or modified release formulations of the present inventions are formulated in a manner such that release modes such as described above result in release of the active drug form of a carvedilol free base, or a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof is predominantly affected after administration during passage in the gastrointestinal tract, especially passage through the stomach, small and large intestine and the colon.
  • a specific embodiment may include a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of carvedilol free base or corresponding forms as described herein.
  • Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts of carvedilol free base or corresponding forms are formed with appropriate organic or mineral acids, which may include, but are not limited to formation by methods known in the art.
  • suitable organic or mineral acids may include, but are not limited to maleic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, pamoic acid, succinic acid, bismethylenesalicyclic acid, methane sulphonic or sulfonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, salicyclic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, aspartic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, itaconic acid, glycolic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, glutamic acid, benzene sulfonic acid or sulphonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like.
  • mineral acids may be selected from, but are not limited to hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid or sulphuric acid, and the like; and organic acids may be selected from, but not limited to methansulphuric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid and the like.
  • a specific embodiment may include a solubility enhanced carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous forms form or forms selected from the group consisting of a novel crystalline salt or other solid forms of carvedilol mandelate, carvedilol lactate, carvedilol maleate, carvedilol sulfate, carvedilol glutarate, carvedilol mesylate, carvedilol phosphate, carvedilol citrate, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol oxalate, carvedilol hydrogen chloride, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol benzoate, or corresponding solvates thereof with any of the characteristics noted herein, in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents
  • a specific embodiment may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline salt or other solid forms of carvedilol hydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate, carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromid
  • solubility enhanced carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous forms thereof which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline salt or other solid forms, selected from the group consisting of carvedilol hydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate.
  • a specific embodiment may include a carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous forms thereof, such as a carvedilol phosphate salt, which may include, but is not limited to or selected from the group consisting of a carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I), carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form II), carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate (Form III), carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Form IV), carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate (Form V) and carvedilol hydrogen phosphate (Form VI), and the like.
  • a carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate Form I
  • carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Form II
  • carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate Form III
  • carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Form IV
  • carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate or carvedilol phosphate anhydrous is carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate or carvedilol phosphate anhydrous.
  • the compounds, or compositions of the present invention can be administered orally, intraperitoneally, or topically, etc.
  • the composition is adapted for oral administration.
  • compositions of the present invention are prepared using conventional materials and techniques, such as mixing, blending and the like.
  • compounds or pharmaceutical composition can also include, but are not limited to, suitable adjuvants, carriers, excipients, or stabilizers, etc. and can be in solid or liquid form such as, tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, etc.
  • the composition will contain a carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof compound of the present invention, such as a salt of carvedilol or active compound(s), together with the adjuvants, carriers or excipients.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise, but is not limited to an effective amount of a salt of carvedilol (i.e., such as carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate salts) or corresponding solvates (i.e., as identified herein) thereof, with any of the characteristics noted herein, in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents thereof, and if desired, other active ingredients.
  • active compounds may also be administered parenterally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds for use in such parental administrations can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils.
  • oils are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, or mineral oil, etc.
  • water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solution, and glycols such as, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, etc. are preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • solid unit dosage forms can be conventional types known in the art.
  • the solid form can be a capsule and the like, such as an ordinary gelatin type containing the compounds of the present invention and a carrier, for example, lubricants and inert fillers such as, lactose, sucrose, or cornstarch, etc.
  • these compounds are tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, or cornstarch in combination with binders like acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin, disintegrating agents, such as cornstarch, potato starch, or alginic acid, and a lubricant, like stearic acid or magnesium stearate, etc.
  • the tablets, capsules, and the like can also contain a binder, such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose, or saccharin, etc.
  • a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin
  • excipients such as dicalcium phosphate
  • a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose, or saccharin, etc.
  • a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
  • tablets can be coated with shellac, sugar, or both, etc.
  • a syrup can contain, in addition to active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye, and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor, etc.
  • these active compounds can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, and the like.
  • compositions can, of course, be varied as the amount of active carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
  • the oral maintenance dose is between about 25 mg and about 70 mg, preferably given once daily.
  • the preferred unit dosage forms include tablets or capsules.
  • compositions of this invention will vary according to the particular composition formulated, the mode of administration, the particular site of administration and the host being treated.
  • dosing in humans for treatment of diseases according to the present invention should not ordinarily or normally exceed a dosage range of from about 5 mg to about 75 mg of carvedilol free base or an equivalent amount of a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof.
  • the patient should be started on a low dosage regimen of a compound of the present invention and monitored for well-known symptoms of intolerance, e.g., fainting, to such compound. Once the patient is found to tolerate such compound amount, the patient should be brought slowly and incrementally up to the maintenance dose.
  • the preferred course of treatment is to start the patient on a dosage regimen of either approximately or about 8 mg to about 16 mg, given once daily, for approximately two weeks.
  • the choice of initial dosage most appropriate for the particular patient is determined by the practitioner using well-known medical principles, including, but not limited to, body weight.
  • the dosage is doubled at the end of the two weeks and the patient is maintained at the new, higher dosage for two more weeks, and observed for signs of intolerance. This course is continued until the patient is brought to a maintenance dose.
  • the preferred maintenance dose for carvedilol free base or an equivalent amount of a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof is about 32.5 mg to about 65 mg given once daily for patients having a body weight of up to 85 kg. For patients having a body weight of over 85 kg, the maintenance dose is about 65 mg if given once daily.
  • the active compounds of the present invention may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent, or with an assimilable edible carrier, or they can be enclosed in hard or soft shell capsules, or they can be compressed into tablets, or they can be incorporated directly with the food of the diet, etc.
  • compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may incorporated into controlled or modified release forms, which may incorporate the use of or modification of various controlled release development processes, which may include, but are not limited to technologies such as those conventionally known in the art.
  • Delivery systems suitable for use in accordance with the present invention may include, but are not limited to materials as described generally in this section.
  • active agent is defined for purposes of the present invention as any chemical substance or composition of the present invention, such as carvedilol free base, or a carvedilol salt, anhydrous form, or solvate thereof, which can be delivered from the device into an environment of use to obtain a desired result.
  • the active agent is a biologically active drug, such as carvedilol free base, or a carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate thereof, or corresponding pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, which is taken orally and the external fluid is gastric fluid
  • the drug exhibits a between the solubility defined in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) XXI, page 7 as “freely soluble” (i.e., 1-10 parts solvent per 1 part solute) and “sparingly soluble” (i.e., 30-1000 parts solvent per 1 part solute).
  • the dosage form which includes a device or delivery system associated with the present invention can be used in conjunction with a wide range of drugs (i.e., which includes carvedilol free base, or a carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate thereof) and is especially well-suited for drugs having a wide therapeutic window, since precise dosing is not very critical for the same.
  • the therapeutic window is commonly defined as the difference between the minimum effective blood concentration and the maximum effective blood concentration and the toxic concentration of the drug.
  • any generally accepted soluble or insoluble inert pharmaceutical filler (diluent) material may be used to bulk up the core or to solubilize the active agent.
  • Suitable materials for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to sucrose, dextrose, lactose, fructose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, starches, cellulose, polyethylene glycols, polyvinylpyrollidones, polyvinyl alcohols, sodium or potassium carboxmethylcelluloses, gelatins, mixtures of any of the above, and the like.
  • Lubricant may be mixed with the active agent and excipients prior to compression into a solid core. Any generally accepted pharmaceutical lubricant may be used, which may include, but are not limited to calcium or magnesium soaps and the like.
  • Active agents can be formulated with a small amount of a binder material such as, for example, gelatin or polyvinylpyrollidone (i.e. 94%-99.75% of the core comprises the active agent).
  • a binder material such as, for example, gelatin or polyvinylpyrollidone (i.e. 94%-99.75% of the core comprises the active agent).
  • the components of the core may be subjected to wet granulation.
  • highly soluble pharmaceutically active compounds such as potassium chloride may be directly compressed into an acceptable core with the inclusion of 0.25 percent magnesium stearate without being in admixture with an excipient.
  • the particular excipient chosen is dependent in part upon the solubility of the active agent in the environmental fluid.
  • the ratio of active agent to excipient is based in part upon relative solubility of the active agent in the external fluid and the desired rate of release. If the active agent is relatively soluble, it may be desirable to slow down the eroding of the core by using a relatively insoluble excipient such as dicalcium phosphate.
  • Representative materials suitable for use in the present invention as a coating include those materials commonly considered to be insoluble in the art, which may include, but are not limited to materials, such as ethyl cellulose, acrylate polymers, polyamides (nylons), polymethacrylates, polyalkenes (polyethylene, polypropylene), bio-degradable polymers (including homo- or hetero-polymers of polyhydroxy butyric or valeric acids and homo or hetero-polymers of polylactic, polyglycolic, polybutyric, polyvaleric, and polycaprolactic acids), waxes, natural oils, other hydrophobic insoluble materials such as polydimethylsiloxane, hydrophilic materials such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and cross-linked sodium or uncross-linked carboxy-methyl starch and the like. Many other polymers considered to be relatively insoluble as conventionally used in the art also would be useful in the present invention.
  • relatively thick coatings of materials in the present invention which are considered in the art to be relatively soluble in, environmental fluid, which may include, but are not limited to materials, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose ethers including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl starch, enteric materials (such as cellulose acetate phthallate, polyvinylalcohol phthallate, shellac, zein, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthallate, cellulose acetate trimaleate, etc) and the like.
  • materials such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose ethers including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl starch, enteric materials (such as cellulose acetate phthallate, polyvinylalcohol phthallate, shellac, zein,
  • releasing modifying agents may include osmagents (i.e., which osmotically deliver the active agent from the device by providing an osmotic pressure gradient against the external fluid and are particularly useful when the active agent has limited solubility in the environment of use), swelling agents (i.e., which may include, but are not limited to hydrophilic pharmaceutically acceptable compounds with various swelling rates in water) or other pharmaceutically acceptable agents (i.e., provided in an amount sufficient to facilitate the entry of the environmental fluid without causing the disruption of the impermeable coating).
  • osmagents i.e., which osmotically deliver the active agent from the device by providing an osmotic pressure gradient against the external fluid and are particularly useful when the active agent has limited solubility in the environment of use
  • swelling agents i.e., which may include, but are not limited to hydrophilic pharmaceutically acceptable compounds with various swelling rates in water
  • other pharmaceutically acceptable agents i.e., provided in an amount sufficient to facilitate the entry of the environmental fluid without causing
  • release modifying agents such as hydrophobic materials and insoluble polymers, may be used to slow the release of active agent from the device or release modifying agents may be used in conjunction with the present invention to include ion exchange resins.
  • Surfactants useful as release modifying agents in the present invention can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, or amphoteric.
  • Examples of such surfactants or release modifying agents may include, but are not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sorbitan esters, polysorbates, pluronics, potassium laurate, and the like.
  • Effervescent bases useful as release modifying agents in the present invention may include, but are not limited to sodium glycine carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, and the like.
  • Osmagents useful as release modifying agents in the present invention may include, but are not limited to sodium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium lactate, sodium sulfate, lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, urea, and many other organic and inorganic compounds known in the art and the like.
  • suitable swelling agents for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidones (for example, such as polyplasdone, crospovidone and the like), crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses, crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (for example, such as crosslinked sodium croscarmellose and the like), hydrophilic polymers of high molar mass (i.e., which may be, but are not limited to being greater than or equal to 100,000 Dalton) which may include, but are not limited to: polyvinylpyrrolidone(s), polyalkylene oxides (for example, such as polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide and the like), hydroxyalkylcelluloses (for example, such as hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and the like), carboxyalkylcellulose (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and the like), modified starch (for example, sodium glycolate and the like), starch or natural starch (for example, such as corn, wheat, rice, potato and the
  • a swelling agent for use in the present invention may be selected from, but not limited to, the following sub-set or group of compounds or materials: crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (for example, polyplasdone, crospovidone and the like), crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses, such as crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (for example, crosslinked sodium croscarmellose and the like), etc.
  • crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone for example, polyplasdone, crospovidone and the like
  • crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses such as crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (for example, crosslinked sodium croscarmellose and the like), etc.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable agents for use in the present invention include synthetic gums, which further may include, but are not limited to hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses (HPMC) hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and natural gums such as xanthan gum, locust bean gum, acacia, tragacanth, guar gum, carrageenan, and propylene glycol alginate, and the like.
  • HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses
  • carboxymethyl cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose
  • natural gums such as xanthan gum, locust bean gum, acacia, tragacanth, guar gum, carrageenan, and propylene glycol alginate, and the like.
  • suitable hydrophobic materials useful as release modifying agents in the present invention include vegetable oils, which may include, but are not limited to hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, and the like.
  • suitable hydrophobic materials include vegetable oils, which may include, but are not limited to hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, and the like.
  • insoluble polymers includes ethyl cellulose, etc.
  • a device may be designed such that the rate of release of the active agent varies with time which may be used to achieve a chronotherapeutic effect not normally possible with some conventional art-known sustained release devices.
  • a delivery system suitable for use in the present invention is described by a microparticle or microcapsule technology system, which may be include, but is not limited to a capsule that contains two or more populations of pellets, coated to provide earlier and later release.
  • the early-release pellets may be coated with a polymer that delays release by pH, hydration or other effect.
  • the later-releasing pellets may be coated with a polymer that dissolves at higher pH than the polymer coating the units providing early release.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,562 to Autant et al. discloses microcapsules used for oral administration of medicinal or nutritional active principles or particles (AP) and a process for making such microcapsules, which are smaller than or equal to 1000 ⁇ m in size, where such microcapsules are particles coated with a coating material (i.e., formed from a mixture of a film-forming polymer derivative, a hydrophobic plasticizer, a functional agent and a nitrogen-containing polymer) and are characterized by an ability to remain in the small intestine for a long time period (at least 5 hours) and allows, during the residence, release and absorption of the active principle.
  • a coating material i.e., formed from a mixture of a film-forming polymer derivative, a hydrophobic plasticizer, a functional agent and a nitrogen-containing polymer
  • the present invention relates to microparticulate systems for the delayed and controlled release or modified release of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles (“AP”) according to the present invention designed for oral administration.
  • AP active principle particles
  • carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles (“AP”) according to the present invention are coated by spraying with such a combination forming the coating film, as a dispersion or a suspension in an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents.
  • the coating process is within the scope of micro-encapsulation techniques, which are summarized or exemplified in an article by C. Duverney and J. P. Benoit in “L'actualite chimique” Dec. 1986 and cf. book entitled “Novel drug delivery and its therapeutic application” L. F. Prescott & W. S. Nimmo, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • the technique is characterized as microencapsulation by film formation, which results in the formation of “reservoir” systems versus matrix systems.
  • Essential parameters of the present invention relate to residence time and in vivo absorption of microcapsules containing carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles in the gastrointestinal tract, such in the small intestine.
  • the residence time in the small intestine of microcapsules, administered orally, as well as the in vivo absorption may by determined by measurement of the plasma concentration of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention, which has a short half-life in the body of a mammal, i.e., which is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract components, such as the colon.
  • Desired particle size is determined by screening, which may be, but is not limited to be microcapsules between 100 microns and 500 microns in size.
  • This coating composition is formed from a non-arbitrary choice of four compounds with unique functionalities and characteristics that combine to achieve the desired effects associated with delivery systems of the present invention.
  • ethylcellulose and cellulose acetate may be combined to a film-forming polymer P1 and may be soluble in at least one organic solvent of boiling point between 35° C. and 120° C.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone and/or polyacrylamide representing P2 are polymers soluble in at least one solvent for P1.
  • Suitable plasticizer, surface-active and/or lubricating agents for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to castor oil, and/or diethyl phthalate, and/or triethyl citrate and/or salicylic acid, and magnesium stearate, and/or sodium oleate and/or polyoxyethylenated sorbitan laurate and the like.
  • a coating composition suitable for use in the present invention may comprise, but is not limited to: ethylcellulose (P1)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (P2)/castor oil (plasticizer)/magnesium stearate (lubricating agent), which may be present respectively in the following specific relative percentages: 60%-80%/5%-10%/5%-10%/2%-8% (i.e., where such percentages are defined by weight % relative to the total components of each coating composition).
  • a coating composition of the present invention may include, but are not limited to pigments, fillers and the like.
  • At least one anti-agglomerating agent may be included.
  • Suitable anti-agglomerating agents may include, but are not limited to talc, colloidal silica or of a mixture of the two and the like, which may be in amounts of from 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight, preferably from 1.5% by weight to 3% by weight.
  • a general process for making coated microparticle containing compositions of the present invention may include, but are not limited to the following steps: [a]selecting, or in case of need making, microparticles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles (“AP”) according to the present invention, with a particle size of between 50 and 1000 microns, preferably of between 100 and 750 microns and, more preferably, of between 100 and 500 microns; [b] preparing the coating composition by mixing together a polymer P1, a polymer P2, the plasticizer and the surface-active and/or lubricating agent in a solvent system; [c] applying the coating composition/solvent system mixture to particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention; [d] drying the microcapsules thus obtained; and [e] optionally, mixing these microcapsules with at least one antiagglomerating agent.
  • AP
  • Suitable solvents suitable for use in the composition of such a solvent system may include, but are not limited to, ketones, esters, chlorinated solvents, alcohols, which are preferably aliphatic, alkanes or mixtures thereof and the like.
  • Specific solvent examples may include, but are not limited to C 1 -C 6 compound solvents, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, cyclohexane and methylene chloride and the like.
  • the coating composition/solvent system mixture is applied by spraying onto the particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention, set in motion, preferably by mechanical stirring or by fluidization.
  • microcapsules according to the invention it is necessary to encapsulate particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles (“AP”) according to the present invention, of size between 50 microns and 1000 microns.
  • particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention are between 100 microns and 750 microns; or between 100 microns and 500 microns.
  • the active principle particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof may be crystals of pure carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which have undergone a pretreatment by one of the conventional techniques of the art such as, for example, granulation in the presence of a small amount of at least one standard binder and/or of an agent modifying the intrinsic solubility feature of the carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention.
  • the content of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention, before coating is between 75% and 100% by weight, preferably between 95% and 100% by weight.
  • the amount of coating agent in the microcapsules may represent from 5% to 40% of the weight of the coated microcapsules.
  • the actual density of the microcapsules according to the invention is not critical, but may be between 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter and 1.35 grams per cubic centimeter.
  • a embodiment of the process for the micro-encapsulation of particles of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention may include, but are not limited to the following steps: [a 1 ] preparation of a mixture, which comprises from 70% by weight to 80% by weight of a film-forming polymer P1 and 5% by weight to 10% by weight of a plasticizer for 5% by weight to 10% by weight of a nitrogen-containing polymer P2 in solution, either in an acetone/alkanol mixture such that the acetone/alkanol volume ratio is between 50/50 and 70/30, or in a solvent, which may be chosen from, but not limited to cyclohexane, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and methylene chloride and the like; [a 2 ] placing in suspension a solution prepared in the step [a 1 ], of 2% by weight to 8% by weight of surface-
  • microcapsules obtained by a example process as outlined above may be used for manufacture of novel pharmaceutical or nutritional preparations of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention, having optimized therapeutic or nutritional performance, which may be provided specifically in the form of tablets that can advantageously be crumbled, or powders or gelatin capsules.
  • the present invention relates to new galenic systems, which may be defined by the following forms: tablets, powders, gelatin capsules, which contain microcapsules of the present invention.
  • microcapsules of the present invention are well tolerated by the human body, in particular at the gastric level.
  • the present invention also relates to these novel microparticle containing pharmaceutical preparations or compositions, which may be administered orally, preferably by single daily doses.
  • microcapsules also may be mixed with a certain amount of other active principle particles (“AP”) immediately available to the body.
  • AP active principle particles
  • the present invention also relates to the use of microcapsules as vehicles for at least one medicinal and/or nutritional active principle particle (AP) capable of residing in the small intestine for a prolonged period, where such microcapsules: ⁇ being designed for oral administration (i.e., e.g., which may be able to reside in the small intestine for at least about 5 hours, preferably at least about 7 hours and, even more preferably, for a period of between 8 and 24 hours, to allow the release of the active principles (“AP”) in the small intestine for at least part of their residence time), ⁇ and consisting of particles of active principles (“AP”) each coated with at least one coating film of specific composition and having a particle size of between 50 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably of between 100 and 750 ⁇ m and, even more preferably, of between 100 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m.
  • AP active principle particle
  • PCT International Application WO 03/030878 to Flamel Technologies which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, also discloses a microparticulate system based upon oral administration for delayed and controlled release of active principles, where the in vivo absorption window is limited to parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the WO 03/030878 Application is aimed at providing a system for reliably releasing active principles through a double time dependent and pH-dependent mechanism.
  • the present invention also relates microparticulate systems for the delayed and controlled-release or modified release of carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles (“AP”) according to the present invention, such as a multiple microcapsule galenic oral formulation designed for therapeutic efficacy, such that release of active principles is controlled by a double release triggering mechanism, involving time triggering and pH-triggering.
  • AP active principle particles
  • the present invention relates to a microparticulate galenic (i.e., tablets, powders, gelatin capsules, which contain microcapsules of the present invention) formulation with delayed and controlled-release for which the controlled-release phase is triggered in a specific way due to a double mechanism: “time-dependent” release triggered after a certain amount of time in the stomach, and “pH-dependent” release triggered by a change in pH when the particles enter into the small intestine and which starts without a latency period.
  • a microparticulate galenic i.e., tablets, powders, gelatin capsules, which contain microcapsules of the present invention
  • delayed and controlled-release for which the controlled-release phase is triggered in a specific way due to a double mechanism: “time-dependent” release triggered after a certain amount of time in the stomach, and “pH-dependent” release triggered by a change in pH when the particles enter into the small intestine and which starts without a latency period.
  • microparticles of this invention are microcapsules containing at least one carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, which are active principle particles according to the present invention, with granulometry such as between 100 microns and 1,200 microns individually covered with a film coating allowing the delayed and controlled-release of the active principle.
  • Modified-release or delayed and controlled-release systems containing active principles are useful when it is desirable, for chronobiological reasons, for such active principles to be “bioabsorbed” at a specific time of day so that it is in phase with the circadian cycle.
  • This approach is appropriate for the treatment of cancer, hypertension, atherosclerosis, administration of anti-inflammatory drugs or regulation of glycemia in the treatment of diabetes.
  • an active carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof may be bioabsorbed very early in the morning in order to ensure therapeutic coverage when the patient awakens without requiring early awakening.
  • the galenic system ingested by the patient in the evening after a meal should allow the delayed-release of the active principle.
  • delayed-release forms are obtained by coating the active principle with a layer of enteric polymer.
  • enteric coating is known to present reduced permeability in the acid pH conditions in the stomach and dissolves when the pH increases to a value close to what exists in the small intestine, thus releasing the active principle.
  • enteric coating is known to present reduced permeability in the acid pH conditions in the stomach and dissolves when the pH increases to a value close to what exists in the small intestine, thus releasing the active principle.
  • the intra and inter-individual variability of gastric pH conditions and of gastric emptying duration do not allow the definite release of the active principle after a specific amount of time.
  • a delayed and controlled-release formulation of the active principle which ensures active principle release based upon the aforementioned double triggering release of such active principles: i.e., “time-dependent” release triggered after a controlled amount of time in the stomach, without pH change, and “pH-dependent” release triggered by an increase in the pH when the galenic formulation penetrates into the intestine.
  • time-dependent release triggered after a controlled amount of time in the stomach, without pH change
  • pH-dependent release triggered by an increase in the pH when the galenic formulation penetrates into the intestine.
  • the release of the active principle would be guaranteed, after a pre-regulated latency time, even if the pH variation did not intervene as a triggering factor (i.e., even if such a galenic formulation did not pass from the stomach into the intestine).
  • Another unique interesting factor of such a system would be to allow us to achieve, by mixing with an immediate-release galenic formulation of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, or by mixing with another delayed- and controlled-release galenic formulation of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof, release profiles presenting several waves of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof release (i.e., which represents a single active principle or several identical or different active principles) or ensuring with appropriate adjustment of the various fractions a constant plasma concentration level of active principle.
  • Suitable delayed and controlled-release formulations of the present invention may be comprised of, but not limited to a large number of microcapsules with a diameter of less than 2000 microns.
  • the dose of active principles to be administered is distributed among, a great number of microcapsules (typically 10,000 for a dose of 500 mg).
  • the following intrinsic advantages result from the use of such delayed and controlled-release formulations: [1] prolonged residence time of microcapsules in regions of the gastrointestinal tract, which ensures an increase in the amount of time the active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof spends within absorption windows to maximize active principle bioavailability; [2] implementation of a mixture of microcapsules with various immediate and/or modified, delayed or controlled-release profiles allows release profiles to be achieved that present several waves of release to ensure a constant plasma concentration level of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof by adequate adjustment of various fractions; [3] sensitivity to variability of gastric emptying is less, because the emptying, which occurs here with a large number of particles, is statistically more reproducible; [4] contact of the tissues with a high dose of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof is avoided: “dose dumping”, where each microcapsule contains
  • an oral microparticulate galenic formulation with delayed and controlled-release of AP carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof simultaneously having the following properties: where active principles release may be triggered, by time-dependent release when duration of particulates in the stomach exceeds 5 hours; and by pH variation-dependent release, also called “pH-dependent”, which starts without latency time when the system penetrates into the intestine and the pH increases.
  • these two triggering factors affect release of active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof occurring in serial fashion to guarantee release of the active principle after a pre-regulated latency time, even if the pH variation is not involved as a triggering factor. It is composed of a large number of microcapsules of coated active principle carvedilol free base, salt, anhydrous or solvate forms thereof small in size; and/or mass fraction in excipients of coating is limited.
  • swelling agent may include, but is not limited to at least one pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic compound, having a swelling rate or swelling amount in water at about 25° C. that is: greater than or equal to at least 10% by weight (wt/wt), greater than or equal to at least 15% by weight (wt/wt), or greater than or equal to at least 20% by weight (wt/wt).
  • a swelling agent is selected from among swelling agents with chemical, physical or pharmaceutically acceptable characteristics which make possible for microcapsules of the present invention to release at least 50% by weight (wt/wt) of the active principle carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, anhydrous or solvate thereof, after at least 16 hours at about a pH of 1.4 and after a latency phase or lag time of less than or equal to about 7 hours, or after a latency phase or lag time of less than or equal to about 5 hours or after a latency period or lag time of between about 1 hour to 1.5 hours in an in vitro dissolution test performed according to guidelines as specified in the European Pharmacopoeia, 4 th Edition, entitled: “Dissolution Test of Solid Oral Forms”: a type II dissolutest performed in SINK conditions kept at 37° C. and stirred or agitated at 100 rpm.
  • the rate of release at about a pH of 1.4 of the active principle carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, anhydrous or solvate thereof, from the microcapsules described herein, by carefully selecting the concentration (Cd) of the swelling agent particles in the microcapsules.
  • the mean diameter (Td) of a swelling agent particle is selected from particle sizes with ranges of at least between 5 micrometers ( ⁇ m) to 200 micrometers ( ⁇ m), or of at least between 10 micrometers ( ⁇ m) to 50 micrometers ( ⁇ m).
  • the concentration (Cd) of the swelling agent is selected from to include, but is not limited to be in the following ranges of percentage by weight (in wt %) relative to the total mass of the microcapsules of the present invention as follows:
  • swelling agents for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidones (for example, such as polyplasdone, crospovidone and the like), crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses, such as crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (for example, such as crosslinked sodium croscarmellose and the like), hydrophilic polymers of high molar mass (for example, i.e., which may be, but not limited to being greater than or equal to 100000 Dalton) which may include, but are not limited to: polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyalkylene oxides (for example, such as polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide and the like), hydroxyalkylcelluloses (for example, such as hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and the like), carboxyalkylcellulose (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and the like), modified starch (for example, sodium glycolate and the like), starch (for example, such as corn, wheat, rice, potato and the
  • a swelling agent for use in the present invention may be chosen from, but not limited to, the following sub-set of compounds: crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (e;g; polyplasdone or crospovidone), crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses (such as the crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (e;g; crosslinked sodium croscarmellose), and the like.
  • a suitable swelling agent for use in the present invention may also a nitrogen containing polymer, which may include but is not limited to polyvinylpyrrolidone, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
  • a formulation or pharmaceutically acceptable composition of the present invention may include, but is not limited to including at least one wetting agent, selected from, but not limited to the following group of products: anionic surfactants (for example, such as those in the sub-group of the alkaline or alkaline-earth salts of fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid and the like) and/or non-ionic surfactants (for example, which may include, but are not limited to polyoxyethylenated oils (for example, such as polyoxyethylenated hydrogenated castor oil and the like), polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, polyoxyethylenated sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylenated castor oil
  • anionic surfactants for example, such as those in the sub-group of the alkaline or alkaline-earth salts of fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid and the like
  • non-ionic surfactants for example, which may include
  • the early releasing component would be formulated to start releasing drug shortly after dosing (i.e., when a pellet, granule or microcapsule unit enters the stomach) to provide a “pulse”, peaking at about 1 hour to about 3 hours.
  • the more slowly releasing formulated components release drug in parts of the small intestine, where the associated polymer coat or matrix is soluble.
  • the overall dose of drug and ratios of the different pellets, granules or microparticles can be determined by studies in human volunteers to examine plasma levels for at least 24 hours after dosage.
  • a general representative process for forming a controlled release formulation of the present invention may be, but is not limited to a process where:
  • compositions or controlled release or modified dosage forms containing such carvedilol free base or carvedilol salts, solvates, or anhydrous forms thereof of the present invention, which may be used in combination therapies with other for once-per-day dosage, delayed release or pulsatile release to optimize therapy by matching pharmacokinetic performance (i.e., which relates to the time-dependent changes of plasma drug concentration and the time dependent changes of the total amount of drug in a body following various routes of administration) with pharmacodynamic requirements (i.e., which relates to the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action).
  • pharmacokinetic performance i.e., which relates to the time-dependent changes of plasma drug concentration and the time dependent changes of the total amount of drug in a body following various routes of administration
  • pharmacodynamic requirements i.e., which relates to the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention may be comprised of, but is not limited to rapidly releasing microparticles or different types controlled release microparticles (such as first or second controlled release microparticles) or respective corresponding populations thereof, where each type of the aforementioned microparticles may include, but is not limited to a carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof.
  • each of the aforementioned microparticles also may contain, but are not limited to an active drug ingredient selected from the group consisting of salt forms of carvedilol mandelate, carvedilol lactate, carvedilol maleate, carvedilol sulfate, carvedilol glutarate, carvedilol mesylate, carvedilol phosphate, carvedilol citrate, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol oxalate, carvedilol hydrogen chloride, carvedilol hydrogen bromide, carvedilol benzoate, and corresponding solvates thereof.
  • an active drug ingredient selected from the group consisting of salt forms of carvedilol mandelate, carvedilol lactate, carvedilol maleate, carvedilol sulfate, carvedilol glutarate, carvedilol mesylate, carvedilol phosphate, carvedilol citrate, carvedilo
  • microparticle types of the present invention may include, but are not limited to an active drug ingredient selected from carvedilol hydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate methanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide monohydrate, carvedilol hydrobromide dioxane solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 1-pentanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-methyl-1-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide trifluoroethanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide 2-propanol solvate, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #1, carvedilol hydrobromide n-propanol solvate #2, carvedilol hydrobromide anhydrous
  • Such specific microparticle types of the present invention may include, but are not limited to an active drug ingredient selected from carvedilol hydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate, carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate.
  • the active drug is selected from a carvedilol phosphate anhydrous form or carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate.
  • such units, dosage forms, pharmaceutical compositions or controlled-release formulations of the present invention are formulated or prepared so that drug is released in “pulses”, separated in time such that the first “peak” or T max occurs within 1-4 hours of dosage, preferably the first “peak” or T max occurs 1-2 hours of dosage or preferably the first “peak” or T max occurs within 2-4 hours of dosage, with the second “peak” or T max occurring 5-10 hours later or preferably the second “peak” or T max occurring 5-8 hours later.
  • the pulses as described above may refer to a peak, plasma peak concentration level, “a first peak” or “a first peak plasma concentration level”, a “second peak” or a “second peak plasma concentration level”, etc.
  • such a pharmaceutical composition or controlled-release formulation of the present invention following oral dosage would be depicted by a unique substantially biphasic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic plasma profile, which exhibits a first T max pulse and a plasma concentration peak level within 1-4 hours of ingestion and a second T max pulse and a plasma concentration peak level within, 5-10 hours after ingestion.
  • a substantially biphasic plasma profile corresponding to a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention is represented by a graphical profile representation depicting a plasma profile curve, where a higher second plasma peak concentration level may or may not be substantially or significantly higher than a lower or first plasma peak concentration level as the substantially biphasic nature of the profile curve may be obscured as mean plasma level value variations may vary based upon intrinsic intersubject variation or variability.
  • such a pharmaceutical composition or controlled-release formulation of the present invention following oral dosage would be depicted by a unique substantially biphasic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic plasma profile, which exhibits a first T max pulse and a plasma concentration peak level within 2-4 hours of ingestion and a second T max pulse and a plasma concentration peak level within, 5-8 hours after ingestion.
  • the aforementioned oral dosage or administration associated with a pharmaceutical composition or controlled-release formulation of the present invention preferably occurs at night.
  • T max release from the first “pulse” or T max occurs gradually, so that subsequent absorption is gradual, thereby avoiding a rapid fall in blood pressure. This would minimize the risk of orthostatic hypotension-related adverse events.
  • Such a profile can be obtained by formulating a drug suitable for use in the present invention with differential release, capitalizing on a combination of approaches to operate sequentially. It may be, for instance that a capsule may be formulated into pellets, capsules or microparticles which may be, but are not limited to coatings with different release-modifying components, such pellets being contained in capsule dosage forms such that release characteristics are affected or influenced by factors such as gastrointestinal pH, or time, to provide differentiated absorption profiles.
  • the present invention relates to and is exemplified by, but not limited to the following embodiments present below, which include corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, different controlled release formulations, respectively comprised or formed from the following components, such as carvedilol free base, carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof, and which also may include, but are not limited to the various components (i.e., such as conventionally known, adjuvants, carriers, diluents, excipients, agents, plasticizers, polymers, etc. as described herein) which may be in or formed into different dosage forms (i.e., which may include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules and the like) as described herein.
  • components such as carvedilol free base, carvedilol salts, anhydrous forms or solvates thereof, and which also may include, but are not limited to the various components (i.e., such as conventionally known, adjuvants, carriers, diluents, excipients,
  • the present invention relates to a controlled release formulation, which comprises:
  • a specific embodiment relates to a formulation in an oral dosage form.
  • Such an oral dosage form may be in a capsule dosage form.
  • a capsule dosage form of the present invention may be comprised of, but not limited to a mixture of two or more populations of coated pellets of different sizes with different associated immediate or controlled release characteristics.
  • the present invention also relates to a controlled release formulation, comprising at least one of the following components:
  • the present invention also relates to a controlled release formulation, comprising at least one of these components:
  • a capsule dosage form of the present invention may be, but is not limited to being a soft gelatin capsule or hard gelatin capsule.
  • a pellet or microparticle mixture may consist of two or more different pellet or microparticle population types characterized by different pellet sizes and/or different immediate-release and/or modified-release characteristics.
  • different pellet or microparticle sizes and/or different immediate-release and/or modified-release characteristics are achieved by layering of active principle(s) and pharmaceutically acceptable components.
  • the coated immediate-release pellets or microparticles, or modified-release pellets or microparticles, respectively may be, but not limited to being coated with a polymer.
  • the coated pellets consist of two or more different population types, with one population defined as immediate release pellets or microparticles and another population defined as modified release pellets or microparticles. More particularly, the capsule dosage form may be filled with differing ratios of immediate release pellets or microparticles and modified release pellets or microparticles blended together to a form a pharmaceutically acceptable amount or dosage. The capsule dosage form also may be filled with differing ratios of immediate release pellets or microparticles and modified release pellets or microparticles. In particular, immediate release pellets or microparticles and modified release pellets or microparticles may be in a ratio range from about 30% to about 70%, preferably the immediate release pellets and modified release pellets are in a ratio from about 40% to about 60%.
  • the present invention also relates to a controlled release formulation, which comprises:
  • the present invention also relates to a controlled release formulation or a pharmaceutical form, which comprises:
  • the present invention also relates to a controlled release formulation, comprising at least one of these components:
  • each of the two or more populations of the mixture coated pellets or microparticles are characterized by different release-modifying components or characteristics based upon gastrointestinal environment, pH, or time.
  • the mixture of two or more populations of coated pellets or microparticles is comprised of a first set of controlled release pellets or microparticles and a second set of controlled release pellets or microparticles, wherein the first set of controlled release pellets or microparticles provides earlier release of its chemical and physical properties than the second set of controlled release pellets.
  • such a first set of controlled release pellets or microparticles may be, but is not limited to being coated with a pH sensitive polymer that delays active component release by pH or hydration effects.
  • the second set of controlled release pellets or microparticles may be, but is not limited to, being coated with a pH sensitive polymer that dissolves at a higher pH than the polymer which coats the first set of release pellets or microparticles.
  • the present invention relates to a microparticle composition or formulation, which comprises:
  • the serial or sequential pH triggered release of each of the different dosage amounts of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in each of the at least two different types of controlled release microparticles occurs at a pH of about 5.5 to a pH of about a pH>6.4.
  • a first maximum plasma drug level following rapid release of the first dosage amount of the carvedilol free base, or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in the rapidly releasing microparticles occur at a time between about 1 hour to about 3 hour following dosage of the microparticle composition or formulation; and a second maximum plasma drug level following the serial or sequential time-triggered release of each of the different dosage amounts of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in each of the at least two different types of controlled release microparticles occur at a time between about 5 hours to about 10 hours following dosage of the microparticle composition or formulation.
  • the first maximum plasma levels following the time and pH triggered release of each of the different dosage amounts of the the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in the rapidly releasing microparticles results in about 10% to about 15%, such as 12.5% of the total dosage amount of carvedilolfree base or carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in the microparticle composition or formulation.
  • the second maximum plasma levels following the time and pH triggered release of each of the different dosage amounts of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in each of the at least two different types of controlled release microparticles results in a controlled release of between about 85% to about 90%, such as 87.5% the total dosage amount of the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in the microparticle composition or formulation he microparticle composition or formulation of claim 1 , where a controlled release of the total dosage amount of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof contained in the microparticle composition or formulation occurs in a gastrointestinal tract system.
  • a microparticle formulation for once-a-day therapy of the present invention relates to a mixture of:
  • a controlled release formulation, composition or dosage form of the present invention may include, but is not limited to containing a swelling agent as defined herein or other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, carriers or excipients.
  • a suitable swelling agent which may be selected from, but not limited to crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidones (i.e., which may be selected from, but not limited to polyplasdone or crospovidone); or crosslinked carboxyalkylcelluloses (i.e., which may be selected from, but not limited to crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose or crosslinked sodium croscarmellose).
  • a nitrogen-containing polymer in each first controlled release microparticle granule and second controlled release microparticle granule is a swelling agent as defined herein.
  • such nitrogen containing polymers may be selected from, but not limited to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (also conventionally known as povidone or PVP), or cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (also conventionally known as cross-linked povidone).
  • a nitrogen containing polymer in each first controlled release microparticle granule and in each second controlled release microparticle granule of the present invention also may be, but is not limited to being a combination of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (povidone or PVP), or cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (cross-linked povidone).
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone cross-linked povidone
  • a microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention relates to:
  • a microparticle composition or formulation may include, but is not limited to a controlled release layer formed from a mixture of the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients selected from a film former, a plasticiser or other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the present invention relates to a controlled-release microparticle formulation, which comprises a microparticle ratio mixture formed from:
  • a controlled-release microparticle formulation may have, but is not limited to a first rapidly releasing microparticle population contains at least 5% and no more than 20% of the total dosage of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof. Further, the first rapidly releasing microparticle population may contain, but is not limited to at least 10% and no more than 15% of the total dosage of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof. The first controlled-release microparticle population also may contain, but is not limited to at least 25% and no more than 50% of the total dosage of the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof. The controlled-release microparticle formulation also may have, but is not limited to a second controlled-release microparticle population, which contains at least 40% and no more than 60% of the total dosage of the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof.
  • the present invention relates to a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation, which comprises:
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation comprises:
  • the present invention relates to a controlled-release microparticle composition, formulation or dosage form, which comprises:
  • a controlled-release microparticle formulation of the present invention may be, but is not limited to microparticles having a particle size of between 50 and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably of between 100 ⁇ m and 750 ⁇ m and, even more preferably, of between 150 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention may also include, but not be limited to:
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation may also include, but is not limited to:
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention may include, but is not limited to a total dosage amount of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form thereof dosage amount contained in a sum of each first rapidly releasing microparticle granule, a first controlled release microparticle granule and a second controlled release microparticle granule is the sum of the total dosage amount between about 10 mg to about 80 mg.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention also may contain, but is not limited to at least one release controlling layer formed from at least one polymethylmethacrylate polymer(s) and a plasticizing agent, which may be, but is not limited to a ratio from about 60% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w).
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation may include, but is not limited to containing a film forming polymer in at least one release controlling coating layer(s) of each first controlled release microparticle, which may be, but is not limited to a polymethylmethacrylate polymer selected from Eudragit L, Eudragit RL, Eudragit RS and other Eudragit NE polymers (i.e., such as commercially available polymers as supplied by the Rohm Pharma group), Acrycoat S100, Acrycoat L 100D and the like.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention may contain, but is not limited to containing a plasticizing agent in at least one release controlling coating layer(s) of each first controlled release microparticle, where such a plasticizing agent is selected, but is not limited to a hydrogenated vegetable oil, propan 2-ol or propylene glycol, diethyl phthalate or other pharmaceutically acceptable materials.
  • Suitable plasticizers may include, but are not limited to hyrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil and the like.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation may contain, but is not limited to a different carvedilol free base salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof dosage amounts contained in each rapidly releasing population, first controlled release population and second controlled release population are in a 1:3:4 active drug content ratio.
  • a controlled-release microparticle composition or formulation of the present invention may also exhibit, but is not limited to a where a serial or sequential release of each of the different dosage amounts of the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof contained in each immediate-release population, first controlled release population and second controlled release population.
  • the present invention relates to a modified-release microparticle formulation, which comprises:
  • the present invention relates to a modified-release microparticle formulation, which comprises:
  • each different serial or sequential release of the rapidly releasing microparticles and at least two types of controlled release microparticles are defined by a mean plasma level representing a total carvedilol dosage amount as shown by a substantially biphasic profile; where the total carvedilol dosage amount is the sum of the first and second dosage amounts; where the rapidly releasing microparticles comprising release the carvedilol free base or the carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof to provide a peak plasma level at between 1 to 3 hours after dosing and each of the at least two types of delayed-controlled release microparticles release the carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof to provide a second peak plasma level between 5 to 10 hours after dosing.
  • serial or sequential release of the total carvedilol dosage amount from the rapidly releasing microparticles and at least two types of controlled release microparticles provide prolonged plasma levels as characterized by a substantially biphasic profile and residual drug plasma levels 24 hours after dosing comparable to a conventional carvedilol free base dosage dosed twice daily at 12 hour intervals for a total 24 hour period;
  • the present invention relates to a controlled-release microparticle formulation for once-a-day administration, which comprises:
  • each release profile is a substantially biphasic profile shown by:first release microparticles exhibiting a release rate of the carvedilol free base or carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form providing a first plasma peak concentration level between 1 to 3 hours after dosing the microparticle composition or formulation; each of the at least two types of controlled release microparticles exhibiting a release rate of the carvedilol salt, solvate, or anhydrous form providing a second Plasma peak concentration level between 5 to 10 hours after dosing the microparticle composition or formulation exhibiting a combined higher plasma peak concentration level peak level than for the first release microparticles;
  • a substantially biphasic profile is shown by: an immediate-release microparticles exhibiting a release rate of the carvedilol free base, salt, solvate, or anhydrous form that provide a first peak plasma concentration between 1 to 3 hours after dosing the microparticle composition or formulation; and each of the at least two types of delayed-controlled release microparticles exhibiting a release rate of the carvedilol free base, salt, solvate, or anhydrous form that provide a second peak plasma concentration between 5 to 10 hours after dosing the microparticle composition or formulation.
  • the present invention relates to a controlled release microparticle dosage product, which comprises:
  • each rapidly releasing dosage form contains at least 10% and no more than 15% of the total dosage of carvedilol free base, salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof; each second delayed release dosage form contains at least 30% and no more than 50% of the total dosage of carvedilol free base, salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof; and each third delayed release dosage form contains at least 40% and no more than 60% of the total dosage of carvedilol free base, salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof.
  • each first immediate-release dosage form; each second delayed release dosage form; and each third delayed release dosage form includes a total dosage of the carvedilol free base, salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof that is effective for a twenty four hour period.
  • the present invention relates to a microparticle composition or formulation, which comprises:
  • the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, controlled release formulations or dosage forms prepared according to the present invention can be used to treat warm-blooded animals, such as mammals, which include humans.
  • the present invention relates to methods of treating cardiovascular diseases, which may include, but is not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, or angina, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate thereof as defined herein, a pharmaceutical composition, or controlled release formulation as described herein.
  • the present invention further relates to a method of treating hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis and angina, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a carvedilol phosphate salt (which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms), anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof, a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation (i.e., which contains such salts or solvates of carvedilol phosphate), etc.
  • a carvedilol phosphate salt which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms
  • anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating hypertension, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a carvedilol phosphate salt (which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms), anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof, a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation (i.e., which contains such salts or solvates of carvedilol phosphate), etc.
  • a carvedilol phosphate salt which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms
  • anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating atherosclerosis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a carvedilol phosphate salt (which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms), anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof, a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation (i.e., which contains such salts or solvates of carvedilol phosphate), etc.
  • a carvedilol phosphate salt which may include, but are not limited to novel crystalline or other solid forms
  • anhydrous forms, or solvates thereof a pharmaceutical composition or controlled release formulation
  • the present invention also relates to a method of delivering carvedilol to gastrointestinal tract of a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering an effective amount of a carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate thereof, which may be in, but not limited to being in combination with carvedilol free base, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or control-release formulations or dosage forms as described herein.
  • the present invention relates to a method of delivering carvedilol to the gastrointestinal tract, which comprises administering an effective amount of a carvedilol salt, anhydrous forms, or solvate thereof, which may be in, but not limited to being in combination with carvedilol free base, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions or control-release formulations or dosage forms as described herein.
  • the present invention relates to a method of orally dosing a modified release composition, dosage form or formulation as described herein, which comprises progressive release of a drug amount of carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof from each microcapsule of the modified release composition, dosage form or formulation, which are absorped as the microparticles transit the GI tract to provide sustained and controlled release levels of the drug amount for maintenance of prolonged plasma levels.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of dosing a carvedilol dosage unit, which may include, but is not limited to a carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof, to a patient in need thereof, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention, where release of the carvedilol dosage unit transits through a lower gastrointestinal tract.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount”, as used herein, generally includes within its meaning a non-toxic but sufficient amount of the particular drug to which it is referring to provide the desired therapeutic effect. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject depending on factors such as the patient's general health, the patient's age, etc.
  • the present invention relates to combination therapy methods for treatment of cardiovascular disorders to a subject in need thereof, which comprises a compound or controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation as described herein in a synergistic combination with other drug agents, which may, but not limited to a group selected from the group consisting of calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, statin agents and or the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant(s), carrier(s), diluent(s), or excipient(s).
  • drug agents which may, but not limited to a group selected from the group consisting of calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, statin agents and or the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant(s), carrier(s), diluent(s), or excipient(s).
  • compounds or controlled release composition, dosage forms or formulations of the present invention may be employed alone or in combination with each other or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in treatment of the aforementioned cardiovascular disorders, which may include, but are not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, angina and the like.
  • Suitable calcium channel blocker agents for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention, may include, but are not limited to diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine, mybefradil or any other calcium channel blocker and the like.
  • Suitable beta-blockers for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention may include, but are not limited to atenolol, metoprolol, and the like.
  • Suitable statin agents such as HMG-COA reductase inhibitors, for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention, may include, but are not limited to lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atorvastatin or any other suitable statin agent and the like.
  • Suitable adrenoreceptor agents for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention may include, but are not limited to may include metoprolol (toprol-XL), metoprol succinate, metoprol tartrate or any other suitable adrenoreceptor agents and the like,
  • Suitable ACE inhibitors for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention may include, but are not limited to alacepril, benazepril, captopril, ceronapril, cilazepril, cilazopril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, imidapril, libenzapril, lisinopril, moexipril, monopril, moveltipril, pentopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril,
  • Suitable diuretics for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release formulation of the present invention may include, but are not limited to acetazolamide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, brinzolamide, dichlorphenamide, dorzolamide, methazolamide, azosemide, bumetamide, ethacrynic acid, etozolin, frusemide, piretamide, torasemide, isosorbide, mannitol, amiloride, canrenoate potassium, canrenone, spironolactone, triamterene, althiazide, bemetizide, bendrofluazide, benzthiazide, buthiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, clopamide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epithiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indap
  • Suitable angiotensin II receptor antagonists for use in combination with compounds or a controlled release formulation of the present invention may include, but are not limited to losartan, irbesartan, valsartan or any other angiotensin II receptor antagonist and the like.
  • Active drug or therapeutic agents or compounds such as those described above may be prepared according to processes or methods taught by either the present disclosure or processes or methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Active drug or therapeutic agents when employed in combination with the compounds, controlled release compositions, dosage forms or formulations of the present invention, may be used or administered, for example, in dosage amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • PDR Physicians' Desk Reference
  • the term “simultaneously” when referring to simultaneous administration of the relevant drugs means at exactly the same time, as would be the case, for example in embodiments where the drugs are combined in a single preparation.
  • “simultaneously” can mean one drug taken a short duration after another, wherein “a short duration” means a duration which allows the drugs to have their intended synergistic effect.
  • the present invention also relates to a combination therapy, which may be a comprised of a simultaneous or co-administration, or serial administration of a combination of compounds, controlled release compositions, dosage forms or formulations of the present invention with other active drug or therapeutic agents, such as described above, and where such administration also is determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • active drug compounds, controlled release compositions, dosage forms or formulations of the present invention may include, but are not limited to a carvedilol free base or a carvedilol salt, solvate or anhydrous form thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to a combination therapy for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases as described herein, which is comprised of a composition, dosage form or formulation formed from a synergistic combination or mixture of compounds, controlled release compositions, dosage forms or formulations of the present invention and another active drug or therapeutic agent or agents as those described above and optionally which comprises pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or adjuvent.
  • a combination composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention each of the active drug components are contained in therapeutically effective and synergistic dosage amounts.
  • the present invention further relates to a combination therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as diseases described herein, which comprises administering a synergistic combination of:
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone.
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol and water. Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves quickly.
  • aqueous H 3 PO 4 To the solution is added aqueous H 3 PO 4 .
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature and carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate seeds are added in one portion.
  • the solid precipitate formed is stirred, then filtered and the collected cake is washed with aqueous acetone.
  • the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight.
  • the cake is weighed and stored in a polyethylene container.
  • Form I is slurried in acetone/water mixture between 10 and 30° C. for several days.
  • Form I is slurried in methanol between 10 and 30° C. for several days.
  • Carvedilol dihydrogen dihydrogen phosphate is dissolved in an acetone/water mixture.
  • the acetone is removed by distillation.
  • Carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (Form I) was suspended in water, and the suspension was placed on a mechanical shaker at room temperature. After 48 hours of shaking, the solid was isolated from suspension by filtration, then dried in a desiccator under vacuum for a few days.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone.
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with SK&F 105517 and water. Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves quickly.
  • aqueous H 3 PO 4 at 1 ⁇ 2 the molar quantity of Carvedilol.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred and allowed to crystallize.
  • the solid precipitate formed is stirred and cooled, then filtered and the collected cake is washed with aqueous acetone.
  • the solid state 13 C NMR methods used to analyze compounds of the present invention produce a qualitative picture of the types of carbon sites within the solid material. Because of variable polarization transfer rates and the need for sideband suppression, the peak intensities are not quantitative (much like the case in solution-state 13 C NMR).
  • Carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate is defined by these spectra, where both 13 C and 31 P spectra show clear and distinct differences.
  • FIG. 26 shows the 13 C CP-TOSS spectrum of carevedilol dihydrogen phosphate.
  • An assignment of the numerous 13 C resonances in FIG. 1 can be made by chemical shift assignment, the NQS spectrum and comparisons with solution-state 13 C assignments. At least two non-equivalent molecules per unit cell are observed in this form of Carvedilol phosphate.
  • FIG. 27 shows the 31 P MAS spectrum of carvedilol dihydrogen phosphate. A single phosphorus signal is observed at 4.7 ppm, which is characteristic of phosphate salts.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone.
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol, water and 48% aqueous HBr. On addition of the water, the acetone slurry becomes a solution.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature. A solid precipitates during the course of the stir. The precipitate is filtered and the collected cake is washed with acetone. The cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight. The cake is weighed and stored in a polyethylene container.
  • Form 1 is slurried in dioxane between 0 and 40° C. for 2 days. The product is filtered and mildly dried.
  • Form 1 is slurried in 1-pentanol between 0° C. and 40° C. for 2 days. The product is filtered and mildly dried.
  • Form 1 is slurried in 2-Methyl-1-Propanol between 0° C. and 40° C. for 2 days. The product is filtered and mildly dried.
  • Form 1 is slurried in trifluoroethanol between 0° C. and 40° C. for 2 days. The product is filtered and mildly dried.
  • Form 1 is slurried in 2-propanol between 0° C. and 40° C. for 2 days. The product is filtered and mildly dried.
  • Carvedilol free base is dissolved in n-propanol/water (95:5), and stoichiometric hydrobromic acid is added. The solution is cooled, and crystallization ensues. The product is filtered, washed with process solvent, and dried.
  • Carvedilol HBr monohydrate (Form 1) is dissolved in n-propanol at ambient temperature. The n-propanol is slowly evaporated off, giving a white solid.
  • Carvedilol free base is dissolved in a solvent (dichloromethane, isopropyl acetate, and acetonitrile have been used) and anhydrous forms HBr is added (HBr in acetic acid or gaseous HBr). The solution is cooled, and crystallization ensues. The product is filtered, washed with process solvent, and dried.
  • Carvedilol free base is dissolved in ethanol, and anhydrous forms HBr is added (HBr in acetic acid). The solution is cooled, and crystallization ensues. The product is filtered, washed with process solvent, and dried.
  • single crystals of citrate salt could be obtained by slow evaporation of carvedilol/citric acid solutions (containing citric acid 5%, 10% or 20% w/w) in Petri dishes (150 mm diameter) placed in a desiccator connected to a house vacuum.
  • a 250 mL three-necked flask equipped with stirrer bar, thermometer, and an addition funnel is charged with acetone (20 mL, 2.5 volumes).
  • the solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (8 g, 19.7 mmol), and 2 M citric acid solution (40 mL, 5 volumes).
  • the citric acid solution Upon addition of the citric acid solution, the slurry dissolves quickly.
  • the solution is filtered through a Buchner funnel fitted with Whatman filter paper and the solution is returned to a 250 mL flask fitted with a stirrer.
  • To the light brown solution is added water (20 mL, 2.5 volumes). No exotherm is noted.
  • the reaction mixture becomes cloudy but disappears upon stirring (heating up to 40° C. maybe needed to remove cloudiness).
  • the mixture is stirred at room temperature and when judged clear is charged with carvedilol monocitrate monohydrate seeds (80 mgs) in one portion. An immediate cloudiness is observed (solid starts to precipitate out over 12-24 hours).
  • the precipitate formed is stirred for 24-48 hours and is filtered through a Buchner funnel fitted with Whatman filter paper and the collected cake is washed with water (2 ⁇ 16 mL).
  • the cake is dried in the oven under house vacuum at 50° C. to a constant weight.
  • the cake (7.95 g, 67%) is weighed and stored in a polyethylene container.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone.
  • the solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol, and aqueous citric acid solution.
  • the slurry dissolves quickly.
  • To the solution is added water.
  • the mixture is stirred at room temperature and is charged with carvedilol seeds in one portion.
  • the precipitate formed is stirred for a period of time, filtered and the collected cake is washed with water.
  • the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight and stored in a polyethylene container.
  • the SEM used for the study was a Hitachi S-3500N. SEM was performed using an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. The samples were gold sputtered.
  • the carvedilol monocitrate salt consists of crystals with plate-shape, and various sizes depending on the preparation method. Crystals as large as 1 mm width and length were observed.
  • DSC measurements were performed with a MDSC 2920 (TA Instruments, Inc.). Approximately 5 mg of the sample was placed in an open aluminum pan. The sample was scanned at 10° C./min. An endothermic event was observed with an onset temperature near 82-83° C. The heat of fusion was calculated as 63 kJ/mol.
  • the characteristic peaks in the 1800 to 600 cm ⁇ 1 region are found at about 1727, 1709, 1636, 1625, 1604, 1586, 1508, 1475, 1454, 1443, 1396, 1346, 1332, 1305, 1256, 1221, 1129, 1096, 1077, 1054, 1021, 1008, 984, 939, 919, 902, 826, 787, 755, 749, 729, 676, 664, 611 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • XRPD patterns were collected using a Philips X'Pert Pro Diffractometer. Approximately 30 mg of sample was gently flattened on a silicon sample holder and scanned from 2-35 degrees two-theta, at 0.02 degrees two-theta per step and a step time of 2.5 seconds. The sample was rotated at 25 rpm. The XRPD patterns of two different batches of Carvedilol monocitrate salt are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Carvedilol monocitrate salt has two free carboxylic acid groups in one unit salt, which contributes the low pH value (near pH 3) observed for monocitrate salt when dissolved in water. This may potentially lead to improved formulations by providing a low pH microenvironment within the formulation as it traverses the GI tract.
  • This may provide an environment at a molecular level that is more conductive to dissolution, particularly in the lower GI tract, where the pH of the environment is near neutral pH and the intrinsic solubility of the drug substance is limited.
  • a microenvironmental pH should lead to greater dissolution rate because of higher solubility in the solid/liquid interface, leading to improved absorption of drug in the lower GI tract thereby sustaining overall absorption and, in consequence providing prolonged blood levels and allowing less frequent dosing. Therefore, a once-per-day carvedilol formulation may be possible by incorporating carvedilol monocitrate salt. Such a unit is more convenient for patients and result in higher patient compliance with the dosage regimen and hence a better therapeutic effect.
  • the crystalline structure of carvedilol citrate salt was determined by Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction analysis on the large crystals formed by evaporation. The result indicated that the salt form was a carvedilol monocitrate, where the molar ratio of carvedilol and citric acid was 1:1. Surprisingly, the hydroxyl of carvedilol is disordered in the crystalline packing. In other words, the monocitrate salt has both R(+) and S( ⁇ ) carvedilol enantiomers at 1:1 molar ratio, and the two enantiomers are randomly distributed, without any specific order.
  • This crystalline packing habit is very unusual for a salt formed between a chiral compound and a chiral counter-ion (monocitrate).
  • chiral counter-ion tends to differentiate the two stereoisomers of the compound when forming crystals.
  • monocitrate salt there seems to be enough space in the crystal packing to allow the carbonyl group of the terminal carboxylic acid group of citrate to form equivalent hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl from either the R(+) or the S( ⁇ ) carvedilol stereoisomer.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone.
  • the solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (4.1 grams, 0.1 moles), and benzoic acid solution.
  • benzoic acid 1.4 grams, 0.011 moles
  • all material dissolves into the solution.
  • tert-butyl methyl ether 60 ml
  • the precipitate formed is stirred for a period of time, filtered and the collected cake is washed with water.
  • the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight and stored in a polyethylene container.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone (38 mL).
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (11.08 grams) and water (8 mL) Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves completely with heating.
  • 1 N Mandelic acid in methanol (1 Equiv. 27.3 mL.) is added.
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at the range between 17° C. and 35° C., and the solid precipitate is formed over 10 hours to 24 hours. Later, the mixture filtered and the cake is washed with a mixture of acetone and water (10 to 1) at 3 volumes or 33 mL.
  • the cake is then dried under vacuum to a constant weight. The final weight is 8.34 g, 54,5% yield.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone (50 mL).
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (15.0 grams) and water (7 mL). Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves completely with heating.
  • To the solution is added 1 N aqueous D, L-Lactic acid (1 equiv., 36.9 mL).
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at between 17° C. and 35° C. and seeded in one portion.
  • the solid precipitate is formed over 10 hours to 24 hours.
  • the mixture is filtered and the cake is washed with a mixture of acetone and water (10 to 1) at 2 volume or 30 mL.
  • the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight. The final weight is 9.16 grams.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone (38 mL).
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (10.25 grams) and water (6 mL). Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves completely with heating.
  • 1 N aqueous sulfuric acid (1 equiv., 25.2 mL) is added.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at between 17° C. and 35° C. and the solid precipitate is formed over 10 hours to 24 hours. Later, the mixture is filtered and the cake is washed with a mixture of acetone and water at 2 volumes or 20.5 mL.
  • the cake is then added a mixture of acetone and water (10 to 1) for ripening between 20° C.-35° C. over 24 hours to 48 hours.
  • the slurry is filtered and the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight. The final weight is 5.48 grams.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with acetone (56 mL).
  • the acetone solution is sequentially charged with carvedilol (15.0 grams) and water (8 mL). Upon addition of the water, the slurry dissolves completely with heating.
  • To the solution is added 1 M of aqueous Maleic acid (1 Equiv. 36.9 mL.)
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at between 17° C. and 35° C.
  • the solid precipitate is formed over 10 hours to 24 hours.
  • the mixture is filtered and the cake is washed with a mixture of acetone and water (10 to 1) at 3 volume or 45.0 mL.
  • the cake is dried under vacuum to a constant weight.
  • the final weight is 14.08 grams.
  • a suitable reactor is charged with 2 grams of carvedilol and a mixture of acetone and water (in a 7 to 1 ratio) at 8 mL. The contents were warmed to 35° C. to 40° C. to a clear solution. 1 N D,L-Glutaric acid in water (1 equivalent. 4.9 mL.) is added to the solution. The resulting mixture is stirred at the temperature between 17° C. and 35° C. until the solid precipitate is formed over 10 hours to 24 hours. Subsequently, the mixture filtered and the cake is washed with a mixture of acetone and water (in a 10 to 1) at about 5 mL. The cake is then dried under vacuum to a constant weight. The final weight is 1.35 grams.
  • Drug absorption following oral dosage requires that drug first dissolves in the gastrointestinal milieu. In most cases such dissolution is primarily a function of drug solubility. If solubility is affected by pH it is likely that absorption will vary in different regions of the gastro intestinal tract, because pH varies from acidic in the stomach to more neutral values in the intestine.
  • pH-dependent solubility can complicate dosage form design when drug absorption needs to be prolonged, delayed or otherwise controlled, to evince a sustained or delayed action effect. Variations in solubility can lead to variable dissolution, absorption and subsequent therapeutic effect.
  • Carvedilol is a drug used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure, being usually administered twice daily. For chronic diseases such as these a once-daily dosage regimen is desirable, to enhance patient compliance and reduce “pill burden”.
  • the dose response and time course of carvedilol in the body is such that a conventional dosage form, releasing all the drug immediately on ingestion does not provide once-a-day therapy. Release from the dosage form needs to be slowed down so that absorption and subsequent systemic residence is prolonged. This however requires that release and dissolution occurs along the GI tract, not just in the stomach.
  • the pH-dependent solubility of the currently used form of carvedilol is such that, while gastric solubility is adequate, solubility is much poorer at pH values encountered in the small intestine and beyond (see, FIG. 126 ), which depicts a pH-solubility profile for carvedilol.
  • FIG. 128 depicts mean plasma profiles in beagle dogs following intra-colonic administration of a carvedilol solution containing Captisol or carvedilol in aqueous suspension.
  • solubilization may mean that drug stability is compromised.
  • the secondary amino group of carvedilol is prone to chemically react with excipients normally included in a dosage form to aid manufacture, maintain quality or enhance dissolution rate.
  • this type of amine groups can react with aldehydes or ester functional groups through nucleophilic reactions. Many excipients have ester functional groups.
  • aldehydes and other such residues are common residues in excipients. This often results in marginal or unacceptable chemical stability of conventionally formulated carvedilol dosage forms, where drug is simply blended with excipients before being compressed to tablets.
  • Intestinal absorption efficiency was determined by monitoring plasma levels of carvedilol following such dosage. Results are provided in Table 5 and FIG. 128 (which depicts mean plasma profiles in beagle dogs following oral administration of the formulations listed in Table 15). TABLE 15 Pharmacokinetic values following dosage of 10 mg carvedilol (base) to three fasted beagle dogs. Solubility in pH 6.8 Phosphate Buffer AUC (0-t) Over 4-hour C max T max (ug ⁇ Formulation Period (ug/mL) (ng/mL) (min) min/mL) Carvedilol 86-120 31.32 ⁇ 3.43 15 b.
  • Results are provided in Table 16 and FIG. 130 (which depicts mean plasma profiles following oral administration of Companion capsules filled with four formulations at 10 mg strength to Beagle dogs). TABLE 16 Pharmacokinetic analysis of 10 mg dose formulations in three fasted beagle dogs from study.
  • AUC (0-t) a AUC (0-inf) Formulation C max (ng/mL) T max (min) (ug ⁇ min/mL) (ug ⁇ min/mL) Carvedilol HBr Salt 12.9 ⁇ 7.11 45 ⁇ 15 2.22 ⁇ 1.37 2.35 ⁇ 1.46 granules Carvedilol 61.8, 28.4 45, 60 6.69, 4.56 6.75, 4.90 Phosphate Salt Granules b Carvedilol Citrate 30.4 ⁇ 16.9 45 ⁇ 15 4.41 ⁇ 2.43 4.66 ⁇ 2.54 Salt Granules Carvedilol Base 13.08, 12.74, 45, 30, 120 2.14, 1.19, 0.60 — Granulesx c 2.89 a AUC(0-t) refers to the area from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration b n 2 only, due to malfunction of one InteliSite ® Companion capsule; animals always listed in the same order c data from dog
  • the present invention relates to dosage forms of carvedilol to match drug delivery with pharmacodynamic requirements.
  • the present invention provides a unit dose composition that comprises:
  • FIG. 132 is a plasma profile from capsules formulated according to the Example].
  • Units, formulated as described in two examples described above have been evaluated for their biopharmaceutical profiles in human subjects and provide the requisite substantially biphasic pulsed profiles.
  • Dosage forms comprised capsules containing a mixture of beads (pellets) to provide rapid and delayed release components.
  • the delayed release effect was provided by a pH or time-mediated mechanism. Rapid release was attained by having no release barrier in one population of pellets.
  • a mixture of drug, PVP, Cremophor RH40 and cross linked PVP was sprayed on fluidized cellulose microspheres to provide a layer of drug on the pellets.
  • the fluidized pellets were then coated, using either a suspension of Methacrylic acid polymer (Eudragit L100-55) and hydrogenated vegetable oil in isopropyl alcohol, providing an acid-insoluble coat, or a coat comprising ethylcellulose, dibutyl sebacate and PVP to retard release of drug from the pellet over time.
  • the level of coat applied was varied in different batches to determine the impact on in vivo absorption.
  • Pellets were filled in to capsules in differing ratios of immediate and delayed release forms to determine the impact on plasma profiles. Details are shown in Table 22. TABLE 22 Ratio IR to DR Formulation Coat Type level on pellet in capsule (%) B ethylcellulose 9% 30/70 D ′′ 12% ′′ E Eudragit 18% ′′ F ′′ 22% ′′ G ′′ 25% 40/60 A Phase 1 volunteer study was performed to determine the impact of various formula variants on in vivo performance.
  • a controlled release composition, dosage form or formulation of the present invention is formed from mixtures of the following components:
  • the early releasing component would be formulated to start releasing drug shortly after dosing (i.e., when a pellet, granule or microcapsule unit enters the stomach) to provide a “pulse”, peaking at about 1 hour to about 3 hours.
  • the more slowly releasing formulated components release drug in parts of the small intestine, where the associated polymer coat or matrix is soluble.
  • the overall dose of drug and ratios of the different pellets, granules or microparticles can be determined by studies in human volunteers to examine plasma levels for at least 24 hours after dosage.
  • Early releasing pellets, granules or microparticles are prepared by spraying a liquid aqueous suspension of the drug and PVP onto cellulose pellets, fluidized in a stream of warmed air. The solvent is removed during fluidization, providing free flowing beads, which may contain, but is not limited to containing 15-30% of drug, although other drug loading levels also are acceptable.
  • Delayed release pellets, granules or microparticles—Type I are prepared by spraying a liquid suspension of above-identified components onto cellulose pellets, fluidized in a stream of warmed air. The solvent is removed during fluidization providing free flowing beads, which may contain, but is not limited to 10-50% of drug (although other drug inclusion levels are also acceptable). Such pellets, granules or microparticles are then coated, using conventional fluidization and spraying technology, with a suspension containing methacrylic acid co polymer (Eudragit L100 55) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (Lubritab) in a suitable ratio that is determined by monitoring release rate in vitro.
  • a suspension containing methacrylic acid co polymer (Eudragit L100 55) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (Lubritab) in a suitable ratio that is determined by monitoring release rate in vitro.
  • Delayed release pellets, granules or microparticles—Type II are prepared by spraying a liquid suspension of the above-identified components onto cellulose pellets, fluidized in a stream of warmed air. The solvent is removed during fluidization providing free flowing beads, which may contain, but is not limited to 10-20% of drug (although other drug inclusion levels are also acceptable). The pellets, granules or microparticles are then coated, using identical technology to above with a suspension, comprising a mixture of methacrylic acid copolymers viz Eudragit L 55 (25%) and Eudragit S 100 (35%) and Lubritab (40%)
  • capsules were formulated according to descriptions as in Example 32, where each capsule contain a total dose of 80 mg carvedilol phosphate (anhydrous equivalent) divided according to Table 23 below. TABLE 23 Dose (Carvedilol pfb Pellet type equivalent) early releasing pellets 7.5 mg delayed release pellets I 22.5 mg delayed release pellets II 30.0 mg
  • Capsules of the present invention were evaluated in a study in after administration to human volunteers to determine plasma profiles. Volunteers were administered one capsule, after food. Plasma samples were withdrawn at regular intervals over a several hour period (i.e., such as a 24 hour period), for determination of drug content, thereby enabling profiles to be constructed.
  • one conventional, immediate release dosage form (commercial Corege Tablet) containing 25 mg of drug, was dosed twice, at an interval of 12 hours (giving a total dose of 50 mg).
  • FIG. 133 shows mean plasma profiles of subjects for a formulation of the present invention described in Table 23.
  • FIG. 135 compares the profiles for the test product (mean values as in FIG. 133 ) with those obtained form the conventional (immediate release) product dosed twice daily. It is noteworthy that the test product has comparable plasma levels to the conventional product at the 24-hour timepoint, indicating that efficacy will or should be maintained for a once-daily dosage interval.
  • mean and individual profiles of the present invention exemplify or indicate that a single dose of a test controlled release formulation delivered a plasma profile incorporate the following characteristics:

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