US20040261671A1 - Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus - Google Patents
Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US20040261671A1 US20040261671A1 US10/608,375 US60837503A US2004261671A1 US 20040261671 A1 US20040261671 A1 US 20040261671A1 US 60837503 A US60837503 A US 60837503A US 2004261671 A1 US2004261671 A1 US 2004261671A1
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- oxygen
- fuel
- passageway
- supply tube
- chamber
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
- F23G5/033—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment comminuting or crushing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/003—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber for pulverulent fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
- F23K3/00—Feeding or distributing of lump or pulverulent fuel to combustion apparatus
- F23K3/02—Pneumatic feeding arrangements, i.e. by air blast
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
- F23D2900/14002—Special features of gas burners of premix or non premix types, specially adapted for the combustion of low heating value [LHV] gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
- F23G2205/20—Waste feed arrangements using airblast or pneumatic feeding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
- F23L2900/07005—Injecting pure oxygen or oxygen enriched air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2239/00—Fuels
- F23N2239/02—Solid fuels
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to burner assemblies, and particularly to oxygen-fuel burner assemblies configured to burn pulverized solid fuels. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to apparatus for mixing oxygen and fuel for use in a burner.
- Coal is pulverized and delivered to fuel-burning equipment and then combusted in a furnace to produce heat for various industrial purposes.
- a burner is used to “fire” pulverized coal and other solid fuels.
- the coal is delivered to the burner in suspension in a stream of primary air, and this mixture must be mixed with a stream of secondary air at the burner.
- One challenge facing the burner industry is to design an improved burner that produces lower nitrogen oxide emissions during operation than conventional burners.
- an industrial burner discharges a mixture of fuel and either air or oxygen.
- a proper ratio of fuel and air is established to produce a combustible fuel and air mixture. Once ignited, this combustible mixture burns to produce a flame that can be used to heat various products in a wide variety of industrial applications.
- Combustion of fuels such as natural gas, oil, liquid propane gas, low BTU gases, and pulverized coals often produce several unwanted emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC).
- an apparatus for combining oxygen and fuel to produce a mixture to be burned in a burner.
- the apparatus includes a fuel supply tube configured to communicate a stream of fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel to a “fuel-ignition zone” provided, for example, by a flame chamber formed in a refractory shape coupled to a downstream portion of the fuel supply tube.
- the apparatus further includes an oxygen supply housing coupled to an upstream portion of the fuel supply tube, an oxygen manifold coupled to the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube, and an oxygen distribution system for varying the amount of oxygen conducted to the oxygen supply housing and to the oxygen manifold.
- the oxygen supply housing cooperates with the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube to establish an oxygen-fuel mixer defining an upstream oxygen chamber adapted to receive oxygen provided by the oxygen distribution system.
- the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube is formed to include an upstream set of oxygen-injection holes opening into a fuel transport passageway located in the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube. Oxygen flows through those holes to mix with a fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel flowing through the passageway to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture flowing toward the fuel-ignition zone in the flame chamber.
- the oxygen manifold is configured to communicate oxygen from the oxygen distribution system to the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube to produce a combustible oxygen-fuel mixture exiting the passageway to be ignited in the fuel-ignition zone to produce a flame.
- the oxygen manifold also is configured to communicate oxygen from the oxygen distribution system through one or more staged-oxygen bypass conduits to a portion of the flame outside the flame-ignition zone. Such “diversion” of combustion oxygen flow through the staged-oxygen bypass conduits to a region of the flame away from the root of the flame contributes to lowered nitrogen oxide emissions.
- a control system associated with the oxygen distribution system is used to operate a first valve located to regulate oxygen flow to the upstream oxygen chamber and to operate a second valve located to regulate oxygen flow to the oxygen manifold.
- the control system provides means for operating the first and second valves to establish: (1) how much of the oxygen obtained from an oxygen supply is routed to the upstream oxygen chamber through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes to mix with the fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel stream in the oxygen-fuel mixer and (2) how much of that oxygen is routed to the oxygen manifold for discharge through the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube and the flame chamber inlet to the “root” of the flame and for discharge through the staged-oxygen bypass conduit to the “tip” of the flame.
- an oxygen sensor is arranged to detect the amount of oxygen extant in the fluidizing gas to be mixed with the pulverized solid fuel.
- the control system is linked to the oxygen sensor provided and cooperates with the oxygen sensor to provide means for varying the amount of oxygen conducted through the oxygen distribution system to the oxygen-fuel mixer after determining an approximate concentration of oxygen in the stream of fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel.
- Such means can be used to maintain the concentration of oxygen in the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture produced by the oxygen-fuel mixer in the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube at a not spontaneously combustible level.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a system for pulverizing and fluidizing a solid fuel to be fired in a staged-oxygen burner unit and showing an oxygen distribution system in accordance with the present disclosure for discharging some of the oxygen provided by an oxygen supply to an “upstream” oxygen-fuel mixer to mix with a stream of fluidized, pulverized solid fuel flowing therethrough toward a burner and discharging some of the oxygen provided by the oxygen supply to a “downstream” staged-oxygen manifold associated with the burner;
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a portion of the fuel supply tube, an oxygen-fuel mixer (on the left side of FIG. 2) defined in part by an upstream portion of the fuel supply tube and adapted to receive oxygen from the oxygen distribution system, a refractory shape provided by a burner block (on the right side of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view similar to FIG. 1 showing a first embodiment of the oxygen distribution system comprising a primary oxygen-fuel “ratio controller” valve for varying the flow of “primary” oxygen from the oxygen supply to the oxygen-fuel mixer to control the ratio of oxygen and fuel in the fuel supply tube downstream of the oxygen-fuel mixer and a secondary oxygen-fuel ratio controller valve for varying the flow of “secondary” oxygen from the oxygen supply to the oxygen manifold to control the ratio of oxygen and fuel in the flame chamber and in the vicinity of the flame chamber outlet; and
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 2 of a second embodiment of an oxygen burner unit according to the present disclosure wherein a solid-fuel nozzle module associated with the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube is mounted in the oxygen manifold to extend into an inlet passageway formed in the burner block to communicate with the flame chamber.
- FIG. 1 An oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 for burning a mixture of oxygen and a fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel to produce a flame 12 is shown schematically in FIG. 1.
- a fuel supply tube 14 conducts fuel provided by fuel delivery system 16 and oxygen provided by oxygen delivery system 18 to a flame chamber 20 provided in burner unit 21 .
- An igniter 22 ignites the combustible oxygen-fuel mixture extant in a fuel-ignition zone provided by flame chamber 20 to produce flame 12 .
- oxygen means pure oxygen and any oxidant or oxygen-enriched mixture having an oxygen concentration of about 30% or more.
- An oxygen-fuel mixer 24 is configured to mix oxygen supplied by oxygen delivery system 18 with a stream of pulverized, solid fuel supplied by fuel delivery system 16 and fluidized by fluidizing gas 26 discharged into fuel supply tube 14 using a blower 28 (or other suitable gas conveyance means).
- the oxygen-fuel transport mixture produced by mixer 24 is “designed” to be not spontaneously combustible.
- An oxygen manifold 30 is configured to mix oxygen supplied by oxygen delivery system 18 with the not spontaneously combustible oxygen-fuel transport mixture discharged from oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to produce an oxygen-fuel mixture that is ignited in flame chamber 20 to produce a flame 12 .
- Oxygen manifold 30 is also configured to discharge oxygen into one or more staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 so that additional oxygen can be diverted to a region of flame 12 away from the root of flame 12 to help complete combustion of the oxygen-fuel mixture ignited by igniter 22 .
- Oxygen delivery system 18 is configured to enable a user of oxygen-fuel combustion system to monitor and control the oxygen-fuel ratio of oxygen-fuel transport mixtures established by the oxygen-fuel mixer 24 , at the inlet opening into the flame chamber 20 , and at the outlet opening(s) of the staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 so as to manage the concentration of oxygen in the fuel conducted through oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 at various stages prior to and during combustion.
- fuel delivery system 16 includes a solid fuel supply 34 and a pulverizer 36 .
- Oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 is configured to allow the burning of any solid fuel, or waste fuel, that can be pulverized or ground and conveyed by air or gas.
- solid fuels such as lignite, sawdust, agricultural wastes, ground shells, etc. could be burned in oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 to produce a flame 12 and to satisfy many industrial heating or other needs.
- Fuel supply tube 14 is formed to include a fuel transport passageway 38 for conveying pulverized solid fuel discharged from pulverizer 36 to flame chamber 20 in burner unit 21 .
- Blower 28 is used to discharge fluidizing gas 26 into an upstream portion 40 of fuel supply tube 14 to fluidize the pulverized solid fuel that is admitted into fuel transport passageway 38 at inlet port 41 .
- Fluidizing gas 26 is used to fluidize and convey the pulverized solid fuel through oxygen-fuel mixer 24 and oxygen manifold 30 and into flame chamber 20 .
- a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and sequestration system 42 is used to capture carbon dioxide generated during combustion in burner unit 21 so that the captured carbon dioxide is used as the fluidizing gas 26 .
- treated products of combustion 44 generated during combustion in burner unit 21 provide fluidizing gas.
- air 46 from any suitable source is used as the fluidizing gas 26 .
- oxygen delivery system 18 includes an oxygen supply 50 , an oxygen distribution system 52 , a control system 54 , and an oxygen sensor 56 . It is within the scope of this disclosure to place the oxygen sensor in any suitable location to sense the concentration of oxygen in fluidizing gas 26 communicated to fuel supply tube 14 . The oxygen concentration level sensed by oxygen sensor 56 is communicated to control system 54 as suggested diagrammatically in FIG. 1.
- Control system 54 is configured to provide means for operating oxygen distribution system 52 to vary or otherwise regulate the amount of oxygen supplied to oxygen-fuel mixer 24 and to oxygen manifold 30 .
- a system operator can cause an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture to be discharged from oxygen-fuel mixer 24 into a downstream portion 43 of fuel supply tube 14 arranged to communicate with flame chamber 20 formed in burner unit 21 .
- a system operator can cause sufficient oxygen to pass through oxygen manifold 30 to raise the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-fuel mixture discharged from fuel supply tube 14 into flame chamber 20 at or very near an outlet end of downstream portion 43 of fuel supply tube 14 .
- System operator can also regulate the amount of oxygen allowed to flow from oxygen manifold 30 into staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 using control system 54 .
- Control system 54 is used to allow an operator to adjust oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 in the field to provide optimum emission without compromising flame stability. It could also be used to allow adjustments as a plant begins operation and uses air as fluidizing gas 26 . As the plant start-up progresses, recirculated flue gas (CO 2 ) becomes available and the level of oxygen enrichment established by oxygen-fuel mixer 24 would, or could, increase. Control system 54 is also used to allow an operator to establish and vary the ratio of oxygen extant in the oxygen-fuel mixture discharged into the flame chamber 20 through fuel supply tube 14 to “feed” the root of flame 12 versus the oxygen discharged through the staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 to feed the tip of flame 12 .
- CO 2 recirculated flue gas
- Fuel supply tube 14 includes a solid-fuel conduit 60 and an oxygen-fuel nozzle 62 coupled to a downstream end 64 of solid-fuel conduit 60 as shown in FIG. 2.
- Oxygen supply housing 66 is coupled to upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 of fuel-supply tube 14 to define an upstream oxygen chamber 68 therebetween as suggested, for example, in FIG. 2.
- Oxygen supply housing 66 is formed to include an oxygen inlet 69 adapted to admit oxygen into upstream oxygen chamber 68 .
- Upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 is formed to include an upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 opening into fuel transport passageway 38 as shown in FIG. 2 to establish oxygen-fuel mixer 24 .
- oxygen 72 from oxygen supply 50 flows first through oxygen distribution system 52 into upstream oxygen chamber 68 provided in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 and then into fuel transport passageway 38 through oxygen-injection holes 70 .
- the oxygen 72 mixes with fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 (represented by particles in FIG. 2) flowing through fuel transport passageway 38 in downstream direction 75 .
- the amount of oxygen 72 discharged into upstream oxygen chamber 68 is regulated using oxygen distribution system 52 and control system 54 to cause oxygen 72 to mix with fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 (represented by dashed lines in FIG. 2).
- This not spontaneously combustible transport mixture 76 flows in direction 75 through passageway 38 in solid-fuel conduit 60 and exits conduit 60 at downstream end 64 and enters oxygen-fuel nozzle 62 as shown in FIG. 2.
- Oxygen supply housing 66 includes a sleeve 100 having an annular inner surface 101 as shown in FIG. 2.
- sleeve 100 is a cylinder-shaped side wall.
- Upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 of fuel supply tube 14 passes through a channel defined by annular inner surface 101 of sleeve 100 .
- An annular exterior surface 102 of the upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 cooperates with annular inner surface 101 of sleeve 100 to define upstream oxygen chamber 68 therebetween as shown in FIG. 2.
- Oxygen supply housing 66 further includes a first end wall 103 coupled to a first end of sleeve 100 and formed to include a first opening 104 receiving upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 therein. Housing 66 also includes a second end wall 105 coupled to a second end of sleeve 100 and formed to include a second opening 106 receiving upstream portion 40 therein. Annular exterior surface 102 of the upstream portion 40 , annular inner surface 101 of the sleeve 100 , and inner surfaces of first and second end walls 103 , 105 cooperate to define a boundary of the upstream oxygen chamber 68 .
- Sleeve 100 is formed to include oxygen inlet 69 and sleeve 66 is positioned to lie in spaced-apart relation to outer tube 80 (described below) as shown in FIG. 2.
- a tube 107 is coupled to sleeve 100 at oxygen inlet to 69 to deliver oxygen into upstream oxygen chamber 68 .
- Sleeve 100 and tube 107 cooperate to define a T-shaped member mating with upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 as shown, for example, in FIG. 2.
- An outer tube 80 is located in a fixed position relative to a downstream portion of solid-fuel conduit 60 to define an annular oxygen flow passage 82 therebetween as suggested in FIG. 2.
- Outer tube 80 is formed to include an oxygen inlet defined by a second set of oxygen-injection holes 81 opening into oxygen flow passage 82 to communicate oxygen 73 into oxygen flow passage 82 .
- a sealed closure 93 mates with a first end 94 of outer tube 80 to block flow of oxygen 73 through first end 94 so that oxygen 73 admitted into oxygen flow passage 82 through the oxygen inlet established by holes 81 .
- Suitable anchors 95 and anchor-engaging fasteners 96 are configured to retain sealed closure 93 in a fixed position on outer tube 80 as suggested in FIG. 2.
- Oxygen-fuel nozzle 62 is formed to include a downstream set of oxygen-injection holes 84 opening into the portion of fuel transport passageway 38 formed in nozzle 62 .
- Nozzle 62 is also formed to include oxygen-discharge passages 86 arranged to conduct oxygen 73 from oxygen flow passage 82 through openings 88 formed in outlet end face 90 of nozzle 62 to mix outside of nozzle 62 with the oxygen-fuel mixture 92 generated in nozzle 62 and discharged into flame chamber 20 .
- a second oxygen-supply housing 110 is arranged to cooperate with outer tube 80 as shown, for example, in FIG. 2 to define a second oxygen chamber 112 adapted to receive oxygen 73 from oxygen distribution system 52 .
- Second oxygen-supply housing 110 is formed to include an oxygen inlet 114 adapted to admit oxygen 73 into second oxygen chamber 112 and an oxygen outlet arranged to discharge oxygen 73 extant in second oxygen chamber 112 in staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 .
- oxygen deliver system 18 conducts a first stream of oxygen 72 through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 to mix with fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 conducted through passageway 38 in upstream portion 40 of fuel supply tube 14 to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 .
- Oxygen delivery system 18 also conducts a second stream of oxygen 73 through oxygen inlet 81 formed in outer tube 80 and into oxygen flow passage 82 to pass through the downstream set of oxygen-injection holes 84 to mix with the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 conducted through passageway 38 in the downstream portion 64 of the fuel supply tube 14 to produce an oxygen-fuel mixture 92 exiting passageway 38 through an outlet 108 of fuel supply tube 14 to be ignited by igniter 22 outside passageway 38 to produce a flame 12 .
- oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 conducted through passageway 38 in the downstream portion 64 of the fuel supply tube 14 to produce an oxygen-fuel mixture 92 exiting passageway 38 through an outlet 108 of fuel supply tube 14 to be ignited by igniter 22 outside passageway 38 to produce a flame 12 .
- Oxygen delivery system 18 further includes means for approximating the concentration of oxygen in the stream of fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 and varying the amount of oxygen 72 conducted through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 to maintain the concentration of oxygen in the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 produced in upstream portion 40 of the fuel supply tube 14 at a not spontaneously combustible level.
- an oxygen sensor 56 is located to sense the concentration of oxygen in fluidizing gas 26 .
- Oxygen delivery system 18 further includes distribution means 52 for varying an amount of oxygen 72 supplied to passageway 38 located in upstream portion 40 of fuel supply tube 14 and an amount of oxygen 73 supplied to the passageway 38 located in downstream portion 64 of fuel supply tube 14 .
- Distribution means 52 operates to vary an amount of primary oxygen 72 supplied to the passageway 38 in upstream portion 40 of fuel supply tube 14 and an amount of secondary oxygen 73 supplied by (1) to the passageway 38 in downstream portion 64 of fuel supply tube 14 and (2) to staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 to regulate the relative concentration of the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 and the combustible oxygen-fuel mixture 92 so that a selected ratio of primary and secondary oxygen 72 , 73 is achieved to optimize emissions generated by burning the oxygen-fuel mixture 92 in the flame chamber 20 and adjust for variations in physical properties of pulverized solid fuel entrained in a stream of fluidizing gas 26 to produce the fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 .
- oxygen distribution system 52 includes a first oxygen supply tube 120 arranged to conduct oxygen from the oxygen supply 50 to a first oxygen conductor 122 coupled to oxygen fuel mixer 24 , a primary oxygen-fuel ratio controller valve 124 associated with first oxygen supply tube 120 to regulate flow of oxygen from oxygen supply 50 to a first oxygen conductor 122 .
- Oxygen distribution system 52 also includes a second oxygen supply tube 126 arranged to conduct oxygen from oxygen supply 50 to a second oxygen conductor 128 coupled to oxygen manifold 30 , a staged oxygen-fuel ratio controller valve 130 associated with second oxygen supply tube 126 to regulate flow of oxygen from oxygen supply 50 to the second oxygen conductor 128 .
- Control system 54 provides means for opening and closing the primary and staged oxygen-fuel ratio controller valves 124 , 130 to establish the selected ratio of primary and staged oxygen 72 , 73 used in oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 .
- control system 54 operates the primary and secondary oxygen-fuel ratio controller valves 124 , 130 to regulate the relative concentration of oxygen (1) in an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture established in passageway 38 formed in fuel supply tube 14 when primary oxygen 72 from first oxygen chamber 68 flows through the first set of oxygen-injection holes 70 formed in fuel supply tube 14 to mix with fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 passing therethrough and (2) in an oxygen-fuel mixture established by mixing an oxygen-fuel mixture 92 discharged into the flame chamber 20 with secondary oxygen 73 discharged from staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 so that a selected ratio of primary and secondary oxygen 72 , 73 is achieved to optimize emissions generated by burning the oxygen-fuel mixture 92 extant in the flame chamber 20 and adjust for variations in physical properties of pul
- Control system 54 is used to control the oxygen concentration of the oxygen-fuel mixture extant in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to minimize opportunity for premature ignition of that oxygen-fuel mixture in fuel supply tube 14 .
- the oxygen concentration is maintained at an optimal percentage to enhance emissions performance of system 10 , while at the same time monitoring and maintaining the oxygen concentration below a threshold level in fuel supply tube 14 .
- Overall control of excess oxygen inside the boiler or process (after combustion), is the result of oxygen sensors on the stack feeding information to control system 54 .
- Valves 124 , 130 shown in FIG. 3 are individually controlled and used to feed a calculated (and measured by flowmeters) amount of oxygen into each zone (primary and staged). Such an arrangement allows for adjustment and tuning of the primary versus staged oxygen flow ratios to optimize emissions and adjust for differences in the physical properties of coal or other solid fuel.
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Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates to burner assemblies, and particularly to oxygen-fuel burner assemblies configured to burn pulverized solid fuels. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to apparatus for mixing oxygen and fuel for use in a burner.
- Many types of coal and other solid fuels can be burned successfully in pulverized form. Coal is pulverized and delivered to fuel-burning equipment and then combusted in a furnace to produce heat for various industrial purposes.
- A burner is used to “fire” pulverized coal and other solid fuels. In a direct-firing system, the coal is delivered to the burner in suspension in a stream of primary air, and this mixture must be mixed with a stream of secondary air at the burner.
- One challenge facing the burner industry is to design an improved burner that produces lower nitrogen oxide emissions during operation than conventional burners. Typically, an industrial burner discharges a mixture of fuel and either air or oxygen. A proper ratio of fuel and air is established to produce a combustible fuel and air mixture. Once ignited, this combustible mixture burns to produce a flame that can be used to heat various products in a wide variety of industrial applications. Combustion of fuels such as natural gas, oil, liquid propane gas, low BTU gases, and pulverized coals often produce several unwanted emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC).
- According to the present disclosure, an apparatus is provided for combining oxygen and fuel to produce a mixture to be burned in a burner. The apparatus includes a fuel supply tube configured to communicate a stream of fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel to a “fuel-ignition zone” provided, for example, by a flame chamber formed in a refractory shape coupled to a downstream portion of the fuel supply tube. The apparatus further includes an oxygen supply housing coupled to an upstream portion of the fuel supply tube, an oxygen manifold coupled to the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube, and an oxygen distribution system for varying the amount of oxygen conducted to the oxygen supply housing and to the oxygen manifold.
- In the illustrated embodiment, the oxygen supply housing cooperates with the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube to establish an oxygen-fuel mixer defining an upstream oxygen chamber adapted to receive oxygen provided by the oxygen distribution system. The upstream portion of the fuel supply tube is formed to include an upstream set of oxygen-injection holes opening into a fuel transport passageway located in the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube. Oxygen flows through those holes to mix with a fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel flowing through the passageway to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture flowing toward the fuel-ignition zone in the flame chamber.
- Also in the illustrated embodiment, the oxygen manifold is configured to communicate oxygen from the oxygen distribution system to the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube to produce a combustible oxygen-fuel mixture exiting the passageway to be ignited in the fuel-ignition zone to produce a flame. The oxygen manifold also is configured to communicate oxygen from the oxygen distribution system through one or more staged-oxygen bypass conduits to a portion of the flame outside the flame-ignition zone. Such “diversion” of combustion oxygen flow through the staged-oxygen bypass conduits to a region of the flame away from the root of the flame contributes to lowered nitrogen oxide emissions.
- A control system associated with the oxygen distribution system is used to operate a first valve located to regulate oxygen flow to the upstream oxygen chamber and to operate a second valve located to regulate oxygen flow to the oxygen manifold. The control system provides means for operating the first and second valves to establish: (1) how much of the oxygen obtained from an oxygen supply is routed to the upstream oxygen chamber through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes to mix with the fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel stream in the oxygen-fuel mixer and (2) how much of that oxygen is routed to the oxygen manifold for discharge through the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube and the flame chamber inlet to the “root” of the flame and for discharge through the staged-oxygen bypass conduit to the “tip” of the flame.
- In one illustrated embodiment, an oxygen sensor is arranged to detect the amount of oxygen extant in the fluidizing gas to be mixed with the pulverized solid fuel. The control system is linked to the oxygen sensor provided and cooperates with the oxygen sensor to provide means for varying the amount of oxygen conducted through the oxygen distribution system to the oxygen-fuel mixer after determining an approximate concentration of oxygen in the stream of fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel. Such means can be used to maintain the concentration of oxygen in the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture produced by the oxygen-fuel mixer in the upstream portion of the fuel supply tube at a not spontaneously combustible level.
- Additional features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the disclosure as presently perceived.
- The detailed description particularly refers to the accompanying figures in which:
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a system for pulverizing and fluidizing a solid fuel to be fired in a staged-oxygen burner unit and showing an oxygen distribution system in accordance with the present disclosure for discharging some of the oxygen provided by an oxygen supply to an “upstream” oxygen-fuel mixer to mix with a stream of fluidized, pulverized solid fuel flowing therethrough toward a burner and discharging some of the oxygen provided by the oxygen supply to a “downstream” staged-oxygen manifold associated with the burner;
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a portion of the fuel supply tube, an oxygen-fuel mixer (on the left side of FIG. 2) defined in part by an upstream portion of the fuel supply tube and adapted to receive oxygen from the oxygen distribution system, a refractory shape provided by a burner block (on the right side of FIG. 2) formed to include a flame chamber and at least two staged-oxygen bypass conduits, and an oxygen manifold associated with a downstream portion of the fuel supply tube and configured to conduct oxygen from the oxygen distribution system to the staged-oxygen bypass conduits and to the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube at a point near an inlet into the flame chamber of the burner block, and showing an igniter arranged to ignite a combustible oxygen-fuel mixture extant in the flame chamber;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view similar to FIG. 1 showing a first embodiment of the oxygen distribution system comprising a primary oxygen-fuel “ratio controller” valve for varying the flow of “primary” oxygen from the oxygen supply to the oxygen-fuel mixer to control the ratio of oxygen and fuel in the fuel supply tube downstream of the oxygen-fuel mixer and a secondary oxygen-fuel ratio controller valve for varying the flow of “secondary” oxygen from the oxygen supply to the oxygen manifold to control the ratio of oxygen and fuel in the flame chamber and in the vicinity of the flame chamber outlet; and
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 2 of a second embodiment of an oxygen burner unit according to the present disclosure wherein a solid-fuel nozzle module associated with the downstream portion of the fuel supply tube is mounted in the oxygen manifold to extend into an inlet passageway formed in the burner block to communicate with the flame chamber.
- An oxygen-
fuel combustion system 10 for burning a mixture of oxygen and a fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel to produce aflame 12 is shown schematically in FIG. 1. Afuel supply tube 14 conducts fuel provided byfuel delivery system 16 and oxygen provided byoxygen delivery system 18 to aflame chamber 20 provided inburner unit 21. Anigniter 22 ignites the combustible oxygen-fuel mixture extant in a fuel-ignition zone provided byflame chamber 20 to produceflame 12. As used herein, “oxygen” means pure oxygen and any oxidant or oxygen-enriched mixture having an oxygen concentration of about 30% or more. - An oxygen-
fuel mixer 24 is configured to mix oxygen supplied byoxygen delivery system 18 with a stream of pulverized, solid fuel supplied byfuel delivery system 16 and fluidized by fluidizinggas 26 discharged intofuel supply tube 14 using a blower 28 (or other suitable gas conveyance means). The oxygen-fuel transport mixture produced bymixer 24 is “designed” to be not spontaneously combustible. - An
oxygen manifold 30 is configured to mix oxygen supplied byoxygen delivery system 18 with the not spontaneously combustible oxygen-fuel transport mixture discharged from oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to produce an oxygen-fuel mixture that is ignited inflame chamber 20 to produce aflame 12.Oxygen manifold 30 is also configured to discharge oxygen into one or more staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 so that additional oxygen can be diverted to a region offlame 12 away from the root offlame 12 to help complete combustion of the oxygen-fuel mixture ignited byigniter 22.Oxygen delivery system 18 is configured to enable a user of oxygen-fuel combustion system to monitor and control the oxygen-fuel ratio of oxygen-fuel transport mixtures established by the oxygen-fuel mixer 24, at the inlet opening into theflame chamber 20, and at the outlet opening(s) of the staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 so as to manage the concentration of oxygen in the fuel conducted through oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 at various stages prior to and during combustion. - As suggested in FIG. 1,
fuel delivery system 16 includes asolid fuel supply 34 and apulverizer 36. Oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 is configured to allow the burning of any solid fuel, or waste fuel, that can be pulverized or ground and conveyed by air or gas. Just as pulverized coal can be conveyed by air or carbon dioxide, solid fuels such as lignite, sawdust, agricultural wastes, ground shells, etc. could be burned in oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 to produce aflame 12 and to satisfy many industrial heating or other needs. -
Fuel supply tube 14 is formed to include afuel transport passageway 38 for conveying pulverized solid fuel discharged frompulverizer 36 toflame chamber 20 inburner unit 21. Blower 28 is used to discharge fluidizinggas 26 into anupstream portion 40 offuel supply tube 14 to fluidize the pulverized solid fuel that is admitted intofuel transport passageway 38 atinlet port 41. Fluidizinggas 26 is used to fluidize and convey the pulverized solid fuel through oxygen-fuel mixer 24 andoxygen manifold 30 and intoflame chamber 20. - Many gases are suitable for use in fluidizing pulverized solid fuel discharged into
fuel transport passageway 38. In one illustrative embodiment, a carbon dioxide (CO2) capture andsequestration system 42 is used to capture carbon dioxide generated during combustion inburner unit 21 so that the captured carbon dioxide is used as the fluidizinggas 26. In another illustrative embodiment, treated products ofcombustion 44 generated during combustion inburner unit 21 provide fluidizing gas. In yet another embodiment,air 46 from any suitable source is used as the fluidizinggas 26. - As suggested in FIG. 1,
oxygen delivery system 18 includes anoxygen supply 50, anoxygen distribution system 52, acontrol system 54, and anoxygen sensor 56. It is within the scope of this disclosure to place the oxygen sensor in any suitable location to sense the concentration of oxygen in fluidizinggas 26 communicated tofuel supply tube 14. The oxygen concentration level sensed byoxygen sensor 56 is communicated to controlsystem 54 as suggested diagrammatically in FIG. 1. -
Control system 54 is configured to provide means for operatingoxygen distribution system 52 to vary or otherwise regulate the amount of oxygen supplied to oxygen-fuel mixer 24 and tooxygen manifold 30. Usingcontrol system 54, a system operator can cause an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture to be discharged from oxygen-fuel mixer 24 into adownstream portion 43 offuel supply tube 14 arranged to communicate withflame chamber 20 formed inburner unit 21. Also usingcontrol system 54, a system operator can cause sufficient oxygen to pass throughoxygen manifold 30 to raise the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-fuel mixture discharged fromfuel supply tube 14 intoflame chamber 20 at or very near an outlet end ofdownstream portion 43 offuel supply tube 14. System operator can also regulate the amount of oxygen allowed to flow fromoxygen manifold 30 into staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 usingcontrol system 54. -
Control system 54 is used to allow an operator to adjust oxygen-fuel combustion system 10 in the field to provide optimum emission without compromising flame stability. It could also be used to allow adjustments as a plant begins operation and uses air as fluidizinggas 26. As the plant start-up progresses, recirculated flue gas (CO2) becomes available and the level of oxygen enrichment established by oxygen-fuel mixer 24 would, or could, increase.Control system 54 is also used to allow an operator to establish and vary the ratio of oxygen extant in the oxygen-fuel mixture discharged into theflame chamber 20 throughfuel supply tube 14 to “feed” the root offlame 12 versus the oxygen discharged through the staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32 to feed the tip offlame 12. - Various components included in oxygen-
fuel combustion system 10 are shown in greater detail in FIG. 2.Fuel supply tube 14 includes a solid-fuel conduit 60 and an oxygen-fuel nozzle 62 coupled to adownstream end 64 of solid-fuel conduit 60 as shown in FIG. 2. Reference is made to U.S. application No. Ser. 10/407,489, entitled “Apparatus for Burning Pulverized Solid Fuels with Oxygen,” filed Apr. 4, 2003, which disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference herein, for a description of a suitable solid-fuel conduit, oxygen-fuel nozzle, and staged-oxygen system. -
Oxygen supply housing 66 is coupled toupstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 of fuel-supply tube 14 to define anupstream oxygen chamber 68 therebetween as suggested, for example, in FIG. 2.Oxygen supply housing 66 is formed to include anoxygen inlet 69 adapted to admit oxygen intoupstream oxygen chamber 68.Upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 is formed to include an upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 opening intofuel transport passageway 38 as shown in FIG. 2 to establish oxygen-fuel mixer 24. - As suggested in FIG. 2,
oxygen 72 fromoxygen supply 50 flows first throughoxygen distribution system 52 intoupstream oxygen chamber 68 provided in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 and then intofuel transport passageway 38 through oxygen-injection holes 70. Theoxygen 72 mixes with fluidized, pulverized, solid fuel 74 (represented by particles in FIG. 2) flowing throughfuel transport passageway 38 indownstream direction 75. The amount ofoxygen 72 discharged intoupstream oxygen chamber 68 is regulated usingoxygen distribution system 52 andcontrol system 54 to causeoxygen 72 to mix with fluidized, pulverized,solid fuel 74 in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 (represented by dashed lines in FIG. 2). This not spontaneouslycombustible transport mixture 76 flows indirection 75 throughpassageway 38 in solid-fuel conduit 60 and exitsconduit 60 atdownstream end 64 and enters oxygen-fuel nozzle 62 as shown in FIG. 2. -
Oxygen supply housing 66 includes asleeve 100 having an annularinner surface 101 as shown in FIG. 2. In the illustrated embodiment,sleeve 100 is a cylinder-shaped side wall.Upstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 offuel supply tube 14 passes through a channel defined by annularinner surface 101 ofsleeve 100. An annularexterior surface 102 of theupstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 cooperates with annularinner surface 101 ofsleeve 100 to defineupstream oxygen chamber 68 therebetween as shown in FIG. 2. -
Oxygen supply housing 66 further includes afirst end wall 103 coupled to a first end ofsleeve 100 and formed to include afirst opening 104 receivingupstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 therein.Housing 66 also includes a second end wall 105 coupled to a second end ofsleeve 100 and formed to include asecond opening 106 receivingupstream portion 40 therein. Annularexterior surface 102 of theupstream portion 40, annularinner surface 101 of thesleeve 100, and inner surfaces of first andsecond end walls 103, 105 cooperate to define a boundary of theupstream oxygen chamber 68.Sleeve 100 is formed to includeoxygen inlet 69 andsleeve 66 is positioned to lie in spaced-apart relation to outer tube 80 (described below) as shown in FIG. 2. Atube 107 is coupled tosleeve 100 at oxygen inlet to 69 to deliver oxygen intoupstream oxygen chamber 68.Sleeve 100 andtube 107 cooperate to define a T-shaped member mating withupstream portion 40 of solid-fuel conduit 60 as shown, for example, in FIG. 2. - An
outer tube 80 is located in a fixed position relative to a downstream portion of solid-fuel conduit 60 to define an annular oxygen flow passage 82 therebetween as suggested in FIG. 2.Outer tube 80 is formed to include an oxygen inlet defined by a second set of oxygen-injection holes 81 opening into oxygen flow passage 82 to communicateoxygen 73 into oxygen flow passage 82. A sealedclosure 93 mates with afirst end 94 ofouter tube 80 to block flow ofoxygen 73 throughfirst end 94 so thatoxygen 73 admitted into oxygen flow passage 82 through the oxygen inlet established byholes 81.Suitable anchors 95 and anchor-engagingfasteners 96 are configured to retain sealedclosure 93 in a fixed position onouter tube 80 as suggested in FIG. 2. - Oxygen-
fuel nozzle 62 is formed to include a downstream set of oxygen-injection holes 84 opening into the portion offuel transport passageway 38 formed innozzle 62.Nozzle 62 is also formed to include oxygen-discharge passages 86 arranged to conductoxygen 73 from oxygen flow passage 82 throughopenings 88 formed in outlet end face 90 ofnozzle 62 to mix outside ofnozzle 62 with the oxygen-fuel mixture 92 generated innozzle 62 and discharged intoflame chamber 20. Reference is made to U.S. application No. Ser. 10/407,489, entitled “Apparatus for Burning Pulverized Solid Fuels with Oxygen,” filed Apr. 4, 2003, for descriptions of suitable oxygen-fuel nozzles. - A second oxygen-
supply housing 110 is arranged to cooperate withouter tube 80 as shown, for example, in FIG. 2 to define asecond oxygen chamber 112 adapted to receiveoxygen 73 fromoxygen distribution system 52. Second oxygen-supply housing 110 is formed to include anoxygen inlet 114 adapted to admitoxygen 73 intosecond oxygen chamber 112 and an oxygen outlet arranged to dischargeoxygen 73 extant insecond oxygen chamber 112 in staged-oxygen bypass conduits 32. - In use, oxygen deliver
system 18 conducts a first stream ofoxygen 72 through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 to mix with fluidized, pulverized,solid fuel 74 conducted throughpassageway 38 inupstream portion 40 offuel supply tube 14 to produce an oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76.Oxygen delivery system 18 also conducts a second stream ofoxygen 73 throughoxygen inlet 81 formed inouter tube 80 and into oxygen flow passage 82 to pass through the downstream set of oxygen-injection holes 84 to mix with the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 conducted throughpassageway 38 in thedownstream portion 64 of thefuel supply tube 14 to produce an oxygen-fuel mixture 92 exitingpassageway 38 through anoutlet 108 offuel supply tube 14 to be ignited byigniter 22 outsidepassageway 38 to produce aflame 12. -
Oxygen delivery system 18 further includes means for approximating the concentration of oxygen in the stream of fluidized, pulverized,solid fuel 74 and varying the amount ofoxygen 72 conducted through the upstream set of oxygen-injection holes 70 to maintain the concentration of oxygen in the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 produced inupstream portion 40 of thefuel supply tube 14 at a not spontaneously combustible level. In one embodiment, anoxygen sensor 56 is located to sense the concentration of oxygen in fluidizinggas 26. -
Oxygen delivery system 18 further includes distribution means 52 for varying an amount ofoxygen 72 supplied topassageway 38 located inupstream portion 40 offuel supply tube 14 and an amount ofoxygen 73 supplied to thepassageway 38 located indownstream portion 64 offuel supply tube 14. Distribution means 52 operates to vary an amount ofprimary oxygen 72 supplied to thepassageway 38 inupstream portion 40 offuel supply tube 14 and an amount ofsecondary oxygen 73 supplied by (1) to thepassageway 38 indownstream portion 64 offuel supply tube 14 and (2) to staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 to regulate the relative concentration of the oxygen-enriched (yet not spontaneously combustible) oxygen-fuel transport mixture 76 and the combustible oxygen-fuel mixture 92 so that a selected ratio of primary andsecondary oxygen fuel mixture 92 in theflame chamber 20 and adjust for variations in physical properties of pulverized solid fuel entrained in a stream of fluidizinggas 26 to produce the fluidized, pulverized,solid fuel 74. - As shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3,
oxygen distribution system 52 includes a firstoxygen supply tube 120 arranged to conduct oxygen from theoxygen supply 50 to afirst oxygen conductor 122 coupled tooxygen fuel mixer 24, a primary oxygen-fuelratio controller valve 124 associated with firstoxygen supply tube 120 to regulate flow of oxygen fromoxygen supply 50 to afirst oxygen conductor 122.Oxygen distribution system 52 also includes a secondoxygen supply tube 126 arranged to conduct oxygen fromoxygen supply 50 to asecond oxygen conductor 128 coupled tooxygen manifold 30, a staged oxygen-fuelratio controller valve 130 associated with secondoxygen supply tube 126 to regulate flow of oxygen fromoxygen supply 50 to thesecond oxygen conductor 128.Control system 54 provides means for opening and closing the primary and staged oxygen-fuelratio controller valves oxygen fuel combustion system 10. In use,control system 54 operates the primary and secondary oxygen-fuelratio controller valves passageway 38 formed infuel supply tube 14 whenprimary oxygen 72 fromfirst oxygen chamber 68 flows through the first set of oxygen-injection holes 70 formed infuel supply tube 14 to mix with fluidized, pulverized,solid fuel 74 passing therethrough and (2) in an oxygen-fuel mixture established by mixing an oxygen-fuel mixture 92 discharged into theflame chamber 20 withsecondary oxygen 73 discharged from staged-oxygen bypass conduit(s) 32 so that a selected ratio of primary andsecondary oxygen fuel mixture 92 extant in theflame chamber 20 and adjust for variations in physical properties of pulverized solid fuel included in the fluidized, pulverizedsolid fuel 74. -
Control system 54 is used to control the oxygen concentration of the oxygen-fuel mixture extant in oxygen-fuel mixer 24 to minimize opportunity for premature ignition of that oxygen-fuel mixture infuel supply tube 14. The oxygen concentration is maintained at an optimal percentage to enhance emissions performance ofsystem 10, while at the same time monitoring and maintaining the oxygen concentration below a threshold level infuel supply tube 14. Overall control of excess oxygen inside the boiler or process (after combustion), is the result of oxygen sensors on the stack feeding information to controlsystem 54.Valves
Claims (34)
Priority Applications (2)
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US10/608,375 US6843185B1 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-06-27 | Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus |
PCT/US2004/015674 WO2005005885A2 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2004-05-17 | Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus |
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US10/608,375 US6843185B1 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-06-27 | Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus |
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US6843185B1 US6843185B1 (en) | 2005-01-18 |
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US10/608,375 Expired - Fee Related US6843185B1 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-06-27 | Burner with oxygen and fuel mixing apparatus |
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US6843185B1 (en) | 2005-01-18 |
WO2005005885A2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
WO2005005885A3 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
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