US20040185396A1 - Combustion enhancement with silent discharge plasma - Google Patents

Combustion enhancement with silent discharge plasma Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040185396A1
US20040185396A1 US10/395,045 US39504503A US2004185396A1 US 20040185396 A1 US20040185396 A1 US 20040185396A1 US 39504503 A US39504503 A US 39504503A US 2004185396 A1 US2004185396 A1 US 2004185396A1
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Prior art keywords
gas
high voltage
recited
voltage electrode
dielectric layer
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Abandoned
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US10/395,045
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English (en)
Inventor
Louis Rosocha
Don Coates
David Platts
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University of California
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University of California
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Priority to US10/395,045 priority Critical patent/US20040185396A1/en
Assigned to REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE reassignment REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COATES, DON M., PLATTS, DAVID, ROSOCHA, LOUISE A.
Assigned to U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY reassignment U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE
Priority to PCT/US2004/007161 priority patent/WO2004085694A2/fr
Publication of US20040185396A1 publication Critical patent/US20040185396A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/001—Applying electric means or magnetism to combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B51/00—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines
    • F02B51/06—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines involving rays or sound waves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/04—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by electric means, ionisation, polarisation or magnetism
    • F02M27/042—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by electric means, ionisation, polarisation or magnetism by plasma
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • This invention pertains generally to devices for processing combustible gases, and more particularly to non-thermal plasma reactors.
  • Prior-art plasma combustion-enhancement reactors use thermal arcs or microwave radiation to activate fuel or a fuel-oxidizer mixture. These devices are inefficient, tend to consume copious amounts of energy, and have low active species/free radical yields.
  • the present invention has recognized these prior art drawbacks, and has provided the below-disclosed solutions to one or more of the prior art deficiencies.
  • the present invention is a device that employs electrical discharges/nonthermal plasmas in a gaseous medium to activate or convert a fuel or a fuel-oxidizer mixture to promote more effective and efficient combustion.
  • nonthermal plasmas the electrons are “hot”, while the ions and neutral species are “cold”—which results in little waste enthalpy being deposited in a process gas stream. This is in direct contrast to thermal plasmas, where the electron, ion, and neutral-species energies are in thermal equilibrium (or “hot”) and considerable waste heat is deposited in the process gas.
  • the present invention utilizes a type of electrical discharge called a silent discharge plasma (SDP), or a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), to break up large organic fuel molecules into smaller molecules that are more easily and completely combusted and to create highly reactive free-radical chemical species that can promote more efficient combustion by their strong oxidizing power or by their ability to promote combustion-sustaining chain reactions or chain reactions that further generate active species.
  • SDP silent discharge plasma
  • DBD dielectric barrier discharge
  • a SDP/DBD reactor is applied to gas streams containing organic fuels or fuel/oxidizer mixtures.
  • a device for processing combustible gases includes a high voltage electrode and a ground electrode that is slightly spaced from the high voltage electrode.
  • a dielectric layer is disposed adjacent to the high voltage electrode between the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode.
  • a gas modification passage is established within the housing between the dielectric layer and the ground electrode.
  • a process gas supply provides a process gas to the gas modification passage.
  • the high voltage electrode can be energizable to create nonthermal electrical microdischarges between the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode across the dielectric layer.
  • a device for processing combustible gases includes a gas modification passage. Moreover, the device includes means for supplying a process gas to the gas modification passage and means for creating nonthermal electrical microdischarges along the length of the gas modification passage. The process gas flows through the nonthermal electrical microdischarge.
  • a device for processing combustible gases includes a cylindrical housing.
  • a metal oxidizer gas supply tube is disposed within the housing.
  • the oxidizer gas supply tube is electrically grounded.
  • a first dielectric tube is disposed within the housing around the oxidizer gas supply tube and a gas modification passage is established between the oxidizer gas supply tube and the first dielectric tube.
  • a metal high voltage electrode circumscribes the first dielectric tube. The high voltage electrode is energizable to create nonthermal electrical microdischarges between the high voltage electrode and the oxidizer gas supply tube along the length of the gas modification passage.
  • a device for processing combustible gases includes a rectangular box-shaped housing in which a metal, rectangular, plate-shaped ground electrode is disposed.
  • a rectangular, plate-shaped dielectric layer is slightly spaced from the ground electrode and a gas modification passage is established between the ground electrode and the dielectric layer.
  • a metal, rectangular, plate-shaped high voltage electrode is disposed within the housing adjacent to the dielectric layer. The high voltage electrode is energizable to create nonthermal electrical microdischarges between the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode along the length of the gas modification passage.
  • a method for processing combustible gases includes establishing a gas modification passage that defines a length. Nonthermal electrical microdischarge is created along the length of the gas modification passage. Additionally, a process gas is provided to the gas modification passage such that the process gas flows through the nonthermal electrical microdischarge.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a device that can be used to convert or activate either fuel or fuel-air mixtures.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a device that can be used to convert or activate a relatively larger volume of fuel or fuel-air mixture.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a device that can be used in supersonic combustion applications, as well as conventional internal-combustion engine applications.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a device that can be meshed with internal-combustion engine fuel-injector systems in order to provide a higher proportion of optimally-atomized and activated fuel into a combustion chamber.
  • FIG. 1 is a side plan view of a first embodiment of a silent discharge plasma reactor.
  • FIG. 2 is an end view of the first embodiment of the SDP reactor.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of the first embodiment of the SDP reactor taken along line 3 - 3 in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of a second embodiment of a SDP reactor.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-section view of a third embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-section view of a fourth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor.
  • FIG. 7 is a side plan view of a fifth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor.
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-section view of the fifth embodiment of the SDP/DBD reactor taken along line 8 - 8 in FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 9 is a cross-section view of a sixth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a non-limiting, exemplary combustion system.
  • FIG. 1 through FIG. 10 the present invention is embodied in the apparatus generally shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 10. It will be appreciated that each apparatus may vary as to configuration and as to details of the parts, and that the method may vary as to the specific steps and sequence, without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein.
  • FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 show a first embodiment of a silent discharge plasma/dielectric-barrier discharge (SDP/DBD) reactor according to the present invention, generally designated 10 .
  • the reactor 10 includes a generally cylindrical housing 12 disposed between a generally disk-shaped inlet end cap 14 and a generally disk-shaped outlet end cap 16 .
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show that the end caps 14 , 16 can be removably engaged with the housing 10 using plural nuts 18 and plural bolts 20 , but it can be appreciated that any other fastening means well known in the art can be used.
  • FIG. 3 shows that the reactor 10 includes a metal, generally cylindrical high-voltage (HV) electrode 22 disposed within the housing 12 between the end caps 14 , 16 .
  • the HV electrode 22 is connected to an alternating current (AC) source or a pulsed direct current (DC) source.
  • a generally cylindrical, dielectric tube 24 is disposed within the HV electrode 22 such that the HV electrode 22 closely surrounds the dielectric tube 24 .
  • the dielectric tube 24 is made from a dielectric material, e.g., glass, ceramic, etc.
  • a metal, generally cylindrical oxidizer gas supply tube 26 is disposed within the dielectric tube 24 . It is to be understood that the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 is electrically grounded. It is to be understood that the electrode 22 and the tubes 24 , 26 are concentric to each other and are centered on a central axis 28 established by the reactor 10 .
  • FIG. 3 shows that a gas modification passage 30 is established between the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 and the dielectric tube 24 . Also, an oxidizer gas supply passage 32 is established within the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 . Moreover, one end of the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 establishes an oxidizer gas inlet 34 and the other end of the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 establishes an oxidizer gas outlet 36 . As shown, a modified process gas outlet 38 is established by the outlet end cap 16 and leads from the gas modification passage 30 .
  • FIG 3 further shows that a first “O” ring 40 and a second “O” ring 42 can be used to seal the ends of the dielectric tube 24 , e.g., by placing the first “O” ring 40 between the dielectric tube 24 and the inlet end cap 14 and by placing the second “O” ring 42 between the dielectric tube 24 and the outlet end cap 16 .
  • FIG. 3 further shows that a first “O” ring groove 44 is established in the inlet end cap 14 such that it circumscribes the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 and a third “O” ring 46 is inserted therein to seal the inlet end cap 14 and prevent modified gas from escaping from the reactor 10 at the interface between the oxidizer gas supply tube 26 and the inlet end cap 14 .
  • the discharge gap 48 is between one and several millimeters (e.g., 1-10 mm).
  • the process gas e.g., a fuel or a fuel-air mixture
  • the nonthermal electrical microdischarges between the HV electrode 22 and the grounded oxidizer gas supply tube 26 across the dielectric tube 24 can generate highly reactive chemical species, e.g., free radicals, in the process gas to yield a modified process gas.
  • the modified process gas can then be fed to an internal combustion engine, furnace, or any other combustion device.
  • the reactive species generated within the gas modification passage 30 can break up large organic fuel molecules into smaller ones that are more easily and completely combusted and can create highly reactive free-radical chemical species that can promote more efficient combustion by their strong oxidizing power or by their ability to promote combustion-sustaining chain reactions or chain reactions that further generate active species.
  • the present invention can be used to “convert” combustible fuels.
  • the present invention can be used to create fragmented, more easily combustible compounds having smaller molecules.
  • the present invention can be used to “activate” combustible fuels, i.e., it can be used to create highly reactive free-radical species that are strong oxidizers or combustion chain carriers, which tend to increase combustion efficiency.
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor according to the present invention, generally designated 100 .
  • the reactor 100 is similar in every aspect to the reactor shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 except for the following modifications.
  • a wire 102 is wound around the dielectric tube 24 to establish a HV electrode instead of using HV electrode 22 .
  • the oxidizer gas supply tube 104 shown in FIG. 4 is a tube that is formed with at least one oxidizer outlet 106 to allow oxidizer gas to flow through the reactor 100 .
  • oxidizer gas outlet 106 is formed laterally along the oxidizer gas supply tube 104 and connects the oxidizer gas supply passage 34 to the gas modification passage 30 .
  • a plug 108 is installed at the end of the oxidizer gas supply tube 104 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor according to the present invention, generally designated 150 .
  • the reactor 150 is similar in every aspect to the reactor shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 except for the following modifications.
  • the oxidizer gas supply tube 152 shown in FIG. 5 is a tube that is formed with at least one oxidizer outlet 154 to allow oxidizer gas to flow through the reactor 150 .
  • a second dielectric tube 156 circumscribes the oxidizer gas supply tube 152 .
  • a gas modification passage 158 is established between the dielectric tubes 24 , 156 and nonthermal electrical microdischarges occur between the HV electrode 22 and the grounded oxidizer gas supply tube 152 across the dielectric tubes 24 , 156 .
  • a plug 160 is installed the end of the oxidizer gas supply tube 152 .
  • FIG. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor according to the present invention, generally designated 170 .
  • the reactor 170 is similar in every aspect to the reactor shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 except for the following modifications.
  • a solid cylindrical ground electrode 172 is disposed within the dielectric tube 24 which, in turn, is disposed within the cylindrical HV electrode 22 .
  • the gas modification passage 30 is established between the dielectric tube 24 and the ground electrode 172 and nonthermal electrical microdischarges occur between the HV electrode 22 and the ground electrode 172 across the dielectric tube 24 .
  • Oxidizer gas flows through an oxidizer gas inlet 174 , through the gas modification passage 30 , and exits the reactor 170 through an oxidizer gas outlet 176 .
  • oxidizer-activated fuel mixing does not take place at the end of the electrode 172 ; instead the activated fuel or fuel-oxidizer mixture simply exits the reactor through passage 176 and enters a combustion chamber.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show a fifth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor according to the present invention, generally designated 200 .
  • the reactor 200 includes a generally rectangular housing 202 disposed between a generally flat, rectangular, plate-shaped inlet end cap 204 and a generally flat, rectangular, plate-shaped outlet end cap 206 .
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show that the end caps 204 , 206 can be removably engaged with the housing 200 using plural nuts 208 and plural bolts 210 , but it can be appreciated that any other fastening means well known in the art can be used.
  • FIG. 8 shows that the reactor 200 includes a metal, generally flat, rectangular, plate-shaped high-voltage (HV) electrode 212 disposed within the housing 202 between the end caps 204 , 206 .
  • the HV electrode 212 is connected to an alternating current (AC) source or a pulsed direct current (DC) source.
  • a generally flat, rectangular dielectric plate 214 is disposed within the reactor 200 immediately adjacent to the HV electrode 212 .
  • the dielectric plate 214 is made from a material such as glass, ceramic, etc.
  • a metal, generally flat, rectangular, plate-shaped ground electrode 216 is disposed within the reactor 200 such that it is slightly spaced from the dielectric plate 214 . It is to be understood that the ground electrode 216 is electrically grounded.
  • a gas modification passage 218 is established between the ground electrode 216 and the dielectric plate 214 .
  • FIG. 8 further shows that the inlet end cap 204 is formed with a process gas inlet 220 that leads to the gas modification passage 218 .
  • a modified gas outlet 222 is established by the outlet end cap 206 and leads from the gas modification passage 220 .
  • nonthermal electrical microdischarges occur between the HV electrode 212 and the ground electrode 216 across the dielectric plate 214 .
  • These nonthermal electrical microdischarges occur within the gas modification passage 218 and the width of the gas modification passage 218 defines a discharge gap 224 .
  • the discharge gap 224 is between one and several millimeters (e.g., 1-10 mm). It can be appreciated that as a process gas flows through the gas modification passage 218 , it is modified by the nonthermal electrical microdischarges within the gas modification passage 218 , as described in detail above.
  • FIG. 9 a sixth embodiment of a SDP/DBD reactor according to the present invention is shown and is generally designated 300 .
  • the reactor 300 shown in FIG. 9 is essentially identical to the reactor shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 with the one exception that a second dielectric plate 302 is disposed within the reactor 300 between the HV electrode 212 and the ground electrode 216 . As shown, the second dielectric plate 302 is immediately adjacent to the ground electrode 216 .
  • FIG. 10 a non-limiting, exemplary combustion system is shown and is generally designated 400 .
  • FIG. 10 shows that the system 400 includes an SDP/DBD reactor, e.g., the reactor 10 shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 and described in detail above.
  • a process gas supply 402 can be connected to the SDP/DBD reactor 10 via a process gas fluid line 404 , e.g., by connecting fluid line 404 to the oxidizer gas inlet 36 (FIG. 3).
  • a flow meter 406 is installed along the process gas fluid line 404 to monitor the flow of gas to the SDP/DBD reactor 10 .
  • a power supply 408 e.g., an AC power supply
  • HV high voltage
  • an oscilloscope 412 is also connected to the SDP/DBD reactor 10 and can be used to monitor the current and voltage of the signal applied to the SDP/DBD reactor 10 that is used to create the nonthermal electrical microdischarges within the gas modification passage 30 (FIG. 3).
  • FIG. 10 shows that the SDP/DBD reactor 10 is connected to a combustion chamber 414 by a modified process gas fluid line 416 that provides modified gas to the combustion chamber 414 .
  • An air supply 418 provides air to the combustion chamber 414 via an air fluid line 420 and a flow meter 422 installed along fluid line 420 monitors the flow of air to the combustion chamber 414 .
  • the modified gas from the SDP/DBD reactor 10 and the air from the air supply 418 can be combined within the combustion chamber 414 and ignited to produce a flame 424 .
  • the air supply 418 can also be connected to the SDP/DBD reactor 10 , as indicated by dashed line 426 , and the air/process gas mixture can be modified as described in detail above as it flows through the gas modification passage 30 (FIG. 3).
US10/395,045 2003-03-21 2003-03-21 Combustion enhancement with silent discharge plasma Abandoned US20040185396A1 (en)

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PCT/US2004/007161 WO2004085694A2 (fr) 2003-03-21 2004-03-09 Augmentation de la combustion avec un plasma de decharge silencieuse

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US20050005948A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2005-01-13 Kurunczi Peter Frank Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma device to clean and sterilize the surfaces of probes, cannulas, pin tools, pipettes and spray heads
US20060162740A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-07-27 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma
US20060162741A1 (en) * 2005-01-26 2006-07-27 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects with plasma
US20060201534A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-09-14 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060201916A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-09-14 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060237030A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-10-26 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects with plasma
US20060272675A1 (en) * 2005-06-02 2006-12-07 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060272674A1 (en) * 2005-06-02 2006-12-07 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060272673A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-12-07 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20080173270A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2008-07-24 Perriquest Defense Research Enterprises Llc Fuel injection device including plasma-inducing electrode arrays
WO2009031989A1 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2009-03-12 Privatne Pidpryemstvo 'radical Plus' Procédé d'intensification de la combustion d'un combustible gazeux
US20090114178A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2009-05-07 Perriquest Defense Research Enterprises Llc Fuel injection device including plasma-inducing electrode arrays
US20090151322A1 (en) * 2007-12-18 2009-06-18 Perriquest Defense Research Enterprises Llc Plasma Assisted Combustion Device
US20090241775A1 (en) * 2008-03-25 2009-10-01 Environmental Energy Technologies, Inc. Non-thermal plasma particulate removal systems and methods thereof
RU2591746C2 (ru) * 2014-10-07 2016-07-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "РЕСУРС" Устройство для обработки жидкого и газообразного углеводородного топлива
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US20060272673A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-12-07 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US8092644B2 (en) 2003-06-16 2012-01-10 Ionfield Systems, Llc Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060201916A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-09-14 Cerionx, Inc. Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
US20060102196A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2006-05-18 Cerionx, Inc. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma device to clean and sterilize the surfaces of probes, cannulas, pin tools, pipettes and spray heads
US20050005948A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2005-01-13 Kurunczi Peter Frank Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma device to clean and sterilize the surfaces of probes, cannulas, pin tools, pipettes and spray heads
US8092643B2 (en) 2003-06-16 2012-01-10 Ionfield Systems, Llc Method and apparatus for cleaning and surface conditioning objects using plasma
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