US20040144516A1 - Method and apparatus for thixotropic molding of semisolid alloys - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for thixotropic molding of semisolid alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040144516A1
US20040144516A1 US10/751,323 US75132304A US2004144516A1 US 20040144516 A1 US20040144516 A1 US 20040144516A1 US 75132304 A US75132304 A US 75132304A US 2004144516 A1 US2004144516 A1 US 2004144516A1
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barrel
semisolid
slurry
feedstock
bar
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US10/751,323
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Wayne ( Weijie) Liu
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/007—Semi-solid pressure die casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/22—Dies; Die plates; Die supports; Cooling equipment for dies; Accessories for loosening and ejecting castings from dies
    • B22D17/2272—Sprue channels
    • B22D17/2281—Sprue channels closure devices therefor

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an economical procedure and apparatus for molding semisolid metallic materials using a dendritic-free feedstock bar as a one-time extruder plunger to inject semisolid slurries converted from a terminal portion of the same feedstock bar.
  • Thixotropic molding is a relatively new metal forming process during which semisolid slurry containing round solid particles dispersed in a continuous liquid phase is converted from a feedstock alloy and subsequently injected into a mold cavity.
  • thixotropic molding is capable of producing parts that are: 1) bubble free due to non-Newtonian viscosity—an inverse relationship between viscosity and the rate of shear—of the semisolid slurry and 2) less shrinkage due to the presence of a solid phase in the slurry and lower operating temperatures.
  • thixotropic molding is more suitable than conventional die-casting processes in producing high quality molded parts with higher strength, better toughness and dimensional precision.
  • ASM has recently listed thixotropic molding as a standard magnesium forming method (R. D. Carnahan, “Thixotropic Molding: Semisolid Injection Molding of Magnesium Alloys”, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, ASM Specialty Handbook, Eds. M. M. Avedesiam and H. Baker, ASM International, pp. 90-97, 1999).
  • thixotropic molding has been carried out using machines that resemble a thermoplastic injection-molding device as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,589.
  • feedstock chips are fed into a reciprocating screw injection unit where it is externally heated and mechanically sheared by the action of a rotating screw.
  • the material is moved forward within the barrel, it is converted into semisolid slurry containing degenerated dendritic particles via partial melting and mechanical shearing, and is collected at a space between the injection nozzle and the screw tip. Once an appropriate amount of slurry has been accumulated, the screw is rapidly driven forward to inject the slurry into a mold cavity.
  • Extruder screw may not only raise the manufacturing and maintenance costs but may also cause operating problems, especially backward leakage of slurry. As indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,399, under high injection pressures, semisolid slurry may, via the clearance between the screw and the inner wall of the extruder barrel, leak backwards into and subsequently erode the shaft housing, and sometimes the driving mechanism of the screw.
  • the extruder barrel has to be opened and purged for alloy switching. This is unsafe when magnesium alloys are processed because semisolid slurries may combust when exposed to air.
  • semisolid slurries can also be obtained by a two-step method in which a dendritic-free (thixotropic) alloy is first prepared and then is reheated to a temperature between its solidus and liquidus temperatures (Flemings, M. C., Riek, R. G. and Young, K. P., “Rheocasting”, Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 103-117, 1976).
  • the two-step approach has been widely used for thixocasting.
  • the present invention has been devised to overcome the foregoing shortcomings and limitations identified for the conventional thixotropic molding machine.
  • a new thixotropic molding method comprised of feeding a dendritic-free feedstock bar into an extruder barrel, melting a terminal portion of the feedstock bar into a semisolid slurry by heating it to a temperature between its solidus and liquidus temperatures, and pushing the solid portion of the feedstock bar as an one-time “plunger” to inject the semisolid slurry into a mold cavity.
  • the feeding and pushing of the feedstock bar is carried out by a pair of unassisted wedges, which drives the feedstock bar toward the barrel during forward motion and then slides freely back.
  • the melting of a terminal portion of the feedstock bar is performed in a heating zone created by a series of band resistance heaters attached to the outer surface of the barrel.
  • the length of the heating zone is changeable by the number of band heaters used.
  • a cooling zone generated by a cooling ring with internal circulating coolant sits beside the heating zone.
  • the heating zone is periodically sealed by solidification of the slurry leaked into the cooling zone at one end and in the discharge nozzle at the other end upon completion of each shot. As a result, no protective gas is needed within the extruder barrel.
  • the present invention results in a significant saving of both manufacturing and operational costs because: i) the extruder screw and its rotary driven mechanisms are removed, ii) the extruder barrel is built using less material, iii) the protective gas is eliminated, iv) the number of processing parameters are reduced, and v) the alloy switching procedures are simplified.
  • the present apparatus uses dendritic-free alloy bars as feedstock material. Although this may make material recycling less convenient, it may provide the semisolid slurry with finer solid particles and a larger volume fraction of solid phase; thus, it is more suitable for producing net-shaped and bubble free parts.
  • dendritic-free feedstock bars can be economically mass-produced by using vigorous agitation and/or SIMA processes.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic overview, partly in section, of the thixotropic molding apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a front view of the thixotropic molding apparatus as shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the extruder barrel.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the heating apparatus.
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken on line A-A of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken on line B-B of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view of temperature distribution along a feedstock bar inside the extruder barrel.
  • FIG. 8 a is a sectional view showing the formation of a one-time “plunger” at the beginning of a shot.
  • FIG. 8 b is a sectional view showing the one-time “plunger” during the shot.
  • FIG. 9 shows the method of aligning two feedstock bars during loading.
  • the thixotropic molding method taught in the present invention differs mainly from those in prior arts in that it is carried out without using a regular extruder screw or plunger so that the equipment and operational costs can be significantly reduced while retaining the most features of conventional thixotropic molding.
  • the new method involves feeding a dendritic-free feedstock bar into an extruder barrel, melting a terminal portion of the feedstock bar into a semisolid slurry by heating it to a temperature between its solidus and liquidus temperatures, and using the solid portion of the feedstock bar as an one-time “plunger” to inject the semisolid slurry into a mold cavity.
  • Machine 10 includes an extruder barrel 11 with a discharger nozzle 12 , which is in communication with a suitable cavity 51 through a sprue bushing 52 in a suitable two-part mold 50 .
  • the mold which may be of any suitable design, has a stationary half 53 fixed to a stationary platen 54 and a movable half 55 carried by a movable platen 56 .
  • Barrel 11 accommodates a dendritic-free feedstock bar 13 of a suitable metal alloy.
  • the terminal portion of the bar 13 is converted into a semisolid slurry 16 by heating it to a temperature between its liquidus and solidus temperatures in a heating zone 61 , which is created by a series of band resistance heaters 15 attached to the outer surface of the barrel 11 .
  • a heat insulator 17 Separated by a heat insulator 17 is a two-part cooling ring 18 (only its bottom part is shown in FIG. 1) with circulating coolant (such as water) introduced through faucets 19 to form a cooling zone in the barrel 11 .
  • the cooling zone freezes leaking slurry from the heating zone into a solid sealant 20 , effectively preventing air from entering the heating zone via the clearance between the bar 13 and the inner wall of the barrel 11 .
  • a solid plug 14 is formed in the nozzle 12 from the residual slurry 16 , which prevents air from entering the barrel 11 via nozzle 12 .
  • no protective gas is required in the heating zone of the barrel 11 .
  • Barrel 11 is supported by two stationary supports 41 at its rear and by a series of two-part supporting hoops 63 (only their bottom parts are shown in FIG. 1) in front. Both the stationary supports 41 and the supporting hoops 63 are fixed to a barrel housing 40 that is supported by a pair of horizontal tie bars (not shown). Also mounted on the barrel housing 40 are two cylinders 42 , which can, through rams 43 , drive back and forth a movable clamp 44 comprised of a pair of wedges 45 touching with the surface of the feedstock bar 13 . When the clamp 44 is driven toward the barrel 11 , the wedges 45 automatically clip the bar 13 and force it into the barrel 11 . By contrast, when the wedges 45 are moved away from the barrel 11 , they automatically unclip the bar 13 and freely slide back.
  • FIG. 2 A front view of machine 10 is shown in FIG. 2.
  • Operation of the thixotropic molding machine 10 involves converting a terminal portion of the feedstock bar 13 , which is within the heating zone 61 of the barrel 11 , into a semisolid slurry 16 using heat generated by band resistance heaters 15 .
  • Hydraulic cylinders 42 function at an appropriate time, when enough slurry 16 has been converted, to drive, via clamp 44 , the bar 13 quickly toward the discharge nozzle 12 .
  • the pressure built up in the slurry 16 first ejects the plug 14 in the nozzle 12 and then injects the slurry into the mold cavity 51 .
  • the ejected plug 14 is trapped in the sprue bushing 52 for recycling.
  • a length of the solid portion of the bar 13 which equals the stroke of the shot, is fed into the heating zone 61 to replenish the slurry.
  • the clamp 44 retracts, releasing the pressure in the slurry 16 instantly.
  • residual slurry in the nozzle 12 is frozen into a plug 14 preventing drool and air from entering the barrel 11 .
  • barrel 11 Unlike that in a conventional thixotropic molding machine, barrel 11 has only its frontal portion in contact with the corrosive semisolid slurry 16 and subject to an elevated temperature and injection pressure. To minimize its manufacturing cost, therefore, barrel 11 can be designed as a tri-metallic cylinder, which, as illustrated in FIG. 3, comprises of a bimetallic portion 22 and a monometallic portion 25 joined by welding 26 .
  • the bimetallic portion 22 comprises of an outer shell 23 providing strength and fatigue resistance at operating temperatures and a liner 24 that is shrunk-fit onto the inner surface of the outer shell 23 preventing corrosion caused by the slurry 16 . Suitable materials for making the outer shell 23 and liner 24 are dependent on the type of feedstock alloy used.
  • the monometallic portion 25 can be made of any suitable metallic material.
  • Two grooves 31 on the monometallic portion 25 are for communication with stationary supports 41 .
  • Flange 27 joined with the outer shell 23 via welding 21 is for mounting the nozzle 12 .
  • Flange 28 is for housing an O-ring 29 , which is used to prevent air from entering the barrel 11 via the clearance between the bar 13 and the inner wall of the barrel 11 . In this way, the oxidation on the surface of the high temperature region of bar 13 adjacent to the heating zone 61 can be eliminated.
  • the barrel 11 can be washed with a protective gas, introduced through a faucet 30 , during first-time use after each shift to expel the remaining air from the barrel to further prevent oxidation, especially during the first few shots.
  • the outer shell 23 has a typical thickness of 10 mm and may not be strong enough to support the shot pressure; therefore, supporting hoops 63 are used to provide extra strength for the barrel 11 .
  • TABLE 1 Materials suitable for making outer shell 23 and liner 24 Suitable materials for making Feedstock alloy Outer shell 23 Liner 24 Al, Zn Nickel-based alloys: Alloy Nb-based alloy: Nb— 718, Alloy 909. 30Ti—20W.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of the heating apparatus 60 , which consists of a heating zone 61 and a cooling zone 62 .
  • the heating zone 61 is created by a series of band resistance heaters 15 attached to the outer surface of the barrel 11 .
  • the cooling zone 62 is generated by a two-part cooling ring 18 with circulating coolant 72 inside. Separating the heating and cooling zones is a plate 17 made of a heat insulating material.
  • Each band resistance heater 15 associated with the heating zone 61 is enveloped by a groove 64 made on the inner surface of a supporting hoop 63 , of which the rims are in contact with the outer surface of the barrel 11 to withhold the shot pressure.
  • a supporting hoop 63 has a top 63 a and bottom 63 b , which are fastened to the base of the barrel housing 40 by bolts 65 .
  • An outlet 66 is made at the middle of the top 63 a , through which wiring is conjugated between the terminals 67 of a band heater 15 and a terminal bus 68 , which is fixed to the top of the cover 69 of the heating apparatus 60 .
  • a vertical groove is made at the middle of the both sides of the top 63 a , which forms a suitable thermocouple outlet 70 , through which a thermocouple can be placed to the outer surface of the barrel 11 for temperature control (FIG. 4).
  • Both the top 63 a and bottom 63 b may be made of the same material as the outer shell 23 .
  • FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of the cooling ring 18 comprising of a top 18 a and a bottom 18 b , which are fastened to the base of the barrel housing 40 by bolts 71 .
  • Circulating coolant 72 which is introduced through faucets 19 , cools the cooling ring 18 .
  • the cooling ring 18 is separated from the heating zone 61 by a heat insulator 17 .
  • Both the top 18 a and the bottom 18 b may be made of a suitable material with high heat conductivity.
  • FIG. 4 Also shown in FIG. 4 is the nozzle 12 fastened to the barrel 11 .
  • Three band resistant heaters similar to those used in the heating zone 61 are attached to the terraced surfaces of the nozzle 12 to maintain constant temperature with the heating zone 61 .
  • the nozzle 12 may be made of the same material as the liner 24 .
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the temperature distribution along the feedstock bar 13 (including the converted slurry 16 ) at the moment prior to an injection. It can be seen that a constant temperature between the liquidus and solidus temperatures of the feedstock alloy is maintained for the heating zone (including the nozzle). For a given feedstock alloy, the constant temperature determines the volume fraction of the solid phase in the slurry 16 . At the region of the nozzle tip where no heaters are installed, the temperature declines below solidus resulting in the formation of a solid plug 14 . On the other hand, the temperature within the cooling zone is reduced rapidly to below the solidus temperature leading to formation of a solid sealant 20 , which effectively seals off the clearance between the feedstock bar 13 and the inner surface of the barrel 11 . Beyond the cooling zone, the temperature of the bar 13 is gradually reduced to room temperature.
  • FIG. 8 a illustrates the formation of a one-time “plunger” at the beginning of a shot.
  • stress within the feedstock bar 13 is quickly increased due to the friction between the sealant 20 and the inner surface of the barrel 11 .
  • the stress will first exceed the yielding point of the solid tip of the bar 13 attaching to the slurry 16 , which is the most soft solid material in the bar 13 .
  • a bulge 80 is formed. While the bar 13 and its associated bulge 80 are forced to move forward, they act as a one-time plunger to raise the pressure in the slurry 16 until the plug 14 is ejected. Following the ejection, the one-time plunger (i.e.
  • the feedstock bar is quickly moving toward the discharge end of the barrel 11 , and hence slurry is injected into a mold cavity as shown in FIG. 8 b .
  • a length of the bar 13 including the bulge 80 , equaling the stroke of the shot will now be inside the heating zone of the barrel 11 , and will in turn be heated and converted into semisolid slurry for the next shot.
  • the diameter tolerance of the Bar 13 with the inner diameter of the barrel 11 is typically 1 mm. Its surface finish should be smooth enough to permit good contact with the O-ring 29 . Bars prepared using a continuous casting machine or hot extruder can satisfy these requirements.
  • the length of the feedstock bar 13 is typically 2-5 meters, but can be as long as the space and handling permits. In general, a longer feedstock bar gives more molding shots per bar loading and therefore, increases productivity.
  • a sensor (may be attached with the clamp 44 ; not shown) can be used to detect the end of the feedstock bar 13 . Bar loading can be accomplished by placing the alignment-convex 82 of a new bar 13 b behind the alignment-concave 81 of the current bar 13 a as shown in FIG. 9.
  • the volume of the slurry 16 in the barrel 11 which determines the maximum weight of a molded part that can be made from one shot using the thixotropic molding machine 10 , can be calculated from the inner diameter of the barrel 11 and the maximum length of the heating zone 61 .
  • a typical machine with a standard barrel having an inner diameter of 50 mm and a maximum of 400 mm in heating zone length is capable of molding a Mg part of 1.39 kg, a Al part of 2.12 kg, or a Zn part of 5.6 kg. Larger parts can be produced by increasing either the barrel's diameter or the length of the heating zone or both.
  • increasing the barrel's diameter may increase the heating time needed to convert the solid feedstock into semisolid slurry leading to an elongated inter-shot time.
  • increasing the length of heating zone is limited by the length of the heating apparatus 60 , but the inter-shot time would not be lengthened.
  • the length of the heating zone 61 can be altered by changing the number of supporting hoops 63 (thus, the number of band heaters 15 ), which may be from a minimum of 1 to a number limited by the length of the heating apparatus 60 .
  • the width of a typical supporting hoop 63 is usually 2 inches and that of its associated band heater 15 is 1.5 inches.
  • Band resistance heaters 15 used for the heating zone 61 and for the nozzle 12 can be controlled individually, by group, or as a whole.
  • the individual or group control is preferred for easily obtaining a uniform temperature distribution.
  • better temperature control with faster response can be achieved in the present invention because the barrel 11 has a much thinner wall than that used in conventional thixotropic molding machines.
  • the inter-shot time should be equal to or greater than a time period (denoted by t p ) during which a suitable amount of semisolid slurry can be generated to fully fill the mold cavity 51 .
  • t p can be determined by trial and error, the equation below provides a more flexible and accurate alternative.
  • t u is the uniformity time at which a section of the bar 13 has reached a radial temperature uniformity since entering the heating zone 61
  • W is the weight of the molded part(s) (including runner spreaders)
  • ⁇ is the density of the feedstock
  • r is the inner radius of the barrel 11
  • L is the length of the heating zone 61 ; all in SI units.
  • T temperature
  • t time
  • ⁇ heat conductivity of the feedstock
  • the feedstock bar 13 should be initially pushed to move at its maximum speed and to remain at such speed for most of the shot, but must be slowed just before reaching full stroke to reduce impact and rebound as the mold cavity 51 is filled.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
US10/751,323 2003-01-27 2004-01-05 Method and apparatus for thixotropic molding of semisolid alloys Abandoned US20040144516A1 (en)

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US20070131375A1 (en) * 2005-12-09 2007-06-14 Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. Thixo-molding shot located downstream of blockage
US20070131376A1 (en) * 2005-12-09 2007-06-14 Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. Cooling structure of metal-molding system for shot located downstream of blockage
CN100360262C (zh) * 2004-02-27 2008-01-09 日精树脂工业株式会社 用于成型低熔点金属合金的方法
CN100360261C (zh) * 2004-02-27 2008-01-09 日精树脂工业株式会社 成型低熔点金属合金的方法
US20080164290A1 (en) * 2007-01-05 2008-07-10 Ford Global Technologies Adaptive and universal hot runner manifold for die casting
CN101396724B (zh) * 2007-09-27 2011-12-28 北京有色金属研究总院 半固态成形模具及使用方法
CN101337271B (zh) * 2007-07-08 2012-10-10 福建迪创投资有限公司 一种金属熔炼、传送和精确定量给汤的铸造工艺及其装置
CN102773413A (zh) * 2012-07-24 2012-11-14 江苏万里活塞轴瓦有限公司 可控温半固态触变形模具
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US20140090795A1 (en) * 2011-04-12 2014-04-03 Asia Vital Components Co., Ltd. Led heat sink and manufacturing method thereof
US20220143893A1 (en) * 2020-11-06 2022-05-12 Guangdong Yizumi Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. Thixomolding machine, and method and device for controlling temperature of barrel of thixomolding machine

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100360262C (zh) * 2004-02-27 2008-01-09 日精树脂工业株式会社 用于成型低熔点金属合金的方法
CN100360261C (zh) * 2004-02-27 2008-01-09 日精树脂工业株式会社 成型低熔点金属合金的方法
US7798200B2 (en) * 2005-12-09 2010-09-21 Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. Thixo-molding shot located downstream of blockage
US20070131376A1 (en) * 2005-12-09 2007-06-14 Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. Cooling structure of metal-molding system for shot located downstream of blockage
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CA2453397A1 (en) 2004-07-27
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