US20040074490A1 - Solar energy reflector array - Google Patents

Solar energy reflector array Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040074490A1
US20040074490A1 US10/469,892 US46989203A US2004074490A1 US 20040074490 A1 US20040074490 A1 US 20040074490A1 US 46989203 A US46989203 A US 46989203A US 2004074490 A1 US2004074490 A1 US 2004074490A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
heliostat
reflector element
drive
carrier
reflector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/469,892
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English (en)
Inventor
David Mills
Philipp Schramek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Sydney
Original Assignee
University of Sydney
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Sydney filed Critical University of Sydney
Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY reassignment UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SCHRAMEK, PHILIPP, MILLS, DAVID
Publication of US20040074490A1 publication Critical patent/US20040074490A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/77—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with flat reflective plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/45—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with two rotation axes
    • F24S30/455—Horizontal primary axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/87—Reflectors layout
    • F24S2023/872—Assemblies of spaced reflective elements on common support, e.g. Fresnel reflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S2030/10—Special components
    • F24S2030/13—Transmissions
    • F24S2030/136—Transmissions for moving several solar collectors by common transmission elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a solar energy reflector array that incorporates a plurality of heliostats and to a heliostat for use in the array.
  • heliostat is to be understood as meaning a device which is arranged to reflect incident solar radiation to a target (which may change from time-to-time) and to be driven to follow relative movement of the sun.
  • Multi-Tower Solar Array with Ganged Heliostats; Mills, D. R. and Schramek, P.—9 th International Symposium on Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies, Solar Paces, Font-Romeu France, June 1998.
  • heliostats within a solar array must be arranged and constructed to facilitate closely-spaced positioning of the heliostats and, at the same time, to permit non-interfering relative movement of adjacent ones of the heliostats. This latter requirement applies particularly in multi-tower solar arrays, in which adjacent heliostats may be required to reflect incident radiation to different tower mounted collectors and in which any one heliostat may need be actuated to change its orientation from one collector to another.
  • the heliostats be arranged and constructed to facilitate ganging of the heliostats and employment of common drive arrangements for groups of the heliostats within an array.
  • the meeting of these requirements is assisted by the fact that, except in those instances when a heliostat is to be re-orientated, the heliostats collectively need only be moved in dependence on the movement of the sun.
  • the present invention is directed to a heliostat which is suitable for positioning within an array and which, in a preferred form, is arranged to meet the above-mentioned requirements.
  • the present invention provides a heliostat which comprises:
  • a drive means arranged in use to impart pivotal drive to the carrier about a fixed, first axis that is, in use of the heliostat, disposed substantially parallel to the ground plane,
  • [0011] means mounting the reflector element to the carrier in a manner which permits pivotal movement of the reflector element with respect to the carrier and about a second axis that is not parallel to the first axis, and
  • a drive means arranged in use to impart pivotal movement to the reflector element about the second axis.
  • the drive means that is arranged to impart pivotal motion of the carrier preferably comprises a first drive means and the drive means that is arranged to impart pivotal movement to the reflector element preferably comprise a second drive means which is separate from the first drive means.
  • the reflector element which may be flat or curved, may be constituted by a plurality of sub-reflector elements. Also, a plurality of the reflector elements may be supported by a single carrier. However, in order to gain the full benefit of the invention with the latter arrangement, the plural reflector elements would need to be mounted to the carrier by way of non-parallel second axes.
  • the heliostat may be employed in large scale arrays, such as those that occupy ground areas in the order of 100 hectares, or in relatively small arrays such as may be located on the tops of buildings or in other confined spaces.
  • ground plane as used in this specification should be understood as designating a notional (horizontal or inclined) plane above which the heliostats are located.
  • the ground plane will comprise the ground area that is occupied by the heliostats, but it should be understood that the ground area of itself need not be planar. Topographical variations in the ground area may be accommodated by positional adjustment of individual ones of the reflector elements relative to one another. Also, at least a portion of the ground area that is occupied by the heliostats may form a part of a hill and so be inclined to the horizontal.
  • the present invention may be defined further as providing a solar energy reflector array which comprises a plurality of the above defined heliostats located in rows and arranged to reflect incident solar radiation to at least one target collector.
  • the carriers of at least some of the heliostats in each row of the array preferably are coupled to one another, and the reflector elements of at least some of the heliostats in each row of the array preferably are coupled to one another.
  • each of the first and second drive means may be employed to impart pivotal motion to a plurality of the heliostats, and control of the drive means may be shared for a large number of the heliostats within an array. This is important in terms of capital cost savings to be obtained in large area arrays.
  • the target collector or, in the case of multi-tower solar arrays, the target collectors may comprise any type of collector that is capable of receiving solar energy and converting it to another form of energy.
  • each target collector may comprise a bank of solar absorptive collector elements through which a heat exchange fluid is passed.
  • the target collector may comprise an array of photo-voltaic cells.
  • the reflector element of the heliostat preferably comprises a glass mirror that is pivotally mounted to the carrier.
  • the second axis about which the reflector element is pivotally mounted to the carrier preferably is disposed orthogonally with respect to the first axis.
  • the carrier is mounted for pivotal movement about a fixed, first axis that is disposed parallel to the ground plane and the reflector element is mounted to the carrier for pivotal movement about a second axis that is orthogonal to the first axis.
  • the reflector element of the heliostat preferably has a polygonal shape and, in order to achieve maximised ground coverage, most preferably is mounted to the carrier in a manner such that the second axis lies in a line that passes through two most distant points on the periphery of the reflector element.
  • the reflector element may, for example, have a square form, in which case the second axis preferably will lie in the line of a diagonal of the reflector element.
  • the reflector element may (and preferably will) have an hexagonal form. In this case, the second axis will lie in a line that intersects oppositely disposed angles of the hexagon and preferably will pass through two most distant points.
  • the reflector element most preferably has an hexagonal form comprising three pairs of substantially parallel sides.
  • the hexagon may notionally be divided into a rectangular central portion and two triangular end portions.
  • the sides of the hexagonal configuration are most preferably proportioned such that arcs of an imaginary circle that passes through the four corners of the rectangular portion will lie wholly within the triangular end portions and, in the limiting condition, will lie tangential to two adjacent sides of each of the triangular portions. It has been determined that the use of a plurality of such reflectors permits up to 100% ground coverage.
  • the first drive means preferably includes a drive shaft that is supported for rotation about an axis that lies parallel to the first axis and which is arranged to impart rotary drive to the heliostat carrier.
  • the carrier of at least some of the heliostats in each row of the array may be coupled together by a common such drive shaft.
  • the first drive means preferably incorporates a single motor for imparting drive to a plurality of the drive shafts in an array of the heliostats. Furthermore, in the case of a relatively small array, a single motor most preferably will be employed to impart drive to all of the drive shafts in the heliostat array.
  • the second drive means preferably includes a drive member which is connected to the rear (non-reflecting) side of the reflector element of the heliostat and which is arranged to be driven in a manner to impart pivotal movement to the reflector element about the second axis.
  • the drive member preferably is connected to the rear side of the reflector element by way of a lockable ball joint (or other universal joint) to permit positional adjustment of the reflector element relative to the drive member.
  • This arrangement permits adjacent reflector elements to be positioned individually during the setting-up of an array of the heliostats and permits the drive members within a given row of heliostats to be positioned parallel to one another, regardless of the relative angular positions of adjacent reflector elements within the array.
  • a plurality of the reflector elements within a given row of an array of the heliostats preferably is coupled together by connecting respective ones of the drive members to a common motion translating mechanism which forms a part of the second drive means.
  • Ganged motion translation may then be imparted to the plural drive members by either adjusting the length of the drive members or adjusting the operating plane of the motion translating mechanism to accommodate angular travel of the drive members.
  • the carrier for the reflector element of the heliostat preferably has an arcuate shape and is connected at each of its ends to the rear side of the reflector element.
  • the carrier most preferably has a semi-circular shape and, in both cases, will have its centre of radius coincident with the geometric centre of the reflecting surface of the reflector element.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a rectangular reflector element mounted to a carrier
  • FIG. 2 shows a plan view of a portion of an array of square reflector elements
  • FIG. 3 shows a plan view of a portion of an array of hexagonal reflector elements
  • FIG. 4 shows diagrammatically a side view of a heliostat having a single reflector element mounted to an arcuate carrier
  • FIG. 5 shows a single row of the heliostats and, diagrammatically, first and second drive means for imparting pivotal movement to the carriers and reflector elements of the heliostats
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an array composed of plural rows of the heliostats shown in FIG. 5,
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show alternative ways of translating motion to a reflector element of a single heliostat, to effect pivoting of the reflector element with respect to its carrier,
  • FIG. 9 shows diagrammatically the mounting of one reflector element to a reduced size carrier
  • FIG. 10 shows three, alternative, preferred geometric configurations of the reflector elements.
  • FIG. 1 shows in plan a diagrammatic representation of a heliostat that has a rectangular reflector element 10 which is supported within a carrier 11 in the form of a rectangular frame 12 .
  • the carrier 11 functions to support the reflector element above a ground plane 13 (as shown in FIG. 4) and the carrier is itself pivotally mounted to a support structure 14 .
  • the pivot axis 15 for the carrier (herein referred to as the “first axis”) is fixed and lies parallel to the ground plane 13 .
  • the reflector element 10 is pivotally mounted to the carrier 11 about a pivot axis 16 (herein referred to as the “second axis”) that is orthogonally disposed with respect to the first axis 15 .
  • the reflector element 10 may be regarded as being supported in a gymbal mounting such that the carrier 11 and the supported reflector element may be turned about the first, fixed axis 15 whilst the reflector element is independently pivotable, relative to the carrier, about the second axis 16 .
  • a heliostat array may be constructed to provide optimised ground coverage if:
  • the first axis 15 is disposed in fixed, parallel relationship to the ground plane 13 ,
  • the second axis 16 lies in a line that passes through the most distant points of the reflector element 10 .
  • the reflector element 10 has a shape that permits close packing of the heliostats.
  • the second criterion is not met in the case of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, to the extent that the second axis 16 does not pass through the diagonal of the rectangle. Also, it will be established later in this specification that the third criterion may best be met by the employment of hexagonal reflectors having specifically defined geometrical forms.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 do show arrangements that are superior to that shown in FIG. 1, in that FIG. 2 shows an array of square reflector elements 10 which are pivotably mounted to respective carriers 11 by way of second axes 16 that pass through diagonals of the squares. Similarly, FIG. 3 shows an array of hexagonal reflector elements 10 which are pivotably mounted to respective carriers 11 by way of second axes 16 that pass through opposing angles of the hexagons.
  • At least some of the carriers 11 may shade the reflectors from incident solar radiation under certain inclinations of the carriers and/or the reflector elements within the carriers. This will reduce the performance of the array and it will be necessary to separate at least some of the heliostats within the array and thereby reduce the effective ground coverage. Moreover, the carriers may themselves preclude an arrangement that provides for optimum ground coverage.
  • the carrier 11 extends rearwardly from the reflector element 10 and has an arcuate or, more specifically, a semi-circular shape.
  • the radius centre 17 of the carrier is coincident with the geometric centre of the reflecting surface of the reflector element and is aligned with the first axis 15 .
  • End portions 18 of the carrier are connected to the reflector element by bearing-supported axles (not shown) that are positioned coincidentally with the second axis 16 .
  • the carrier 11 would normally be fabricated as a metal or plastics material frame and be mounted upon a supporting structure 19 to position the reflector element 10 at a required height above the ground plane 13 .
  • the carrier 11 is supported upon idler rollers 20 that accommodate rotary motion of the carrier about the radius centre 17 , and a drive shaft 21 is provided for imparting rotary drive to the carrier by way of a geared connection (not shown) between the drive shaft and the carrier.
  • the axis of the drive shaft 21 lies parallel with the first axis 15 and, also not shown, the drive shaft 21 is coupled to an electric or hydraulic motor which is energised when required to impart turning motion to the reflector element 10 about the first axis.
  • a drive member 22 is connected to the rear side of the reflector element 10 by way of a lockable ball joint (not shown), so that the reflector element may initially be orientated in a required direction relative to the drive member 22 .
  • a linearly movable motion translating mechanism 23 (see FIGS. 5 and 6) is employed to impart pivotal movement to the drive member 22 and, so, to effect pivoting of the reflector element 10 about the second axis 16 .
  • FIG. 5 of the drawings shows a plurality of carrier-mounted reflector elements positioned in a row
  • FIG. 6 shows a number of the rows located within a small array of heliostats.
  • the heliostats within each row are coupled together by a single drive shaft 21 .
  • the plurality of parallel drive members 22 that extend rearwardly from the respective reflector elements 10 are coupled together in each row by a single motion translating shaft 23 .
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show alternative ways of translating motion to the reflector element 10 of a single heliostat, to effect pivoting of the reflector element about the second axis 16 with respect to the carrier 11 .
  • the drive member 22 will change its effective length (in a vertical direction) as it pivots to effect turning of the reflector element 10 , provision needs to be made to maintain the coupling between the drive member 22 and the motion translating shaft 23 . This may be achieved as shown in FIG. 8, by making the drive member telescopic or, as shown in FIG. 7, by raising and lowering the motion translating shaft 23 with application of pivoting drive to the drive member 22 .
  • the carrier 11 has been illustrated in most of the figures as having a length between its end portions 18 that corresponds with the length of the major axis of the reflector element 10 , in the interest of avoiding shading between adjacent heliostats, the carrier 11 may beneficially be made with a smaller dimension. This is illustrated in FIG. 9 and it will be understood that with this change in dimension, special arrangements may need to be made to facilitate application of drive to the drive members 22 .
  • the reflector element 10 should be shaped in a manner to permit optimum, close packing of the heliostats. This may be achieved by forming the reflector element in one or other of the (generalised) ways indicated in FIGS. 10A, B and C. In each case the reflector element 10 has an hexagonal configuration comprising three pairs of parallel sides and as a consequence four sides 24 having equal length. Also, in each case, the major diagonal a has a length that is greater than that of the distance b between two opposing sides 25 of each element.
  • the sides of the hexagonal configuration are proportioned such that arcs 27 of an imaginary circle that passes through the four corners of the rectangular portion lie wholly within the triangular end portions 26 and, in the limiting condition, lie tangential to two adjacent sides of each of the triangular portions.
  • the proportions of the hexagon satisfy the criteria
  • Multi-Tower Solar Array with Ganged Heliostats, Mills, D. R. and Schramek, p.—9 th International Symposium on Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies, Solar Paces, Font-Romeu France, June 1998, and

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
  • Mounting And Adjusting Of Optical Elements (AREA)
US10/469,892 2001-03-07 2002-03-07 Solar energy reflector array Abandoned US20040074490A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPR3566A AUPR356601A0 (en) 2001-03-07 2001-03-07 Solar energy reflector array
AUPR3566 2001-03-07
PCT/AU2002/000261 WO2002070966A1 (fr) 2001-03-07 2002-03-07 Ensemble de reflexion d'energie solaire

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US (1) US20040074490A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1368598A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004526117A (fr)
CN (1) CN1630798A (fr)
AU (1) AUPR356601A0 (fr)
CA (1) CA2439958A1 (fr)
MX (1) MXPA03008035A (fr)
WO (1) WO2002070966A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200306717B (fr)

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EP1368598A4 (fr) 2006-05-17
AUPR356601A0 (en) 2001-04-05
WO2002070966A1 (fr) 2002-09-12
MXPA03008035A (es) 2004-12-06
CA2439958A1 (fr) 2002-09-12

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