US20030223818A1 - Method of shore protection - Google Patents

Method of shore protection Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030223818A1
US20030223818A1 US10/375,041 US37504103A US2003223818A1 US 20030223818 A1 US20030223818 A1 US 20030223818A1 US 37504103 A US37504103 A US 37504103A US 2003223818 A1 US2003223818 A1 US 2003223818A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
reef
shore
travel
waves
wave
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Abandoned
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US10/375,041
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English (en)
Inventor
Kerry Black
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Artificial Surf Reefs Ltd
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Individual
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Filing date
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Assigned to ARTIFICIAL SURF REEFS LIMITED reassignment ARTIFICIAL SURF REEFS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BLACK, KERRY PETER
Publication of US20030223818A1 publication Critical patent/US20030223818A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
    • Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of shore protection and in particular, but not exclusively to a method of shore protection using a reef.
  • a method of shore protection including determining a required direction of travel of incoming waves to a shore to protect the shore or shore portion and locating at least one elongate reef on the floor of a body of water adjacent to the shore, wherein the reef is oriented at a pre-selected angle relative to an average or mode direction of travel of incoming waves and/or has pre-selected dimensions selected to refract waves travelling thereover to modify the direction of travel of incoming waves to said required direction after passing over the reef.
  • the reef may be angled relative to the average or mode direction of travel of the incoming waves at an angle between 5° to 80°.
  • the method may further include selecting between a reef having a convex, concave or linear profile along its length depending on the requirements for wave modification.
  • the reef may have a front face generally oriented towards the incoming waves and a lee face generally oriented towards the shore, wherein the lee face is substantially shorter than the front face.
  • the lee face may be substantially vertical and the front face may extend downwardly forward from the lee face generally in the direction of the incoming waves.
  • the front face may be selected from a convex, concave or linear surface depending on a required shape of waves travelling over the reef.
  • the method may include selecting the orientation and/or dimensions of the reef using refraction and diffraction analysis.
  • the orientation of the reef may be determined using statistical analysis.
  • the reef may have a height above the floor of the body of water of at least one metre.
  • the method may include locating a plurality of reefs adjacent to the shore and spaced apart along the shore until a required portion of the shore has at least one elongate member substantially adjacent to it.
  • the method may include locating a plurality of reefs adjacent to a shore portion, wherein the incoming waves pass over at least two of said reefs before reaching the shore, wherein the required wave direction modification is achieved cumulatively as the waves pass over the said at least two reefs.
  • the method may include locating the reef in water having a depth substantially between 2 to 15 meters.
  • the reef may have a height above the floor of the body of water so that the reef does not emerge from the surface of the body of water at least during some tide conditions.
  • the required wave direction may be more closely perpendicular to the line of the shore than said average or mode direction of travel of the incoming waves.
  • the elongate member may be constructed from geotextile bags, which may be pumped full of particulate material, preferably sand.
  • FIG. 1 shows an orthographic view of a portion of a reef located on a sea bed according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2 a - c show a schematic representation of a plan view of a convex, concave and linear profile reef respectively.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the range of angles which a reef may preferably be placed relative to the direction of travel of incoming waves.
  • FIGS. 4 a - c show three possible cross-sections of reefs suitable for the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a method of protecting a shore from erosion.
  • the method involves placing a reef on the water floor, the reef located, oriented and dimensioned to modify the direction of travel of waves destined for the shoreline. By modifying the wave direction, the water to shore interaction may be modified to reduce erosion.
  • FIG. 1 shows an orthographic view of a portion of a reef 1 located on a floor of a body of water.
  • the floor may be a sea bed 2 .
  • the reef 1 includes an elongate member oriented at a pre-selected angle to the direction of travel of the waves approaching the reef 1 .
  • the direction of travel of the waves is referenced in FIG. 1 by arrow W.
  • the reef 1 is located adjacent to the shore at a distance therefrom depending on the particular requirements for the shore. In practice, reefs may be typically placed anywhere from 20 to 1000 metres from the shore.
  • This change in direction of travel of the waves can result in less erosion of the shoreline. For example, if the waves approach the shoreline at an angle closer to the perpendicular, currents moving along the shoreline may be reduced.
  • the present invention can accommodate for varying shoreline angles relative to incoming wave direction by providing a plurality of reefs 1 located adjacent to each other and designing each reef to modify the direction of travel of the waves depending on the orientation of the shoreline relative to the direction of travel of the incoming waves.
  • the plural reefs may be interconnected, but act as different reefs as the orientation and size varies along the shore.
  • the reef 1 may be typically located in water depths of 2 meters to 1 5 meters and project upwards by at least 1 meter from the sea bed 2 .
  • the extent of projection upwards is selected according to the requirements for the shore and may project up to the surface of the water.
  • the reef 1 should not normally extend above the water line, as this will create a block to the waves rather than modifying the direction of travel and optionally the shape of the waves as they pass over the reef.
  • the reef 1 may be constructed from any material that is stable on the sea bed 2 .
  • the reef 1 may be formed from geotextile bags that are pumped full of sand or other particulate material and laid to form the required shape.
  • the reef 1 may be constructed from rocks, concrete, or any other durable material.
  • FIGS. 2 a - c a schematic representation of three embodiments 1 a, 1 b and 1 c of a reef are shown.
  • Each reef 1 is oriented at a predetermined angle relative to the direction of travel of the wave W and act to change the direction of travel of the wave to a new direction W′.
  • FIG. 2 a shows a convex reef 1 a relative to direction W
  • FIG. 2 b shows a concave reef 1 b
  • FIG. 2 c shows a linear reef 1 c.
  • the shape of the reef 1 may be selected according to whether the waves need to be diffracted, converged, or maintained at their current energy. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that the profile of the elongate member 1 may be varied widely depending on the particular requirements of the shore to which the reef 1 is to protect.
  • FIG. 3 shows a preferred range of orientations which the reef 1 may be oriented relative to the direction of travel of the wave W.
  • the actual angle selected depends on the required direction of the wave after it passes over the reef 1 , but as shown in FIG. 3 will typically be selected from angles between 5° to 80° relative to direction of travel of the wave W.
  • the more the reef 1 is angled towards the orthogonal to the direction of travel along the wave front the less the direction of travel of the wave will be changed.
  • Variations in the height of the reef 1 along its length may be used in combination with the angle of the reef to influence the direction of travel of the waves.
  • the longitudinal axis of the reef 1 may be oriented substantially orthogonal to the direction of travel of the waves so as to rely solely on the height variation (or depth change) to refract the waves.
  • the height variation or depth change
  • less options for wave shape modification may be available if such a reef were used.
  • Multiple reefs 1 may be placed in series (i.e. along the direction of travel of the wave W) to fine-tune the wave direction or wave shape or to provide a cumulative effect if larger changes are required. Also, multiple reefs 1 may be provided in parallel along the shore until the required portion of the shore has a reef substantially adjacent to it. This may be useful for protecting extended portions of shore.
  • FIGS. 4 A-C show three examples of possible cross-sections of the reef 1 .
  • the cross-section of reef 1 may be varied depending on the required wave shape.
  • the reef 1 may have a cross-section, which is selected to encourage the formation of waves suitable for surfing.
  • the height of the reef 1 may also be varied along its length to influence the direction of travel of the wave and modify the properties of the wave as required.
  • the reef shown in FIG. 4A will cause the wave breaking to be most intense on the steepest segment at the deeper part of the reef, and this will act primarily on larger waves.
  • the reef shown in FIG. 4B will cause the wave to shoal slowly, but break abruptly on the steeply rising segment, thereby creating an intense breaking wave during smaller wave conditions.
  • the reef shown in FIG. 4C will result in the breaking intensity to not vary due to seabed slope factors, but the wave height and period will separately determine wave breaking intensity.
  • an appropriate reef 1 needs to be selected and its orientation also selected. This may be achieved by performing computer modelling of the shoreline and wave patterns to find the required orientation, profile and cross-section of the reef 1 . As wave direction is variable, a statistical analysis may be performed to establish the optimum orientation. In one embodiment, the method of determining the orientation of the reef 1 may be dependent on the average or mode direction of travel of incoming waves.
  • a shoreline may be experiencing erosion adjacent to a natural headland.
  • the currents generated by the waves may sweep down the headland and along the beach, carrying sand away and causing erosion.
  • a solution would be a reef that rotates the waves at the downstream end of the beach. This rotation would negate the currents and cause at least a partial block to the sediment movement.
  • the sediment would then be expected to collect in the zone of low flows and to create a beach salient (like a bulge in the width of the beach). Further build up of sand would then collect on the upstream side of the salient.
  • the input variables may include the wave climate describing the long-term distributions of wave angles in deep water offshore and the corresponding wave height.

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Gyroscopes (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
US10/375,041 2000-08-29 2003-02-28 Method of shore protection Abandoned US20030223818A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ50660000 2000-08-29
NZ506600 2000-08-29
PCT/NZ2001/000178 WO2002020905A1 (en) 2000-08-29 2001-08-29 Method of shore protection

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NZ2001/000178 Continuation WO2002020905A1 (en) 2000-08-29 2001-08-29 Method of shore protection

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20030223818A1 true US20030223818A1 (en) 2003-12-04

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ID=19928071

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US10/375,041 Abandoned US20030223818A1 (en) 2000-08-29 2003-02-28 Method of shore protection

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US (1) US20030223818A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
EP (1) EP1313921B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
JP (1) JP2004508471A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
AT (1) ATE336618T1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
AU (1) AU8456701A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
CA (1) CA2419748C (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
DE (1) DE60122347T2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
ES (1) ES2271067T3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
PT (1) PT1313921E (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
WO (1) WO2002020905A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10472785B2 (en) 2015-06-24 2019-11-12 Daniel WALDING Surf conditions
US10501951B2 (en) 2014-06-08 2019-12-10 Surf Lakes Holdings Ltd Surfing wave generation

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003060241A1 (en) * 2002-01-18 2003-07-24 Artificial Surf Reefs Limited Method of wave modification and reef for wave modification
JP5791187B2 (ja) * 2010-10-01 2015-10-07 五洋建設株式会社 水中漂流物の移動制御構造物、移動制御方法及びこれらに使用可能な構造体

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US3851476A (en) * 1972-11-29 1974-12-03 M Edwards Method and apparatus for breaking waves
US3888209A (en) * 1973-11-14 1975-06-10 Edmund R Boots Artificial reef
US4407608A (en) * 1981-07-27 1983-10-04 Hubbard Thom W Method and apparatus for controlling fluid currents
US4502816A (en) * 1983-06-27 1985-03-05 Creter Vault Corp. Shoreline breakwater
US4539078A (en) * 1984-10-22 1985-09-03 Synthetic Breakwater Method of and apparatus for making a synthetic breakwater
US4711598A (en) * 1986-09-26 1987-12-08 Cecil Schaaf Beach erosion control device
US4784520A (en) * 1986-12-01 1988-11-15 Stevens C Leigh Shoreline protecting system and apparatus
US4818141A (en) * 1984-12-24 1989-04-04 Rauch Hans G Prefabricated erosion prevention wall
US4966491A (en) * 1989-08-01 1990-10-30 Sample Jay W Subsurface dune protection system and method
US4978247A (en) * 1986-05-05 1990-12-18 Lenson Walter J Erosion control device
US5015121A (en) * 1990-03-19 1991-05-14 Perret Gentil Hubert B Offshore erosion protection assembly
US5102257A (en) * 1990-03-30 1992-04-07 Richard E. Creter Breakwater
US5120156A (en) * 1990-08-31 1992-06-09 Rauch Hans G Submerged breakwater and barrier reef
US5123780A (en) * 1987-07-20 1992-06-23 Martinsen Ronald E Precast permeable breakwater unit
US5158395A (en) * 1985-01-17 1992-10-27 Holmberg Dick L Erosion control foundation mat and method
US5238326A (en) * 1992-04-03 1993-08-24 Creter Richard E Submerged breakwater for use as a perch for sand retention
US5536112A (en) * 1995-03-16 1996-07-16 Oertel, Ii; George F. Breakwater generating apparatus and process for controlling coastal erosion
US5741086A (en) * 1992-06-10 1998-04-21 Bores; Pedro Suarez Integrated, multiphase, energy-dissipating environmental system
US5895174A (en) * 1997-03-03 1999-04-20 Beaver; George M. Beach replenishment system
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US20040120768A1 (en) * 2002-12-23 2004-06-24 Won-Hoi Yang Frame type breakwater

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US247065A (en) * 1881-09-13 Hekry f
US2069715A (en) * 1935-10-29 1937-02-02 Beach Erosion Control Company Artificial reef
US3851476A (en) * 1972-11-29 1974-12-03 M Edwards Method and apparatus for breaking waves
US3888209A (en) * 1973-11-14 1975-06-10 Edmund R Boots Artificial reef
US4407608A (en) * 1981-07-27 1983-10-04 Hubbard Thom W Method and apparatus for controlling fluid currents
US4502816A (en) * 1983-06-27 1985-03-05 Creter Vault Corp. Shoreline breakwater
US4539078A (en) * 1984-10-22 1985-09-03 Synthetic Breakwater Method of and apparatus for making a synthetic breakwater
US4818141A (en) * 1984-12-24 1989-04-04 Rauch Hans G Prefabricated erosion prevention wall
US5158395A (en) * 1985-01-17 1992-10-27 Holmberg Dick L Erosion control foundation mat and method
US4978247A (en) * 1986-05-05 1990-12-18 Lenson Walter J Erosion control device
US4711598A (en) * 1986-09-26 1987-12-08 Cecil Schaaf Beach erosion control device
US4784520A (en) * 1986-12-01 1988-11-15 Stevens C Leigh Shoreline protecting system and apparatus
US5123780A (en) * 1987-07-20 1992-06-23 Martinsen Ronald E Precast permeable breakwater unit
US4966491A (en) * 1989-08-01 1990-10-30 Sample Jay W Subsurface dune protection system and method
US5015121A (en) * 1990-03-19 1991-05-14 Perret Gentil Hubert B Offshore erosion protection assembly
US5102257A (en) * 1990-03-30 1992-04-07 Richard E. Creter Breakwater
US5393169A (en) * 1990-03-30 1995-02-28 Richard E. Creter Breakwater
US5120156A (en) * 1990-08-31 1992-06-09 Rauch Hans G Submerged breakwater and barrier reef
US5238326A (en) * 1992-04-03 1993-08-24 Creter Richard E Submerged breakwater for use as a perch for sand retention
US5741086A (en) * 1992-06-10 1998-04-21 Bores; Pedro Suarez Integrated, multiphase, energy-dissipating environmental system
US5536112A (en) * 1995-03-16 1996-07-16 Oertel, Ii; George F. Breakwater generating apparatus and process for controlling coastal erosion
US6210072B1 (en) * 1996-10-03 2001-04-03 Fredrick Marelius Method and apparatus for erosion protecting a coast
US5924820A (en) * 1997-02-26 1999-07-20 Creter; Richard E. Anti-scour device and method for scour prevention
US5895174A (en) * 1997-03-03 1999-04-20 Beaver; George M. Beach replenishment system
US6565283B1 (en) * 1998-08-07 2003-05-20 Alethea Rosalind Melanie Hall Artificial reef unit and method of forming the same
US20040120768A1 (en) * 2002-12-23 2004-06-24 Won-Hoi Yang Frame type breakwater

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10501951B2 (en) 2014-06-08 2019-12-10 Surf Lakes Holdings Ltd Surfing wave generation
US10472785B2 (en) 2015-06-24 2019-11-12 Daniel WALDING Surf conditions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60122347T2 (de) 2007-08-16
EP1313921A1 (en) 2003-05-28
CA2419748A1 (en) 2002-03-14
EP1313921A4 (en) 2004-07-07
DE60122347D1 (de) 2006-09-28
ATE336618T1 (de) 2006-09-15
PT1313921E (pt) 2006-12-29
CA2419748C (en) 2010-04-13
EP1313921B1 (en) 2006-08-16
WO2002020905A1 (en) 2002-03-14
ES2271067T3 (es) 2007-04-16
AU8456701A (en) 2002-03-22
JP2004508471A (ja) 2004-03-18

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Legal Events

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AS Assignment

Owner name: ARTIFICIAL SURF REEFS LIMITED, NEW ZEALAND

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BLACK, KERRY PETER;REEL/FRAME:014124/0691

Effective date: 20030331

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO PAY ISSUE FEE