US20030146834A1 - Monitoring of critical dairy farm conditions - Google Patents

Monitoring of critical dairy farm conditions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030146834A1
US20030146834A1 US10/352,948 US35294803A US2003146834A1 US 20030146834 A1 US20030146834 A1 US 20030146834A1 US 35294803 A US35294803 A US 35294803A US 2003146834 A1 US2003146834 A1 US 2003146834A1
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Prior art keywords
milk
storage tank
temperature
alarm
information
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US10/352,948
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Hilco Stevens
John Stevens
Jack Bosman
Larry Wood
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Dairy Cheq Inc
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Dairy Cheq Inc
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Priority to US10/352,948 priority Critical patent/US20030146834A1/en
Assigned to DAIRY CHEQ INC. reassignment DAIRY CHEQ INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOSMAN, JACK B., STEVENS, HILCO, STEVENS, JOHN A., WOOD, LARRY J.
Publication of US20030146834A1 publication Critical patent/US20030146834A1/en
Priority to US11/534,795 priority patent/US7834774B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01J—MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
    • A01J5/00—Milking machines or devices
    • A01J5/007—Monitoring milking processes; Control or regulation of milking machines

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  • the present invention generally relates to the monitoring of the quality of the raw-milk which is produced and stored on dairy farms, and includes both systems and methods which are concerned herewith.
  • Raw milk from cows which is harvested with “milking” equipment on dairy farms is generally transferred via a network of piping, pumps, filters and possible heat exchangers into one or more storage tanks which are located on the dairy farm. Such harvesting sessions usually occur several times daily.
  • the raw milk which has been transferred into the storage tank should be cooled to a predefined industry standard temperature for raw milk storage, within an industry specified time frame, as specified by certain regulatory bodies.
  • raw milk is stored at temperatures no higher than 38° F. (3° C.) to ensure that small amounts of bacteria already existing in raw milk does not proliferate and degrade the quality of milk prior to transport to a processing plant.
  • the storage tanks on the dairy farm generally consist of a double-walled, insulated, stainless steel vessel. Some storage tanks may have an evaporator plate fixed to the outside of the inner stainless steel wall of the storage tank, through which a refrigerant is circulated as the means to remove the heat from the raw milk which is stored in the tank. Milk storage tanks without fixed cooling apparatus are also common, in which case the milk is cooled to the storage temperature for raw milk prior to entry into the storage tank.
  • the storage tank is charged with raw milk from one of any number of daily milking sessions, depending on the size of the cow herd and the number of times each cow is milked per day: At regular intervals (typically but not limited to once every 2 days) the raw milk is transferred to a milk transport truck for transport to a processing plant. Once empty, the storage tank is washed, sanitized and rinsed in preparation for subsequent storage of the next milking sessions.
  • this “clean-in-place” (CIP) procedure automatically circulates, first, a clear water rinse , followed by detergent solution (usually alkaline) during which the cleaning solution must maintain a temperature above a specified threshold (determined by the blend of cleaning chemicals) for a specified minimum period of time, generally a minimum of 110° F. (38° C.) for no less than 4 to 9 minutes. Following the detergent cleaning cycle, an acid solution is circulated. In some cases, a final cold or tepid water rinse is used.
  • the dairy farmer or herdsman would normally commence the next milk harvesting session during which raw milk will once again be transferred from the collection equipment to the storage tank.
  • milk harvesting and cooling/storage equipment require some degree of manual operation, varying with location.
  • operators are required to energize the milk harvesting and the cooling equipment circuits. Timing of procedures varies both within, and by location, and also by equipment configuration and brands. Freshly harvested raw milk from this first session must now be cooled within given allowable time periods. When the storage tank/condensing unit circuit is energized, the milk begins to cool to the required storage temperature.
  • a control thermostat will “call” for cooling, causing the condensing unit to operate, thereby circulating liquid refrigerant though heat exchangers. Refrigerant “boiling off” in the heat exchangers will draw the heat from the warm milk. On some farms, milk may be partially or fully cooled prior to transfer into the storage tank, using various models of heat exchangers. After a variable amount of time, a milk harvesting session will finish. Typically, the cooling cycle will continue past the completion of the milking session until the temperature inside the storage tank is at the required level and the control thermostat automatically de-energizes the condensing unit.
  • control thermostat may call for cooling if the temperature of the raw milk rises above the recommended storage temperature.
  • the control thermostat will continue to control the cooling process until the storage tank is again emptied at which time the cooling circuit will be energized.
  • the procedure begins in the same manner as the above-described first milking session.
  • the operator starts the milk harvesting equipment.
  • new warm raw milk from the second milking session is collected for storage, and is diluted with the cooled milk from previous session or sensors, creating a blended temperature.
  • the condensing unit circuit will be energized when the temperature inside the storage tank rises above the control thermostat set point. Sometime after the second milking session is over, blended milk will be cooled to the storage temperature and the thermostat will de-energize the condensing unit circuit.
  • any number of operator or mechanical errors can occur. Any one of these errors or combination of errors can cause less than optimal conditions for the storage of raw milk. Less than ideal storage conditions of raw milk will exponentially increase the level of bacterial growth in the stored raw milk causing the quality of the raw milk to decrease and in some cases to be rendered totally un-saleable. While in some cases the sub-optimal raw milk may still be used in certain procedures not requiring optimal quality raw milk, it is becoming the norm that the entire quantity of raw milk which is held in the storage tank be discarded as waste and the revenue to the dairy farmer is thus permanently lost.
  • the quality of the raw milk in the storage tank will be subjected to several qualitative tests prior to acceptance for processing.
  • the transport truck driver will visually inspect the milk, smell the milk and in some cases taste it. If the transport driver decides the milk is of poor quality, he may refuse to collect the milk and the stored milk will be dumped. Oral subjective testing is an inexact science and tends to put undue pressure on the tester. After passing the oral test, a sample of raw milk is collected for subsequent random laboratory testing for conditions in the raw milk that cannot be detected by the oral qualitative tests. A storage tank of raw milk may pass the qualitative tests on the farm but later be found to have been of poor quality. This will result in a warning being issued, possibly a penalty levied, and depending on recent history, the producers right to ship milk may be suspended until the cause of the infraction is identified and corrected.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,483, patented Jun. 19, 1984, by M. J. Schönhuber which was directed to a system for recording data relating to specific lots of milk.
  • the data were collected at delivery locations by a collecting vehicle and were brought by the vehicle to a collecting station.
  • the system included a recorder in the vehicle.
  • the recorder included data input means, a controlled unit means and memory means.
  • the system further included a collecting station where data from the vehicle was converted and stored on two different data carriers.
  • the system further included stationary data processing units which received the data from the two different data carrying units in the collecting stations.
  • a qualitative analysis of the composition of a sample of milk from an individual dairy animal was provided. Such analysis included an infra-red optical probe.
  • a system control and memory was connected to the milk flow meter and to the qualitative analysis.
  • a dairy herd code was entered into the system control and thereby initiated control of the herd and accessing stored data for herd and each individual dairy animal therein.
  • An individual dairy animal identification code was entered in the system control when the corresponding individual dairy animal was present at the milking machine, thereby activating the milk flow meter.
  • Quantitative milk production from the individual dairy animal was measured.
  • a sample of milk from the individual dairy animal was quantitatively analyzed. Completion of milking session as indicated by milk flow meter was detected, and memory data from the milking session was stored in the system.
  • a host computer managed both the flow of data throughout the system and the operation of the milk metering subsystems by way of a remotely-located system interface between the computer and each of the milk metering subsystems.
  • An RS-485 connection between each of the plurality of milk metering subsystems and system interface was included.
  • the system also included at least one antenna which received animal identification data for each of the animals being milked and electrically communicated that identification data the host computer.
  • a plurality of transponders was included in which one was located on an ear of each monitored animals.
  • a receiver was also provided for each stall. Milk production data was automatically transferred to the host computer after the expiration of a time period following a triggering even, at the end of a shift, or on demand.
  • the sensor was capable of sensing at least one parameter, e.g., the temperature of the material stored in the storage device.
  • the remote data acquisition system also included transmission means associated with the sensor and which was capable of outputting the information sensed by the sensor, or a data storage device to store the information sensed.
  • That patent also provided a method of allocating the type of processing accorded to material collected from a storage device.
  • the storage device incorporated at least one sensor which was capable of reading parameters, e.g., temperatures of material held within the storage device.
  • the method included the steps of outputting the information sensed from the sensor to a central processing station, and using the output information to coordinate the type of processing accorded in the material within the storage device.
  • That patentee also suggested monitoring the clean-in-place (CIP) equipment along with its efficiencies. For example, it was suggested by that patentee that water temperature and volumes could be monitored to ensure food hygiene standards were met with the automated CIP system, or with alternative methods used for cleaning milking machinery. However, there was no teaching of any alarm system to report failure of the CIP procedure.
  • CIP clean-in-place
  • HACCP Hazard and Critical Control Points standards
  • the process equipment including but not limited to the vacuum pump, the milk pump, the condensing unit, the storage tank and the interconnecting [hot gas return] piping that can provide information about the temperature of the raw milk prior to transfer into storage, temperature in the storage tank, performance and operations of cooling systems, event time stamping, and clean-in-place sessions.
  • the present invention provides for an easy-to-install system of sensors and communication devices that will allow operators to detect operating problems before they happen and to present this information in a HACCP-compliant way at a competitive cost.
  • One embodiment of this invention provides a system comprising sensors, e.g., analog and/or digital sensors, that are installed on equipment on a dairy farm that will report information through a communication device that sends the information over wire-line or wireless telephony to a network operations center that includes software.
  • the software is programmed to interpret that information and then, firstly, to determine whether the dairy farm operator needs to receive an alert or informational message via telephone or any other electronic communications device suggesting that the operator take appropriate action, and secondly, to present alert and sensor information on a customized secure web site that the operator can access to review the information and prepare the compliance reporting for HACCP-type activities.
  • a second embodiment of this invention provides a milk storage and quality control system. That system includes a milk flow line from a milking station to a milk storage tank. A sensor is provided determining the flow of milk in the milk line. A temperature sensor is provided in the milk flow line. A temperature sensor is also provided in a milk storage tank. An alarm is provided to warn when the temperature of milk in the milk storage tank is outside of upper and lower temperature limits. Means are provided to withdraw milk from the milk storage tank. In this system, the alarm provides an indication of the quality of milk which is stored in the storage tank so that appropriate corrective or other action may manually or automatically be taken with respect to the milk in the milk storage tank.
  • a third embodiment of this invention provides a first method of monitoring the storage of milk in a milk storage tank.
  • the method includes a first step of continuously monitoring the temperature of milk in the milk storage tank.
  • the next step involves providing an alarm when the temperature of milk in the milk storage tank is less than a preselected minimum temperature or more than a preselected maximum temperature.
  • the final step involves manually or automatically taking appropriate corrective or other action with respect to milk in the milk storage tank in response to the alarm.
  • a fourth embodiment of this invention provides a system for monitoring at least one parameter of a milk storage facility where milk is stored “on-site” in a dairy facility, and for automatically providing an alarm that such monitored parameter is outside of predefined thresholds.
  • the system includes at least one sensor to monitor at least one parameter, and to generate signals which provide data which is representative of the monitored parameter. That system includes an “on-site” communication device for receiving the data, for comparing the data with the predefined thresholds, for providing an alarm when the data is outside the thresholds.
  • the system also includes an “off-site” network communications center for receiving the signals from the secure web site, the network operations center having resident software which is programmed to process data which is received from the “on-site” communications device, and to generate preselected information signals.
  • the system is configured to add additional sensors, e.g., analog and/or digital sensors of various types at various locations at the dairy farm operation, to report information from those sensors on an alerting and informational basis, and to present that information on a customized secure web site that the operator can access to review the information and then to prepare the compliance reporting for HACCP-type or other activities.
  • additional sensors e.g., analog and/or digital sensors of various types at various locations at the dairy farm operation
  • the system is configured to have the alarming and reporting conditions of the system set by the operator through a customized secure web site.
  • the system is configured to instruct various mechanical devices on the dairy farm to perform various functions based on information which is received and interpreted by the software of the network operations center.
  • the system is configured to enable multiple users to review the information which is collected on any number of dairy farms in any number of location through the network operations center
  • the software is encoded with a net of business rules whereby that software can continually monitor any number of conditions on any number of dairy farms in any number of locations against a set of site-specific and regulatory thresholds of raw milk quality standards.
  • the milk storage and quality control system includes a refrigeration line to cool the milk storage tank, the refrigeration line including a refrigeration line temperature sensor, an alarm, so that the alarm provides an indication that the temperature in the refrigerant line is higher than a predetermined maximum temperature or lower than a predetermined minimum temperature so that appropriate corrective or other action may manually or automatically be taken with respect to the milk in the milk storage tank.
  • the milk storage and quality control system also includes a wash pump including a wash control, as well as a valve to disrupt the flow of milk into the milk storage tank prior to allowing entry of wash solution into the milk storage tank, and an alarm to indicate that the temperature of the wash or cleaning solution is outside preselected washing minimum and maximum temperatures, whereby the temperature sensor provides an indication of inadequate cleaning of the milk cleaning tank so that appropriate corrective or other action may manually or automatically be taken with respect to the temperature of the wash or cleaning solution.
  • the method includes the steps of continuously monitoring the temperature of refrigerant for the cooling of milk in the milk storage tank, providing an alarm when the temperature of the refrigerant is less than a preselected minimum cooling temperature or more than a preselected maximum cooling temperature, and manually or automatically taking appropriate corrective or other action.
  • the method includes the steps of continuously monitoring the volume of milk entering the milk storage tank, providing an alarm when the volume of milk is less than a predetermined minimum threshold value or more than a predetermined maximum threshold value, and manually or automatically taking appropriate corrective or other action.
  • the method includes the steps of continuously monitoring the temperature of milk in the milk storage tank, providing an alarm when the temperature of the milk is outside predetermined minimum and maximum threshold values, and manually or automatically taking appropriate corrective or other action.
  • the method monitoring the temperature of the hot wash or cleaning solution in the milk storage tank, providing an alarm when the temperature of the hot wash or cleaning solution is less than a predetermined minimum, or more than a predetermined maximum temperature, whereby the alarm provides an indication of the effectiveness of the cleaning of the milk storage tank, and manually or automatically taking appropriate corrective or other action.
  • the sensors include at least one of a storage tank temperature sensor, a condensing unit temperature sensor, a storage tank “clean-in-place” sensor, a vacuum pump sensor, a fill pipe sensor, a storage tank agitation sensor, a milk meter sensor and a harvesting equipment “clean-in-place” sensor.
  • the “on-site” communication device comprises a combined sensor receiver, data logger processor and two-way communicator, for providing signals to at least one of an “on-site” alarm system and an “on-site” display.
  • the software in the “off-site” network communication center is programmed to generate at least one of the following information signals: an alert signal to an “on-site” telephone; an alert signal to an “on-site” alarming device; an alert signal to any other “on-site” electronic communication device; an alert signal to a processor at a regulatory agency; an alert signal to a processor at a milk collection company; and a signal to a recorder to print a hard copy of the data for analysis and compliance reporting.
  • a system for monitoring of dairy farm process conditions monitors the physical characteristics of various operations on a dairy farm through the use of analog or digital sensors which are strategically located on, or in, piping, storage vessels, and livestock confinement areas.
  • the sensors are connected to an intelligent communication device that in turn relays the information via wire-line or wireless telephony to an “off-site” network operations center that can process the information from an unlimited number of farms in any location.
  • This network operations center includes software for analyzing the information in order to send out alarms for Hazard and Critical Control Points standards (“HACCP”). Data from each location is archived for further review or proof of process control for regulatory purposes available to the customer and regulatory bodies (on a need to know basis) through a secure, customer-specific internet website.
  • HACCP Hazard and Critical Control Points
  • on-site analog or digital sensors are attached to various parts of the equipment used to harvest and store the raw milk including the vacuum pump, the milk pump, the condensing unit, the milk storage tank(s) and the gas lines of the condensing unit.
  • Data reported by each sensor at each of the locations will initially be processed by an on-site communications device and then by software residing at the network operations center. Processed results will be compared against industry wide and customizable thresholds set for each specific location. Out-of-threshold conditions will generate instant or delayed alerts (based on the urgency and risk of the condition and the thresholds the farmer entered by way of the web site connection to the software of the networks operations center).
  • Alerts may be delivered to farmer-specified telephone numbers, on site alarming devices or any other means of electronic communication. Regardless of the alerts, the information from the sensors is recorded and is made available on a site-specific secure website for purposes of analysis and compliance reporting. The web-site will also present current news and information, information from any other customized sensing information on the farm as well as the opportunity to order supplies or services over the internet for later delivery.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a system for the pre-emptive monitoring of dairy production facilities.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a milk production, storage and milk delivery system.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the discrete components of one system of an embodiment of this invention and the data flow path of information.
  • Reference numbers 1 through 9 depict possible sensors which are strategically placed on/in equipment on the farm. The data generated by these sensors is used to monitor the procedures on the farm and are provided “on-site”.
  • reference No. 1 represents the storage tank temperature sensor
  • reference No. 2 represents the condensing unit temperature sensor
  • reference No. 3 represents the storage tank clean-in-place sensor
  • reference No. 4 represents the vacuum pump sensor
  • reference No. 5 represents the fill pipe sensor
  • reference No. 6 represents the storage tank agitation sensor
  • reference No. 7 represents the milk meter sensor
  • reference No. 8 represents the harvesting equipment clean-in-place sensor
  • reference No. 9 represents one or more future sensors.
  • the data from sensors reference Nos. 1 to 9 are fed to a combined sensor receiver, data logger and two-way communication, ( 10 ), which is an electronic device hereafter referred to as the “Communicator”.
  • the communicator ( 10 ) provides a two-way communication with an “on-site” switching network ( 12 ).
  • the communicator ( 10 ) communicates one-way with an “on-site” alarm system ( 13 ) and also with an “on-site” display ( 14 ), with output connections to any number of display devices.
  • Such display devices include personal computers, CE computing devices, PalmTM platform devices, and printers.
  • on-site are a telephone cell phone pager ( 11 ) and an “on-site” personal computer ( 20 ).
  • ISP Local internal service provider
  • local wireless internet 15 which provides two-way communication with an internet backbone ( 16 ) used for the economical instantaneous delivery and distribution of data are provided “off-site”.
  • Local ISP ( 15 ) provides the “on ramp” onto the internet backbone ( 16 ).
  • Local ISP ( 15 ) is the device by which out-of-condition alerts can be received, typically by way of a wire-line or cell phone, pager or wireless PIM which is capable of receiving text messaging. Alarms are acknowledged using a customer specific code. The time of acknowledgment is logged and stored as historical data.
  • local paging service ( 18 ) provides two-way communication with local emergency service company ( 19 ).
  • Internet backbone ( 16 ) provides two-way communication with a regulatory agency processor ( 23 ), a processor ( 22 ) and other need-to-know systems ( 21 ).
  • Processor ( 22 ) provides one-way communication to the milk collection transportation company ( 24 ) as well as to the regulatory agency processor ( 23 )..
  • the internet backbone ( 16 ) is in two-way communication with the network operation center [hereinafter NOC] ( 17 ).
  • the communicator ( 10 ) has capabilities which include: a) gathering information from the sensors; b) transmitting data to the NOC ( 17 ); c) receiving and applying logic (received from the NOC ( 17 )) to combinations of data received from the sensors for the purpose of aiding in the detection of imminent emergency situations; d) receiving and routing data to “on-site” switching networks ( 12 ); and e) controlling “on-site” alarming devices ( 13 ).
  • the NOC ( 17 ) is the control of the network. Data from the communicator ( 10 ) is processed by customized software residing in the NOC ( 17 ). “On-site” conditions found outside preprogrammed thresholds would generate responses relative to the type of out-of-condition situation. Alerts would be directed via a local paging service ( 18 ) to the customer to inform him of the type and severity of the out-of-condition situation. Alerts could also be directed to emergency service companies ( 19 ) for the purpose of prompt and efficient response to imminent out-of-condition situations.
  • Data which is received is converted and may be presented in a graphical manner for dissemination on a password-protected website which is available to the customer.
  • Converted data may be subdivided for selective analysis on a “need-to-know” basis to regulatory agencies, processors and other companies having interest in the successful operation of the dairy farm.
  • the on-site communicator ( 10 ) may also be provided with residual individual or industry wide revised threshold conditions and alarm logic.
  • the NOC ( 17 ) can monitor simultaneously any number of farms world-wide, yet provide a personalized site per location.
  • the NOC ( 17 ) can also accommodate regionalised custom settings.
  • FIG. 2 of the drawings shows a milk storage tank ( 210 ).
  • an agitator ( 211 ) for milk which is stored in the milk storage tank ( 210 ).
  • Agitator ( 211 ) is provided with a sensor ( 212 ) to monitor the operation of the agitator ( 211 ).
  • a storage tank temperature sensor ( 213 ) Also within the milk storage tank ( 210 ) is a storage tank temperature sensor ( 213 ).
  • Milk storage tank ( 210 ) is further provided with a milk withdrawal line ( 214 ), leading to a milk tank ( 215 ).
  • Milk storage tank ( 210 ) is also-provided with an incoming milk transfer line ( 216 ) which leads, via fill pipe ( 217 ), to the milk storage tank ( 210 ).
  • Milk transfer line ( 216 ) is provided with a heat exchanger ( 218 ) to control the temperature of milk in the milk transfer line ( 216 ), and with a milk transfer line temperature/flow sensor ( 219 ).
  • Milk from a milking station flows in a milk flow line ( 220 ) to a transfer pump ( 221 ).
  • the milk flow line ( 220 ) is equipped with a milk meter volume sensor ( 222 ).
  • Transfer pump ( 221 ) is used to transfer raw milk from the milk harvesting equipment to the milk storage tank ( 210 ).
  • Milk in the milk storage tank ( 210 ) is cooled by means of a condensing unit ( 225 ).
  • the high side gas line ( 226 ) of the condenser unit ( 223 ) is provided with a refrigerant line temperature sensor ( 224 ).
  • the condensing unit ( 225 ) also includes a low side gas line ( 228 ).
  • a clean-in-place (hereinafter CIP) system In order to clean the milk storage tank ( 210 ) after each load has been discharged therefrom, a clean-in-place (hereinafter CIP) system is provided.
  • the CIP system includes a CIP vat ( 229 ) which is provided with a harvesting equipment CIP sensor ( 230 ) and is connected to the transfer pump ( 221 ) via wash or cleaning solution line ( 231 ).
  • a valve ( 232 ) is provided at the intersection of lines ( 231 ) and ( 216 ). Valve ( 232 ) controls the unique flow of wash or cleaning solution from line ( 231 ) to line ( 216 ), or the unique flow of milk from line ( 220 ) to line ( 216 ).
  • This system also includes a wash or cleaning solution pump ( 233 ) and a wash or cleaning solution control ( 234 ) connected thereto by control line ( 238 ).
  • the wash or cleaning solution pump is equipped with a wash pump operation sensor ( 236 )
  • milk from the milk flow line is metered and pumped into the milk storage tank after having passed through a heat exchanger to reduce its temperature to an industry-standard raw milk storage temperature.
  • the temperature of the milk in the milk storage tank after every milking cycle is continuously monitored. If the temperature is less than 36° F., an alarm is triggered to warn of freezing, and manually or automatically to institute corrective or other action. In addition, the refrigerant line temperature sensor alarm may be triggered to indicate that the excess cooling might be due to a fault in the condensing unit, and manually or automatically to institute corrective or other action. If the temperature of milk in the milk storage tank exceeds 40° F. there is a possibility of spoilage of the milk or a degradation of its quality for some future processing. The storage tank temperature sensor is triggered so that appropriate corrective or other action may manually or automatically be taken, either to check the operation of the heat exchanger and/or the operation of the condensing unit and/or the operation of the storage tank agitator.
  • Total quality management is supported through the system.
  • the live data accessed can be referenced to the producing dairy farm permitting the farmer and processing dairy factory to have complete analysis on quality and quantity of milk produced together the efficiencies of processing farm dairy equipment including milk storage tanks, milk silos or other holding vessels and the corresponding refrigeration/chiller systems. It also allows operators to take corrective action before the quality of the raw milk decreases.
  • Milk collection service completed by the dairy company milk tankers and private contractors may be aided by the availability of live data from the producing dairy farms.
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CA2417398A1 (fr) 2003-07-29

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