Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/221—Organic compounds containing nitrogen compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
  • C10L1/2387—Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B75/00—Other engines
  • F02B75/12—Other methods of operation
  • F02B2075/125—Direct injection in the combustion chamber for spark ignition engines, i.e. not in pre-combustion chamber
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• the present invention relates to new spark-ignition fuel compositions and methods for controlling, i.e. reducing or eliminating, deposits in direct injection gasoline (DIG) engines. More particularly, the invention relates to fuel compositions comprising a spark-ignition fuel and a fuel-soluble injector deposit control additive comprising imidazolines, amides or mixtures of imidazolines and amides and the use of said fuel compositions in DIG engines to control injector plugging.
• DIG direct injection gasoline
• Direct injection gasoline (DIG) technology is currently on a steep developmental curve because of its high potential for improved fuel economy and power.
• the fuel economy benefits translate directly into lower carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas that could contribute to possible global warming.
• MPI multi-port injection
• a direct injection gasoline engine injects gasoline directly into the combustion chamber like a diesel engine so that it becomes possible to form a stratified fuel mixture which contains greater than the stoichiometric amount of fuel in the neighborhood of the spark plug but highly lean in the entire combustion chamber. Due to the formation of such a stratified fuel mixture, combustion with the overall highly lean mixture can be achieved, leading to an improvement in fuel consumption approaching that of a diesel engine.
• Injection timing is controlled to match load conditions.
• the fuel control provides combustion of an ultra lean mixture of gasoline and air for higher fuel efficiency than diesel engines.
• a compression ratio of about 12.0 compared to that of about 10.5 for multi port injection engines delivers higher volumetric efficiency and response, surpassing conventional MPI engine performance.
• DIG injectors are exposed to a much harsher environment than conventional spark-ignition engines with port fuel injectors (PFI). This more severe environment can accelerate fuel degradation and oxidation resulting in increased deposits.
• PFI port fuel injectors
• DIG technology promises about a third less carbon dioxide emissions than comparable conventional multi-port injection. This is achieved with a 10-15% improvement in fuel consumption when operating in the homogeneous mode, and up to 35% when operating in the lean stratified mode. Fuel economy benefits also translate into fossil energy conservation and savings for the consumer. In addition, the DIG operation platform facilitates up to a 10% power increase for the same fuel burned in the equivalent MPI configuration.
• Fuel related deposits in DIG engines are an issue of current interest since this technology is now commercial in Japan and Europe. Fuel injector performance is at the forefront of this issue because the DIG combustion system relies heavily on fuel spray consistency to realize its advantages in fuel economy and power, and to minimize exhaust emissions. A consistent spray pattern enables more precise electronic control of the combustion event and the exhaust after-treatment system.
• the present invention is directed to a fuel composition
• a fuel composition comprising (a) a spark-ignition internal combustion fuel; and (b) a fuel-soluble deposit control additive. Further, this invention is directed to methods of controlling deposits in direct injection gasoline engines.
• the inventive composition is provided as an aftermarket or “top treat” composition.
• the deposit control additives of the present invention are made by the reaction of a monocarboxylic acid and a polyamine to produce imidazolines, amides or mixtures thereof.
• the monocarboxylic acids for use in the present invention are preferably of the formula:
• R 1 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic, C 7-23 hydrocarbyl group.
• Suitable acids include 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, tall oil acids, linoleic acid, oleic acid, naphthenic acids, as well as isomers and mixtures thereof.
• the acids used to form the reaction products of the present invention will contain low amounts of unsaturation, preferably no unsaturation, such that the reaction products of the present invention have Iodine Values of 150 or less. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, Iodine Value is a measure of unsaturation.
• reaction products will have an Iodine Value of 125 or less, more preferably 75 or less, even more preferably 25 or less and most preferably 5 or less. While the reaction products of the present invention effectively control injector deposits in DIG engines, it is preferred to use reaction products having low Iodine Values in fuels that may or will be used in MPI engines.
• Representative polyamines include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, and 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol.
• the reaction products, (b), of the present invention are prepared by reacting a monocarboxylic acid and a polyamine under conditions suitable to form imidazolines, amides or mixtures thereof.
• the condensation reaction among the monocarboxylic acid and the polyamine may be conducted at a temperature typically in the range of from 40 to 250° C.
• the reaction can be conducted in bulk (no diluent or solvent) or in a solvent or diluent, for example, a hydrocarbon solvent. Water is evolved and can be removed by azeotropic distillation during the course of the reaction.
• the mole ratio of monocarboxylic acid to polyamine will be in the range of 1 to 3, preferably 1 to 2, more preferably 1 to 1.5, moles of monocarboxylic acid to 1 mole of polyamine.
• reaction products are preferably added to the fuel composition in an amount sufficient to provide control, including reduction or elimination of, deposits.
• the reaction products are preferably added to the fuel in proportions effective to reduce the volume of injector deposits in a direct injection gasoline engine operated on said fuel containing said reaction products to below the volume of injector deposits in said engine operated in the same manner on the same fuel except that it is devoid of said reaction products.
• the reaction products of the present invention are present in an amount sufficient to provide 0.1 to 15, preferably 0.3 to 10, more preferably 0.5 to 7, and most preferably 0.5 to 5, pounds of additive per 1000 barrels of fuel.
• the fuel compositions of the present invention may contain supplemental additives in addition to the injector deposit control additives described above.
• Said supplemental additives include dispersants/detergents, antioxidants, carrier fluids, metal deactivators, dyes, markers, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, antistatic additives, drag reducing agents, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, dehazers, anti-icing additives, antiknock additives, anti-valve-seat recession additives, lubricity additives, surfactants and combustion improvers.
• the fuel compositions of the present invention may, and typically do, contain high molecular weight amine detergents.
• the amine detergents include those well known in the art for use in fuels for MPI engines to control intake valve deposits.
• Suitable amine detergents for use in the present invention include nitrogen-containing derivatives of hydrocarbyl succinic acylating agents, Mannich condensation products, hydrocarbyl amines and polyetheramines.
• the amine detergents are typically present in an amount sufficient to control intake valve deposits and are typically present in an amount of from 5 to 100 pounds by weight of additive per thousand barrels by volume of fuel.
• the nitrogen-containing derivatives of hydrocarbyl succinic acylating agents suitable for use in the present invention include hydrocarbyl succinimides, succinamides, succinimide-amides and succinimide-esters.
• the nitrogen-containing derivatives of hydrocarbyl succinic acylating agents are typically prepared by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agent with a polyamine.
• the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agents include the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid halides (especially the acid fluorides and acid chlorides), and the esters of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and lower alcohols (e.g., those containing up to 7 carbon atoms), that is, hydrocarbyl-substituted compounds which can function as carboxylic acylating agents.
• hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides and mixtures of such acids and anhydrides are generally preferred, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides being particularly preferred.
• the acylating agent is preferably made by reacting a polyolefin of appropriate molecular weight (with or without chlorine) with maleic anhydride.
• carboxylic reactants can be employed such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, citraconic anhydride, mesaconic acid, ethylmaleic anhydride, dimethylmaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, hexylmaleic acid, and the like, including the corresponding acid halides and lower aliphatic esters.
• hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides may be prepared by the thermal reaction of a polyolefin and maleic anhydride, as described, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,361,673 and 3,676,089.
• the substituted succinic anhydrides can be prepared by the reaction of chlorinated polyolefins with maleic anhydride, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,892.
• a further discussion of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435; 5,620,486 and 5,393,309.
• the mole ratio of maleic anhydride to olefin can vary widely. It may vary, for example, from 5:1 to 1:5, a more preferred range is 3:1 to 1:3, preferably the maleic anhydride is used in stoichiometric excess, e.g. 1.1-5 moles maleic anhydride per mole of olefin.
• the unreacted maleic anhydride can be vaporized from the resultant reaction mixture.
• Polyalkenyl succinic anhydrides may be converted to polyalkyl succinic anhydrides by using conventional reducing conditions such as catalytic hydrogenation.
• a preferred catalyst is palladium on carbon.
• polyalkenyl succinimides may be converted to polyalkyl succinimides using similar reducing conditions.
• the hydrocarbyl substituent on the succinic anhydrides employed in the invention is generally derived from polyolefins that are polymers or copolymers of mono-olefins, particularly 1-mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and the like.
• the mono-olefin employed will have 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably, about 3 to 12 carbon atoms. More preferred mono-olefins include propylene, butylene, particularly isobutylene, 1-octene and 1-decene.
• Polyolefins prepared from such mono-olefins include polypropylene, polybutene, polyisobutene, and the polyalphaolefins produced from 1-octene and 1-decene.
• a particularly preferred polyalkyl or polyalkenyl substituent is one derived from polyisobutene.
• Suitable polyisobutenes for use in preparing the succinimide-acids of the present invention include those polyisobutenes that comprise at least about 20% of the more reactive methylvinylidene isomer, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 70%.
• Suitable polyisobutenes include those prepared using BF 3 catalysts. The preparation of such polyisobutenes in which the methylvinylidene isomer comprises a high percentage of the total composition is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,152,499 and 4,605,808.
• Hydrocarbyl succinimides are obtained by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substitued succinic anhydride, acid, acid-ester or lower alkyl ester with an amine containing at least one primary amine group. Representative examples are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,202,678; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,254,025, 3,216,936, 4,234,435; and 5,575,823.
• the alkenyl succinic anhydride may be prepared readily by heating a mixture of olefin and maleic anhydride to about 180-220° C.
• the olefin is preferably a polymer or copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, isobutene and the like.
• the more preferred source of alkenyl group is from polyisobutene having a molecular weight up to 5000 or higher.
• the alkenyl is a polyisobutene group having a molecular weight of about 500-2000 and most preferably about 700-1500.
• Amines which may be reacted with the alkenyl succinic anhydride to form the hydrocarbyl-succinimide include any that have at least one primary amine group that can react to form an imide group.
• a few representative examples are: methylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-dodecylamine, stearylamine, N,N-dimethyl-propanediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine, N-dodecyl propanediamine, N-aminopropyl piperazine ethanolamine, N-ethanol ethylene diamine and the like.
• Preferred amines include the alkylene polyamines such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, di-(1,2-butylene)-triamine, tetra-(1,2-propylene)pentaamine.
• the most preferred amines are the ethylene polyamines which have the formula H 2 N(CH 2 CH 2 NH) n H wherein n is an integer from one to ten.
• These ethylene polyamines include ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetraamine, tetraethylene pentaamine, pentaethylene hexaamine, and the like, including mixtures thereof in which case n is the average value of the mixture.
• These ethylene polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so can form mono-alkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides.
• hydrocarbyl succinimides for use in the present invention are the products of reaction of a polyethylenepolyamine, e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine, with a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably polyisobutene, having a molecular weight of 500 to 2,000, especially 700 to 1500, with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g. maleic anhydride.
• a polyethylenepolyamine e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine
• a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably polyisobutene, having a molecular weight of 500 to 2,000, especially 700 to 1500
• an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride e.g. maleic anhydride.
• the Mannich base detergents suitable for use in the present invention include the reaction products of a high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, aldehydes and amines.
• the alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, aldehydes and amines used in making the Mannich reaction products of the present invention may be any such compounds known and applied in the art, in accordance with the foregoing limitations.
• the high molecular weight alkyl substituents on the benzene ring of the hydroxyaromatic compound are derived from polyolefin having a number average molecular weight (M n ) of from about 500 to about 3000, preferably from about 700 to about 2100, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It is also preferred that the polyolefin used have a polydispersity (weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight) in the range of about 1 to about 4 (preferably from about 1 to about 2) as determined by GPC.
• M n number average molecular weight
• GPC gel permeation chromatography
• the alkylation of the hydroxyaromatic compound is typically performed in the presence of an alkylating catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 0 to about 200° C., preferably 0 to 100° C.
• Acidic catalysts are generally used to promote Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
• Typical catalysts used in commercial production include sulphuric acid, BF 3 , aluminum phenoxide, methanesulphonic acid, cationic exchange resin, acidic clays and modified zeolites.
• Polyolefins suitable for forming the high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds include polypropylene, polybutenes, polyisobutylene, copolymers of butylene and/or butylene and propylene, copolymers of butylene and/or isobutylene and/or propylene, and one or more mono-olefinic comonomers copolymerizable therewith (e.g., ethylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, etc.) where the copolymer molecule contains at least 50% by weight, of butylene and/or isobutylene and/or propylene units.
• mono-olefinic comonomers e.g., ethylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, etc.
• the comonomers polymerized with propylene or such butenes may be aliphatic and can also contain non-aliphatic groups, e.g., styrene, o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, divinyl benzene and the like.
• non-aliphatic groups e.g., styrene, o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, divinyl benzene and the like.
• the resulting polymers and copolymers used in forming the high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds are substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers.
• Polybutylene is preferred. Unless otherwise specified herein, the term “polybutylene” is used in a generic sense to include polymers made from “pure” or “substantially pure” 1-butene or isobutene, and polymers made from mixtures of two or all three of 1-butene, 2-butene and isobutene. Commercial grades of such polymers may also contain insignificant amounts of other olefins. So-called high reactivity polyisobutenes having relatively high proportions of polymer molecules having a terminal vinylidene group are also suitable for use in forming the long chain alkylated phenol reactant.
• Suitable high-reactivity polyisobutenes include those polyisobutenes that comprise at least about 20% of the more reactive methylvinylidene isomer, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 70%.
• Suitable polyisobutenes include those prepared using BF 3 catalysts. The preparation of such polyisobutenes in which the methylvinylidene isomer comprises a high percentage of the total composition is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,152,499 and 4,605,808.
• the Mannich detergent may be made from a high molecular weight alkylphenol or alkylcresol.
• other phenolic compounds may be used including high molecular weight alkyl-substituted derivatives of resorcinol, hydroquinone, catechol, hydroxydiphenyl, benzylphenol, phenethylphenol, naphthol, tolylnaphthol, among others.
• Preferred for the preparation of the Mannich detergents are the polyalkylphenol and polyalkylcresol reactants, e.g., polypropylphenol, polybutylphenol, polypropylcresol and polybutylcresol, wherein the alkyl group has a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 2100, while the most preferred alkyl group is a polybutyl group derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 1300.
• the polyalkylphenol and polyalkylcresol reactants e.g., polypropylphenol, polybutylphenol, polypropylcresol and polybutylcresol
• the alkyl group has a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 2100
• the most preferred alkyl group is a polybutyl group derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 1300.
• the preferred configuration of the high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound is that of a para-substituted mono-alkylphenol or a para-substituted mono-alkyl ortho-cresol.
• any hydroxyaromatic compound readily reactive in the Mannich condensation reaction may be employed.
• Mannich products made from hydroxyaromatic compounds having only one ring alkyl substituent, or two or more ring alkyl substituents are suitable for use in this invention.
• the long chain alkyl substituents may contain some residual unsaturation, but in general, are substantially saturated alkyl groups.
• Representative amine reactants include, but are not limited to, alkylene polyamines having at least one suitably reactive primary or secondary amino group in the molecule. Other substituents such as hydroxyl, cyano, amido, etc., can be present in the polyamine.
• the alkylene polyamine is a polyethylene polyamine.
• Suitable alkylene polyamine reactants include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine and mixtures of such amines having nitrogen contents corresponding to alkylene polyamines of the formula H 2 N—(A-NH—) n H, where A is divalent ethylene or propylene and n is an integer of from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4.
• the alkylene polyamines may be obtained by the reaction of ammonia and dihalo alkanes, such as dichloro alkanes.
• the amine may also be an aliphatic diamine having one primary or secondary amino group and at least one tertiary amino group in the molecule.
• suitable polyamines include N,N,N′′,N′′-tetraalkyldialkylenetriamines (two terminal tertiary amino groups and one central secondary amino group), N,N,N′,N′′-tetraalkyltrialkylenetetramines (one terminal tertiary amino group, two internal tertiary amino groups and one terminal primary amino group), N,N,N′,N′′,N′′′-pentaalkyltrialkylenetetramines (one terminal tertiary amino group, two internal tertiary amino groups and one terminal secondary amino group), N,N-dihydroxyalkyl-alpha, omega-alkylenediamines (one terminal tertiary amino group and one terminal primary amino group), N,N,N′-trihydroxyalkyl-alpha, omega-alkylenediamine
• these alkyl groups are methyl and/or ethyl groups.
• Preferred polyamine reactants are N,N-dialkyl-alpha, omega-alkylenediamine, such as those having from 3 to about 6 carbon atoms in the alkylene group and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in each of the alkyl groups, which most preferably are the same but which can be different. Most preferred is N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and N-methyl piperazine.
• Examples of polyamines having one reactive primary or secondary amino group that can participate in the Mannich condensation reaction, and at least one sterically hindered amino group that cannot participate directly in the Mannich condensation reaction to any appreciable extent include N-(tert-butyl)-1,3-propanediamine, N-neopentyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-(tert-butyl)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(tert-butyl)-1-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, and 3,5-di(tert-butyl)aminoethylpiperazine.
• Representative aldehydes for use in the preparation of the Mannich base products include the aliphatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, caproaldehyde, heptaldehyde, stearaldehyde.
• Aromatic aldehydes which may be used include benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde.
• Illustrative heterocyclic aldehydes for use herein are furfural and thiophene aldehyde, etc.
• formaldehyde-producing reagents such as paraformaldehyde, or aqueous formaldehyde solutions such as formalin. Most preferred is formaldehyde or formalin.
• the condensation reaction among the alkylphenol, the specified amine(s) and the aldehyde may be conducted at a temperature typically in the range of about 40° to about 200° C.
• the reaction can be conducted in bulk (no diluent or solvent) or in a solvent or diluent. Water is evolved and can be removed by azeotropic distillation during the course of the reaction.
• the Mannich reaction products are formed by reacting the alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, the amine and aldehyde in the molar ratio of 1.0:0.5-2.0:1.0-3.0, respectively.
• Suitable Mannich base detergents for use in the present invention include those detergents taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,759; 5,514,190; 5,634,951; 5,697,988; 5,725,612; and 5,876,468, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Hydrocarbyl amine detergents are known materials prepared by known process technology.
• One common process involves halogenation of a long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon such as a polymer of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutene, or copolymers such as
• Suitable aliphatic polyamines involves controlled oxidation (e.g., with air or a peroxide) of a polyolefin such as polyisobutene followed by reaction of the oxidized polyolefin with a polyamine.
• controlled oxidation e.g., with air or a peroxide
• a polyolefin such as polyisobutene
• reaction of the oxidized polyolefin with a polyamine e.g., polyisobutene
• the long chain substituent(s) of the hydrocarbyl amine detergent most preferably contain(s) an average of 40 to 350 carbon atoms in the form of alkyl or alkenyl groups (with or without a small residual amount of halogen substitution).
• Alkenyl substituents derived from poly-alpha-olefin homopolymers or copolymers of appropriate molecular weight e.g., propene homopolymers, butene homopolymers, C 3 and C 4 alpha-olefin copolymers, and the like are suitable.
• the substituent is a polyisobutenyl group formed from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight (as determined by gel permeation chromatography) in the range of 500 to 2000, preferably 600 to 1800, most preferably 700 to 1600.
• Polyetheramines suitable for use as the detergents of the present invention are “single molecule” additives, incorporating both amine and polyether functionalities within the same molecule.
• the polyether backbone can be based on propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, butylene oxide, or mixtures of these. The most preferred are propylene oxide or butylene oxide or mixture thereof to impart good fuel solubility.
• the polyetheramines can be monoamines, diamines or triamines. Examples of commercially available polyetheramines are those under the tradename JeffaminesTM available from Huntsman Chemical company and the poly(oxyalkylene)carbamates available from Chevron Chemical Company. The molecular weight of the polyetheramines will typically range from 500 to 3000.
• polyetheramines are those compounds taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,191,537; 4,236,020; 4,288,612; 5,089,029; 5,112,364; 5,322,529; 5,514,190 and 5,522,906.
• the injector deposit control additive (with our without other additives) is employed in amounts sufficient to reduce or eliminate deposits including injector deposits and/or control soot formation.
• the fuels will contain minor amounts of the injector deposit control additive proportioned so as to prevent, reduce or eliminate formation of engine deposits, especially fuel injector deposits.
• the fuel compositions of this invention will contain an amount of injector deposit control additive sufficient to provide from about 0.1-15, preferably 0.3-10, more preferably 0.5-7, most preferably 0.5 to 5, pounds by weight of additive per thousand barrels by volume of fuel.
• the base fuels used in formulating the fuel compositions of the present invention include any base fuels suitable for use in the operation of direct injection gasoline engines such as leaded or unleaded motor gasolines, and so-called reformulated gasolines which typically contain both hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range and fuel-soluble oxygenated blending agents (“oxygenates”), such as alcohols, ethers and other suitable oxygen-containing organic compounds.
• the fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline boiling range. This fuel may consist of straight chain or branch chain paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons or any mixture of these.
• the gasoline can be derived from straight run naptha, polymer gasoline, natural gasoline or from catalytically reformed stocks boiling in the range from about 80° to about 450° F.
• the octane level of the gasoline is not critical and any conventional gasoline may be employed in the practice of this invention.
• Oxygenates suitable for use in the present invention include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, mixed C 1 to C 5 alcohols, methyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether and mixed ethers. Oxygenates, when used, will normally be present in the base fuel in an amount below about 30% by volume, and preferably in an amount that provides an oxygen content in the overall fuel in the range of about 0.5 to about 5 percent by volume.
• the detergents are preferably used with a liquid carrier or induction aid.
• a liquid carrier or induction aid can be of various types, such as for example liquid poly- ⁇ -olefin oligomers, mineral oils, liquid poly(oxyalkylene) compounds, liquid alcohols or polyols, polyalkenes, liquid esters, and similar liquid carriers. Mixtures of two or more such carriers can be employed.
• Preferred liquid carriers include 1) a mineral oil or a blend of mineral oils that have a viscosity index of less than about 120, 2) one or more poly- ⁇ -olefin oligomers, 3) one or more poly(oxyalkylene) compounds having an average molecular weight in the range of about 500 to about 3000, 4) polyalkenes, 5) polyalkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds or 6) mixtures thereof.
• the mineral oil carrier fluids that can be used include paraffinic, naphthenic and asphaltic oils, and can be derived from various petroleum crude oils and processed in any suitable manner.
• the mineral oils may be solvent extracted or hydrotreated oils. Reclaimed mineral oils can also be used. Hydrotreated oils are the most preferred.
• the mineral oil used has a viscosity at 40° C. of less than about 1600 SUS, and more preferably between about 300 and 1500 SUS at 40° C.
• Paraffinic mineral oils most preferably have viscosities at 40° C. in the range of about 475 SUS to about 700 SUS.
• the mineral oil it is highly desirable that the mineral oil have a viscosity index of less than about 100, more preferably, less than about 70 and most preferably in the range of from about 30 to about 60.
• the poly- ⁇ -olefins (PAO) suitable for use as carrier fluids are the hydrotreated and unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefin oligomers, i.e., hydrogenated or unhydrogenated products, primarily trimers, tetramers and pentamers of ⁇ -olefin monomers, which monomers contain from 6 to 12, generally 8 to 12 and most preferably about 10 carbon atoms.
• Their synthesis is outlined in Hydrocarbon Processing, February 1982, page 75 et seq., and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,763,244; 3,780,128; 4,172,855; 4,218,330; and 4,950,822.
• the usual process essentially comprises catalytic oligomerization of short chain linear alpha olefins (suitably obtained by catalytic treatment of ethylene).
• the poly- ⁇ -olefins used as carriers will usually have a viscosity (measured at 100° C.) in the range of 2 to 20 centistokes (cSt).
• the poly- ⁇ -olefin has a viscosity of at least 8 cSt, and most preferably about 10 cSt at 100° C.
• poly (oxyalkylene) compounds which are among the preferred carrier fluids for use in this invention are fuel-soluble compounds which can be represented by the following formula
• R A is typically a hydrogen, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, hydroxy, amino, hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aralkyl, etc.), amino-substituted hydrocarbyl, or hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group
• R B is an alkylene group having 2-10 carbon atoms (preferably 2-4 carbon atoms)
• R C is typically a hydrogen, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, hydroxy, amino, hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aralkyl, etc.), amino-substituted hydrocarbyl, or hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group
• n is an integer from 1 to 500 and preferably in the range of from 3 to 120 representing the number (usually an average number) of repeating alkyleneoxy groups.
• R B can be the same or different alkylene group and where different, can be arranged randomly or in blocks.
• Preferred poly (oxyalkylene) compounds are monools comprised of repeating units formed by reacting an alcohol with one or more alkylene oxides, preferably one alkylene oxide, more preferably propylene oxide or butylene oxide.
• the average molecular weight of the poly (oxyalkylene) compounds used as carrier fluids is preferably in the range of from about 500 to about 3000, more preferably from about 750 to about 2500, and most preferably from above about 1000 to about 2000.
• poly (oxyalkylene) compounds are comprised of the hydrocarbyl-terminated poly(oxyalkylene) monools such as are referred to in the passage at column 6, line 20 to column 7 line 14 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,416 and references cited in that passage, said passage and said references being fully incorporated herein by reference.
• a preferred sub-group of poly (oxyalkylene) compounds is comprised of one or a mixture of alkylpoly (oxyalkylene)monools which in its undiluted state is a gasoline-soluble liquid having a viscosity of at least about 70 centistokes (cSt) at 40° C. and at least about 13 cSt at 100° C.
• cSt centistokes
• monools formed by propoxylation of one or a mixture of alkanols having at least about 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably in the range of about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.
• the poly (oxyalkylene) carriers used in the practice of this invention preferably have viscosities in their undiluted state of at least about 60 cSt at 40° C. (more preferably at least about 70 cSt at 40° C.) and at least about 11 cSt at 100° C. (more preferably at least about 13 cSt at 100° C.).
• the poly (oxyalkylene) compounds used in the practice of this invention preferably have viscosities in their undiluted state of no more than about 400 cSt at 40° C. and no more than about 50 cSt at 100° C. More preferably, their viscosities will not exceed about 300 cSt at 40° C. and will not exceed about 40 cSt at 100° C.
• Preferred poly (oxyalkylene) compounds also include poly (oxyalkylene) glycol compounds and monoether derivatives thereof that satisfy the above viscosity requirements and that are comprised of repeating units formed by reacting an alcohol or polyalcohol with an alkylene oxide, such as propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide with or without use of ethylene oxide, and especially products in which at least 80 mole % of the oxyalkylene groups in the molecule are derived from 1,2-propylene oxide.
• an alkylene oxide such as propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide with or without use of ethylene oxide
• the poly (oxyalkylene) compounds when used, pursuant to this invention will contain a sufficient number of branched oxyalkylene units (e.g., methyldimethyleneoxy units and/or ethyldimethyleneoxy units) to render the poly (oxyalkylene) compound gasoline soluble.
• branched oxyalkylene units e.g., methyldimethyleneoxy units and/or ethyldimethyleneoxy units
• Suitable poly (oxyalkylene) compounds for use in the present invention include those taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,514,190; 5,634,951; 5,697,988; 5,725,612; 5,814,111 and 5,873,917, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the polyalkenes suitable for use as carrier fluids in the present invention include polypropene and polybutene.
• the polyalkenes of the present invention preferably have a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of less than 4. In a preferred embodiment, the polyalkenes have a MWD of 1.4 or below.
• Preferred polybutenes have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 500 to about 2000, preferably 600 to about 1000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Suitable polyalkenes for use in the present invention are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,373.
• polyalkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds suitable for use as carrier fluid in the present invention include those compounds known in the art as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,849,085; 4,231,759; 4,238,628; 5,300,701; 5,755,835 and 5,873,917, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the ratio (wt/wt) of detergent to carrier fluid(s) is typically in the range of from 1:0.1 to 1:3.
• the additives used in formulating the preferred fuels of the present invention can be blended into the base fuel individually or in various sub-combinations. However, it is preferable to blend all of the components concurrently using an additive concentrate as this takes advantage of the mutual compatibility afforded by the combination of ingredients when in the form of an additive concentrate. Also use of a concentrate reduces blending time and lessens the possibility of blending errors.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for controlling injector deposits in a direct injection gasoline engine which comprises introducing into a direct injection gasoline engine with the combustion intake charge a spark-ignition fuel composition comprising a) a spark-ignition fuel and b) a fuel-soluble deposit control additive as described herein.
• the fuel-soluble additives (b) may be supplied in the form of a concentrate for use as an after-market additive or top treat for addition to the fuel in the vehicle or fuel storage facility.
• Another preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises fuel compositions containing the fuel-soluble additives (b) described herein.
• Modifications to the engine included replacing the exhaust-side spark plugs with pre-production high-pressure common rail direct injectors, removing the OEM spark and fuel system, and installing a high-pressure fuel system and universal engine controller.
• Table 1 summarizes the specifications of the modified test engine. For homogeneous combustion, flat-top pistons and the conventional gasoline spark ignition combustion chamber design were found to be sufficient for this type of research work. The injectors were located on the hot (i.e. exhaust) side of the engine to favor high tip temperatures to promote injector deposit.
• the rate of injector deposit formation was evaluated through the use of this specially developed steady-state engine test.
• Engine operating conditions for each test point were determined by mapping injector tip temperatures throughout the engine operating map range.
• the injectors were modified with thermocouples at the tip. Key parameters were inlet air and fuel temperatures, engine speed, and engine load. The inlet air and fuel temperatures were subsequently controlled at 35° C. and 32° C., respectively.
• tip temperature remained constant at engine speeds of 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 rpm. However, at constant engine speed, tip temperatures increase with load. For five load points, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg/stroke air charge, increasing tip temperatures of 120, 140, 157, 173, and 184° C., respectively, were observed for each load.
• the test was divided into three periods: engine warm-up, an operator-assisted period, and test period.
• Engine speed was controlled using the engine dynamometer controller, and the engine throttle was manipulated to control air charge using a standard automotive airflow meter as feedback in a closed-loop control system.
• Engine fueling was controlled in two ways. During warm-up, injector pulse width was controlled using a standard mass airflow strategy and exhaust gas sensor controlling the air/fuel mixture to stoichiometric. During the operator interaction period, the pulse width was manually set for each injector using wide-range lambda sensors in the exhaust port of each cylinder. Fuel flow was measured using a volumetric flow meter and a temperature-corrected density value was used to calculate mass flow.
• the additives of the invention and the comparative additives tested were prepared by the following general procedure: In a reaction flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap, an amount of a monocarboxylic acid (set forth in Table 3) was dissolved in the solvent xylenes. While stirring, an amine (as set forth in Table 3) was slowly added to the acid/xylenes solution in the molar proportions set forth in Table 3. Heat was generated upon addition of the amine. The reaction mixture was then heated to initial reflux (approximately 150° C.). Water generated by the reaction was removed by azeotropic distillation. Xylenes and water were periodically removed from the Dean-Stark trap, increasing the reaction temperature to approximately 175° C.
• Gasoline fuel compositions were subjected to the above-described engine tests whereby the substantial effectiveness of these compositions in minimizing injector deposit formation was conclusively demonstrated.
• the fuel used for these tests was a Howell EEE fuel having a T 90 (° C.) of 160, an olefin content of 1.2% and a sulfur content of 20 ppm.
• the injector deposit control additives used, the percent flow loss and the improvement in flow loss compared to base fuel are set forth in Table 4.
• the base fuel flow loss used to demonstrate the flow loss improvement of the additized fuels was the average of the nearest, in time, base fuel runs before and after the additized fuel run. TABLE 4 Keep Clean Performance. Deposit Additive Average Flow Loss Control Treat (avg.
• the reactants and components are identified as ingredients to be brought together either in performing a desired chemical reaction (such as a Mannich condensation reaction) or in forming a desired composition (such as an additive concentrate or additized fuel blend).
• a desired chemical reaction such as a Mannich condensation reaction
• a desired composition such as an additive concentrate or additized fuel blend
• the additive components can be added or blended into or with the base fuels individually per se and/or as components used in forming preformed additive combinations and/or sub-combinations.
• the claims hereinafter may refer to substances, components and/or ingredients in the present tense (“comprises”, “is”, etc.), the reference is to the substance, components or ingredient as it existed at the time just before it was first blended or mixed with one or more other substances, components and/or ingredients in accordance with the present disclosure.
• the fact that the substance, components or ingredient may have lost its original identity through a chemical reaction or transformation during the course of such blending or mixing operations is thus wholly immaterial for an accurate understanding and appreciation of this disclosure and
• fuel-soluble or “gasoline-soluble” means that the substance under discussion should be sufficiently soluble at 20° C. in the base fuel selected for use to reach at least the minimum concentration required to enable the substance to serve its intended function.
• the substance will have a substantially greater solubility in the base fuel than this.
• the substance need not dissolve in the base fuel in all proportions.

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