US20010046459A1 - High efficiency ozone generator - Google Patents
High efficiency ozone generator Download PDFInfo
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- US20010046459A1 US20010046459A1 US09/793,795 US79379501A US2001046459A1 US 20010046459 A1 US20010046459 A1 US 20010046459A1 US 79379501 A US79379501 A US 79379501A US 2001046459 A1 US2001046459 A1 US 2001046459A1
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- Prior art keywords
- ozone
- ozone generator
- dielectric film
- electrode
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- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 241001354243 Corona Species 0.000 description 21
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical class ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- -1 air 98 from a dryer Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000031513 cyst Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
- C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/10—Dischargers used for production of ozone
- C01B2201/12—Plate-type dischargers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/20—Electrodes used for obtaining electrical discharge
- C01B2201/22—Constructional details of the electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/30—Dielectrics used in the electrical dischargers
- C01B2201/34—Composition of the dielectrics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/70—Cooling of the discharger; Means for making cooling unnecessary
Definitions
- the invention is an ozone generator of the plate pair or stack-type plate design employing interleaved electrodes and dielectrics. In certain embodiments, it provides for turbulent oxygen flow and more controlled exposure of the entering oxygen to corona discharge.
- the ozone generator uses a high wattage power source operating with a high frequency AC current, resulting in a lower reactance and the need for a smaller plate area than prior generators to produce the same or greater amounts of ozone.
- Ozone an allotropic form of oxygen and a powerful oxidant has increased importance as a disinfectant.
- Ozone effectively kills bacteria by breaking up their molecular structure, inhibits fungal growth, and inactivates many viruses, cysts, and spores.
- soaps, oils, chloramines and many other chemicals can be rendered environmentally safe by ozone treatment.
- Ozone combines with water to form hydroxyl radicals and peroxide, thus sterilizing the water. Because ozone is unstable, the ozone decomposes to oxygen leaving no residues to further eliminate.
- Ozone has a half-life of about 22 minutes in water at ambient temperatures. Consequently, for most cleaning/disinfecting operations, the cleaning residue after a short period of time contains only dead biological matter and water and, typically, requires no special disposal.
- Cragun, U.S. Pat. No. 2,113,913 is typical of a prior art electrical discharge device which produces a series of small discharges from a 5000 volt source.
- the unit is attached to a standard 110 volt, 60 cycle AC electrical source which is passed through a transformer to provide 5000 volts at a secondary terminal.
- a pair of electrically conductive plates 26 are separated by a pair of dielectrics 27 which are, in turn, separated by an electrically conductive grid 28 .
- the grid is attached to one terminal of the transformer such that the alternating potential impressed on the grid creates a discharge through the dielectric sheets, charging the plates at one extremity of the cycle.
- the plates, attached to ground, then discharge at the other extreme of the alternating current cycle. This produces numerous relatively small discharges converting oxygen located between the grid and plates to ozone.
- McBlain, U.S. Pat. No. 1,588,976 uses flexible conductors surrounded by an insulator which acts as a dielectric.
- the insulators may have ridges formed in their surface so that air can flow between alternating rolled or coiled insulated conductors. Electrical current is supplied through typical primary and secondary coils, suggesting the use of a transformer. However, the power supplied to the electrodes (AC or DC) and the ozone output capacity is not indicated.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,748 to Imris shows another version of an ozone generator which uses alternating current with a minimum voltage of at least about 20,000 volts to start the corona discharge.
- This invention is a small size, high voltage, high efficiency ozone generator.
- a preferred embodiment comprises a) an enclosure including an entry chamber for receiving feed gas, such as air from a dryer, an oxygen concentrator on oxygen supply such as from a liquid oxygen source, or other enhanced oxygen feed sources b) one or more ozone generating cells comprising interleaved electrodes and dielectrics with passageways between the dielectrics for receiving gas from the entry chamber and converting the oxygen therein to ozone, c) an alternating voltage generator connected to the electrodes so as to create corona discharges between adjacent dielectrics, and d) an exit chamber at the other end of enclosure for receiving the ozone containing gas.
- a first typical ozone generating cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and first and second dielectrics.
- the first electrode includes a top face.
- the first dielectric includes a top and bottom face. The bottom face is opposed to the top face of the first electrode and separated therefrom so as to form a first passageway.
- the second electrode includes a bottom face opposed to the top face of the first dielectric and separated therefrom so as to form a second passageway.
- the received gas flows through the passageways.
- the top face of the first electrode may include a plurality of crests and troughs relative to the bottom face of the dielectric oriented across the flow of received gas through the first passageway.
- the bottom face of the second electrode may also include a plurality of crests and troughs relative to the top face of the dielectric and mirroring said crests and troughs of the top face of the first electrodes.
- the passageways between the crests and the dielectric will typically have a uniform gap or spacing.
- a second ozone generating cell comprises two opposed electrodes with first and second dielectric layers adhesively attached respectively to the opposed faces of the electrodes.
- the unattached faces of the first and second dielectric films are spaced apart and provide a flow space for feed oxygen to be exposed to a corona discharge emanating from the dielectric films.
- each dielectric When powered, each dielectric provides a plurality of points of corona discharges on its unattached sides.
- the received gas must flow through substantially a continuous curtain of corona discharge.
- the turbulent flow is also created by the device construction, an increased gas flow rate and turbulence resulting from the corona heating of the feed gas in contact with the cooler dielectric films.
- This cell design also eliminates the requirements for a corrosion resistant construction materials, such as stainless steel heat sink surfaces for corrosion resistance against nitric acid by -products created when air is used as a feed gas for ozone generators.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first embodiment of an ozone generating device including features of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of an ozone generating cell of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of the ozone generator of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a second embodiment incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a third embodiment incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a top schematic diagram of a typical assembly including a single cell ozone generator incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a top cutaway view through the ozone generator portion of FIG. 6 showing the heat dissipation fins and gas inlet and outlet.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged cutaway view of the circled portion of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between Reactance and Frequency for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the continuous relationship between RMS current and frequency in a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between voltage at constant current and frequency for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between power density/square inch and voltage for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the percentage of ozone in an exiting gas stream for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of an ozone generating device 80 including an enclosure 81 containing a first embodiment 10 A of the ozone generator 10 of the invention.
- Gas, including oxygen, such as air 98 from a dryer, an oxygen concentrator, another oxygen source or an oxygen enriched stream is received by propelling means, such as pump P, and propelled into an entry manifold of chamber 83 at one end 82 of enclosure 81 .
- Entering air 98 flows through ozone generator 10 A, where the oxygen gas is converted to ozone.
- the gas including ozone 99 enters exit manifold or chamber 85 at the other end 84 of enclosure 81 and exits through exit orifice 87 .
- Ozone generator 10 A includes a plurality of ozone generating cells including a plurality of high potential electrodes, such as first electrodes 20 , connected to an alternating resonant mode high voltage source 95 , a plurality of earth or ground electrodes, such as second electrodes 40 , connected to ground and a plurality of dielectrics 30 , a dielectric 30 being disposed between adjacent first electrodes 20 and second electrodes 40 . Electrodes 20 , 40 and dielectrics 30 are all mounted interleaved in spaced relationship with their faces opposed. In this manner, first electrodes 20 and second electrodes 40 are electrically connected such that alternating high voltage electrical potentials exist between them.
- enclosure 81 The walls of enclosure 81 are sometimes used as the two outer-most second electrodes 40 .
- Enclosure 81 is cooled in a manner known in the art.
- FIG. 2 shows a partial perspective view of an embodiment of an ozone generating cell of the ozone generator 10 A of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 1.
- Ozone generator 10 A generally includes a first electrode 20 ; a first dielectric 30 and a second electrodes 40 .
- First electrode 20 includes a first end 21 , a second end 22 , an entry side 23 an exit side 24 , bottom face 25 , and a top face 26 .
- first electrode 20 is a corrugated plate such that its top and bottom faces 26 , 25 include a plurality of crests and troughs traversing between its first and second ends 21 , 22 .
- One end or both ends 21 , 22 are supported, such as by enclosure 81 and/or by non-conducting spacers.
- First dielectric 30 includes a first end 31 , a second end 32 , first side 33 , a bottom face 35 , and a top face 36 .
- Bottom face 35 is opposed to top face 26 of first electrode 20 and separated therefrom so as to form a passageway 90 , such as first passageway 90 A, for flow of air 98 .
- Dielectric 30 may be made of suitable dielectric materials, such as glass or ceramic, with ceramic being preferred. Ceramic is preferred because it well withstands the temperatures produced, yet does not readily break if subjected to shock or if it is rapidly cooled, as happens in some usage environments of generator 10 A.
- Second electrode 40 is a corrugated plate and includes a first end 41 , a second end 42 , an entry side 43 , an exit side 44 , a bottom face 45 , and a top face 46 .
- Bottom face 45 is opposed to top face 36 of first dielectric 30 and separated therefrom so as to form a second passageway 90 B.
- Electrodes 20 , 40 may be made out of various different suitable conductive materials as are well-known in the art, such as aluminum or stainless steel, with stainless steel being preferred because of its greater resistance to corrosion.
- Oxygen bearing gas 98 feed to the cell flows through first passageway 90 A from entry side 23 of first electrode 20 to exit side 24 of first electrode.
- the oxygen bearing gas 98 also flows through second passageway 90 B from entry side 43 of second electrode 40 to exit side 44 of second electrode 40 .
- Top face 26 of the first electrode 20 includes a plurality of crests 26 C and toughs traversing the flow of received gas 98 through first passageway 90 A.
- Bottom face 45 of the second electrode 40 includes a plurality of crests 45 C and troughs mirroring the crests and troughs of the top face 26 of the first electrode 20 .
- the gap G between each crest 26 C, 45 C and dielectric 30 is uniform.
- FIG. 3 shows a plurality of first electrodes 20 , dielectrics 30 and second electrodes 40 mounted in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- Entry oxygen-bearing gas 98 flows through passageways 90 A- 90 F.
- the crests and troughs of adjacent electrodes 20 , 40 mirror those of the adjacent electrodes thus varying the height of passageways 90 relative to dielectrics 30 with the height being a minimum at gap G between each crest and dielectric 30 .
- Typical size of gap G is 1-3 mm.
- the resultant electric field strength varies from a maximum between mirrored crests to a minimum between mirrored troughs.
- Alternating voltage source 95 provides voltage to produce a discharge or corona between mirrored crests and interposed dielectric 30 .
- the wave form for producing the corona discharge is essentially an alternating high-frequency sine wave with a typical voltage range between
- each dielectric 30 has a series of discharge coronas almost continuously touching both bottom and top faces 35 , 36 so as to form a curtain of corona.
- the voltage alternates at high frequency such that all entering gas 98 must pass through a fairly continuous curtain of corona at each gap G. In this manner, all of the oxygen molecules are exposed to corona for disassociating atomic oxygen.
- the wider areas of passageways 90 between the troughs and dielectrics 30 provide for turbulent flow of air 98 and provide dwell time for recombination of the disassociated oxygen atoms into ozone.
- the turbulent flow increases the ozone-forming dwell time within the generator.
- the back pressure resulting from the turbulent flow increases the pressure concentration of gas exposed turbulent flow increases the pressure concentration of gas exposed to the coronas.
- FIG. 4 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment ozone generator 10 B, similar to generator 10 A except between adjacent electrodes 20 , 40 there is only one passageway 90 because the interposed dielectric 30 B has a face in contact with the face of one of the electrodes 20 , 40 . Thus, there is only one passageway 90 for each dielectric 30 B.
- FIG. 5 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a further alternate embodiment ozone generator 10 C, similar to 10 B except the electrodes of one set of electrodes, such as ground electrodes 40 C, are flat and have both their faces in contact with the adjacent interposed dielectrics 30 C.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an ozone generating assembly 100 incorporating a single cell ozone generator 110 embodiment incorporating features of the invention. In the embodiment shown
- 110 volt, 60 cycle AC power is feed to a power supply 112 which incorporates electronics and a transformer for providing the high voltage, high frequency power feed to a first plate 114 of the ozone generator.
- a suitable power supply is provided as the ET or ETI series electronic transformers by Plasma Technics, Inc. of Racine Wis. These units convert 110/120V or 220V, 50/60 hz input to a substantially sinusoidal 50 or 100 watt, 20 khz output (resonant mode) and are particularly designed for continuous duty corona discharge ozone generators. The circuits used in these power supplies are believed to be described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,145.
- a second plate 116 of the ozone generator 110 is connected to ground.
- the assembly also includes a cooling fan 120 to blow cooling air over the flutes 118 extending from the outer surface of the plates.
- both plates 114 , 116 have flutes, fins or elongated projections 118 extending therefrom to allow dissipation of heat generated in the ozone generator 110 during operation.
- the inner face 122 of the first plate 114 faces the inner face 124 of the second plate 116 .
- the inner faces 122 , 124 have an exposed rectangular surface. However, various different shaped surfaces, including square, circular, oval, as well as numerous other two dimensional geometric shapes may be used.
- a dielectric film 128 Mounted on each of the inner faces 122 , 124 , using an electrically and thermally conductive, heat stable adhesive 126 , is a dielectric film 128 . These two dielectric films which are sized to approximately match the size of the inner faces 122 , 124 are separated by an air space 130 . The distance between the plates, ie the thickness of the air space, which constitutes an oxygen flow path, is maintained by a gasket 132 which surrounds the air space on all sides (i.e. four sides in the case of a square or rectangular inner face 122 , 120 ). A secondary seal of liquid silicone adhesive (not shown) is applied to the outer sealing edge between 116 , 132 and 114 , 132 . to reduce corona leakage into the air during operation.
- Air or an oxygen enriched gas stream
- Air is feed through inlet tube 134 into the air space 130 where it is exposed to a corona created between the dielectric films by application of high frequency, high voltage alternating current to the first plate 112 .
- the corona causes a portion of the oxygen in the feed stream to be converted to ozone.
- the ozone containing stream then exits the ozone generator through outlet tube 136 .
- the ideal size (area) for the plates is highly dependent on the properties of the dielectric and the pacing, between the plates and/or the dielectric film. Using 5000 volts, the ideal spacing (the air gap) determined to be 1 to 2 mm.
- Layer 1 an electrically and thermally conductive adhesive
- Layer 2 a substantially flat 0.02-0.035 layer of fused quartz
- Layer 3 a silicone rubber or expanded teflon gasket 0.03125 thick to provide an air gap
- Layer 4 a second layer of 0.02-.0.035 layer of fused quartz.
- Layer 5 a second layer of electrical and thermally conductive epoxy (see FIGS. 7 - 8 )
- the plates can be composed of various conductive materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, or copper.
- a preferred material for this embodiment is 6063 T5 aluminum because of its combination of electrical conductivity and heat conduction.
- various dielectric materials can be used but the preferred material is fused quartz which has at least about 99% silcon dioxide content and a minimal dipole moment internal heating effect.
- the adhesive must be a electronically and thermally conductive and resistant to heat so that it will hold the dielectric in place, maintaining the air space.
- the preferred adhesive is a conductive epoxy, such as Master Bond EP76M.
- a silicone rubber gasket such as red, 60 durometer silicone gasket provided by, International Belt and Rubber or a Teflon Gasket (Inertech UHF expanded PTFE) preferrably about ⁇ fraction (1/32) ⁇ ′′ thick, provides the necessary seal of the air space, resists deformation from heat and is resistant to the ozone levels generated in the device.
- the secondary liquid seal (not shown) is a GE Silicone II gel sealant.
- the adhesive is about 0.002 to 0.003 inches thick.
- the dielectric film is cut to a rectangular shape about 4 inches by about 1.75 and about 0.015 to about 0.035 in. thick, preferably 0.025-0.035 in. thick.
- the air space is from about 0.020 to about 0.035 in. thick with the preferred thickness being 0.031 inches.
- the gasket is also rectangular in shape and sized to both overlap the dielectric film by from about 0.1875 to about 0.3 inches and be wider than the dielectric film by about 0.20-0.250 inches on each side
- a suitable gasket for the above described dielectric film has outer dimensions of about 4.45 inches by 2.5 inches and a central open space of about 3.4 inches by 1.375 inches, thus providing a 0.145 in 3 space between two dielectrics, each having a total exposed surface area of about 4.675 in 2 .
- the invention comprises a high frequency design.
- the objective is to obtain the highest possible energy density without raising the operating temperature above a level where heat will began to destroy the ozone product as fast as it is created.
- a further alternative is to reduce the surface temperature of the plates by adding more exotic cooling methods such as liquid cooling, PelTier junctions, refrigeration, phase change liquids, etc.
- a preferred construction comprises a unit measuring 6′′′′ ⁇ 8′′ ⁇ 4′′ deep,
- Table IV lists quantities of ozone generated from such a device. These quantities are shown graphically in FIG. 13. The pounds per day of ozone generated (1 bs/day ozone) is given by:
- the present invention provides an extremely compact and efficient ozone generator.
Abstract
Description
- This is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Patent Application 09/400,260 filed Sep. 21, 1999, now abandoned.
- The invention is an ozone generator of the plate pair or stack-type plate design employing interleaved electrodes and dielectrics. In certain embodiments, it provides for turbulent oxygen flow and more controlled exposure of the entering oxygen to corona discharge.
- More particularly, the ozone generator uses a high wattage power source operating with a high frequency AC current, resulting in a lower reactance and the need for a smaller plate area than prior generators to produce the same or greater amounts of ozone.
- Ozone (O3), an allotropic form of oxygen and a powerful oxidant has increased importance as a disinfectant. Ozone effectively kills bacteria by breaking up their molecular structure, inhibits fungal growth, and inactivates many viruses, cysts, and spores. In addition, soaps, oils, chloramines and many other chemicals can be rendered environmentally safe by ozone treatment. Ozone combines with water to form hydroxyl radicals and peroxide, thus sterilizing the water. Because ozone is unstable, the ozone decomposes to oxygen leaving no residues to further eliminate. Ozone has a half-life of about 22 minutes in water at ambient temperatures. Consequently, for most cleaning/disinfecting operations, the cleaning residue after a short period of time contains only dead biological matter and water and, typically, requires no special disposal.
- In typical, conventional corona discharge type ozone generators, a very low percentage of the entering oxygen molecules actually encounter the corona discharge and is converted to ozone. The corona is produced only on one side of a dielectric. As a result, the ozone concentration in the discharged gas is low and the efficiency of the generator is low, particularly with regard to their size. Numerous different designs have been shown in the past for ozone generators. They all typically incorporate two electrodes separated by a dielectric (or insulator operating as a dielectric) with power being supplied to the electrodes through a transformer. Various different combinations of current and voltage are supplied; either AC or DC current have been used.
- Cragun, U.S. Pat. No. 2,113,913 is typical of a prior art electrical discharge device which produces a series of small discharges from a 5000 volt source. The unit is attached to a standard 110 volt, 60 cycle AC electrical source which is passed through a transformer to provide 5000 volts at a secondary terminal. A pair of electrically
conductive plates 26 are separated by a pair ofdielectrics 27 which are, in turn, separated by an electrically conductive grid 28. The grid is attached to one terminal of the transformer such that the alternating potential impressed on the grid creates a discharge through the dielectric sheets, charging the plates at one extremity of the cycle. The plates, attached to ground, then discharge at the other extreme of the alternating current cycle. This produces numerous relatively small discharges converting oxygen located between the grid and plates to ozone. - McBlain, U.S. Pat. No. 1,588,976, uses flexible conductors surrounded by an insulator which acts as a dielectric. The insulators may have ridges formed in their surface so that air can flow between alternating rolled or coiled insulated conductors. Electrical current is supplied through typical primary and secondary coils, suggesting the use of a transformer. However, the power supplied to the electrodes (AC or DC) and the ozone output capacity is not indicated.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,748 to Imris shows another version of an ozone generator which uses alternating current with a minimum voltage of at least about 20,000 volts to start the corona discharge.
- Rice, U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,709 operates at less then ½ amp and 2000 to 4000 volts. Schaefer, U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,791 operates at 5000 to 15,000 volts 60 cps.
- Consequently, most ozone generators are limited to use in stationary industrial applications because of their large size and energy requirements. It is particularly desirable in mobile cleaning and disinfecting apparatus using ozone generators that the ozone generator be of compact size and as efficient as possible.
- This invention is a small size, high voltage, high efficiency ozone generator. A preferred embodiment comprises a) an enclosure including an entry chamber for receiving feed gas, such as air from a dryer, an oxygen concentrator on oxygen supply such as from a liquid oxygen source, or other enhanced oxygen feed sources b) one or more ozone generating cells comprising interleaved electrodes and dielectrics with passageways between the dielectrics for receiving gas from the entry chamber and converting the oxygen therein to ozone, c) an alternating voltage generator connected to the electrodes so as to create corona discharges between adjacent dielectrics, and d) an exit chamber at the other end of enclosure for receiving the ozone containing gas.
- A first typical ozone generating cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and first and second dielectrics. The first electrode includes a top face. The first dielectric includes a top and bottom face. The bottom face is opposed to the top face of the first electrode and separated therefrom so as to form a first passageway. The second electrode includes a bottom face opposed to the top face of the first dielectric and separated therefrom so as to form a second passageway. The received gas flows through the passageways. The top face of the first electrode may include a plurality of crests and troughs relative to the bottom face of the dielectric oriented across the flow of received gas through the first passageway. The bottom face of the second electrode may also include a plurality of crests and troughs relative to the top face of the dielectric and mirroring said crests and troughs of the top face of the first electrodes. The passageways between the crests and the dielectric will typically have a uniform gap or spacing.
- A second ozone generating cell comprises two opposed electrodes with first and second dielectric layers adhesively attached respectively to the opposed faces of the electrodes. The unattached faces of the first and second dielectric films are spaced apart and provide a flow space for feed oxygen to be exposed to a corona discharge emanating from the dielectric films.
- When powered, each dielectric provides a plurality of points of corona discharges on its unattached sides. The received gas must flow through substantially a continuous curtain of corona discharge. The turbulent flow is also created by the device construction, an increased gas flow rate and turbulence resulting from the corona heating of the feed gas in contact with the cooler dielectric films This cell design also eliminates the requirements for a corrosion resistant construction materials, such as stainless steel heat sink surfaces for corrosion resistance against nitric acid by -products created when air is used as a feed gas for ozone generators.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first embodiment of an ozone generating device including features of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of an ozone generating cell of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of the ozone generator of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a second embodiment incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a third embodiment incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a top schematic diagram of a typical assembly including a single cell ozone generator incorporating features of the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a top cutaway view through the ozone generator portion of FIG. 6 showing the heat dissipation fins and gas inlet and outlet.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged cutaway view of the circled portion of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between Reactance and Frequency for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the continuous relationship between RMS current and frequency in a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between voltage at constant current and frequency for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between power density/square inch and voltage for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the percentage of ozone in an exiting gas stream for a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of an
ozone generating device 80 including anenclosure 81 containing afirst embodiment 10A of theozone generator 10 of the invention. Gas, including oxygen, such asair 98 from a dryer, an oxygen concentrator, another oxygen source or an oxygen enriched stream is received by propelling means, such as pump P, and propelled into an entry manifold ofchamber 83 at oneend 82 ofenclosure 81. Enteringair 98 flows throughozone generator 10A, where the oxygen gas is converted to ozone. Thegas including ozone 99 enters exit manifold orchamber 85 at theother end 84 ofenclosure 81 and exits throughexit orifice 87. -
Ozone generator 10A includes a plurality of ozone generating cells including a plurality of high potential electrodes, such asfirst electrodes 20, connected to an alternating resonant modehigh voltage source 95, a plurality of earth or ground electrodes, such assecond electrodes 40, connected to ground and a plurality ofdielectrics 30, a dielectric 30 being disposed between adjacentfirst electrodes 20 andsecond electrodes 40.Electrodes dielectrics 30 are all mounted interleaved in spaced relationship with their faces opposed. In this manner,first electrodes 20 andsecond electrodes 40 are electrically connected such that alternating high voltage electrical potentials exist between them. - The walls of
enclosure 81 are sometimes used as the two outer-mostsecond electrodes 40.Enclosure 81 is cooled in a manner known in the art. - FIG. 2 shows a partial perspective view of an embodiment of an ozone generating cell of the
ozone generator 10A of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of FIG. 1. -
Ozone generator 10A generally includes afirst electrode 20; afirst dielectric 30 and asecond electrodes 40.First electrode 20 includes afirst end 21, asecond end 22, anentry side 23 anexit side 24,bottom face 25, and atop face 26. Preferably,first electrode 20 is a corrugated plate such that its top and bottom faces 26, 25 include a plurality of crests and troughs traversing between its first and second ends 21, 22. One end or both ends 21, 22 are supported, such as byenclosure 81 and/or by non-conducting spacers. -
First dielectric 30 includes afirst end 31, a second end 32,first side 33, abottom face 35, and atop face 36.Bottom face 35 is opposed totop face 26 offirst electrode 20 and separated therefrom so as to form apassageway 90, such asfirst passageway 90A, for flow ofair 98.Dielectric 30 may be made of suitable dielectric materials, such as glass or ceramic, with ceramic being preferred. Ceramic is preferred because it well withstands the temperatures produced, yet does not readily break if subjected to shock or if it is rapidly cooled, as happens in some usage environments ofgenerator 10A. -
Second electrode 40 is a corrugated plate and includes afirst end 41, asecond end 42, anentry side 43, anexit side 44, abottom face 45, and atop face 46.Bottom face 45 is opposed totop face 36 offirst dielectric 30 and separated therefrom so as to form asecond passageway 90B.Electrodes -
Oxygen bearing gas 98 feed to the cell flows throughfirst passageway 90A fromentry side 23 offirst electrode 20 to exitside 24 of first electrode. Theoxygen bearing gas 98 also flows throughsecond passageway 90B fromentry side 43 ofsecond electrode 40 to exitside 44 ofsecond electrode 40. -
Top face 26 of thefirst electrode 20 includes a plurality ofcrests 26C and toughs traversing the flow of receivedgas 98 throughfirst passageway 90A. Bottom face 45 of thesecond electrode 40 includes a plurality ofcrests 45C and troughs mirroring the crests and troughs of thetop face 26 of thefirst electrode 20. The gap G between eachcrest - FIG. 3 shows a plurality of
first electrodes 20,dielectrics 30 andsecond electrodes 40 mounted in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Entry oxygen-bearinggas 98 flows throughpassageways 90A-90F. The crests and troughs ofadjacent electrodes passageways 90 relative todielectrics 30 with the height being a minimum at gap G between each crest and dielectric 30. Typical size of gap G is 1-3 mm. The resultant electric field strength varies from a maximum between mirrored crests to a minimum between mirrored troughs. Alternatingvoltage source 95 provides voltage to produce a discharge or corona between mirrored crests and interposeddielectric 30. The wave form for producing the corona discharge is essentially an alternating high-frequency sine wave with a typical voltage range between -
-
-
-
gas 98 must pass through a fairly continuous curtain of corona at each gap G. In this manner, all of the oxygen molecules are exposed to corona for disassociating atomic oxygen. The wider areas ofpassageways 90 between the troughs anddielectrics 30 provide for turbulent flow ofair 98 and provide dwell time for recombination of the disassociated oxygen atoms into ozone. - The turbulent flow increases the ozone-forming dwell time within the generator. The back pressure resulting from the turbulent flow increases the pressure concentration of gas exposed turbulent flow increases the pressure concentration of gas exposed to the coronas.
- FIG. 4 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of an alternate
embodiment ozone generator 10B, similar togenerator 10A except betweenadjacent electrodes passageway 90 because the interposed dielectric 30B has a face in contact with the face of one of theelectrodes passageway 90 for each dielectric 30B. - FIG. 5 is a partial vertical cross-sectional view of a further alternate
embodiment ozone generator 10C, similar to 10B except the electrodes of one set of electrodes, such asground electrodes 40C, are flat and have both their faces in contact with the adjacent interposeddielectrics 30C. - FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an
ozone generating assembly 100 incorporating a singlecell ozone generator 110 embodiment incorporating features of the invention. In the embodiment shown -
power supply 112 which incorporates electronics and a transformer for providing the high voltage, high frequency power feed to afirst plate 114 of the ozone generator. A suitable power supply is provided as the ET or ETI series electronic transformers by Plasma Technics, Inc. of Racine Wis. These units convert 110/120V or 220V, 50/60 hz input to a substantially sinusoidal 50 or 100 watt, 20 khz output (resonant mode) and are particularly designed for continuous duty corona discharge ozone generators. The circuits used in these power supplies are believed to be described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,145. Asecond plate 116 of theozone generator 110 is connected to ground. The assembly also includes a coolingfan 120 to blow cooling air over theflutes 118 extending from the outer surface of the plates. - As best shown in FIG. 7, and the enlarged view in FIG. 8 of the circled
portion 135 of FIG. 7, bothplates elongated projections 118 extending therefrom to allow dissipation of heat generated in theozone generator 110 during operation. Theinner face 122 of thefirst plate 114 faces theinner face 124 of thesecond plate 116. In the figures, the inner faces 122, 124 have an exposed rectangular surface. However, various different shaped surfaces, including square, circular, oval, as well as numerous other two dimensional geometric shapes may be used. Mounted on each of the inner faces 122, 124, using an electrically and thermally conductive, heatstable adhesive 126, is a dielectric film 128. These two dielectric films which are sized to approximately match the size of the inner faces 122, 124 are separated by anair space 130. The distance between the plates, ie the thickness of the air space, which constitutes an oxygen flow path, is maintained by agasket 132 which surrounds the air space on all sides (i.e. four sides in the case of a square or rectangularinner face 122, 120). A secondary seal of liquid silicone adhesive (not shown) is applied to the outer sealing edge between 116, 132 and 114, 132. to reduce corona leakage into the air during operation. Air, or an oxygen enriched gas stream, is feed throughinlet tube 134 into theair space 130 where it is exposed to a corona created between the dielectric films by application of high frequency, high voltage alternating current to thefirst plate 112. The corona causes a portion of the oxygen in the feed stream to be converted to ozone. The ozone containing stream then exits the ozone generator through outlet tube 136. - For all generators, there is a relationship between the plate size and the frequency of electrical current provision. The lower the frequency, the lower (or the larger the Xc) the reactance through a dielectric is. The higher the frequency, the smaller the reactance is. Further, the power density is a function of watts delivered per square inch of plate
inner face 122 surface area. Values for frequency vs. reactance for a preferred fused quartz dielectric are listed in Table I and shown in FIG. 9TABLE I Frequency Reactance in in KHz Ohms 1 5134030.5 2 2567015.3 3 1711343.5 4 1283507.6 5 1026806.1 6 855671.75 7 733432.93 8 641753.81 9 570447.83 10 513403.05 11 466730.05 12 427835.88 13 394925.42 14 366716.46 15 342268.7 16 320876.91 17 302001.79 18 285223.92 19 270212.13 20 256701.53 21 244477.64 22 233365.02 23 223218.72 24 213917.94 25 205361.22 - Low reactance numbers at high frequency combine to give smaller area requirements for the plate(s) in a generator design. For example, using a constant power device (100 watts of power) at a given frequency (20 Khz), 5000 volts and 0.020 Amps can be provided. This also means that a reactive load of 250K ohms (Xc) can be driven.
- Without regard to dielectric spacing, required plate area will increase as frequency decreases. The formula for determining plate capacitance is:
- C=(0.885×(dielectric constant)×cm2×(number of plates)/dielectric spacing (cm).
- Using fused quartz as the dielectric (dielectric constant=3.78) the values listed in Table II and FIG. 10 are obtained.
TABLE II Frequency Reactance Power in plate current (KHz) (OHMs) (Watts) amp/in2 1 5134030.51 100 0.004413374 2 2567015.255 100 0.006241454 3 1711343.503 100 0.007644189 4 1283507.627 100 0.008826749 5 1026806.102 100 0.009868605 6 855671.7516 100 0.010810515 7 733432.93 100 0.011676691 8 641753.8137 100 0.012482908 9 570447.8344 100 0.013240123 10 513403.051 100 0.013956315 11 466730.0464 100 0.014637507 12 427835.8758 100 0.015288378 13 394925.4238 100 0.015912648 14 366716.465 100 0.016513335 14 366716.465 100 0.016513335 15 342268.7007 100 0.017092926 16 320876.9069 100 0.017653498 17 302001.7947 100 0.018196809 18 285223.9172 100 0.018724362 19 270212.1321 100 0.019237453 20 256701.5255 100 0.019737211 21 244477.6433 100 0.020224623 22 233365.0232 100 0.020700561 23 223218.7178 100 0.0211658 24 213917.9379 100 0.021621031 25 205361.2204 100 0.022066872 - As a example, C=0.5χ3.14159χFχXc where F is the frequency in hz and Xc is reactance in is in mulliohms—see table I where Xc for 20 khz=256,70 1,525); for a preferred embodiment C=0.5χ3.1415926χ20000*χ250,000)=3.1831E-11 or 31.8 Pico Farads of reactive load.
- The ideal size (area) for the plates is highly dependent on the properties of the dielectric and the pacing, between the plates and/or the dielectric film. Using 5000 volts, the ideal spacing (the air gap) determined to be 1 to 2 mm.
TABLE III Plate power density Power Current Area in watts/ watts voltage amps In2 square inch 100 5000 0.02 0.5 200 100 5000 0.02 1 100 100 5000 0.02 1.5 66.66667 100 5000 0.02 2 50 100 5000 0.02 2.5 40 100 5000 0.02 3 33.33333 100 5000 0.02 3.5 28.57143 100 5000 0.02 4 25 100 5000 0.02 4.5 22.22222 Preferred 100 5000 0.02 5 20 Operating 100 5000 0.02 5.5 18.18182 Conditions 100 5000 0.02 6 16.66667 100 5000 0.02 6.5 15.38462 100 5000 0.02 7 14.28571 100 4900 0.02 7.5 13.33333 100 4800 0.02 8 12.5 100 4700 0.02 8.5 11.76471 100 4600 0.02 9 11.11111 100 4500 0.02 9.5 10.52632 100 4400 0.02 10 10 100 4300 0.02 10.5 9.52381 100 4200 0.02 11 9.090909 100 4100 0.02 11.5 8.695652 100 4000 0.02 12 8.333333 100 3900 0.02 12.5 8 - This data shows that the required plate area is reduced to ⅕ by increasing the frequency from 1 to 25 Khz while maintaining the input power fixed. The power remains constant over the area giving reduced voltage or increased current from ideal as stated above (see Table III and FIGS. 11 and 12). The relationship between heat and power are a function of power density (outpower) on the plates in watts per square inch (FIG. 12). The production of ozone drops off substantially if the oxygen fed to the generator is heated above 130 deg F. The trade off between power density, plate area, dielectric, spacing and operating temperature is critical to obtain optimum operation. However, it has been determined that an optimal arrangement, using 5 layers of materials between heat sink/conductor plates is.
-
Layer 1—an electrically and thermally conductive adhesive -
Layer 2—a substantially flat 0.02-0.035 layer of fused quartz -
Layer 3—a silicone rubber or expanded teflon gasket 0.03125 thick to provide an air gap -
Layer 4—a second layer of 0.02-.0.035 layer of fused quartz. -
Layer 5—a second layer of electrical and thermally conductive epoxy (see FIGS. 7-8) - The plates can be composed of various conductive materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, or copper. However, a preferred material for this embodiment is 6063 T5 aluminum because of its combination of electrical conductivity and heat conduction. Also various dielectric materials can be used but the preferred material is fused quartz which has at least about 99% silcon dioxide content and a minimal dipole moment internal heating effect. The adhesive must be a electronically and thermally conductive and resistant to heat so that it will hold the dielectric in place, maintaining the air space. The preferred adhesive is a conductive epoxy, such as Master Bond EP76M. A silicone rubber gasket, such as red, 60 durometer silicone gasket provided by, International Belt and Rubber or a Teflon Gasket (Inertech UHF expanded PTFE) preferrably about {fraction (1/32)}″ thick, provides the necessary seal of the air space, resists deformation from heat and is resistant to the ozone levels generated in the device. The secondary liquid seal (not shown) is a GE Silicone II gel sealant.
- In a typical preferred embodiment the adhesive is about 0.002 to 0.003 inches thick. The dielectric film, is cut to a rectangular shape about 4 inches by about 1.75 and about 0.015 to about 0.035 in. thick, preferably 0.025-0.035 in. thick. The air space is from about 0.020 to about 0.035 in. thick with the preferred thickness being 0.031 inches. The gasket is also rectangular in shape and sized to both overlap the dielectric film by from about 0.1875 to about 0.3 inches and be wider than the dielectric film by about 0.20-0.250 inches on each side A suitable gasket for the above described dielectric film has outer dimensions of about 4.45 inches by 2.5 inches and a central open space of about 3.4 inches by 1.375 inches, thus providing a 0.145 in3 space between two dielectrics, each having a total exposed surface area of about 4.675 in2.
- The invention comprises a high frequency design. The objective is to obtain the highest possible energy density without raising the operating temperature above a level where heat will began to destroy the ozone product as fast as it is created. A further alternative is to reduce the surface temperature of the plates by adding more exotic cooling methods such as liquid cooling, PelTier junctions, refrigeration, phase change liquids, etc.
- Taking into consideration the economics of ozone generation the limiting factor is the cost of construction, materials, power delivery and space efficiency versus the pounds of ozone generated/time. A preferred construction comprises a unit measuring 6″″×8″×4″ deep,
- Uses only room air provided by an internal fan
- Produces ozone at 4.8 KWh per pound of ozone
- Produces 0.62 pounds of ozone (309 cubic inches per pound of ozone) per day at about a cost of about $400.00 per pound of Ozone
- Table IV lists quantities of ozone generated from such a device. These quantities are shown graphically in FIG. 13. The pounds per day of ozone generated (1 bs/day ozone) is given by:
- (ft3/hr0O2)χ(ozone concentration %)χdensity of O3χm3/
ft 324=0.50225793 -
TABLE IV Ozone correction Oxygen production factor for flow in (% by 7 psi Pounds per SCFH weight) pressure day at 72 F. 1 3.5 4.4975 0.087531245 2 3.2 4.112 0.160057133 3 3.1 3.9835 0.232583021 4 2.97 3.81645 0.297106053 5 2.891 3.714935 0.36150404 6 2.75 3.53375 0.412647296 7 2.653 3.409105 0.464440783 8 2.512 3.22792 0.502579397 9 2.317 2.977345 0.521511155 10 2.173 2.792305 0.543443984 11 2.034 2.61369 0.559549733 12 1.954 2.51089 0.58640932 13 1.821 2.339985 0.592036329 14 1.761 2.262885 0.616570086 15 1.717 2.206345 0.644104915 16 1.658 2.13053 0.663436815 - From the foregoing description, it is seen that the present invention provides an extremely compact and efficient ozone generator.
- Although particular embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, various changes may be made in the form, composition, construction, and arrangement of the parts herein without sacrificing any of the advantages. Therefore, it is to be understood that all matter herein is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims such modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (14)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/793,795 US20010046459A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2001-02-23 | High efficiency ozone generator |
PCT/US2002/004893 WO2002068322A1 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-20 | High efficiency-ozone generator |
US10/468,619 US20040241057A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2002-02-20 | High efficiency-ozone generator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US40026099A | 1999-09-21 | 1999-09-21 | |
US09/793,795 US20010046459A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2001-02-23 | High efficiency ozone generator |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US40026099A Continuation-In-Part | 1999-09-21 | 1999-09-21 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/468,619 Continuation US20040241057A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2002-02-20 | High efficiency-ozone generator |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20010046459A1 true US20010046459A1 (en) | 2001-11-29 |
Family
ID=25160814
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/793,795 Abandoned US20010046459A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2001-02-23 | High efficiency ozone generator |
US10/468,619 Abandoned US20040241057A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2002-02-20 | High efficiency-ozone generator |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/468,619 Abandoned US20040241057A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 | 2002-02-20 | High efficiency-ozone generator |
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US (2) | US20010046459A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002068322A1 (en) |
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AU2017307365B2 (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2021-11-18 | Xylem Europe Gmbh | Ozone generator unit and system |
KR102472927B1 (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2022-12-01 | 자일럼 유럽 게엠베하 | Ozone Generator Units and Systems |
US10143763B2 (en) | 2016-10-06 | 2018-12-04 | Alfonso Campalans | Neutral atmosphere and sanitization storage apparatus, method and system |
WO2020173865A1 (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2020-09-03 | Primozone Production Ab | A low frequency ozone generator |
EP3932149B1 (en) | 2019-02-25 | 2023-06-07 | Primozone Production AB | A low frequency ozone generator |
EP4235710A3 (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2023-10-18 | Primozone Production AB | A low frequency ozone generator |
CN114845954A (en) * | 2019-10-21 | 2022-08-02 | 懿华水处理技术有限责任公司 | Discharge unit for generating ozone |
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WO2002068322A1 (en) | 2002-09-06 |
US20040241057A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
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