US20010038274A1 - Automotive power supply - Google Patents

Automotive power supply Download PDF

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US20010038274A1
US20010038274A1 US09/726,668 US72666800A US2001038274A1 US 20010038274 A1 US20010038274 A1 US 20010038274A1 US 72666800 A US72666800 A US 72666800A US 2001038274 A1 US2001038274 A1 US 2001038274A1
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Prior art keywords
power supply
set forth
current
controller
battery
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US09/726,668
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US6414464B2 (en
Inventor
Cornelius Peter
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ZF Active Safety and Electronics US LLC
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BCS Automotive Interface Solutions GmbH
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Assigned to TRW AUTOMOTIVE U.S. LLC reassignment TRW AUTOMOTIVE U.S. LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TRW AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS & COMPONENTS GMBH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/04—Arrangement of batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/023—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for transmission of signals between vehicle parts or subsystems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/10—Safety devices
    • F02N11/108—Safety devices for diagnosis of the starter or its components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/14—Balancing the load in a network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/04—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the starter motor
    • F02N2200/044—Starter current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/46—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for ICE-powered road vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00306—Overdischarge protection

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an automotive electric power supply.
  • the electrical energy needed in vehicles for powering the various electrical consumers is taken from a rechargeable battery which is charged by an alternator from operation of the internal combustion engine.
  • One of the battery terminals is directly connected to vehicle ground, the other battery terminal, generally the positive terminal, is fed to various consumers via a distributor including several outputs and integrated fuses.
  • the invention provides an automotive electric power supply which is smart in optimizing the energy reserve made available by the rechargeable battery according to the demands.
  • a semiconductor switch is connected which is driven by an electronic controller; the controller has an input interface for sensor signals representing operating parameters.
  • the controller is thus active in controlling the consumer(s) connected to the output provided with a semiconductor switch. This control may involve power ON/OFF as required or also modulation, more particularly pulse width modulation.
  • At least the one output connected to the vehicle lighting formed substantially by incandescent bulbs is regulated by pulse width modulation to a voltage value as defined effective for the incandescent bulbs.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the electric power supply
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a means for current sensing by means of magnetoresistive elements
  • FIG. 3 is a graph plotting starter current with time for various operating conditions
  • FIG. 4 is a graph plotting the charging condition
  • FIG. 5 is a graph plotting the current furnished by the alternator after rectification.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated a power supply incorporated in a housing 10 mounted on the rechargeable battery 12 , preferably directly next to the positive terminal.
  • the power supply has an input 14 directly connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
  • the power supply has a series of outputs 16 to which the various consumers are connected.
  • all outputs 16 except for the output provided for the starter, are safeguarded by an upstream fuse.
  • the output identified 16 a is provided for connecting the vehicle lighting, primarily comprising incandescent bulbs. Included upstream of this output 16 a is a semiconductor switch 18 .
  • This semiconductor switch 18 is driven by means of a driver circuit 20 from a digital controller 22 .
  • By pulse width modulating the output 16 a an operating voltage is furnished whose rms value is limited to the operating voltage of the incandescent bulbs used in the vehicle lighting system.
  • a semiconductor switch 24 is inserted. This semiconductor switch 24 is driven by a driver circuit 26 controlled by the digital controller 22 . Since the starter is connected to one of the outputs, 16 b , the semiconductor switch 24 is provided with a very low impedance by connecting several semiconductor elements in parallel, an impedance of less than 0.5 m ⁇ being achievable at 25° C. by connecting eight MOSFET type semiconductor switches in parallel.
  • the driver circuit 22 has a plurality of interfaces for connecting analog and digital signals representing the various operating parameters, also belonging thereto being an interface 30 for connecting a bidirectional bus system (CAN).
  • CAN bidirectional bus system
  • a temperature sensor 32 in the form of an NTC resistor is arranged directly adjacent to the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery and connected to an A/D input of the driver circuit 22 .
  • the charge condition of the rechargeable battery is sensed by permanently monitoring the charging/discharging currents and integrating the values sensed. Sensing is done preferably in two successive ranges covering a total range of 0.1 A to 800 A (80 dB).
  • two sensing loops 34 , 36 are provided on which magnetoresistive elements are arranged as shown in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 3 there is illustrated the preferred embodiment employed for current sensing in a diagnostic application by plotting the starter current as an example.
  • FIG. 4 there is illustrated how the charge condition is optimized without needing to take into account the limitations imposed by the incandescent bulbs of the vehicle lighting system or the like.
  • FIG. 5 there is illustrated as a further example of the function achieved by the power supply in accordance with the invention in diagnosing the condition of the alternator by plotting the alternator current in which the periodic voltage drops sigify defective rectifier diodes.
  • This first group of performance features ensures reliable battery charging in all temperature ranges. More particularly the standby charge level can be increased for low temperatures, ultimately achieving longer life for both the incandescent bulbs of the vehicle lighting and the rechargeable battery itself.
  • This group of performance features provides an optimum tool for checking the vehicle electrics system.

Abstract

The automotive electric power supply includes a rechargeable battery and a distributor comprising an input for one battery terminal and several outputs furnishing the battery voltage for various consumers. Arranged between the input for one battery terminal and the outputs are semiconductor switches driven by a digital controller. The controller has an input interface for sensor signals representing operating parameters. The power supply is smart in ensuring that electrical energy is furnished to the various consumers in the vehicle only as required.

Description

    FIELD OF INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to an automotive electric power supply. [0001]
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The electrical energy needed in vehicles for powering the various electrical consumers is taken from a rechargeable battery which is charged by an alternator from operation of the internal combustion engine. One of the battery terminals is directly connected to vehicle ground, the other battery terminal, generally the positive terminal, is fed to various consumers via a distributor including several outputs and integrated fuses. [0002]
    • BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention provides an automotive electric power supply which is smart in optimizing the energy reserve made available by the rechargeable battery according to the demands. In accordance with the invention, between the input for one battery terminal and at least one of the outputs of the distributor, a semiconductor switch is connected which is driven by an electronic controller; the controller has an input interface for sensor signals representing operating parameters. The controller is thus active in controlling the consumer(s) connected to the output provided with a semiconductor switch. This control may involve power ON/OFF as required or also modulation, more particularly pulse width modulation. [0003]
  • In one particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention at least the one output connected to the vehicle lighting formed substantially by incandescent bulbs is regulated by pulse width modulation to a voltage value as defined effective for the incandescent bulbs. Now, the charging voltage supplied by the alternator for the rechargeable battery no longer needs to be limited to a value, taking into account the life of the incandescent bulbs, which is sigificantly lower than the optimum charging voltage under certain operating conditions. [0004]
  • It is further provided for in the preferred embodiment to generate a parameter representing the charge condition of the rechargeable battery by permanently monitoring the charging/discharging currents and integrating the current values as sensed. Depending on the charge condition of the battery the various consumers can then be supplied from the rechargeable battery according to a priority scheme. This concept enables essential functions to be maintained over an extended time period when the battery is low so that the vehicle can remain operative longer, for example, when the alternator is down.[0005]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Further features and advantages of the invention read from the following description and are evident from the drawings to which reference is made and in which [0006]
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the electric power supply; [0007]
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a means for current sensing by means of magnetoresistive elements, [0008]
  • FIG. 3 is a graph plotting starter current with time for various operating conditions; [0009]
  • FIG. 4 is a graph plotting the charging condition; and [0010]
  • FIG. 5 is a graph plotting the current furnished by the alternator after rectification.[0011]
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a power supply incorporated in a housing [0012] 10 mounted on the rechargeable battery 12, preferably directly next to the positive terminal. The power supply has an input 14 directly connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Furthermore, the power supply has a series of outputs 16 to which the various consumers are connected. In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1 all outputs 16, except for the output provided for the starter, are safeguarded by an upstream fuse. The output identified 16 a is provided for connecting the vehicle lighting, primarily comprising incandescent bulbs. Included upstream of this output 16 a is a semiconductor switch 18. This semiconductor switch 18 is driven by means of a driver circuit 20 from a digital controller 22. By pulse width modulating the output 16 a an operating voltage is furnished whose rms value is limited to the operating voltage of the incandescent bulbs used in the vehicle lighting system.
  • Upstream of the group of outputs identified [0013] 16 b in FIG. 1 a semiconductor switch 24 is inserted. This semiconductor switch 24 is driven by a driver circuit 26 controlled by the digital controller 22. Since the starter is connected to one of the outputs, 16 b, the semiconductor switch 24 is provided with a very low impedance by connecting several semiconductor elements in parallel, an impedance of less than 0.5 mΩ being achievable at 25° C. by connecting eight MOSFET type semiconductor switches in parallel.
  • At the input end the driver circuit [0014] 22 has a plurality of interfaces for connecting analog and digital signals representing the various operating parameters, also belonging thereto being an interface 30 for connecting a bidirectional bus system (CAN).
  • In optimizing the charging voltage two variables need to be taking into account, namely the internal temperature of the rechargeable battery and its charge condition, the temperature on the rechargeable battery directly adjacent to the positive terminal being adequately representative of the internal temperature. In the power supply in accordance with the invention a [0015] temperature sensor 32 in the form of an NTC resistor is arranged directly adjacent to the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery and connected to an A/D input of the driver circuit 22. The charge condition of the rechargeable battery is sensed by permanently monitoring the charging/discharging currents and integrating the values sensed. Sensing is done preferably in two successive ranges covering a total range of 0.1 A to 800 A (80 dB). For this purpose two sensing loops 34, 36 are provided on which magnetoresistive elements are arranged as shown in FIG. 2.
  • Referring now to FIG. 3 there is illustrated the preferred embodiment employed for current sensing in a diagnostic application by plotting the starter current as an example. [0016]
  • Referring now to FIG. 4 there is illustrated how the charge condition is optimized without needing to take into account the limitations imposed by the incandescent bulbs of the vehicle lighting system or the like. [0017]
  • Referring now to FIG. 5 there is illustrated as a further example of the function achieved by the power supply in accordance with the invention in diagnosing the condition of the alternator by plotting the alternator current in which the periodic voltage drops sigify defective rectifier diodes. [0018]
  • The performance features made available by the power supply in accordance with the invention can be classified in four groups: [0019]
  • 1. Battery management [0020]
  • charge condition by current integration [0021]
  • optional indication of charge condition [0022]
  • optimized charging voltage (temperature, charge condition, useful life) [0023]
  • voltage regulation for all incandescent bulbs, preferably by pulse width modulation at approx. 90 Hz. [0024]
  • This first group of performance features ensures reliable battery charging in all temperature ranges. More particularly the standby charge level can be increased for low temperatures, ultimately achieving longer life for both the incandescent bulbs of the vehicle lighting and the rechargeable battery itself. [0025]
  • 2. Consumers management [0026]
  • reducing consumption with priority control on the basis of operating parameters polled via a bus system (CAN) [0027]
  • two output modes: ignition ON and ignition OFF [0028]
  • adapting idling speed (fallup at low charge condition) [0029]
  • limiting starter active time (preventing misuse) [0030]
  • These performance features enhance the available standby charge levels. [0031]
  • 3. Safety functions [0032]
  • short-circuit protection for starter [0033]
  • power OFF in an emergency (crash situation) [0034]
  • power OFF when intruder alarm system activated [0035]
  • power OFF during transport [0036]
  • These performance features enhance safety and security. [0037]
  • 4. Diagnostic functions [0038]
  • starter blocked, pinion not engaged [0039]
  • alternator regulator, diode defect [0040]
  • leakage currents [0041]
  • This group of performance features provides an optimum tool for checking the vehicle electrics system. [0042]

Claims (24)

1. An automotive electric power supply including a rechargeable battery and a distributor comprising an input for one of two battery terminals and a plurality of outputs furnishing a battery voltage for a plurality of consumers, wherein a semiconductor switch is arranged between an input for said one battery terminal and at least one of said outputs and is driven by an electronic controller, said controller having an input interface for sensor signals representing operating parameters.
2. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein one of said outputs is pulse width modulated for driving the semiconductor switch.
3. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein the pulse width modulated output is regulated to a maximum rms voltage.
4. The power supply as set forth in
claim 3
, wherein a charging voltage for the rechargeable battery is adjusted by a charge controller to a value optimized for criteria such as standby change level, operating temperature, charging condition and life, but irrespective of the withstand voltage of one or more consumers connected to the pulse width modulated output.
5. The power supply as set forth in
claim 2
, wherein incandescent bulbs of a vehicle lighting system are connected to the pulse width modulation output.
6. The power supply as set forth in
claim 5
, wherein the pulse width modulation has a frequency exceeding 50 Hz, preferably in the range of 90 Hz.
7. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein by permanently sensing the consumer and charging currents and integrating current values sensed a characteristic indicating a charge state is generated.
8. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, wherein current sensing is done directly following said battery terminal in a plurality of adjacent current ranges.
9. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, wherein sensing the current is done by means of magnetoresistive elements.
10. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein a sensed consumer current is analyzed for the purpose of diagnosing a condition of the respective consumer.
11. The power supply as set forth in
claim 10
, wherein from a starter current diagnostic information as to at least one of the following conditions is derived:
starting
engine firing
pinion not engaged
blocking.
12. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, wherein the sensed charge state is analyzed for the purpose of diagnosing a condition of the alternator.
13. The power supply as set forth in
claim 12
, wherein from periodic voltage drops in the charging voltage an indication is derived as to a defective rectifier diode of the alternator.
14. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, comprising a means for indicating a charge condition of the rechargeable battery.
15. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, comprising a means for detecting leakage currents.
16. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein a temperature sensor connected to an A/D input of the controller is provided adjacent a positive terminal of the rechargeable battery.
17. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein a bidirectional bus system (CAN) is connectable to the input interface.
18. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, comprising power OFF means in an emergency.
19. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, comprising power OFF means on intruder alarm.
20. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, comprising power OFF means for safe transport.
21. The power supply as set forth in
claim 1
, wherein a selective reduction in consumer current of at least one current consumer is controlled by the controller as a function of operating parameters.
22. The power supply as set forth in
claim 21
, wherein one of the operating parameters taken into account is the condition of the ignition switch.
23. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, wherein when the charge condition is low the idling speed of the internal combustion engine driving the alternator and the vehicle is raised.
24. The power supply as set forth in
claim 7
, wherein an ON duration of the starter is limited as controlled by the controller.
US09/726,668 1999-12-02 2000-11-29 Automotive power supply with pulse width modulation of a semiconductor switch Expired - Lifetime US6414464B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19958098 1999-12-02
DE19958098A DE19958098C2 (en) 1999-12-02 1999-12-02 Power supply for vehicles
DE19958098.7 1999-12-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20010038274A1 true US20010038274A1 (en) 2001-11-08
US6414464B2 US6414464B2 (en) 2002-07-02

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Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6414464B2 (en)
EP (3) EP1104719B1 (en)
JP (2) JP2001233146A (en)
KR (1) KR20010061998A (en)
CN (1) CN1113765C (en)
BR (1) BR0005686B1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ300317B6 (en)
DE (2) DE19958098C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2159493T1 (en)

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US20090217897A1 (en) * 2004-06-29 2009-09-03 Sven Hartmann Motor vehicle energy management having a supplementary starter diagnostic function
US8272360B2 (en) * 2004-06-29 2012-09-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Motor vehicle energy management having a supplementary starter diagnostic function
US20060214637A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-09-28 Philip Gonzales High voltage hybrid battery pack cycler
US7692401B2 (en) * 2005-03-22 2010-04-06 Ford Motor Company High voltage battery pack cycler for a vehicle
US20090301420A1 (en) * 2007-02-28 2009-12-10 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Method for Controlling an Automatic Shut-off Process of an Internal Combustion Engine
US7699034B2 (en) 2007-02-28 2010-04-20 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Method for controlling an automatic shut-off process of an internal combustion engine
CN105564347A (en) * 2014-10-29 2016-05-11 德尔福国际运营卢森堡有限公司 Sensor system

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JP2001233146A (en) 2001-08-28
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BR0005686B1 (en) 2014-07-15
EP1514737A2 (en) 2005-03-16
EP1104719A2 (en) 2001-06-06
CN1113765C (en) 2003-07-09
DE19958098C2 (en) 2003-04-10
EP1104719B1 (en) 2010-07-07
BR0005686A (en) 2001-11-20
DE19958098A1 (en) 2001-06-28
ES2159493T1 (en) 2001-10-16
EP1104719A3 (en) 2004-12-29
KR20010061998A (en) 2001-07-07
CZ20004507A3 (en) 2002-04-17
EP1514737A3 (en) 2010-05-26
CN1297828A (en) 2001-06-06
JP2005324784A (en) 2005-11-24
US6414464B2 (en) 2002-07-02
CZ300317B6 (en) 2009-04-22

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