US20010009364A1 - Current measuring method and device - Google Patents
Current measuring method and device Download PDFInfo
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- US20010009364A1 US20010009364A1 US09/776,487 US77648701A US2001009364A1 US 20010009364 A1 US20010009364 A1 US 20010009364A1 US 77648701 A US77648701 A US 77648701A US 2001009364 A1 US2001009364 A1 US 2001009364A1
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- glass
- fluoride
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- polarized light
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000005383 fluoride glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- FPHIOHCCQGUGKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L difluorolead Chemical compound F[Pb]F FPHIOHCCQGUGKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 17
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical class [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium tetrafluoride Chemical compound F[Zr](F)(F)F OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminium flouride Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001632 barium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910007998 ZrF4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002319 LaF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BYMUNNMMXKDFEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluorolanthanum Chemical compound F[La](F)F BYMUNNMMXKDFEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 4
- BHHYHSUAOQUXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc fluoride Chemical compound F[Zn]F BHHYHSUAOQUXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000005371 ZBLAN Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001618 alkaline earth metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005347 annealed glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ba+2] OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002419 bulk glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000909 sulfur hexafluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
- C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
- C03C13/041—Non-oxide glass compositions
- C03C13/042—Fluoride glass compositions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
- G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
- G01R15/24—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices
- G01R15/245—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
- G01R15/246—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect based on the Faraday, i.e. linear magneto-optic, effect
Definitions
- the invention relates broadly to measurement of large currents and production of devices for that purpose.
- Fiber optic, current sensors based on the Faraday effect, have a number of advantages for remotely measuring large electrical currents. These include wide dynamic range, fast response, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small size, and low cost. Consequently, a variety of fiber optic, current sensors have been investigated in recent years. Mainly, they have employed a single mode optical fiber (SMF) of clad silica.
- SMF single mode optical fiber
- the Faraday effect is a phenomenon by which a linear, polarized light will rotate when propagating through a transparent material that is placed in a magnetic field in parallel to the magnetic field.
- the size of the rotation angle ( ⁇ ), given in degrees, is defined as
- H is the strength of the magnetic field (A/m)
- V is the Verdet constant of the material
- L is the path length over which the magnetic field acts (m).
- the magnetic field strength is measured in terms of Amperes (A) times turns (T) per unit length (AT/m) where m is meters). Since values are expressed in terms of one turn, this factor is usually implicit, rather than explicit. Hence, the strength is customarily given in amperes (A) or kiloamperes (kA) per unit path length in meters (m).
- Verdet constant is the angle of rotation divided by the magnetic field strength per unit length.
- the angle may be expressed in any of the customary units for angle measurement, but degrees are used here.
- Verdet constant values are given in terms of degrees divided by field strength expressed as (kA ⁇ T/m)m.
- I is the current
- ⁇ is permittivity of free space
- a is the radial distance of the magnetic field from the conductor.
- the magnetic field is related to the magnetic induction by the simple relation:
- the degree of sensitivity in measuring the angular rotation is influenced by another factor; birefringence.
- Birefringence arises primarily from stresses that result from bending, or otherwise distorting, a fiber in its disposition.
- the sources of linear birefringence in single mode fibers include residual stress from fabrication, bending, contact, and thermal stresses (Yamashita et al., “Extremely Small Stress-optic Coefficient Glass Single Mode Fibers For Current Sensor”, Optical Fiber Sensors, Sapporo Japan, paper We2-4, page 168 (1996) (“Yamashita”).
- the stress-induced birefringence is quantified in terms of a coefficient, called the photoelastic constant (or the photoelastic coefficient).
- the photoelastic coefficient (B ⁇ ) may be defined as the coefficient relating the difference in the refractive indices in the stress direction (n(par)) and in the perpendicular direction (n(per)), to the magnitude of the applied stress:
- phase shift measured in units of wavelength in nanometers (nm) per path length in centimeters (cm) divided by the stress in kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm 2 ). The values then are in units of (nm/cm divided by kg/cm 2 ).
- An ideal glass fiber would have a photoelastic coefficient of zero, thereby nullifying any effect of stress-induced birefringence. However, this has proven difficult to obtain in conjunction with other desired properties. Therefore, a near-zero value, e.g., a value within a range of ⁇ 0.2 to 0.2, has been considered adequate for some purposes.
- Another purpose is to provide a glass that is adapted to use in such improved method and device.
- a further purpose is to provide a method of producing a glass having a near-zero photoelastic coefficient in conjunction with a low Verdet constant.
- a still further purpose is to provide a method of reducing the photoelastic coefficient of a glass having a low Verdet constant.
- the present invention resides in part in a method of reducing the photoelastic coefficient of a fluoride glass that has a low Verdet constant at a wavelength suitable for measurement, and that contains zirconium fluoride as a primary component of its composition, the method comprising the step of incorporating a small amount of lead fluoride in the glass composition.
- the invention further resides in a method of determining the magnitude of a surge or fault current of up to about 200 kA which comprises:
- a glass fiber, current sensor the glass having a composition composed predominantly of zirconium fluoride and containing up to about 3% lead fluoride, having a low Verdet constant at the wavelength used for measurement, and capable of causing an angular rotation of polarized light less than 0.45° per kA, per pass at that wavelength,
- FIGURE in the accompanying drawing is a device for carrying out the method according to the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a method and device for determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current.
- the magnitude is determined by measuring the angle of rotation that the current creates in polarized light as the light is transmitted through a fiber in a magnetic field.
- the angle of rotation is less when the glass from which the fiber is drawn has a low Verdet constant.
- a fiber produced from a fluoride glass of the present invention will have a Verdet constant that is less than 0.45 degrees/kA. Therefore, when the fiber is exposed to a current up to at least 200 kA in magnitude, it will register an angle of rotation less than 90 degrees, and will accurately measure the current.
- Reference to a fiber signifies a clad fiber comprising essentially a fiber core and an outer cladding layer.
- the fiber core is the functional member for current measurement.
- a fiber core requires a cladding of lower refractive index to prevent loss of light from the core during transmission.
- Lead fluoride is added to a selected fluoride glass composition, in exchange for sodium fluoride (NaF), to produce a fiber core.
- Other exchanges such as for barium fluoride and/or zinc fluoride, may be made to lower the index for a cladding glass.
- NaF, or another alkaline earth metal fluoride, such as calcium or magnesium fluoride may be exchanged for barium or zinc fluoride to provide a lower refractive index.
- the two glasses may be melted, and a clad fiber drawn employing the well-known double crucible technique.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the device of the present invention.
- a clad fiber 3 as described above, is utilized.
- any glass article such as a piece of bulk glass (not shown), can be used.
- Fiber 3 acts as a path for the polarized light.
- Conductor 4 carries the current to produce a magnetic field.
- fiber 3 is wrapped around conductor 4 , as shown, to increase the length of the light path. Also, it is preferable that fiber 3 be insulated from the conductor.
- the device also includes a source of light rays 1 , the source being located such that light rays are directed to an input end of fiber 3 .
- the source of light rays 1 is a laser.
- a polarizer 2 is located adjacent to source of light rays 1 such that the light rays are linearly polarized.
- An analyzer 5 is located at an output end of fiber 3 .
- Analyzer 5 derives a rotatory, polarization component produced in proportion to the current flowing through the conductor 4 . Also included is a means 8 for indicating the measured current corresponding to the output of analyzer 5 .
- the means 8 is a light detector 6 , and a display device 7 .
- Light detector 6 receives and detects the output of analyzer 5 .
- Device 7 receives the output of, and provides a display of, the output of the light detector 6 .
- the analyzer may be a Wollaston prism, as described in Yamashita. Then, the light ray output from the fiber is broken into two orthogonal polarizations. Means 8 detects the output of each signal, and indicates the measured current corresponding to the output.
- Electrical current in a normal power station operation, can be determined by employing a glass current sensor, preferably in the form of a clad fiber.
- a glass current sensor preferably in the form of a clad fiber.
- the Verdet constant of the glass may then ordinarily be as large as possible to enhance the sensitivity of the determination. In measuring exceptionally large currents, as explained earlier, a low Verdet constant is now required. This avoids pushing the angle of rotation of the polarized light beyond 900.
- fused silica has provided the smallest Verdet constant available in an inorganic glass, the value being 0.10/kA at 1150 nm.
- fused silica also has a large photoelastic coefficient, 3.5 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm 2 ) at 560 nm. This has led to a search for a glass of comparable Verdet constant and a low, near-zero photoelastic coefficient.
- fluoride glasses have relatively small photoelastic coefficients. Further, these glasses may also have small Verdet constants. Particular reference is made to a fluoride glass known by the acronym ZBLAN. This glass is reported to have a composition consisting of, in mole percent, 53 ZrF 4 , 20 BaF 2 , 4 LaF 3 , 3 AIF 3 and 20 NaF. Measurements on this glass show a desirably low Verdet constant of 0.22°/kA at 633 nm., and a photoelastic coefficient of 0.34 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm 2 ) at 546 nm.
- ZBLAN fluoride glass known by the acronym ZBLAN. This glass is reported to have a composition consisting of, in mole percent, 53 ZrF 4 , 20 BaF 2 , 4 LaF 3 , 3 AIF 3 and 20 NaF. Measurements on this glass show a desirably low Verdet constant of 0.22°/kA at 633 nm.,
- lead fluoride PbF 2
- NaF sodium fluoride
- core fibers for present purposes preferably consist essentially of, as calculated in mol %: 52-56% ZrF 4 14-24% BaF 2 3-6% LaF 3 3-6% AlF 3 14-22% NaF up to about 3% PbF 2
- the glasses shown in TABLE I were prepared by mixing an appropriate batch of fluoride components, placing the batch in a covered, platinum crucible to retain fluorine, and melting at 800° C. for about 40 minutes. The crucible was then uncovered, and the melt was heat treated for 2-3 hours while being covered with gaseous sulfur hexafluoride. The melts were then poured into molds heated at 260° C. and the glasses annealed at that temperature. The annealed glasses were clear, and test pieces were prepared for measurements as recorded in TABLE I.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
A method of determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current which comprises measuring the angle of rotation of polarized light in a magnetic field created by the current with a glass fiber sensor composed of a fluoride glass having a low Verdet constant and a photoelastic coefficient not over about 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2).
Description
- This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from the European Patent Application Number 99400016.4, filed Jan. 5, 1999 and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/116,706, filed Jan. 22, 1999.
- The invention relates broadly to measurement of large currents and production of devices for that purpose.
- Fiber optic, current sensors, based on the Faraday effect, have a number of advantages for remotely measuring large electrical currents. These include wide dynamic range, fast response, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small size, and low cost. Consequently, a variety of fiber optic, current sensors have been investigated in recent years. Mainly, they have employed a single mode optical fiber (SMF) of clad silica.
- These sensors have not yet reached the stage of practical field use due to lack of accuracy and stability. This is mainly due to intrinsic and induced, linear birefringences that distort the Faraday rotation being measured. A particular problem arises from the inability of silica fibers to measure accurately large currents, such as surge or fault currents. Such currents are exceptionally large, as much as 180 kA under some circumstances. They generally occur due to some failure, such as a short circuit.
- The Faraday effect is a phenomenon by which a linear, polarized light will rotate when propagating through a transparent material that is placed in a magnetic field in parallel to the magnetic field. The size of the rotation angle (θ), given in degrees, is defined as
- (1)θ=VHL
- where H is the strength of the magnetic field (A/m), V is the Verdet constant of the material, and L is the path length over which the magnetic field acts (m).
- The magnetic field strength is measured in terms of Amperes (A) times turns (T) per unit length (AT/m) where m is meters). Since values are expressed in terms of one turn, this factor is usually implicit, rather than explicit. Hence, the strength is customarily given in amperes (A) or kiloamperes (kA) per unit path length in meters (m).
- The Verdet constant, V, is the angle of rotation divided by the magnetic field strength per unit length. The angle may be expressed in any of the customary units for angle measurement, but degrees are used here. Verdet constant values, unless otherwise indicated, are given in terms of degrees divided by field strength expressed as (kA×T/m)m.
- The magnitude of the magnetic induction (B) around an infinite straight conductor is given by the expression:
- (2) B=(μ∘/4π)(2l/a)
- where I is the current, μ∘ is permittivity of free space, and a is the radial distance of the magnetic field from the conductor. The magnetic field is related to the magnetic induction by the simple relation:
- (3) B=μ∘H.
- Combining equations 1 through 3 gives a proportional relation between the rotation and the current such that:
- (4)θ=VI
- where θ is in degrees, V is the Verdet constant, and I is in kiloamperes (kA). Thus, the sensitivity of a method for measuring the current depends on how accurately the angular rotation can be measured.
- The degree of sensitivity in measuring the angular rotation is influenced by another factor; birefringence. Birefringence arises primarily from stresses that result from bending, or otherwise distorting, a fiber in its disposition. The sources of linear birefringence in single mode fibers include residual stress from fabrication, bending, contact, and thermal stresses (Yamashita et al., “Extremely Small Stress-optic Coefficient Glass Single Mode Fibers For Current Sensor”, Optical Fiber Sensors, Sapporo Japan, paper We2-4, page 168 (1996) (“Yamashita”).
- The stress-induced birefringence is quantified in terms of a coefficient, called the photoelastic constant (or the photoelastic coefficient). The photoelastic coefficient (Bρ) may be defined as the coefficient relating the difference in the refractive indices in the stress direction (n(par)) and in the perpendicular direction (n(per)), to the magnitude of the applied stress:
- (5) n(par)−n(per)=Bρσ
- It may also be regarded as the phase shift measured in units of wavelength in nanometers (nm) per path length in centimeters (cm) divided by the stress in kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2). The values then are in units of (nm/cm divided by kg/cm2).
- An ideal glass fiber would have a photoelastic coefficient of zero, thereby nullifying any effect of stress-induced birefringence. However, this has proven difficult to obtain in conjunction with other desired properties. Therefore, a near-zero value, e.g., a value within a range of −0.2 to 0.2, has been considered adequate for some purposes.
- In measuring a surge current, it is important to keep the angle of rotation below 90 degrees. With glass fibers having large Verdet constants, a fault current measurement is apt to create an angle of rotation greater than 90 degrees. The angle of rotation greater than 90 degrees will register the same as an angle of less than 90 degrees. In contrast, a device having a glass fiber with a low Verdet constant will not have as great an angle of rotation when measuring a large fault current. Therefore, it will accurately measure such currents.
- It is a purpose of the present invention to provide an improved method and device for measuring large currents, such as surge and fault currents.
- Another purpose is to provide a glass that is adapted to use in such improved method and device.
- A further purpose is to provide a method of producing a glass having a near-zero photoelastic coefficient in conjunction with a low Verdet constant.
- A still further purpose is to provide a method of reducing the photoelastic coefficient of a glass having a low Verdet constant.
- The present invention resides in part in a method of reducing the photoelastic coefficient of a fluoride glass that has a low Verdet constant at a wavelength suitable for measurement, and that contains zirconium fluoride as a primary component of its composition, the method comprising the step of incorporating a small amount of lead fluoride in the glass composition.
- The invention further resides in a method of determining the magnitude of a surge or fault current of up to about 200 kA which comprises:
- providing a glass fiber, current sensor, the glass having a composition composed predominantly of zirconium fluoride and containing up to about 3% lead fluoride, having a low Verdet constant at the wavelength used for measurement, and capable of causing an angular rotation of polarized light less than 0.45° per kA, per pass at that wavelength,
- passing a current through a conductor to create a magnetic field surrounding the conductor,
- positioning the current sensor within the magnetic field thus created,
- propagating polarized light into the glass fiber, current sensor,
- measuring the angle of rotation of the polarized light in the glass fiber sensor, and
- determining the magnitude of the current from the angle of rotation of the polarized light.
- The single FIGURE in the accompanying drawing is a device for carrying out the method according to the present invention.
- The present invention relates to a method and device for determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current. The magnitude is determined by measuring the angle of rotation that the current creates in polarized light as the light is transmitted through a fiber in a magnetic field. The angle of rotation is less when the glass from which the fiber is drawn has a low Verdet constant. In particular, a fiber produced from a fluoride glass of the present invention will have a Verdet constant that is less than 0.45 degrees/kA. Therefore, when the fiber is exposed to a current up to at least 200 kA in magnitude, it will register an angle of rotation less than 90 degrees, and will accurately measure the current.
- Reference to a fiber signifies a clad fiber comprising essentially a fiber core and an outer cladding layer. The fiber core is the functional member for current measurement. However, it is well known that a fiber core requires a cladding of lower refractive index to prevent loss of light from the core during transmission.
- Except for refractive index, it is desirable that the properties of a cladding closely match those of a core glass in a clad fiber. Accordingly, it is common practice to use glasses of the same composition family for the core and cladding. The cladding glass will have the same composition as that of the core glass, except modified to impart a lower refractive index.
- Lead fluoride (PbF2) is added to a selected fluoride glass composition, in exchange for sodium fluoride (NaF), to produce a fiber core. A glass having the same composition, but with the PbF2 omitted and the NaF restored, may be used as a cladding glass. Other exchanges, such as for barium fluoride and/or zinc fluoride, may be made to lower the index for a cladding glass. For example, NaF, or another alkaline earth metal fluoride, such as calcium or magnesium fluoride, may be exchanged for barium or zinc fluoride to provide a lower refractive index. The two glasses may be melted, and a clad fiber drawn employing the well-known double crucible technique.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the device of the present invention. Preferably, a
clad fiber 3, as described above, is utilized. However, any glass article, such as a piece of bulk glass (not shown), can be used.Fiber 3 acts as a path for the polarized light.Conductor 4 carries the current to produce a magnetic field. Preferably,fiber 3 is wrapped aroundconductor 4, as shown, to increase the length of the light path. Also, it is preferable thatfiber 3 be insulated from the conductor. - The device also includes a source of light rays1, the source being located such that light rays are directed to an input end of
fiber 3. Typically, the source of light rays 1 is a laser. Apolarizer 2 is located adjacent to source of light rays 1 such that the light rays are linearly polarized. Ananalyzer 5 is located at an output end offiber 3. -
Analyzer 5 derives a rotatory, polarization component produced in proportion to the current flowing through theconductor 4. Also included is ameans 8 for indicating the measured current corresponding to the output ofanalyzer 5. Typically, themeans 8 is alight detector 6, and adisplay device 7.Light detector 6 receives and detects the output ofanalyzer 5.Device 7 receives the output of, and provides a display of, the output of thelight detector 6. - Optionally, the analyzer may be a Wollaston prism, as described in Yamashita. Then, the light ray output from the fiber is broken into two orthogonal polarizations.
Means 8 detects the output of each signal, and indicates the measured current corresponding to the output. - Electrical current, in a normal power station operation, can be determined by employing a glass current sensor, preferably in the form of a clad fiber. In order to avoid the effect of birefringence, it is desirable to employ a glass having a low photoelastic coefficient, preferably zero or near-zero. The Verdet constant of the glass may then ordinarily be as large as possible to enhance the sensitivity of the determination. In measuring exceptionally large currents, as explained earlier, a low Verdet constant is now required. This avoids pushing the angle of rotation of the polarized light beyond 900.
- Heretofore, fused silica has provided the smallest Verdet constant available in an inorganic glass, the value being 0.10/kA at 1150 nm. However, fused silica also has a large photoelastic coefficient, 3.5 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2) at 560 nm. This has led to a search for a glass of comparable Verdet constant and a low, near-zero photoelastic coefficient.
- It has been observed that certain fluoride glasses have relatively small photoelastic coefficients. Further, these glasses may also have small Verdet constants. Particular reference is made to a fluoride glass known by the acronym ZBLAN. This glass is reported to have a composition consisting of, in mole percent, 53 ZrF4, 20 BaF2, 4 LaF3, 3 AIF3 and 20 NaF. Measurements on this glass show a desirably low Verdet constant of 0.22°/kA at 633 nm., and a photoelastic coefficient of 0.34 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2) at 546 nm.
- In order to measure exceptionally large currents, an even lower photoelastic coefficient is desirable. We have found that lead fluoride (PbF2) can be added to a ZBLAN-type glass composition in an amount up to about 3 mol %. Preferably, the addition is in substitution for sodium fluoride (NaF).
- We have further found that such additions result in glasses having decreased photoelastic coefficients. Based on these findings, core fibers for present purposes preferably consist essentially of, as calculated in mol %:
52-56% ZrF4 14-24% BaF2 3-6% LaF3 3-6% AlF3 14-22% NaF up to about 3% PbF2 - Three glasses were prepared based on the ZBLAN composition. In two of the glass compositions, a small amount of lead fluoride (PbF2) was substituted for sodium fluoride (NaF). Otherwise, the ZBLAN composition was unchanged.
- Measurements were made of Verdet coefficient at 633 nm, and at 1 150 nm for one glass, and photoelastic coefficient (B) at 546 nm. TABLE I shows the PbF2 content in mole and weight % and the measured values for Verdet and photoelastic coefficients.
TABLE I PbF2 mole % weight % V (633 nm) V (1150 nm) B (546 nm) 0.0 0.0 0.22 — 0.34 0.7 1.43 0.22 0.12 0.25 2.0 4.28 0.20 — 0.18 - These data indicate that increasing PbF2 substitutions will provide a photoelastic coefficient approaching zero. However, the compositions become increasingly difficult to melt.
- The glasses shown in TABLE I were prepared by mixing an appropriate batch of fluoride components, placing the batch in a covered, platinum crucible to retain fluorine, and melting at 800° C. for about 40 minutes. The crucible was then uncovered, and the melt was heat treated for 2-3 hours while being covered with gaseous sulfur hexafluoride. The melts were then poured into molds heated at 260° C. and the glasses annealed at that temperature. The annealed glasses were clear, and test pieces were prepared for measurements as recorded in TABLE I.
Claims (10)
1. A method of reducing the photoelastic coefficient of a fluoride glass that has a low Verdet constant at a wavelength suitable for measurement, and that contains zirconium fluoride as a primary component of its composition, the method comprising the step of incorporating a small amount of lead fluoride in the glass composition.
2. The method of which comprises incorporating an amount of lead fluoride in the fluoride glass composition that is not over about 3.0 mole %.
claim 1
3. The method of which comprises incorporating the lead fluoride in a fluoride glass composition which is predominantly zirconium fluoride and contains smaller amounts of barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium fluorides.
claim 1
4. The method of which comprises incorporating the lead fluoride in a glass composition consisting essentially of, in mole %: 53% ZrF4, 20% BaF2, 4% LaF3, 3% AIF3 and 20% NaF.
claim 3
5. The method of which comprises reducing the photoelastic coefficient to a value less than about 0.20 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2).
claim 1
6. A method of determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current of up to about 200 kA which comprises,
providing a glass fiber, current sensor, the core glass of which has a composition composed predominantly of zirconium fluoride and containing up to about 3 mole % lead fluoride, having a low Verdet constant at the wavelength used for measurement, and capable of causing an angular rotation of polarized light less than 0.45° per kA, per pass at that wavelength,
passing a current through a conductor to create a magnetic field surrounding the conductor,
positioning the current sensor within the magnetic field thus created,
propagating polarized light into the glass fiber, current sensor,
measuring the angle of rotation of the polarized light in the glass fiber sensor, and
determining the magnitude of the current from the angle of rotation of the polarized light.
7. The method of which comprises forming the glass current sensor as a coil through which the conductor extends.
claim 6
8. The method of which comprises providing a glass fiber sensor that has a photoelastic coefficient not over 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2).
claim 6
9. A glass fiber sensor for measuring an exceptionally large current in a magnetic field, the core glass having a fluoride glass composition containing ZrF4 as a primary component and not over 3 mole percent PbF2 whereby the photoelastic coefficient of the glass is reduced to a value not over 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm2).
10. A glass fiber sensor in accordance with wherein the core glass consists essentially of, as calculated in mol %:
52-56% ZrF4
14-24% BaF2
3-6% LaF3
3-6% AlF3
14-22% NaF
up to about 3% PbF2
claim 9
Priority Applications (1)
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US09/776,487 US20010009364A1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2001-02-02 | Current measuring method and device |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP99400016.4 | 1999-01-05 | ||
EP99400016A EP1018492A1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-01-05 | Current measuring method and device |
US11670699P | 1999-01-22 | 1999-01-22 | |
US09/349,374 US6320366B1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-07-08 | Method of measuring a large current using a glass fiber current sensor |
US09/776,487 US20010009364A1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2001-02-02 | Current measuring method and device |
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US09/349,374 Division US6320366B1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-07-08 | Method of measuring a large current using a glass fiber current sensor |
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US09/349,374 Expired - Fee Related US6320366B1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-07-08 | Method of measuring a large current using a glass fiber current sensor |
US09/776,487 Abandoned US20010009364A1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2001-02-02 | Current measuring method and device |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20150102802A1 (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2015-04-16 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Optical fiber current sensor |
TWI506003B (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-11-01 | Central Glass Co Ltd | Fluorescent glass and a method for manufacturing the same |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10006944B2 (en) * | 2012-07-19 | 2018-06-26 | Gridview Optical Solutions, Llc. | Electro-optic current sensor with high dynamic range and accuracy |
US9632113B2 (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2017-04-25 | Ofs Fitel, Llc | Few-moded fiber for sensing current |
CN108267631A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2018-07-10 | 湾世伟 | A kind of electronic type all-fiber current transformator using high magneto-optic coefficient sensor fibre |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5155273A (en) * | 1974-11-09 | 1976-05-14 | Eto Goro | Hikarihenseigatakendenki |
FR2515811A1 (en) * | 1981-11-03 | 1983-05-06 | Thomson Csf | INTERFEROMETRIC DEVICE FOR MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENT AND ELECTRIC CURRENT SENSOR COMPRISING SUCH A DEVICE |
JPS59116149A (en) * | 1982-12-23 | 1984-07-04 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | Optical fiber for infrared rays and its manufacture |
JPH0822765B2 (en) * | 1986-07-03 | 1996-03-06 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Fluoride SM fiber with great effect |
US5272434A (en) * | 1987-06-20 | 1993-12-21 | Schlumberger Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electro-optically testing circuits |
US4894608A (en) * | 1987-07-22 | 1990-01-16 | Square D Company | Electric current sensor using the faraday effect |
ES2052135T3 (en) * | 1989-12-01 | 1994-07-01 | Asea Brown Boveri | FIBER OPTIC CURRENT TRANSFORMER. |
JP3363512B2 (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 2003-01-08 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Lead-containing fluoride glass and optical fiber and method for producing the same |
US5365175A (en) * | 1993-01-21 | 1994-11-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method of locating ground faults |
US6133721A (en) * | 1999-01-22 | 2000-10-17 | Corning Incorporated | Glass fiber current sensor and method of use therefor |
-
1999
- 1999-01-05 EP EP99400016A patent/EP1018492A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-08 US US09/349,374 patent/US6320366B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-02-02 US US09/776,487 patent/US20010009364A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TWI506003B (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-11-01 | Central Glass Co Ltd | Fluorescent glass and a method for manufacturing the same |
US20150102802A1 (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2015-04-16 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Optical fiber current sensor |
Also Published As
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EP1018492A1 (en) | 2000-07-12 |
US6320366B1 (en) | 2001-11-20 |
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