US1995200A - Manufacture of photo-electric cells - Google Patents
Manufacture of photo-electric cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1995200A US1995200A US687306A US68730633A US1995200A US 1995200 A US1995200 A US 1995200A US 687306 A US687306 A US 687306A US 68730633 A US68730633 A US 68730633A US 1995200 A US1995200 A US 1995200A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- manufacture
- photo
- disc
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cuprous oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+].[Cu+] KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229940112669 cuprous oxide Drugs 0.000 description 11
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl1408157 Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002160 Celluloid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001620634 Roger Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001800 Shellac Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940113147 shellac Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013874 shellac Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004208 shellac Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/16—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide
- H01L21/161—Preparation of the foundation plate, preliminary treatment oxidation of the foundation plate, reduction treatment
- H01L21/165—Reduction of the copper oxide, treatment of the oxide layer
Definitions
- This invention relates to the manufacture of photo-electric cells of the dry surface contact type and more particularly to cells of this character comprising a relatively thin disc or plate of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of gold or other suitable metal, the invention having for its object certain improvements in the process of manufacture whereby a more efficient sensitive and durable cell may be obtained.
- the plates or discs of cuprous oxide are obtained by oxidizing a strip 1 of metallic copper which has previously been divided into a number of areas 2 each corresponding to a single disc or plate of the required size and shape, the areas 2 being almost completely separated from each other and from the remainder of the strip by punching or slotting as indicatedatSin FigureloratiinFimrre 2.
- the strip 1 thus formed comprising the several 25 discs or plates 2 connected to one another by the portion of the strip not removed is suspended by means of an aperture 5 at one end of the strip in an electric furnace in which it is subjected to a temperature of approximately 1000 C. for a peso riod of approximately 48 hours after which the strip is transferred to a second furnace and subjected to a temperature of approximately 520 C.
- the discs or plates 2 of oxide are then separated from the remainder of the oxidized strip and are treated in the following manner for the removal of the layer of cupric oxide formed on the surface of the cuprous oxide during the proces of oxidation.
- the discs or plates are first subjected to the action of boiling citric acid which is found to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the outer 50 surface of the cuprous oxide to the form of metallic copper, the treatment being continued until the whole surface of. the disc or plate is covered with a uniform'layer of reduced copper. This layer is non-adherent or loosely adherent and can removed by washing in water.
- the disc or plate 2 is then immersed in a saturated solution of sodium cyanide thereby imparting a particularly smooth surface to the cuprous oxide which is found to be of importance in order to prevent subsequent deterioration of the cell in service.
- the cyanide solution also serves to neutralize any acid retained in the body of the cuprous oxide as a result of the previous stage of the process.
- the disc or plate is then removed from the cyanide solution and thoroughly washed with distilled water, being finally dried in air at a relatively low temperature.
- One side of the disc or plate is then coated with a thin layer of graphite preferably in the form of Aquadag" and is subsequently coated with a relatively thick layer of gold or other suitable metal so as to form a terminal contact for the photo-electric element.
- a photo-electric contact layer or gold is then applied to the opposite surface of the disc or plate which is to be subjected to the action of light this being preferably effected by a sputtering operation and it should be observed that the thickness of this layer has a definite critical value for which the operation of the device as a photoelectric cell has a maximum efliciency.
- the thickness of the layer is dependent upon the dimensions, distance apart and nature of the anode and cathode employed and the nature and pressure of the gas in the presence of which the sputtering operation is effected the thickness of the layer being also dependent upon the impressed voltage and the duration of the sputtering operation. In a particular case it was found that a layer of suitable thickness for maximum emciency was obtained by continuing the sputtering operation for 2 minutes with a current of 40 milli-amperes in air at a pressure of 0.1 mm.
- the element is finally completed by coating the surface of the disc or plate to be illuminated or the whole disc or plate with a transparent layer of shellac or celluloid which not only serves to protect the photo-electric contact layer of gold and the boundry or contact surface between this layer and the cuprous oxide from injury or deterioration but also prevents or reduces reflection of the light from the upper surface of the layer of gold and thus assists its penetration of the photo-electric boundary or contact surface.
- a transparent layer of shellac or celluloid which not only serves to protect the photo-electric contact layer of gold and the boundry or contact surface between this layer and the cuprous oxide from injury or deterioration but also prevents or reduces reflection of the light from the upper surface of the layer of gold and thus assists its penetration of the photo-electric boundary or contact surface.
- a process for the manufacture of a photoelectric cell of the dry surface contact type comprising a disc of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of suitable metal such as gold characterized by that the disc of oxide is treated with hot citric acid to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the surface of the cuprous oxide to metallic copper in a readily removable condition.
- a process for the manufacture of a photoelectric cell of the dry surface contact type comprising a disc of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of suitable metal such as gold, characterized by treating the disc of oxide with hot citric acid to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the surface of the cuprous oxide to metallic copper in a readily removable condition, and subsequently treating the disc with a solution of sodium cyanide with the object of imparting a smooth surface to the oxide.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
March 19, 1935. R H, cUBlTT ET AL 1,995,200
MANUFACTURE OF PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELLS Filed Aug. 29. 1933 "5 1; Fig.1.
1 9- Roger Harrg i find y Alberf Lesliq M'lle'qms l px THEIR A TTORNEY UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE MANUFACTURE or rno'ro-smo'rarc onus Roger Harry Cubitt and Albert Leslie Williams, Kings Cross, London, England, aleignors, by
tion of Pennsylvania ts, to The Union Switch & Signal Company. Swissvale, P
m clvflon All! 29, 1933, Serial No. 887,308 In Great Britain August 30, 1932 This invention relates to the manufacture of photo-electric cells of the dry surface contact type and more particularly to cells of this character comprising a relatively thin disc or plate of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of gold or other suitable metal, the invention having for its object certain improvements in the process of manufacture whereby a more efficient sensitive and durable cell may be obtained.
The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawing Figures 1 and 2 of which are views showing one stage in the process and manufacture of the cells in accordance with a proposed form of the invention.
Referring now to the drawing the plates or discs of cuprous oxide are obtained by oxidizing a strip 1 of metallic copper which has previously been divided into a number of areas 2 each corresponding to a single disc or plate of the required size and shape, the areas 2 being almost completely separated from each other and from the remainder of the strip by punching or slotting as indicatedatSinFigureloratiinFimrre 2. The strip 1 thus formed comprising the several 25 discs or plates 2 connected to one another by the portion of the strip not removed is suspended by means of an aperture 5 at one end of the strip in an electric furnace in which it is subjected to a temperature of approximately 1000 C. for a peso riod of approximately 48 hours after which the strip is transferred to a second furnace and subjected to a temperature of approximately 520 C.
for a period of approximately 2 hours the strip being subsequently cooled in still air.
The method of oxidation above described is found to produce 'a statisfactory proportion of discs or plates which are plane, homogeneous and crystalline in structure, the conversion of the metal into oxide being complete throughout the thickness of the strip 1.
The discs or plates 2 of oxide are then separated from the remainder of the oxidized strip and are treated in the following manner for the removal of the layer of cupric oxide formed on the surface of the cuprous oxide during the proces of oxidation.
The discs or plates are first subjected to the action of boiling citric acid which is found to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the outer 50 surface of the cuprous oxide to the form of metallic copper, the treatment being continued until the whole surface of. the disc or plate is covered with a uniform'layer of reduced copper. This layer is non-adherent or loosely adherent and can removed by washing in water.
(c1. lac-s9) The disc or plate 2 is then immersed in a saturated solution of sodium cyanide thereby imparting a particularly smooth surface to the cuprous oxide which is found to be of importance in order to prevent subsequent deterioration of the cell in service. The cyanide solution also serves to neutralize any acid retained in the body of the cuprous oxide as a result of the previous stage of the process.
The disc or plate is then removed from the cyanide solution and thoroughly washed with distilled water, being finally dried in air at a relatively low temperature.
One side of the disc or plate is then coated with a thin layer of graphite preferably in the form of Aquadag" and is subsequently coated with a relatively thick layer of gold or other suitable metal so as to form a terminal contact for the photo-electric element.
A photo-electric contact layer or gold is then applied to the opposite surface of the disc or plate which is to be subjected to the action of light this being preferably effected by a sputtering operation and it should be observed that the thickness of this layer has a definite critical value for which the operation of the device as a photoelectric cell has a maximum efliciency. The thickness of the layer is dependent upon the dimensions, distance apart and nature of the anode and cathode employed and the nature and pressure of the gas in the presence of which the sputtering operation is effected the thickness of the layer being also dependent upon the impressed voltage and the duration of the sputtering operation. In a particular case it was found that a layer of suitable thickness for maximum emciency was obtained by continuing the sputtering operation for 2 minutes with a current of 40 milli-amperes in air at a pressure of 0.1 mm.
The element is finally completed by coating the surface of the disc or plate to be illuminated or the whole disc or plate with a transparent layer of shellac or celluloid which not only serves to protect the photo-electric contact layer of gold and the boundry or contact surface between this layer and the cuprous oxide from injury or deterioration but also prevents or reduces reflection of the light from the upper surface of the layer of gold and thus assists its penetration of the photo-electric boundary or contact surface.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the use of the particular process or reagents above described and that variations or modifications may be adopted without exceeding the scope of the invention.
Having thus described our invention what we claim is:
1. A process for the manufacture of a photoelectric cell of the dry surface contact type comprising a disc of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of suitable metal such as gold characterized by that the disc of oxide is treated with hot citric acid to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the surface of the cuprous oxide to metallic copper in a readily removable condition.
2. A process for the manufacture of a photoelectric cell of the dry surface contact type comprising a disc of cuprous oxide coated with a layer of suitable metal such as gold, characterized by treating the disc of oxide with hot citric acid to remove the cupric oxide and to reduce the surface of the cuprous oxide to metallic copper in a readily removable condition, and subsequently treating the disc with a solution of sodium cyanide with the object of imparting a smooth surface to the oxide.
ROGER HARRY CUBITT. ALBERT LESLIE WILLIAMS.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1995200X | 1932-08-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1995200A true US1995200A (en) | 1935-03-19 |
Family
ID=10895568
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US687306A Expired - Lifetime US1995200A (en) | 1932-08-30 | 1933-08-29 | Manufacture of photo-electric cells |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1995200A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2434967A (en) * | 1943-10-26 | 1948-01-27 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Rectifier and method of making the same |
| US2692212A (en) * | 1950-02-09 | 1954-10-19 | Westinghouse Brake & Signal | Manufacture of dry surface contact rectifiers |
| US3040416A (en) * | 1959-05-13 | 1962-06-26 | Hoffman Electronics Corp | Method of making a large area solar cell panel |
| US3284241A (en) * | 1962-02-13 | 1966-11-08 | Philco Corp | Photo-emissive device including emitter and insulator of less than mean free path dimensions |
| US3671407A (en) * | 1970-09-11 | 1972-06-20 | United States Steel Corp | Method for preventing high-temperature blistering of copper coatings electro-deposited on copper substrates |
-
1933
- 1933-08-29 US US687306A patent/US1995200A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2434967A (en) * | 1943-10-26 | 1948-01-27 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Rectifier and method of making the same |
| US2692212A (en) * | 1950-02-09 | 1954-10-19 | Westinghouse Brake & Signal | Manufacture of dry surface contact rectifiers |
| US3040416A (en) * | 1959-05-13 | 1962-06-26 | Hoffman Electronics Corp | Method of making a large area solar cell panel |
| US3284241A (en) * | 1962-02-13 | 1966-11-08 | Philco Corp | Photo-emissive device including emitter and insulator of less than mean free path dimensions |
| US3671407A (en) * | 1970-09-11 | 1972-06-20 | United States Steel Corp | Method for preventing high-temperature blistering of copper coatings electro-deposited on copper substrates |
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