US1965037A - Treatment of steel tools - Google Patents

Treatment of steel tools Download PDF

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Publication number
US1965037A
US1965037A US622818A US62281832A US1965037A US 1965037 A US1965037 A US 1965037A US 622818 A US622818 A US 622818A US 62281832 A US62281832 A US 62281832A US 1965037 A US1965037 A US 1965037A
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Prior art keywords
tool
solution
bath
face
cutter
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US622818A
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English (en)
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Hardtmann Max
Werner Arnold
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Individual
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
    • C23F1/06—Sharpening files

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the treatment of steel tools and more particularly to a process for improving and sharpening tools having cutting edges, such as files, rasps, milling cutters,
  • the word improving is employed in this specification to mean improving the cutting properties of tools of the 10 aforesaid kind whether they be new unused tools or old tools which have become blunt in use.
  • Fig. 1 shows a file suspended in the solution
  • Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically the cutting edges of the file in the blunt condition
  • Fig. 3 shows the cutting edges of the file after the treatment has commenced
  • Fig. 4 shows the cutting edges of the file after the deposit has been formed
  • the file to be treated is suspended in a solution 2 contained in a vessel 1 with its cutting edges 3 downward and its handle 4 upwards, the said handle 4 being supported on small battens 5, the ends of which rest on the edges of the vessel 1 as clearly shown in the drawing.
  • the tool is suspended vertically with the tang upwards, as shown in Fig. 1, in an aqueous solution of an acid capable of dissolving steel, for instance nitric acid, if desired in admixture with sulphuric acid, and at least one salt of one or more metals which are more electro-positive than iron.
  • an acid capable of dissolving steel for instance nitric acid
  • sulphuric acid if desired in admixture with sulphuric acid
  • the metal in question is deposited in the form of a metallic coating on the steel, whilst at the same time the equivalent amount of iron goes into solution.
  • the electrical elementconstituted by the steel, the acid and the said metal prevents the steel from becoming inert and assists the process of dissolving the .latter.
  • the metallic coating possesses a different degree of adherence to the file or other tool and'is of dif ferent densities at different places, the said coating being more adherent and denser at the upper parts of the cutters or teeth, i. e., the parts directed towards the surface of the bath, than at the lower parts of the cutters or teeth, inasmuch as the hydrogen gas, which is formed duringthe process of dissolving the steel and which is prevented from ascending by the overhanging cutters and collects on them, produces the result that the metallic coating at the lower parts deposits in a spongy and loose form and is therefore less adherent and less dense than at the upper parts of the cutters or teeth, see Fig. 4.
  • the dissolving or etching bath constituted by the aqueous solution penetrates more easily through the less dense coating, so that the cutter or tooth is more strongly acted upon at the places where the coating is less dense.
  • the cutting edge of the cutter or tooth cannot become rounded off, inasmuch as it is protected from above.
  • the etching 90. action which takes place substantially from below naturally also effects a cutting edge which is already existent, but when an existent cutting edge is attacked a new cutting edge is always formed again.
  • the new cutting edge which is formed consists principally of the more valuable comtituents and is therefore more useful andmore 'eflicient.
  • the denser netallic coating after a certain time, also becomes loosened by acid diffusing through it in small. quantities or penetrating-through it from the side and then owing to the formation of cracks loses its adherence and drops ofi, as a result of which a rapid solution of the steel occurs at the places in question, it is necessary to remove the metallic coating, preferably by mechanical means, for instance by brushing it oiT, before it develops cracks, whereby a cutting edge is produced as shown in Fig. 5. If, after the removal of the metallic coating, it is found that the tool is not yet sufficiently sharpened, the above described operation is repeated one or more times until upon removing or brushing off the coating it is found that the necessary degree of sharpening has been attained.
  • the bath preferably contains nitric acid as the etching means and it is advantageous to employ sulphuric acid in addition thereto.
  • nitric acid as the etching means and it is advantageous to employ sulphuric acid in addition thereto.
  • sulphuric acid for obtaining the metallic coating on the tool salts of metals which are more electropositive than iron, for example salts of. copper, nickel or cobalt, either individually or in admixture with one another. It has been found that the operation of the bath is improved by the addition of neutral salts having similar ions to the acids, as, for example, potassium nitrate or Glauber salts.
  • a depolarizer in the bath is advantageous.
  • a depolarizer an alkaline salt of an acid of chromium, vanadium or tungsten may, for example, be employed.
  • the adherence of the metallic coating deposited on the tool which is under treatment is particularly dependent on the chlorine ion content of the bath.
  • a high chlorine ion content gives a very dense adherent coating which it is difficult to brush off, Whilst if no chlorine ions are present at all a very badly adherent spongy metallic coating is formed on the tool, which although it still allows of the sharpening operation necessitates very careful attention. It has been found that an addition of .1 to 1.0% of chlorine ions is advantageous in normal conditions. In the case of rough tools such as rasps the chlorine ion content may be increased to 5% without detriment.
  • the chlorine ions may be added, for example in the form of ferric chloride or in the form of an alkaline chloride, such as common salt.
  • the sharpening of the tools may be carried out either in one bath or in two baths.
  • the first case the formation of the metallic coating and the etching of the tool, for example the file, will take place in the same bath, whereas in the second case the metallic coating is first formed in one bath and the etching operation is then carried out in the second bath, the first bath being relatively weak in acid and the second bath containing little or none of the aforesaid metallic salts, i. e., the salts of metals which are more electro-positive than iron.
  • the tools sharpened in the above described manner have cutters possessing a new and hitherto unknown property.
  • the soft less valuable material has been dissolved out the surface of the tool and particularly the cutting edge is improved so that the efiiciency of such a tool is substantially increased.
  • the quality of the material of the cutter is improved in this case also and there is very little loss of material.
  • Example 1 Files are suspended with their tangs upwards, as shown in Fig. 1 in a bath of the following composition:
  • the tools are taken out and brushed down whilst wet, as a result of which the coating of copper is removed. If the files are not yet sufficiently sharp they are again suspended from 5 to 10 minutes in the bath, then brushed down again and so on. If the files which are to be treated have been blunted by use, the sharpening operation will be complete after about 30 to 40 minutes, so that it is necessary to suspend the files three or four times in the bath. If, on the other hand, the object of the treatment is to improve a cutting edge which is already existent, a single operation in the bath is sufficient.
  • the files after they have been removed from the bath and brushed down are first treated with diluted lye, milk of lime or soda solution for the purpose of neutralizing any acid which may be clinging to them, and are then thoroughly washed, dried and smeared with mineral oil in order to prevent the formation of rust.
  • the loss of weight of a file in the sharpening operation amounts to .5 to 2%.
  • Example 2 Copperz'ng bath. --Thoroughly cleaned rasps are suspended with the tangs upwards in a bath of the following composition:
  • the cleansing of the tools is efiected in the same manner as in Example 1 above.
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpening eifect is produced by etching, consisting in introducing the tool into an aqueous solution of acid capable of dissolving steel, and salts of metals which are more electropositive than iron; locating the tool in said solutions in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the vessel containing the solution and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the solution; whereby the solution produces a metallic coating on the tool and also etches the tool; the metallic coating being formed, owing to the location of the tool, of a less denseand less adherent nature on the one face of the cutter than on the other face, so that the etching is selective and takes place more rapidly at the face having the less dense coating.
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpening effect is produced by etching, consisting in introducing the tool into an aqueous solution of acid capable of dissolving steel, and salts of metals which are more electropositive than iron; locating the tool in said solution in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the vessel containing the solution and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the solution; whereby the solution produces a coating of the metal which is more electropositive than iron on the tool and at the same time etches the tool; the metallic coating being formed, owing to the location of the tool, of a denser and more adherent nature on the face of the cutter directed towards the surface of the solution than on the other face, so that the etching is selective and takes place more rapidly at the face having the less dense coating; withdrawing the tool from the solution; removing the metallic coating from the tool; and introducing the tool into the solution again in a similar manner; whereby the formation of the metallic coating and the metallic
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpening eifectis produced by etching, consisting in introducing the tool into an aqueous solution of acid capable of dissolving steel, and salts of metals which are more electro-positive than iron; locating the tool in said solution in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the vessel containing the solution and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the solution; whereby the solution produces a coating of the metal which is more electro-positive than iron on.
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpeningeffect is produced by etching consisting in introducing the tool into an aqueous solution of acid capable of dissolving steel, and salts of metals which are more electro-positive than iron; locating the tool in said solution in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the vessel containing the solution and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the solution; whereby the solution produces a coating of the metal which is more electro-positive than iron on the tool and also etches the tool; the metallic coating being formed, owing to the location of the tool, of a denser and 'more adherent nature on the face of the cutter directed towards the surface of the solution than on the other face, so that the etching is selective and takes place more rapidly at the face having the less dense coating; withdrawing the tool from the solution before the metallic coating has developed cracks; removing the metallic coating from the tool by brushing it off; and introducing the tool into the bath again in a
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpening effect is produced by etching consisting in introducing the tool into an aqueous solution of acid capable of dissolving steel and salts of metals which are more electro-posltive than iron; locating the tool in the solution in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the solution and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the solution; whereby the solution produces a coating of the metal which is more electro-positive'than iron on the tool and etches the tool; the metallic coating being formed, owing to the location of the tool, of a denser and more adherent nature on the face of the cutter which is directed towards the surface of the solution than on the other face, so that the etching is selective and takes place more rapidly at the face having the less dense coating; withdrawing the tool from the solution; removing the metallic coating from the tool; introducing the tool in a similar manner into another solution containing acid capable of dissolving steel, and salts of metals
  • a process for improving and sharpening steel tools wherein a sharpening effect is produced by etching consisting in introducing the tool into a solution containing acid capable of dissolving steel and salts of metals which are more electro-positive than iron, said solution having morethan .1% but less than 5% of chlorine ions; locating the tool in the said bath in such manner that the one face of each cutter to be etched is directed towards the bottom of the bath and the other face of the cutter is directed towards the surface of the bath; whereby the solution produces a metallic coating on the tool and also etches the tool; the metallic coating being formed, owing to the location of the tool, of a less dense and less adherent nature on the one face of the cutter than on the other face, so that the etching is selective and takes place more rapidly at the face having the less dense coating.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
US622818A 1931-07-18 1932-07-14 Treatment of steel tools Expired - Lifetime US1965037A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE404689X 1931-07-18

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US1965037A true US1965037A (en) 1934-07-03

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US (1) US1965037A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE389906A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR740075A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB404689A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL40194C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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BE389906A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR740075A (fr) 1933-01-20
GB404689A (en) 1934-01-18
NL40194C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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