US1948539A - Steam generator - Google Patents

Steam generator Download PDF

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Publication number
US1948539A
US1948539A US558260A US55826031A US1948539A US 1948539 A US1948539 A US 1948539A US 558260 A US558260 A US 558260A US 55826031 A US55826031 A US 55826031A US 1948539 A US1948539 A US 1948539A
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United States
Prior art keywords
gases
pressure
heat
steam
chamber
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Expired - Lifetime
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US558260A
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English (en)
Inventor
Noack Walter Gustav
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
BBC Brown Boveri France SA
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BBC Brown Boveri France SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/22—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using combustion under pressure substantially exceeding atmospheric pressure

Definitions

  • This invention relates to steam generators and has as its object an improved type of steam generators which, owing to their special working conditions and construction, smallness in size, weight and water capacity, no longer form boilers in the accepted meaning of the word, but rather constitute steam generating machines.
  • the chief features of these mechanized steam generators are the burning of the fuel mixture under high pressure in a pressure resisting combustion chamber, and the exceptionally high velocities at which the combustion gases are passed over the heating surfaces, ensuring small heating surfaces, crossesectional area of the gas passages, and water spaces.
  • the flow of gases is no longer similar to the flow of an inflexible fluid, but properties of the gases become apparent which are caused by the elasticity (compressibility) of the gas.
  • This pressure drop is only partially converted into high velocity, the remainder of the pressure drop being used to drive a gas turbine, which is cou-- pled to a compressor which delivers the scavenging and charging air for the combustion chamber.
  • the value of the gas velocity varies according to the pressure change in the chamber after the explosion and during the discharge and charging, a.nd alternates between approximately 500 and 200 m/sec.
  • the steam generator of the present invention constitutes a further very advantageous modification of the above described mechanized steam generators. Like the generators referred to above, it comprises a pressure resisting combustion chamber, heat-exchange ducts, a gas turbine, and a compressor.
  • the combustion takes place at a constant pressure considerably above atmospheric, which imparts to the gases at high flow velocity along the heating surface of the ducts.
  • the pressure is maintained by means of a compressor which is coupled with a gas turbine that is driven by the combustion gases. It distinguishes over the previous constructions by a different consecutive arrangement of the heating spaces and gas turbine as also by a different method of operation.
  • the gas turbine is not placed at the end of the heat-exchanging bodies,
  • This gas turbine is then so large that it enables operation of the compressor with a compression ratio which is considerably greater than the expansion ratio of the gas expanding in the turbine.
  • Large pressure differences are thus made available between the delivery end of the compressor and the inlet duet of the turbine, and between the turbine exhaust and the atmosphere, imparting high velocities to the flow of the gases through the heatexchangers before the turbine, as well as through the heat-exchangers after the turbine.
  • These velocities should be at least V; of the velocity of sound, i. e. at least 150 m/sec., and higher.
  • the expansion ratio of the gas expanding in the turbine may amount approximately of the compression ratio in the compressor.
  • a combustion chamber 101 formed by a pressure resisting cylinder 102, and is closed at the bottom by the inlet header 103 and at the top by an outlet header 104.
  • the inlet header 103 is shown tapering down towards the bottom, and mounted therein is a burner 105 to which is supplied combustion air and fuel through the air pipe 106 and the fuel pipe'107.
  • the walls of the cylinder 102 may be made of steel or other material capable of withstanding a high pressure, and are protected against overheating by water tubes 108 extending vertically along the chamber walls and lining same.
  • a water chamber 110 Around the walls of the inlet header 103 thereis a water chamber 110, and around the outlet header 104 is a water outlet chamber 111.
  • the water tubes 108 extend between the water inlet chamber 110 and the water chamber 111, and permit a rapid circulation of water from the lower chamber to the upper chamber. Circulation of the water is-effected by means of circulating pipes 112 and a pump 113 connected between the pipe 114 of the water inlet chamber 110 and the outlet 1150f the water outlet chamber 111.
  • the upper portion of the water chamber 111 forms a steam separator compartment 116 which is divided from the lower portion of the chamber by a set of blades 117 tending to impart a rotary motion to water flowing upwards.
  • the water separated from the steam in the portion 116 is led directly by a pipe (not shown in the g l W the inlet pipe 112.
  • the top of the steam separator compartment is connected by a pipe of large diameter 118 with a relatively small steam collector 119 which acts as a further steam separator, and into the lower portion of this steam separator feed-water is injected by a feed-water pump 121 and supply pipe 120.
  • a steam pipe 122 is connected which leads on into a superheater coil 123 mounted in the upper portion of the chamber; the superheated steam passing through steam delivery pipe 124 to the steam engines or turbines or other consuming apparatus where it is to be used.
  • a pipe 125 the lower portion of the steam collector 119 is connected to the circuit of the water circulating pipe 112, by means of which the water is circulated through the water tubes 108 arranged around the periphery of the combustion chamber 101.
  • a gas outlet chamber 131 having around its periphery a set of nozzles 132.
  • these nozzles are connected a set of high-pressure gas discharge ducts in the form of tubes 133 extending downwards through one portion of .the
  • the gas turbine 137 is coupled to a compressor 150 which takes in air that has first been passed through an enclosure 151 jacketing the combustion chamber, and its attachments. The compressor takes in the preheated air and delivers it at high pressure through pipe 106 to the burner 105.
  • a fuel pump 152 which may likewise be driven by the gas turbine 137, supplies fuel, such as oil, gas or pulverized fuel through pipe 107 to the fuel inlet of the burner 105.
  • the nozzles and blades of the gas turbine are so designed that a pressure is created before the turbine which is lower than in the combustion chamber 101 to the extent of a few metres water col- .umn.
  • This pressure difference is utilized to impart to the gases in the heating tubes 133 a'high velocity of flow in order to obtain a high trans mission of heat.
  • This high transmission of heat makes it possible to have comparatively short tubes so that, in spite of high velocities of flow, the friction losses due to the tube resistance are relatively small.
  • This resistance is further reduced due tothe fact that the cooling of the gases while passing through the tubes 133 and the diffusors 134 causes a compression which counteracts the pressure loss due to friction in the tubes.
  • the temperature of the gases in the first heat exchanger (tubes 133) is only diminished to an extent at which the gases still contain sufficient heat energy when arriving at the gas turbine to develop the necessary power for driving the compressor.
  • the back pressure of the gas turbine must be a few metres water column above atmospheric pressure, in order that sumcient pressure is available to give the gases in the second heat-exchanger (tubes 142) high velocities.
  • the pressure drop that is available for work in the gas turbine is therefore equal to the pressure developed by the compressor reduced by the pressure losses in. the burner 105 and the sets of heating tubes 133 and 142.
  • the available pressure drop for expansion in the turbine driving the compressor may be made at least 20% lower than the compression ratio.
  • all gas pipes and blades are cooled by circulating water taken. for instance, from the pipe 112.
  • the gas turbine and the compressor are independent of the load and the drives thereof, and may be regulated as desired.
  • the heat converted into mechanical energy by the gas turbine is taken from the gases and is not available for the immediate generation of steam. This heat, however, is transferred to the air which is heated by the compression.
  • the heat energy utilized in compressing the air is therefore almost completely recuperable in the firing of the steam generator, and the compression is effected without requiring additional power. It is important that no heat is lost from the compressor.
  • the compressor should accordingly not be cooled, and the'operation should be adjusted to make it unnecessary to cool the compressor.
  • the charge is subjected to continuous combustion in the chamber producing therein hot combustion gases having a pressure head equal to the compression pressure. Under the action of this pressure head, the combustion gases are discharged through a set of high-pressure heatexchange ducts, a gas turbine and a set of lowpressure heat-exchange ducts connected in series between the chamber and the atmosphere.
  • the gas turbine is impelled by an intermediate por- ;ion of the pressure head of the hot combustion gases to drive the compressor with power sumcient to produce the required charging pressure, the expansion ratio of the gases being 1', or less of the compression ratio of the compressor.
  • steam. steam generating fiuid and steam generation refer not only, to steam generated by heating water which is chiefly employed in all vapor power plants at present, but as used in the specification and claims are intended to include broadly all other equivalent vaporizable liquids suitable for vaporization by heat conveyed thereto and for utilization as a power medium.
  • the method of generating steam which comprises, initially compressing a gaseous body in a compressor and forming therewith a combustible charge of a substantial pressure head, subjecting said charge to continuous combustion under pressure. utilizing the upper part of the pressure head of the combustion gases for imparting to them a velocity of the order of one hundred fifty meters per second or more along a heat-exchange surface separating the gases from a steam generating fluid to transfer heat thereto and generate steam, utilizing the next lower part of the pressure head of the combustion gases leaving said first heat-exchange surface for impelling a gas turbine driving said compressor and applying the power developed in said gas turbine for initially compressing said gaseous body, utilizing the remaining part of the pressure head of the gases leaving the gas turbine for imparting to said gases a velocity above one hundred meters per second along a second heat-exchange surface separating the gases from a steam generating fluid to transfer thereto remnant heat of the gases, and maintaining the expansion ratio in the gas turbine sufliciently less than the compression ratio of the compressor to provide in the combustion gases
  • the method of generating steam which comprises, initially compressing a gaseous body in a compressor and forming therewith a combustible charge of a substantial pressure head. subjecting said charge to continuous combustion under said pressure head, utilizing the upper part of the pressure head of the combustion gases for imparting to them a velocity of the order of one hundred fifty meters per second or more along a heat-exchange surface separating said gases from a steam generating fluid to transfer thereto and generate steam, utilizing the next lower part of the pressure head of the combustion gases leaving said heat-exchange surface for impelling a gas turbine driving said compressor and applying the power developed in said gas turbine for initially compressing said gaseous body, utilizing the remaining part of the pressure head of the gases leavingthe gas turbine for imparting to said gases a velocity above one hundred meters per second over a second heat-exchange surface separating said gases from a steam generating fluid to transfer thereto the remnant heat of the gases, and maintaining the expansion ratio in the gas turbine at 0.8 or less of the compression ratio of the compressor to provide in the combustion gases
  • the method of generating steam which comprises, initially compressing a gaseous body in a compressor and forming therewith a combustible charge of a substantial pressure head, subjecting said charge to continuous combustion under said pressure head, utilizing an intermediate part of the pressure head of the combustion gases with an expansion ratio of 0.8 or less of the compression ratio of the compressor for impelling a gas turbine driving said compressor, applying the power developed in the gas turbine for initially compressing said gaseous body, and utilizing a sufiicient upper part of the pressure head of the combustion gases before they enter the gas turbine, and a suflicient lower part of the pressure head of the combustion gases after they leave the gas turbine for imparting to said combustion gases a velocity of the order of one hundred fifty meters per second or more along heatexchange ducts that are in contact with a steam generating fluid to transfer thereto the heat of the gases for steam generation.
  • a vapor generator comprising a pressureproof combustion chamber, means including a compressor for supplying to said chamber a compressed combustible charge and producing therefrom hot combustion gases of high pressure head having a predetermined range in said chamber, heat-exchange means for holding a vaporizable iquid and having heating surfaces constituting a set of ducts having at one end inlet nozzles connected to said chamber having a cross section and length proportioned and constructed to apply the upper portion of the pressure head in said chamber for driving the hot gases from the chamber through said inlet nozzles into the ducts at a velocity of about 150 meters per second or more to heat said liquid and generate vapor, a gas turbine connected in series with said ducts proportioned and constructed to apply an inter mediate portion'of the pressure head of said gases discharged from said duets with an expansion ratio less than the compression ratio of said compressor within said turbine into mechanical power for driving said compressor, and additional heat-exchange means for holding a liquid having heating surfaces constituting a second set of ducts connected to the
  • a vapor generator comprising a pressureproof combustion chamber, means including a compressor for supplying to said chamber a compressed combustible charge and producing therefrom hot combustion gases having a high pressure head of predetermined range in said chamber, heat-exchange means for holding a vapor izable liquid and having heating surfaces constituting a set of ducts having at one end inlet nozzles connected to said chamber having a cross section and length proportioned and constructed to apply the upper portion of the pressure head in said chamber for driving the hot gases from the chamber through said inlet nozzles into the ducts at a velocity of about 150 meters per second or more to heat said liquid and generate steam, a gas turbine connected in'series with said ducts proportioned and constructed to apply an intermediate portion of the pressure head of said gases discharged from said duets with an expansion ratio less than 0.8 of the compression ratio of said compressor within said turbine into mechanical power for driving said compressor, and additional heat-exchange means for holding a liquid having heating surfaces constituting a second set of ducts having inlet nozzle
  • a steam generator comprising a pressureproof combustion chamber, means including a compressor for supplying to said chamber a compressed combustible charge and producing therefrom hot combustion gases having a high pressure head of a predetermined range in said chamber, heat-exchange means for holding a steam generating fluid and having heating surfaces constituting a set of ducts having at one end inlet nozzles connected to said chamber having a cross section and length proportioned and constructed to apply the pressure head in said chamber for driving the hot gases from the chamber through said nozzles into the ducts at a velocity of about 150 meters per second or more 120 to heat said fluid and generate steam, a gas turbine connected in series with said ducts proportioned and constructed to apply a portion of the energy of said gases discharged from said ducts within said turbine into mechanical power for 25 driving said compressonand additional heat-exchange means for holding a.
  • steam generating fluid having heating surfaces constituting a second set of ducts having at one end inlet nozzles connected to the outlet of said gas turbine hav- 130 ing a cross section and length proportioned and constructed to apply the energy of the gases discharged from said gas turbine for driving said gases through said nozzles into the second set of ducts at a velocity above 100 meters per second 135 transferring remnant heat thereof to said fluid.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US558260A 1930-09-03 1931-08-20 Steam generator Expired - Lifetime US1948539A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE557597T 1930-09-03

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US1948539A true US1948539A (en) 1934-02-27

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US558260A Expired - Lifetime US1948539A (en) 1930-09-03 1931-08-20 Steam generator

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US (1) US1948539A (de)
AT (1) AT135256B (de)
CH (1) CH156857A (de)
DE (1) DE557597C (de)
GB (1) GB371669A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2491434A (en) * 1947-04-25 1949-12-13 Bituminous Coal Research Combination power plant and heating system
US2619942A (en) * 1948-01-30 1952-12-02 Gustavsbergs Fabriker Ab Water wall boiler with undulating flue
US2820437A (en) * 1952-11-24 1958-01-21 Ilune Georges Heat-exchange evaporator apparatus
US2965079A (en) * 1956-07-11 1960-12-20 Lucas Rotax Ltd Water heating apparatus

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2491434A (en) * 1947-04-25 1949-12-13 Bituminous Coal Research Combination power plant and heating system
US2619942A (en) * 1948-01-30 1952-12-02 Gustavsbergs Fabriker Ab Water wall boiler with undulating flue
US2820437A (en) * 1952-11-24 1958-01-21 Ilune Georges Heat-exchange evaporator apparatus
US2965079A (en) * 1956-07-11 1960-12-20 Lucas Rotax Ltd Water heating apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT135256B (de) 1933-11-10
DE557597C (de) 1932-08-25
CH156857A (de) 1932-08-31
GB371669A (en) 1932-04-28

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