US1409074A - Turbine - Google Patents

Description

1. s. ammi.

` TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 7. 192| f Patented Mar. 7, 1922.

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l/rvE/ r-Ton.

1. s. BINNIE.

TURBINE.

PPLICATION FILED SEP '92" Patented Mar. 7,1922.

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PATENT OFFICE.

JHN SILLARS BINNIE, OF KILMLCOLM, SCOTLAND.

TURBINE.

A To NZZ whom it may concern Beit known that l, JoHN SiLLARs BINNIE,

@Sti .Leonards Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire,

Scotland. asubject of the King of Great 1 Britain, haveinvented certa-in new and useful Improvements in Turbines, (for which l have applied for Letters Patent in Great Britain under. date of Sept. Y 2, 1920, #25,322,) of which the followingis a speciiication. A

This invention has .reference to turbines l landthe like of the kind wherein the pressure iiuid is delivered as a jet, or stream through' al nozzle, or bore, disposed at an acute angle relatively to the face of the rotoi` or to the tangent at that point of the outer periphery of the rotor on to which the fiuid is. delivered from the nozzle, or bore` and eacli..blade of the rotor is provided with a. curved surface against which is directed the jet, or stream, from the nozzle or bore.

In a turbine under this invention the :rotor-is yprovided with av seriesv of blades separated from each otherby inlet channels and outlet vports which communicate with each other, the ports being provided with --oiitletoifiliees of a depth greater than vthe `inlet ori'ces to the channels, while the said Vinlet oriiices are of a depth greater than the diameter of the bores of the nozzles through which the'pressure fluid flows tothe blades ofthe rotor.

In .the present application, the depth of the channels and ports is the dimension measured in a plane at right angles, t0 the distance hetweenftlie rotor bladesto the direction of' the rotation ofthe rotor, and

-to the direction of the flow ofthe jets. The

i l-width of the'- channels and ports is the dis- Y j .anda fluid nozzle.

rtance between two adjacent-blades..

The application of the limprovements un- -der this invention applies to threetypes of turbine are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying -drawingswhich form va part of this 'specification and in which F igs. 1 andr2. are sectional views at right `angles toeach'otlier of part of an inward flowv turbine, showing some of the blades Fig. 3 asimilar view to Fig. l showing the-rotor with` one` of the blades disposed in an extreme position relatively to `thenozzle, suoli eXtreme position being opposite to ,that shown in Fig.l l.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 7, 1922.

Application filed September 7, 1921. Serial No. 499,033.

Fig. 4 is a similar view to Fig. 2 of a blade under this invention for an inward How turbine. l

Figs. 7, 8 and 9 are similar views to Figs. l, 2 and 3 of part of an outward flow turbine.

Fig. 1() is a. side view of a preferred form of blade under this invention for an outward How turbine.

Fig. 1l is a front elevation of part of a disc wheel provided with the improved construction and arrangement of blades and Fig. 12 is a section thereof taken through the nozzle and blades.

Figs. 13 and 14 are detail views of one manner of securing in position the arrangement of the blades shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3,

f 5 and 6.

As will be wellunderstood, the fluid issuing from a. bore or nozzle is not in the true sense a jet. but more closely resembles Apart of the stream or current. issuing from each orifice ofweachv nozzle or bore and directed on the successive rotor blades is hereinafter referred to as a jet or stream.

By the improved construction and arrangement of rotor blades under this invention, the jets or streams pass from the nozzles or bores .for comparatively considerable periods of time as complete jets or streams on to each successive blade, that is, the leading edges of the series of rotor blades are so spaced. that the jets or streams can operate on each succeeding blade for a. considerable length of time as compared with that when the jets or streams are split by Referring` to Figs. l, 2 and 3 a designates the rotor which is of the drum type being provided with a flange ZJ in which the blades and ports are provided. The bore or nozzle Q is shown arranged in the casing Z ofthe turbine, and is `so disposed that its centre e line is at an acute angle to the tangentat the point of the rotor where the jet or stream impinges thereon. The blades are designated e and each is provided with a curved front face el which is, preferably, of the ysame radius throughout, an under rear side e2 which may be of any suitable curve and .an upper rear side or heel c3 along which thc channel it extends, the two rear sides approaching and being connected to each n VThe blades arel disposed between the walls b1- and t2 ofthe rotor flange b, and between each twoadjacent blades is a port f which increasesl in width circumferentially and Y opens out at the discharge oriice f1 into the Vchamber g within the rotorA and at the other end communicates with a channel 71.

provided.

'sameradius of front surface. obvious that a number of suchrings can be 50 A r blades is shownV in Figs. 5 and Gand for the purpose of providing the channels h each which leads into the clearance space j between the rotorflange Z) and the casing CZ. As will be seen in Figs. l and 2 the depth indicated by the line y, Fig. 2, of the voutlet orifice of the port f is greater than the depth, in-

y'dicated bythe line rc, Fig. 2, of the inlet orilice to the channel 7L, while the width, indicated by line e, Fig. l, of the lat-ter graduallyl increasesY towards the inlet orifice, at 'y which enters the jet-or stream, from the bore, or nozzle. At the junction between the channels and the ports shoulders 7c Vare ternal radius of which is that required for ,Y the faces of the blades.

A number ofy blades can'becut from the one ring and all have the VIt will be formed from a single tube. One of such section forming a blade is suitably grooved for this purpose. In forming such grooves or channels /L each blade is provided with horns L which are chamfered or bevelled oif on the inner surfaces towards the exit end so as` to provide a channel of gradually increasing depth towards such end. For theV purpose 'of insuring a good fit between ad- Y joining blades, the outer corner of the horns are rounded off as at 701 for iitting against the curved front surface e1 at the adjoining blade. Where the blades are constructed in this manner they are secured between the flange-ZJl forming part of the-body of the rotor r and a shroud or retaining ring b2 by boltsnor rivets Z as illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14,Y in which kviews the bolt or rivet is shown extending Vthrough the flange, the blade and the retaining ring. The blades are preferably rounded on the rear surface at the Ajunction m between the under rear side e2'and the upper rear side or heel e3.

` The depth of the lports f may be the same from end to end, that is the opposite faces of the opposite walls b1 b2 or wall b1 and ring Zinay be parallel as shown in Fig. 2, or the ports 'may increase indepth towards the outlet end and be provided with walls b1 'b2 the opposite faces of which are angularly disposed to each other as shown in Fig. 4. i i

'fl lVith the construction shown in Figs. 4

and lla, the opposite side,walls/areangu` larly inclined towards each other to theI 4the inlet. By this arrangement the horns or shoulders AIt' are dispensed with and a similar effect obtained by the converging sides 'as by theports of suddenly increased depth with' reference to the channels, the channels beingconstitutedby those partsof the spaces; between the blades which lextend along'the heels of the blades and the rer maining partsserve as the ports.

In the'positlon of parts shown in Fig. l

the blade Z is'so disposed as to be acted upon by the jet or stream discharged from thc nozzle or bore 0 with a maximum effort, that is, the whole jet or stream has just passed 'the'leading edge e4 and the whole of it is acting withl practically the whole of its 'kinetic energy upon the curved surface c1 of the blade, theofnly points at which any dissipation of kinetic energy due to .deadj fluid space, ybeing in the clearance space. the operation ofthe jet or stream on blade'Z the'rotor is turned from the position of maximum effort to the positionof minimumf effort shown in Fig. 3, at which position-*blade 2 is in close proximity to the jet, o r stream, with the upper rear side or heel @3 more or less parallel with the centre line of the jet, Vand with its leading edge about to split theA jet or` stream. Throughout the whole time of its action upon each blade, the

' jet'or stream practically acts upon thefront surface `of each blade and Aits Vkinetic energy `is more or less maintained, and its rst action on each Vblade 1s as described with reference to Fig.` l, and from its'irst action it passes toY theV minimum effort action by of' eddy currents. This moving of the Apassing from one' to the other, the dead ndead fluid is more orv less brought about by constructing the channels of vvery slightly -greaterdepth at the inlet orifice than that ofthe jet or streamA and gradually increasing the depth of suchfchannel in proportion to the increase in volume of the fluiddue to the calculated decrease in velocity, and then providing a port of van increased depth adapted Vfor-the quick passageof the fluid to -the discharge endthereof'and into the chamtime of effectingits maximum effort. Thus 'the maximum amountof dead fluid space Ait has to pass throughy before impinging at the minimum effortis that comprised in the channel together with the small portion of the port f through-which'it passes, and to all intents and purposes :it is only in the latter-part of its travel i. e. in the small por- Ltion of the port f'that any appreciable eddy currents will be formed.

vAs regards the-increase 1n size of the channel h' relativelyto-the diameter of the bore or nozzle-a suitable increase'is that wherein the channel is of rectangular construction of a depth the same as, or slightly larger than the diameter of the bore or nozzle through which the jet or streamv passes to the channels.

, The action of the -fluid in the form of channeland port shown in Figs. 4 and 4 is similar to that described above, as in this construction the ports constitute acontinuation of thechannels with the opposite sides diverging from each other and without the shoulders or horns. I f desired, blades with horn portions 4may-be used with divergent channels and ports.` y

The above description is made with reference to an inward flow turbine part of which is shown in the drawings as previously set forth, such description, however, applies generally to an outward flow turbine, parts of which are shown as previously stated, iu Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10. In this second construction, the blades are slightly modified to meet the altered conditions, the modification being apparent from the detail view of the blades shown in Fig. 10 however it may be pointed out that the upper rear side o r heel e3 of the blade e adjoining the leading edge e* is varied to the extent that it is not quite parallel with the centre line of the jet or stream when the latter is effecting its minimum effort on the curved front surface e1 of the blade, but it is angularly disposed away from the jet or stream when the latter Vengages with the leading edge e* of the blade, as will be apparent from Fig. 9. Otherwise the blades are similar except that the upper rear side or heel e3 is shortened for reasons which are obvious. The provision of the forni of construction of blade shown in Figs. 4 and 4a has not been illustrated in the drawings with reference to an outward flow turbine as it is considered such is unnecessary and the use of such form of blade in an outward flow turbine will be obvious from that already described with reference to Figs. 4 and 4a.

The application of this invention to a turbine of the disc wheel type is illustrated in Figs. ll and 12, wherein the rotor a is in the form of a disc with the blades e arranged on the periphery thereof and surrounded by a peripheral ring n. In this Yconstruction the disc a is preferably formed with a series of flats 0 on its periphery, one for each blade, to facilitate the attachment of the blades thereto by screws, rivets or their equivalent Z and as regards the attachment of the peripheral ring n, the disc with the blades secured thereto can be turned for the attachment of the ring thereto by shrinking on, or in any other suitable manner. It

is to be understood that the disc wheel con- Y structed according to this invention may have the blades formed integrally therewith and with the ring as may be the case with the two constructions previously described, and may be formed with channels /L and ports of gradually increasing depth or the channels may be formed with horns.

lVith the disc wheel construction the nozzle or bore is arranged at a suitable acute angle with the general plane of the disc, and the passages and ports between the blades will be transversely arranged to such plane. In this construction of disc wheel, the blades e are provided with a curved surface c1 an under rear side e2 and an upper rear side or wheel e3 and between such blades are provided channels L and ports f in connection with which the jet or stream is adapted to operate in a manner similar to that already described, that is, the channels are approximately the same or of slightly larger depth than the diameter of the bore or nozzle c and communicate with the high pressure side of the disc on which side the nozzle or bore is disposed, while the ports f discharge into the low-pressure side. In this construction also the channels are shown provided with shoulders /r these being constituted by the horns 7c and the latter are rounded off' at their outer ends k1 for fitment against the curved faces near the leading edges e4 of the adjacent blade e.

As will be seen from the above description, ,the blades in each construction have the. same characteristics of an upper rear side or a heel forming one of the sides of the more or less triangular form of blade, a ,curved front face to the blade of equal radius throughout and so arranged relatively to the-heel of the adjacent blade as to provide a widened inlet orifice to the channel along the said upper rear side or heel whereby the jets or streams are enabled to be di- .rected on to the curved surfaces of the blades for considerable periods of time as complete and non-split jets or streams and thus enable an increased efficiency to be obtained.

It is to be understood that the term Huid includes water,'steam or gas or any other liquid or gaseous fluid.

Having now fully described my invention what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is l. A turbine comprising ajet nozzle and la rotor provided with a series of blades separated by channels and ports which communicate with each other, the series of channels `Abeing of greater depth at the inlet orifices than the bore of the nozzle and the series of ports being of greater depth at their discharge orifices than the depth of the iniet orifices to the channels, such depth being the dimension measured at right angles, to

yare arranged adjacently to each other with communicating channels land ports therebetween, the channels at the inlet orifices being of' greater depth than the bores of the nozzles and the ports being of greater depth at their discharge orifices than the depth of vtlieinlet orifices of thechannels.

4. A turbine comprising inlet nozzles and a rotor fitted with a series of blades of approximately triangular shape arranged adf j acently to each other with an inlet channel and a communicating portbetweeneach two adjacent blades the depth of rthe-discharge orifices of the ports Vbeing greater than the depth of the inlet orifices to the channels and the depth of the inlet` orifices to the channels being greater than the diameter vof the bores of the nozzles.

Y 5. A turbine comprising a series of inlet nozzles and a rotor provided with a series of blades of approximatelytriangular shape arranged adjacently to each other with communicating channelsand ports between them, the inlet orifices to the channels being iot' .a depth greater than the diameter of the vbores of the nozzles, and the ports being of greater depth at .their discharge orifices than that of the nletorces to the channels, and the width of thechannels being lgreater at the inlet orifices than where. they communicate with the ports;

6. .Ai turbine comprisingv4 a rotor fitted with a series of blades which are arrangedv adjacently to each other with channels and ports therebetween andeach is of approximately triangular form having one side curved at the same radius throughout to serve as a front face andan upper rear side approximately straight and a. suitably shaped under rear side, the two rear sides approaching and .being connected to each other. l Y

7. A- turbine comprising.. a rotor fitted with a series of blades which are arranged adjacently toeach other with channels and ports therebetween and each is of approximately. triangular form having one side curved at the saine radius throughout to serve as a front faceand an upper rear side approximately straight and a. suitably shaped under rear surface,. the two rear sides approaching and being connected to each other and a casing in which the rotor is mounted and is vprovided with pressure fluid bores arranged to direct pressure fluidV into the channels of the rotor. v Y jIn' testimony whereof I affix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

JOHN siLLARs Britain.V

' lWitnesses:

S; J. EARL, WILLIAM GALL.'

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