US1401832A - Method of grinding glass - Google Patents

Method of grinding glass Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US1401832A
US1401832A US128235A US12823516A US1401832A US 1401832 A US1401832 A US 1401832A US 128235 A US128235 A US 128235A US 12823516 A US12823516 A US 12823516A US 1401832 A US1401832 A US 1401832A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
grinding
wheel
glass
edge
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US128235A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Taylor William
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US1401832A publication Critical patent/US1401832A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B13/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor
    • B24B13/04—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor grinding of lenses involving grinding wheels controlled by gearing
    • B24B13/043—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor grinding of lenses involving grinding wheels controlled by gearing using cup-type grinding wheels

Definitions

  • WITNESSES I KM umrao srarss PAJ'ENT; oF Flcg g- WILLIAM TAYLOR, or Lmcasrna, ENG-LAND.
  • This invention relates to methods of grinding glass and similar hard, non-plastic materials by means of abrasive wheels.
  • abrasive wheels and' particularly wheels made up of particles of abrasive materials such as carborundum and the like bonded with fusible earth or in other ways, have been-used very largely in grinding metals, comparatively very little use has been made of such wheels in grinding glass.
  • certain natural stones were used for grinding the channels in what is known as cut-glassware, and also for grind-V ing the edges of spectacle lenses, and since their introduction artificial abrasive wheels have beenused with some success'for the above purposes as a substitute for the 'natural stones, but in such use they have not been run at the high velocities at which they are generally most efficient, nor have,
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an improved method whereby. glass and similar hard, non-plastic materials may be ground with artificial abrasive w eels which shall make it possible to grind lane and curved surfaces accurately with a degree of efiiciency and rapidity beyond what has heretofore been obtained in the grinding of glass.
  • the invention has been made with the idea of utilizing artifi' cial abrasive'wheels, and finds its greatest usefulness when wheels of such material are used, yet the invention may be carried out by the use of other'kinds of grinding or abrasive materials and devices, as will be apparent.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the grinding of a plane surface by means of adisk wheel
  • Fig. 2 i a similar view illustrating the grinding of the face of a cylinder or the edge of a cylindrical disk by means of a disk grinding wheel;
  • Fig. 3 is a similar View illustrating the grinding of the face of a cylinder or the edge of a disk by means of a cup-shaped or other grinding wheel having a tubular grinding portion annular in cross section;
  • 1g. 4 is a face View of the cup-shaped grinding wheel shown in Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5. is a plan View, partly in ection, illustrating diagrammatically an apparatus for grinding flat or eonvexly or concavely curved surfaces;
  • F 1g. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5, but showing the grinding wheel adjusted for grindmga convex surface, and Fig. 7 is a similar View showing the grinding wheel adjusted for grinding a concave surface;
  • Flg. 8 1s a side view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 5;
  • fig. 9 illustrates another means for grinding a curved surface.
  • this figure illustrates a method of grinding a plane surface on a body or slab of glass or similar mate rial 10, by means of a disk grinding wheel 11.
  • the grinding wheel is shown in full lines as mounted with its axis of rotation (1-?) extending parallel to the surface to beground, and, as indicated by the arrow m, the relative traversing movement between the grinding wheel and the work is in a direction transverse to, and most desirably at rlght angles to, the direction in which the edge of the wheel in its rotation moves against the work, or transversely to the edge of the wheel; that is, in this instance, the relative traversing movement is sidewise or flatwise of .the wheel, the grinding being accomplished by the action of the side edge of the wheel against the side of the step or terrace formed between the unground and the ground portions of the surface of the glass, the step being progressively ground away by a process which consists largely of splintering the glass, as indicated at g, by reason of shock and pressure assisted probably by
  • the grinding wheel 10 may be inclined more or less, as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 1, the edge of the wheel being then suitably shaped as indicated.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the manner of grinding the edge or periphery of a disk or cylinder by means of a disk grinding wheel in ac cordance with my terracing method.
  • the disk grinding wheel 11 is set with its axis ab at right angles to that of-the cylinder or disk 12 tobe ground and with the plane of one side of the grinding wheel in the axis of the cylinder, as
  • the rotation of the disk or cylinder in this case providing the relatively slow traverslng movement between the work and the grinding cylinder or disk being ground in a direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder or disk,
  • the latter may be ground to any desired size, either by grinding oif a single step or terrace, or by grinding off a succession of steps or terraces.
  • the cylinder to be ground is a comparativelyshort one, as in the case of most lenses, instead of using a disk-shaped grinding wheel and traversing it in a direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder, I find it most advantageous to use a grinding wheel having a cylindrical grinding portionannular in cross-section, such as the cup-shapedwheel 15 shown in Fig.
  • the grinding wheel as before, is driven at a high speed of rotation, and the. cylinder or disk being ground is rotated slowly, the outer or peripheral edge of the wheel grinding the step backward. Since the annular edge of the cup-shaped grinding wheel lies in a plane which is parallel to the axis of the cylinder or disk being ground and tangential to its surface, a true cylindrical form is given to the surface of a-short cylinder, such as an ordinary lens, without the need of any longitudinal movement between the grinding wheel and the lens. For grinding longer cylinders, however, with a cup-shaped grinding wheel, or other grinding wheel having a cylindrical grinding portion annular in cross-section, a relative movement between the grinding wheel and the cylinder in the direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder is resorted to.
  • Figs. 5 to 8 inclusive illustrate an application of my method to the grinding and 7 be given a longitudinal feeding movement to feed the lens toward the. edge of the grinding wheel.
  • the grinding wheel is mounted with its axis of rotation in, or approximately in, a plane in which the axis of the work spindle 23 lies, and the wheel is set so that as it rotates its annular grinding edge will sweep over the.
  • the grinding wheel spindle 24 is mounted in bearings in a swinging support 25 mounted to turn about an axis which is perpendicular to the axis of the work spindle and which, in order to permit the inclination of the axes of the wheel spindle and work spindle to be varied without displacing the edge of the wheel from the center of the work, passes through the line of the axis of the work spindle at the point of contact of the edge of the grinding wheel with the work.
  • the axes of the grinding wheel spindle and of the work spindle may thus be variously inclined to each other while remaining in the same plane, or in closely adjacent parallel planes, by swinging the work spindle support about its swivel, such varying of the inclination of the axes causing no displacement of the edge of the grinding wheel from the center of the work.
  • For taking up wear on the annular edge of the grinding wheel provision is made for advancing the wheel longitudinally of its axis of rotation, as by forming its swinging support. 25 of an upper part 2 adjustable in the direction of the. axis of rotation of the wheel on a lower part 5, as shown in Fig. 8.
  • the grinding wheel is driven at a high rate of speed, and the work spindle rotates at a low rate.
  • the upper part 2 of the support should also be transversely adjustable on an intermediate part 3 as shown, and the support is also formed to provide for vertical adjustment of the wheel as indicated at 4, such vertical adjustment permitting a small adjustment of the wheel in the direction longitudinal of the axis of its swinging support, so that the wheel may be set withits axis slightly above or below the plane of the work spindle axis which is normal to the axis of its swinging support.
  • a concave surface may be ground on the glass disk and the radius of curvature of such surface will similarly depend upon the engular relation between the axes of the two spindles.
  • the grinding wheel In grinding a spherical surface in accordance with my terracing method and by the method and means illustrated by Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8, the grinding wheel should be set with its axis a little to one side or the other of that plane of the work axis which is parallel to the axis of the wheel, according to whether a concave or a convex surface is being ground, and according to the direction of rotation of the work, so that the depth of cut will be slightly greater on one side of the lens center than on the other. Terrace grinding will then take place on the side of the greater depth of cut, and rinding more in the nature of ordinary a rasive action will takeplace on the other side of the center of the lens. v
  • the grinding wheel should be set so that its active edge just slightly overlaps the axis of the work spindle, and the wheel should rotate in the direction so that its active edge shall move from the periphery toward the center of the lens on the side of the deeper out where the terrace grinding is taking place, thereby reducing the risk pf splintering the peripheral edge of the ens.
  • the grinding wheehwhen set for grindin a convex lens should be set with. itsaxis sl'mhtly be ow the work axis, and the annular edge of the grinder.
  • the axis of the grinding wheel must of course be parallel with the work spindle axis, and in suchcase the depth of out can :not be made greater on one side of the cen- I ter of the glass disk than on the .other.
  • vPlane surface grinding with such apparatus may, -however, be accomplished by merely caus ng a relatlve traversing movement bewtween the abrasive wheel and the work in a wdireotion parallel with the plane of the annular: edge of the wheel, and the whole action would then be terracing action.
  • Another way of grinding a convex lens :and one which is specially suitable for "wheel axis a.b and'the axisof rotation of the work ina common plane, and the glass wgrinding a deep convex curve is illustrated yin Fig. 9.
  • the grinding is done by means of a cylindrical disk 31 to be ground is carried by a spindle 32 which is mounted to swing about an axis 0 spindle axis and thegrinding wheel axis lie, and intersecting the spindle axis at a point which. is the center of the spherical surface to be ground.
  • a convex lens surface may be ground n "at right angles to the plane in which the this manner in accordance with the terrac-- ing method, and for terrace grinding the annular edge of the cylindrical grinder should be shaped back from the active outer side 5 so as to clear the ground surface, as herein before explained.
  • the side of the terrace formed on the glass is substantially square to the finished or ground surface of the lens,
  • the consequent fragility of the side of the step facilitates removal of the glass by splintering and enables the wheel to attack successfully a deeper step than it otherw1se could.
  • the work spindle is swung slowly about to carry the work past the grinding edge of the wheel, preferably so that the grinder attacks first the periphery of the disk and grinds inward toward the center. In so grinding the work spindle may be rotated much faster than in grinding 1n the ways illustrated in Figs. 2 to 8 since the rotation of the Work has merely the effect of increasing or decreasing, according to the direction of such rotation, the speed of the relative movement between the face of the step and the grinding face of the wheel.
  • the work spindle is rotated in the direction to cause the work at the place of contact with the grinding wheel to move in the opposite direction to the wheel, and at a comparatively slow speed, as, for example, about 100 revolutions er minute for grinding a glass disk one inc 1 in diameter.
  • the terracing method has not the same relative advantage over ordinary abrasive action as it has in other ways of operating;
  • a surface speed of the grinding wheel of about 5000 feet per inthe direction transversely of the edge of the latter is far lower than is usual in metal grinding and less than is usual in grinding glass by the ordinary methods.
  • the depth of cut is usually best about two hundredths of an inch, and the surface speed of the work across the grinding edge of thewheel' only about 5 or 6 inches per minute; and this is also a suitable speed in grinding plane surfaces of glass with a cup-shaped wheel and using a similar'depth of cut.
  • the depth of cut is less, or the contact surface of the wheel with the work is less, as in the case of grinding a plane surface with the edge of a disk wheel and using repeated traverses of the wheel, the surface speed of the work relatively to the wheel may be corresplondingly increased.
  • the surface speed of the work relatively to the wheel may be corresplondingly increased.
  • the terracing vanishes it is impossible to have a" deep cut, and it is necessary to compromise by running the work faster in' order to obtain an efficient rate of grinding.
  • a lens of 2inches diameter may be rotated at about '60 revolutions per minute, and the feeding For exmovement between the work and the grinding wheel may be at about .002 to .005 inch per revolution of the work.
  • the thickness of the steps or terraces ground away that is, the rate of feed, may vary quite largely.
  • the bond holding the abrasive particles should be such as to hold the same with such a degree of tenacity that the wheel shall be what ,is ordinarily called soft, so that when the particles of abrasive become somewhat blunt in use they may break out and expose fresh cutting particles.
  • This is the common action of such abrasive wheels, but in grinding glass in accordance with the present method it is desirable to use wheels considerably softer than those which are best for grinding'metal, and it is found desirable also to select wheels of degrees of softness to suit different kinds of glass, and generally the faster the work is crowded on the wheel the harder the wheel should be.
  • the grinding wheel and work be kept cool by means of water or other suitable cooling agent, as usual in grinding operations.
  • suitable means such as the nozzle shown at 2' in Fig. 1 or at 11' in-Fig. 5 a jet of cooling liquid on to the active side or face of the wheel at a point near the wheel axis where its velocity is low, the jet being directed in the direction of rotation of the wheel.
  • the method of grinding glass and like hard, non-plastic materials which comprises applying to the material the edge of a rapidly rotating abrasive wheel, and so setting and so traversing said wheel relative to the original surface of the material that a step in said surface with its side at an angle not exceeding 110 to such surface is formed and ground continuously backward, the depth of the step and the rate of traversing being such that a substantial proportion of the glass removed is removed by splintering the side of the step.
  • the method of grinding glass and like hard, non-plastic materials which comprises applying to the material the edge of a rapidly rotating abrasive wheel, and so setting and so traversing said wheel relative to the original surface of said material that an abrupt step in such surface is formed and ground continuously backward while the abrasive wheel contacts with the surface formed only at the base of the step, the depth of the step and the rate of traversing being such that a substantial portion of the glass removed is removed by splintering the side of the step.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
US128235A 1915-11-01 1916-10-28 Method of grinding glass Expired - Lifetime US1401832A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB191515375T 1915-11-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US1401832A true US1401832A (en) 1921-12-27

Family

ID=32800523

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US128235A Expired - Lifetime US1401832A (en) 1915-11-01 1916-10-28 Method of grinding glass
US420076A Expired - Lifetime US1401830A (en) 1915-11-01 1920-10-28 Method of grinding glass
US420077A Expired - Lifetime US1401831A (en) 1915-11-01 1920-10-28 Method of and apparatus for grinding glass

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US420076A Expired - Lifetime US1401830A (en) 1915-11-01 1920-10-28 Method of grinding glass
US420077A Expired - Lifetime US1401831A (en) 1915-11-01 1920-10-28 Method of and apparatus for grinding glass

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (3) US1401832A (esLanguage)
FR (1) FR483734A (esLanguage)
GB (2) GB191515375A (esLanguage)
NL (1) NL8337C (esLanguage)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419543A (en) * 1944-09-04 1947-04-29 American Optical Corp Means and methods of abrading
US2507298A (en) * 1945-10-10 1950-05-09 Western Electric Co Grinding apparatus
US2510113A (en) * 1945-03-17 1950-06-06 Arthur J Holman Machine for grinding lenses
US2541873A (en) * 1945-04-24 1951-02-13 Arthur J Holman Lens grinding tool and method
US2589488A (en) * 1948-11-19 1952-03-18 Shuron Optical Co Inc Lens grinding method and machine
US2592071A (en) * 1949-02-25 1952-04-08 Gen Motors Corp Abrading machine
US2600815A (en) * 1949-04-20 1952-06-17 Eastman Kodak Co Apparatus for rough and fine grinding of spherical surfaces
US2675842A (en) * 1949-12-12 1954-04-20 Earl A Silzle Apparatus for scooping citrus peel
US2985989A (en) * 1958-07-15 1961-05-30 Lloyd H Knost Slab surfacing machine
US3492764A (en) * 1967-03-28 1970-02-03 American Optical Corp Lens generating method
US5910041A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-06-08 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with raised edge on platen
US5967882A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-10-19 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with two opposed lapping platens
US5993298A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-11-30 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with controlled liquid flow across the lapping surface
US6048254A (en) * 1997-03-06 2000-04-11 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with annular abrasive area
US6102777A (en) * 1998-03-06 2000-08-15 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and method for high speed lapping with a rotatable abrasive platen
US6120352A (en) * 1997-03-06 2000-09-19 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and lapping method using abrasive sheets
US6149506A (en) * 1998-10-07 2000-11-21 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and method for high speed lapping with a rotatable abrasive platen
US6722962B1 (en) * 1997-04-22 2004-04-20 Sony Corporation Polishing system, polishing method, polishing pad, and method of forming polishing pad

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2493206A (en) * 1945-06-27 1950-01-03 Perry Lowell & Co Lens grinding and polishing machine
US2616226A (en) * 1947-06-03 1952-11-04 D Avaucourt Pierre De Vitry Apparatus for abrading
US2558771A (en) * 1947-07-23 1951-07-03 Dennis A Middaugh Spherical grinding apparatus
US2479204A (en) * 1947-12-27 1949-08-16 Buchele William Method of grinding television corrector plates
US2660006A (en) * 1950-02-25 1953-11-24 Gen Motors Corp Grinding machine
US2757494A (en) * 1951-06-12 1956-08-07 Chaudron Charles Edouard Grinding and polishing glass
US3218765A (en) * 1962-08-22 1965-11-23 Volk David Lens generating method
US5216842A (en) * 1991-06-21 1993-06-08 Phillips Edwin D Glass grinding and polishing machine
DE4224395A1 (de) * 1992-07-23 1994-01-27 Wacker Chemitronic Halbleiterscheiben mit definiert geschliffener Verformung und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
CN109773615B (zh) * 2019-01-29 2024-06-25 佛山市严氏机械有限公司 一种玻璃磨角装置及一种玻璃磨角方法

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419543A (en) * 1944-09-04 1947-04-29 American Optical Corp Means and methods of abrading
US2510113A (en) * 1945-03-17 1950-06-06 Arthur J Holman Machine for grinding lenses
US2541873A (en) * 1945-04-24 1951-02-13 Arthur J Holman Lens grinding tool and method
US2507298A (en) * 1945-10-10 1950-05-09 Western Electric Co Grinding apparatus
US2589488A (en) * 1948-11-19 1952-03-18 Shuron Optical Co Inc Lens grinding method and machine
US2592071A (en) * 1949-02-25 1952-04-08 Gen Motors Corp Abrading machine
US2600815A (en) * 1949-04-20 1952-06-17 Eastman Kodak Co Apparatus for rough and fine grinding of spherical surfaces
US2675842A (en) * 1949-12-12 1954-04-20 Earl A Silzle Apparatus for scooping citrus peel
US2985989A (en) * 1958-07-15 1961-05-30 Lloyd H Knost Slab surfacing machine
US3492764A (en) * 1967-03-28 1970-02-03 American Optical Corp Lens generating method
US5910041A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-06-08 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with raised edge on platen
US5967882A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-10-19 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with two opposed lapping platens
US5993298A (en) * 1997-03-06 1999-11-30 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with controlled liquid flow across the lapping surface
US6048254A (en) * 1997-03-06 2000-04-11 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and process with annular abrasive area
US6120352A (en) * 1997-03-06 2000-09-19 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and lapping method using abrasive sheets
US6722962B1 (en) * 1997-04-22 2004-04-20 Sony Corporation Polishing system, polishing method, polishing pad, and method of forming polishing pad
US6102777A (en) * 1998-03-06 2000-08-15 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and method for high speed lapping with a rotatable abrasive platen
US6149506A (en) * 1998-10-07 2000-11-21 Keltech Engineering Lapping apparatus and method for high speed lapping with a rotatable abrasive platen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US1401830A (en) 1921-12-27
NL8337C (esLanguage)
GB191515375A (en) 1917-01-02
GB112349A (en) 1918-01-10
US1401831A (en) 1921-12-27
FR483734A (fr) 1917-08-02

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US1401832A (en) Method of grinding glass
US5149337A (en) Lens grinder and method of grinding lens
US5720649A (en) Optical lens or lap blank surfacing machine, related method and cutting tool for use therewith
US4709508A (en) Method and apparatus for high speed profile grinding of rotation symmetrical workpieces
US2005718A (en) Grinding
US4339896A (en) Abrasive compact dressing tools, tool fabrication methods for dressing a grinding wheel with such tools
US6604986B1 (en) Process and device for working a workpiece
JPH09168947A (ja) 超音波微振動によるワークの周縁研削加工方法
JP2001009684A (ja) セラミック製刃物用電動研ぎ器
US2187471A (en) Grinding
US4171926A (en) Lens cutter
US6250992B1 (en) Mirror grinding method and glass lens
US4920945A (en) Method for dressing grinding wheels
US970227A (en) Glass-beveling machine.
KR20160000406A (ko) 스크라이빙 휠 및 그의 제조 방법
JPH10179808A (ja) ゴルフボールのバリ除去方法
SU1542785A1 (ru) Способ обработки кромок пластин шлифовальным кругом с профильной заточкой
US4034630A (en) Method for grinding circular saw teeth to an improved metal breaking geometry
JPS63500709A (ja) 超強力研摩ホーンを状態調節する方法
US1572451A (en) Apparatus for finishing reflector blanks
US4034629A (en) Method and apparatus for automatic edge grinding of the teeth of a circular saw to an improved contour
JP5478208B2 (ja) 平面研削砥石の初期摩耗抑制方法
JPH05123950A (ja) 圧延ロール研削方法
JPS63196375A (ja) 研削砥石の整形方法
WO2007017724A1 (en) Method of grinding a tipped-tooth disk cutter