US11687345B2 - Out-of-order block-based processors and instruction schedulers using ready state data indexed by instruction position identifiers - Google Patents

Out-of-order block-based processors and instruction schedulers using ready state data indexed by instruction position identifiers Download PDF

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US11687345B2
US11687345B2 US15/224,469 US201615224469A US11687345B2 US 11687345 B2 US11687345 B2 US 11687345B2 US 201615224469 A US201615224469 A US 201615224469A US 11687345 B2 US11687345 B2 US 11687345B2
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instruction
block
instructions
data
memory
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US20170315814A1 (en
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Aaron L. Smith
Jan S. Gray
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Priority to PCT/US2017/029224 priority patent/WO2017189463A1/en
Priority to EP17722262.7A priority patent/EP3449359B1/en
Priority to CN201780026331.4A priority patent/CN109074260B/zh
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Definitions

  • Microprocessors have benefited from continuing gains in transistor count, integrated circuit cost, manufacturing capital, clock frequency, and energy efficiency due to continued transistor scaling predicted by Moore's law, with little change in associated processor Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs).
  • ISAs processor Instruction Set Architectures
  • RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing
  • BB-ISAs block-based processor architectures
  • EDGE explicit data graph execution
  • the described techniques and tools for solutions for, e.g., improving processor performance and/or reducing energy consumption can be implemented separately, or in various combinations with each other.
  • the described techniques and tools can be implemented in a digital signal processor, microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a soft processor (e.g., a microprocessor core implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) using reconfigurable logic), programmable logic, or other suitable logic circuitry.
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • the disclosed technology can be implemented in various computing platforms, including, but not limited to, servers, mainframes, cellphones, smartphones, handheld devices, handheld computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), touch screen tablet devices, tablet computers, wearable computers, and laptop computers.
  • PDAs personal digital assistants
  • touch screen tablet devices tablet computers, wearable computers, and laptop computers.
  • Soft processor implementations of block-based processor architectures can improve design productivity.
  • descriptions of a block-based soft-processor written in a suitable description language e.g., C, SystemC, SystemVerilog, or Verilog
  • a suitable description language e.g., C, SystemC, SystemVerilog, or Verilog
  • a bitstream is generated for the FPGA that is used to program the FPGA.
  • a costly initial port of software into hardware instead becomes a simple cross-compile targeting the soft processors, and most design turns are quick recompiles.
  • Application bottlenecks can then be offloaded to custom hardware exposed as new instructions, function units, autonomous accelerators, memories, or interconnects.
  • Certain examples of the disclosed technology allow for the configuration of high instruction level parallelism (ILP), out-of-order (OoO) superscalar soft processors without reduced complexity and overhead.
  • ILP instruction level parallelism
  • OoO out-of-order
  • an Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) instruction set architecture is provided for area and energy efficient high ILP execution. Together the EDGE architecture and its compiler finesse away much of the register renaming, CAMs, and complexity, enabling an out-of-order processor for only a few hundred FPGA lookup tables (“LUTs”) more than an in-order scalar RISC.
  • LUTs FPGA lookup tables
  • This disclosed technology introduces an EDGE ISA and explores how EDGE microarchitectures compare to in-order RISCs. Methods and apparatus are disclosed for building small, fast dataflow instruction schedulers in FPGAs.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example block-based processor including multiple processor cores as can be employed according to some examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example microarchitecture for implementing a block-based processor as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram outlining an example FPGA microarchitecture as can be used in some examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates example reconfigurable logic in a reconfigurable logic block as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates example block-based processor headers and instructions as can be used in some examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example source code portion and corresponding instruction blocks as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an example of instruction formats that can be used for certain examples of block-based processors according to the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a progression of execution states of a processor core in a block-based processor, as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example configuration including a block-based processor and memory, as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example method of issuing instructions having encoded instruction identifiers, as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 11 is a flow chart outlining an example method of issuing and executing instructions when the dependencies indicated by ready state data are available, as can be performed in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 12 is a flow chart outlining an example method of producing a configuration bit-stream for implementing a block-based processor, as can be performed in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a suitable computing environment for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
  • the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • the term “includes” means “comprises.”
  • the term “coupled” encompasses mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, as well as other practical ways of coupling or linking items together, and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items.
  • the term “and/or” means any one item or combination of items in the phrase.
  • Any of the disclosed methods can be implemented as computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable media (e.g., computer-readable media, such as one or more optical media discs, volatile memory components (such as DRAM or SRAM), or nonvolatile memory components (such as hard drives)) and executed on a computer (e.g., any commercially available computer, including smart phones or other mobile devices that include computing hardware).
  • computer-readable media e.g., any commercially available computer, including smart phones or other mobile devices that include computing hardware.
  • Any of the computer-executable instructions for implementing the disclosed techniques, as well as any data created and used during implementation of the disclosed embodiments can be stored on one or more computer-readable media (e.g., computer-readable storage media).
  • the computer-executable instructions can be part of, for example, a dedicated software application or a software application that is accessed or downloaded via a web browser or other software application (such as a remote computing application).
  • Such software can be executed, for example, on a single local computer (e.g., with general-purpose and/or block-based processors executing on any suitable commercially available computer) or in a network environment (e.g., via the Internet, a wide-area network, a local-area network, a client-server network (such as a cloud computing network), or other such network) using one or more network computers.
  • any of the software-based embodiments can be uploaded, downloaded, or remotely accessed through a suitable communication means.
  • suitable communication means include, for example, the Internet, the World Wide Web, an intranet, software applications, cable (including fiber optic cable), magnetic communications, electromagnetic communications (including RF, microwave, and infrared communications), electronic communications, or other such communication means.
  • Superscalar out-of-order microarchitectures employ substantial circuit resources to rename registers, schedule instructions in dataflow order, clean up after miss-speculation, and retire results in-order for precise exceptions.
  • FPGA-based implementations of multi-read, multi-write RAMs typically require a mix of replication, multi-cycle operation, clock doubling, bank interleaving, live-value tables, and other expensive techniques.
  • the disclosed technologies can realize performance enhancement through application of techniques including high instruction-level parallelism (ILP), out-of-order (OoO), superscalar execution, while avoiding substantial complexity and overhead in both processor hardware and associated software.
  • ILP instruction-level parallelism
  • OoO out-of-order
  • a block-based processor uses an EDGE ISA designed for area- and energy-efficient, high-ILP execution.
  • use of EDGE architectures and associated compilers finesses away much of the register renaming, CAMs, and complexity.
  • an EDGE ISA can eliminate the need for one or more complex architectural features, including register renaming, dataflow analysis, misspeculation recovery, and in-order retirement while supporting mainstream programming languages such as C and C++.
  • a block-based processor executes a plurality of two or more instructions as an atomic block. Block-based instructions can be used to express semantics of program data flow and/or instruction flow in a more explicit fashion, allowing for improved compiler and processor performance.
  • an explicit data graph execution instruction set architecture includes information about program control flow that can be used to improve detection of improper control flow instructions, thereby increasing performance, saving memory resources, and/or and saving energy.
  • instructions organized within instruction blocks are fetched, executed, and committed atomically. Instructions inside blocks execute in dataflow order, which reduces or eliminates using register renaming and provides power-efficient OoO execution.
  • a compiler can be used to explicitly encode data dependencies through the ISA, reducing or eliminating burdening processor core control logic from rediscovering dependencies at runtime.
  • intra-block branches can be converted to dataflow instructions, and dependencies, other than memory dependencies, can be limited to direct data dependencies.
  • Disclosed target form encoding techniques allow instructions within a block to communicate their operands directly via operand buffers, reducing accesses to a power-hungry, multi-ported physical register files.
  • EDGE architectures can still support imperative programming languages and sequential memory semantics, but desirably also enjoy the benefits of out-of-order execution with near in-order power efficiency and complexity.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram 10 of a block-based processor 100 as can be implemented in some examples of the disclosed technology.
  • the processor 100 is configured to execute atomic blocks of instructions according to an instruction set architecture (ISA), which describes a number of aspects of processor operation, including a register model, a number of defined operations performed by block-based instructions, a memory model, interrupts, and other architectural features.
  • ISA instruction set architecture
  • the block-based processor includes a plurality of one or more processing cores 110 , including a processor core 111 .
  • the block-based processor can be implemented in as a custom or application-specific integrated circuit (e.g., including a system-on-chip (SoC) integrated circuit), as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other reconfigurable logic, or as a soft processor virtual machine hosted by a physical general purpose processor.
  • SoC system-on-chip
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • the processor cores are connected to each other via core interconnect 120 .
  • the core interconnect 120 carries data and control signals between individual ones of the cores 110 , a memory interface 140 , and an input/output (I/O) interface 150 .
  • the core interconnect 120 can transmit and receive signals using electrical, optical, magnetic, or other suitable communication technology and can provide communication connections arranged according to a number of different topologies, depending on a particular desired configuration.
  • the core interconnect 120 can have a crossbar, a bus, a point-to-point bus, or other suitable topology.
  • any one of the cores 110 can be connected to any of the other cores, while in other examples, some cores are only connected to a subset of the other cores.
  • each core may only be connected to a nearest 4, 8, or 20 neighboring cores.
  • the core interconnect 120 can be used to transmit input/output data to and from the cores, as well as transmit control signals and other information signals to and from the cores.
  • each of the cores 110 can receive and transmit semaphores that indicate the execution status of instructions currently being executed by each of the respective cores.
  • the core interconnect 120 is implemented as wires connecting the cores 110 , and memory system, while in other examples, the core interconnect can include circuitry for multiplexing data signals on the interconnect wire(s), switch and/or routing components, including active signal drivers and repeaters, or other suitable circuitry.
  • signals transmitted within and to/from the processor 100 are not limited to full swing electrical digital signals, but the processor can be configured to include differential signals, pulsed signals, or other suitable signals for transmitting data and control signals.
  • the memory interface 140 of the processor includes interface logic that is used to connect to memory 145 , for example, memory located on another integrated circuit besides the processor 100 (e.g., the memory can be static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM)), or memory embedded on the same integrated circuit as the processor (e.g., embedded SRAM or DRAM (eDRAM)).
  • the memory interface 140 and/or the main memory can include caches (e.g., n-way or associative caches) to improve memory access performance
  • the cache is implemented using static RAM (SRAM) and the main memory 145 is implemented using dynamic RAM (DRAM).
  • the memory interface 140 is included on the same integrated circuit as the other components of the processor 100 .
  • the memory interface 140 includes a direct memory access (DMA) controller allowing transfer of blocks of data in memory without using register file(s) and/or the processor 100 .
  • the memory interface 140 manages allocation of virtual memory, expanding the available main memory 145 .
  • support for bypassing cache structures or for ensuring cache coherency when performing memory synchronization operations are provided by the memory interface 140 and/or respective cache structures.
  • the I/O interface 150 includes circuitry for receiving and sending input and output signals to other components 155 , such as hardware interrupts, system control signals, peripheral interfaces, co-processor control and/or data signals (e.g., signals for a graphics processing unit, floating point coprocessor, physics processing unit, digital signal processor, or other co-processing components), clock signals, semaphores, or other suitable I/O signals.
  • the I/O signals may be synchronous or asynchronous.
  • all or a portion of the I/O interface is implemented using memory-mapped I/O techniques in conjunction with the memory interface 140 .
  • the I/O signal implementation is not limited to full swing electrical digital signals, but the I/O interface 150 can be configured to provide differential signals, pulsed signals, or other suitable signals for transmitting data and control signals.
  • the block-based processor 100 can also include a control unit 160 .
  • the control unit 160 supervises operation of the processor 100 . Operations that can be performed by the control unit 160 can include allocation and de-allocation of cores for performing instruction processing, control of input data and output data between any of the cores, register files, the memory interface 140 , and/or the I/O interface 150 , modification of execution flow, and verifying target location(s) of branch instructions, instruction headers, and other changes in control flow.
  • the control unit 160 can generate and control the processor according to control flow and metadata information representing exit points and control flow probabilities for instruction blocks.
  • the control unit 160 can also process hardware interrupts, and control reading and writing of special system registers, for example a program counter stored in one or more register file(s).
  • the control unit 160 is at least partially implemented using one or more of the processing cores 110 , while in other examples, the control unit 160 is implemented using a non-block-based processing core (e.g., a general-purpose RISC processing core coupled to memory, a hard macro processor block provided in an FPGA, or a general purpose soft processor).
  • the control unit 160 is implemented at least in part using one or more of: hardwired finite state machines, programmable microcode, programmable gate arrays, or other suitable control circuits.
  • control unit functionality can be performed by one or more of the cores 110 .
  • the control unit 160 includes a number of schedulers 165 - 168 that are used to control instruction pipelines of the processor cores 110 .
  • schedulers can be arranged so that they are contained with each individual processor core.
  • scheduler block allocation refers to directing operation of an instruction blocks, including initiating instruction block mapping, fetching, decoding, execution, committing, aborting, idling, and refreshing an instruction block.
  • instruction scheduling refers to scheduling the issuance and execution of instructions within an instruction block. For example, based on instruction dependencies and data indicating a relative ordering for memory access instructions, the control unit 160 can determine which instruction(s) in an instruction block are ready to issue and initiate issuance and execution of the instructions.
  • Processor cores 110 are assigned to instruction blocks during instruction block mapping. The recited stages of instruction operation are for illustrative purposes and in some examples of the disclosed technology, certain operations can be combined, omitted, separated into multiple operations, or additional operations added.
  • Each of the schedulers 165 - 168 schedules the flow of instructions, including allocation and de-allocation of cores for performing instruction processing, control of input data and output data between any of the cores, register files, the memory interface 140 , and/or the I/O interface 150 .
  • the block-based processor 100 also includes a clock generator 170 , which distributes one or more clock signals to various components within the processor (e.g., the cores 110 , interconnect 120 , memory interface 140 , and I/O interface 150 ). In some examples of the disclosed technology, all of the components share a common clock, while in other examples different components use a different clock, for example, a clock signal having differing clock frequencies. In some examples, a portion of the clock is gated to allowing power savings when some of the processor components are not in use. In some examples, the clock signals are generated using a phase-locked loop (PLL) to generate a signal of fixed, constant frequency and duty cycle.
  • PLL phase-locked loop
  • Circuitry that receives the clock signals can be triggered on a single edge (e.g., a rising edge) while in other examples, at least some of the receiving circuitry is triggered by rising and falling clock edges.
  • the clock signal can be transmitted optically or wirelessly.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram further detailing an example microarchitecture 200 for implementing the block-based processor 100 , and in particular, an instance of one of the block-based processor cores, as can be used in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • the exemplary microarchitecture has five pipeline stages including: instruction fetch (IF), decode (DC), issue, including operand fetch (IS), execute (EX), and memory/data access (LS).
  • IF instruction fetch
  • DC decode
  • issue including operand fetch (IS), execute (EX), and memory/data access
  • LS memory/data access
  • the processor core includes an instruction cache 210 that is coupled to an instruction decoder 220 .
  • the instruction cache 210 is configured to receive block-based processor instructions from a memory.
  • the instruction cache can be implemented by a dual read port, dual write port, 18 or 36 Kb (kilobit), 32 bit wide block RAM.
  • the physical block RAM is configured to operate as two or more smaller block RAMs.
  • the processor core further includes an instruction window 230 , which includes an instruction scheduler 235 , a decoded instruction store 236 , and a plurality of operand buffers 239 .
  • each of these instruction window components 230 can be implemented including the use of LUT RAM (e.g., with SRAM configured as lookup tables) or BRAM (block RAM).
  • the instruction scheduler 235 can send an instruction identifier (instruction ID or IID) for an instruction to the decoded instruction store 236 and the operand buffers 239 as a control signal.
  • IID instruction identifier
  • each instruction in an instruction block has an associated instruction identifier that uniquely identifies the instruction within the instruction block.
  • instruction targets for sending the result of executing an instruction are encoded in the instruction. In this way, dependencies between instructions can be tracked using the instruction identifier instead of monitoring register dependencies.
  • the processor core can include two or more instruction windows. In some examples, the processor core can include one instruction window with multiple block contexts.
  • the microarchitecture 200 includes a register file 290 that stores data for registers defined in the block-based processor architecture, and can have one or more read ports and one or more write ports. Because an instruction block executes on a transactional basis, changes to register values made by an instance of an instruction block are not visible to the same instance; the register writes will be committed upon completing execution of the instruction block.
  • the decoded instruction store 236 stores decoded signals for controlling operation of hardware components in the processor pipeline. For example, a 32-bit instruction may be decoded into 128-bits of decoded instruction data.
  • the decoded instruction data is generated by the decoder 220 after an instruction is fetched.
  • the operand buffers 239 store operands (e.g., register values received from the register file, data received from memory, immediate operands coded within an instruction, operands calculated by an earlier-issued instruction, or other operand values) until their respective decoded instructions are ready to execute. Instruction operands and predicates for the execute phase of the pipeline are read from the operand buffers 239 , respectively, not (directly, at least) from the register file 290 .
  • the instruction window 230 can include a buffer for predicates directed to an instruction, including wired-OR logic for combining predicates sent to an instruction by multiple instructions.
  • all of the instruction operands, except for register read operations, are read from the operand buffers 239 instead of the register file. In some examples the values are maintained until the instruction issues and the operand is communicated to the execution pipeline.
  • the decoded instruction store 236 and operand buffers 239 are implemented with a plurality of LUT RAMs.
  • the instruction scheduler 235 maintains a record of ready state of each decoded instruction's dependencies (e.g., the instruction's predicate and data operands). When all of the instruction's dependencies (if any) are satisfied, the instruction wakes up and is ready to issue. In some examples, the lowest numbered ready instruction ID is selected each pipeline clock cycle and its decoded instruction data and input operands are read. Besides the data mux and function unit control signals, the decoded instruction data can encode up to two ready events in the illustrated example. The instruction scheduler 235 accepts these and/or events from other sources (selected for input to the scheduler on inputs T 0 and T 1 with multiplexers 237 and 238 , respectively) and updates the ready state of other instructions in the window.
  • the instruction scheduler 235 accepts these and/or events from other sources (selected for input to the scheduler on inputs T 0 and T 1 with multiplexers 237 and 238 , respectively) and updates the ready state of other instructions in the window.
  • the decoded instruction store 236 is about 100 bits wide in some examples, and includes information on instruction dependencies, including data indicating which target instruction(s)'s active ready state will be set as a result of issuing the instruction.
  • ready state refers to processor state that indicates, for a given instruction, whether and which of its operands (if any) are ready, and whether the instruction itself is now ready for issue.
  • ready state includes decoded ready state and active ready state.
  • Decoded ready state data is initialized by decoding instruction(s).
  • Active ready state represents the set of input operands of an instruction that have been evaluated so far during the execution of the current instance of an instruction block.
  • a respective instruction's active ready state is set by executing instruction(s) which target, for example, the left, right, and/or predicate operands of the respective instruction.
  • Attributes of the instruction window 230 and instruction scheduler 235 can have significant impact to the realized performance of an EDGE core and the throughput of an EDGE multiprocessor.
  • the front end (IF, DC) portions of the microarchitecture can run decoupled from the back end portions of the microarchitecture (IS, EX, LS).
  • the instruction window 230 is configured to fetch and decode two instructions per clock into the instruction window.
  • the instruction scheduler 235 has diverse functionality and requirements. It can be highly concurrent. Each clock cycle, the instruction decoder 220 writes decoded ready state and decoded instruction data for one or more instructions into the instruction window 230 . Each clock cycle, the instruction scheduler 235 selects the next instruction(s) to issue, and in response the back end sends ready events, for example, target ready events targeting a specific instruction's input slot (e.g., predicate slot, right operand (OP 0 ), or left operand (OP 1 )), or broadcast ready events targeting all instructions waiting on a broadcast ID. These events cause per-instruction active ready state bits to be set that, together with the decoded ready state, can be used to signal that the corresponding instruction is ready to issue.
  • the instruction scheduler 235 sometimes accepts events for target instructions which have not yet been decoded, and the scheduler can also can also inhibit reissue of issued ready instructions.
  • Control circuits e.g., signals generated using the decoded instruction store 236
  • the instruction window 230 are used to generate control signals to regulate core operation (including, e.g., control of datapath and multiplexer select signals) and schedule the flow of instructions within the core. This can include generating and using memory access instruction encodings, allocation and de-allocation of cores for performing instruction processing, control of input data and output data between any of the cores 110 , register files, the memory interface 140 , and/or the I/O interface 150 .
  • the instruction scheduler 235 is implemented as a finite state machine coupled to other instruction window logic.
  • the instruction scheduler is mapped to one or more banks of RAM in an FPGA, and can be implemented with block RAM, LUT RAM, or other reconfigurable RAM.
  • other circuit structures, implemented in an integrated circuit, programmable logic, or other suitable logic can be used to implement hardware for the instruction scheduler 235 .
  • front-end pipeline stages IF and DC can run decoupled from the back-end pipelines stages (IS, EX, LS).
  • the operand buffers 239 send the data operands, which can be designated left operand (LOP) and right operand (ROP) for convenience, to a set of execution state pipeline registers 245 via one or more switches (e.g., multiplexers 241 and 242 ). These operands can also be referred to as OP 1 and OP 0 , respectively.
  • LOP left operand
  • ROP right operand
  • a first router 240 is used to send data from the operand buffers 239 to one or more of the functional units 250 , which can include but are not limited to, integer ALUs (arithmetic logic units) (e.g., integer ALUs 255 ), floating point units (e.g., floating point ALU 256 ), shift/rotate logic (e.g., barrel shifter 257 ), or other suitable execution units, which can including graphics functions, physics functions, and other mathematical operations.
  • a programmable execution unit 258 can be reconfigured to implement a number of different arbitrary functions (e.g., a priori or at runtime).
  • Data from the functional units 250 can then be routed through a second router (not shown) to a set of load/store pipeline registers 260 , to a load/store queue 270 (e.g., for performing memory load and memory store operations), or fed back to the execution pipeline registers, thereby bypassing the operand buffers 239 .
  • the load/store queue 270 is coupled to a data cache 275 that caches data for memory operations.
  • the outputs of the data cache 275 , and the load/store pipelines registers 260 can be sent to a third router 280 , which in turn sends data to the register file 290 , the operand buffers 239 , and/or the execution pipeline registers 245 , according to the instruction being executed in the pipeline stage.
  • the instruction block When execution of an instruction block is complete, the instruction block is designated as “committed” and signals from the control outputs can in turn can be used by other cores within the block-based processor 100 and/or by the control unit 160 to initiate scheduling, fetching, and execution of other instruction blocks.
  • the components within an individual core are not limited to those shown in FIG. 2 , but can be varied according to the requirements of a particular application.
  • a core may have fewer or more instruction windows, a single instruction decoder might be shared by two or more instruction windows, and the number of and type of functional units used can be varied, depending on the particular targeted application for the block-based processor.
  • Other considerations that apply in selecting and allocating resources with an instruction core include performance requirements, energy usage requirements, integrated circuit die, process technology, and/or cost.
  • Updates to the visible architectural state of the processor (such as to the register file 290 and the memory) affected by the executed instructions can be buffered locally within the core until the instructions are committed.
  • the control circuitry can determine when instructions are ready to be committed, sequence the commit logic, and issue a commit signal. For example, a commit phase for an instruction block can begin when all register writes are buffered, all writes to memory (including unconditional and conditional stores) are buffered, and a branch target is calculated.
  • the instruction block can be committed when updates to the visible architectural state are complete. For example, an instruction block can be committed when the register writes are written to as the register file, the stores are sent to a load/store unit or memory controller, and the commit signal is generated.
  • the control circuit also controls, at least in part, allocation of functional units to the instructions window.
  • block-based instructions can be non-predicated, or predicated true or false.
  • a predicated instruction does not become ready until it is targeted by another instruction's predicate result, and that result matches the predicate condition. If the instruction's predicate does not match, then the instruction never issues.
  • all instruction window ready state (stored in the instruction scheduler 235 ) is flash cleared (block reset).
  • block refresh only active ready state is cleared; the decoded ready state is preserved so that it is not necessary to re-fetch and decode the blocks instructions.
  • refresh can be used to save time and energy in loops, instead of performing a block reset.
  • Instructions such as ADD have a latency of one cycle.
  • the scheduler can wake their targets' instructions in the IS-stage, even before the instruction completes.
  • Other instruction results may await ALU comparisons, take multiple cycles, or have unknown latency. These instructions wait until later to wake their targets.
  • each pipeline cycle can accept from one to four decoded instructions and from two to four target ready events, and issue one to two instructions per cycle.
  • the scheduler 235 can be implemented as a parallel scheduler, where instructions' ready state is explicitly represented in FPGA D-type flip-flops (FFs), and in which the ready status of every instruction is reevaluated each cycle.
  • the instruction scheduler 235 can be implemented as a more compact incremental scheduler that keeps ready state in LUT RAM and which updates ready status of about two to four target instructions per cycle.
  • the register file 290 may include two or more write ports for storing data in the register file, as well as having a plurality of read ports for reading data from individual registers within the register file.
  • a single instruction window e.g., instruction window 230
  • the instruction window 230 can access only one port of the register file at a time, while in other examples, the instruction window 230 can access one read port and one write port, or can access two or more read ports and/or write ports simultaneously.
  • the microarchitecture is configured such that not all the read ports of the register 290 can use the bypass mechanism. For the example microarchitecture 200 shown in FIG.
  • the register file can send register data on the bypass path to one of the multiplexers 242 for the operand OP 0 , but not operand OP 1 .
  • the register file can send register data on the bypass path to one of the multiplexers 242 for the operand OP 0 , but not operand OP 1 .
  • the register file 290 can include 64 registers, each of the registers holding a word of 32 bits of data. (For convenient explanation, this application will refer to 32-bits of data as a word, unless otherwise specified. Suitable processors according to the disclosed technology could operate with 8-, 16-, 64-, 128-, 256-bit, or another number of bits words) In some examples, some of the registers within the register file 290 may be allocated to special purposes.
  • some of the registers can be dedicated as system registers examples of which include registers storing constant values (e.g., an all zero word), program counter(s) (PC), which indicate the current address of a program thread that is being executed, a physical core number, a logical core number, a core assignment topology, core control flags, execution flags, a processor topology, or other suitable dedicated purpose.
  • the register file 290 is implemented as an array of flip-flops, while in other examples, the register file can be implemented using latches, SRAM, or other forms of memory storage.
  • the ISA specification for a given processor specifies how registers within the register file 290 are defined and used.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram 300 that depicts an example field programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture that is configured to implement certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • the block-based processor 100 discussed above regarding FIG. 1 including those examples that used the microarchitecture 200 depicted in FIG. 2 can be mapped to the FPGA architecture of FIG. 3 .
  • the FPGA includes an array of reconfigurable logic blocks arranged in an array.
  • the FPGA includes a first row of logic blocks, including logic blocks 310 , 311 , and 319 , and a second row of logic blocks including logic blocks 320 , 321 , and 329 .
  • Each of the logic blocks includes logic that can be reconfigured to implement arbitrary logic functions and can also include sequential logic elements such as latches, flip-flops, and memories.
  • the logic blocks are interconnected to each other using a routing fabric that includes a number of interconnect switches that can also be programmable.
  • switch blocks 330 , 331 , 332 , etc. there is a first row of switch blocks 330 , 331 , 332 , etc., positioned between the first row of reconfigurable logic blocks and the second row of reconfigurable logic blocks.
  • the switches can be configured in order to change wire connections that carry signals between the reconfigurable logic blocks.
  • instructions schedulers, functional units, pipeline buffers, and operand buffers can be mapped to the logic blocks connected using the switch blocks of FIG. 3 .
  • the FPGA also includes a number of more complex components.
  • the logic block includes a number of block RAMs, for example, block RAM 340 and block RAM 349 .
  • the block RAMs typically contain a larger number of memory bits, for example, a few thousand memory bits that are accessed by applying an address to the memory, and reading from one or more read ports.
  • the block RAMs can include two or more write ports and two or more read ports.
  • the block RAMs may only have a single read and/or a single write port. While the block RAMs are typically accessed by applying an address and reading corresponding data, in some examples, the block RAMs can be configured with additional circuitry that allows for implementation of more complex functions including shift registers and First-In First-Out (FIFO) buffers.
  • FIFO First-In First-Out
  • the illustrated FPGA also includes a number of hard macro blocks including hard macro block 350 and hard macro block 359 . These macro blocks can include more complex functionality such as processor functionality, digital signal processing functionality, accelerators, or other functions deemed to be desirable.
  • the FPGA is further surrounded by an I/O ring 360 that can be coupled to the logic blocks, the block rams, and/or the hard macro blocks in order to receive and send signals to components away from the FPGA.
  • the I/O signals are full rail voltage signals, while other examples, differential signals are used.
  • the I/O ports can be multiplexed (e.g. time-multiplexed) in order to support input and output of more signals than the number of pins available on the FPGA.
  • FPGAs While many examples of FPGAs are typically reconfigurable an arbitrary number of times through the use of electrically erasable memories, in other examples, one-time programmable logic elements can be used.
  • the logic blocks and switches can be programmed with the use of fuses, anti-fuses, or with a ROM mask to program a logic function once that is not easily reversible.
  • the FPGA typically has a configuration port that receives data according to a file dubbed a bitstream, or a configuration bitstream.
  • the bitstream data is read into the device and used to program and configure the logic blocks, the switches, the block rams, and/or the hard macros.
  • the configuration can be erased and a new design configured into the device.
  • the FPGA can be partially reconfigured in order to save on programming time. For example, a subset of the logic blocks, the switches, or block rams can be dynamically reconfigured in the field without reprogramming the entire device.
  • FPGAs are a stand-alone integrated circuit
  • the FPGA may be packaged differently, for example, in a multi-chip module (MCM), or on the same circuit die as a custom or basic system-on-chip (SoC).
  • MCM multi-chip module
  • SoC basic system-on-chip
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram 400 illustrating four reconfigurable logic blocks 410 , 411 , 412 , and 413 that can configured to form part of the logic fabric of an example FPGA-integrated circuit.
  • the components inside the reconfigurable logic blocks shown are identical, or homogenous, but it should be readily understood, in other examples, more than one type of reconfigurable logic block may be present on a single FPGA.
  • a first reconfigurable logic block 410 includes a six-input Look Up Table (LUT) 420 that is coupled to carry logic 430 , a number of multiplexers 440 and 445 , and a storage element (here, a D flip-flop) 450 .
  • the LUT 420 can be implemented using a small memory (for example, a memory having six address bits and two output bits as shown). Thus, any six-input Boolean function can be implemented by using a single LUT.
  • outputs of LUTs can be combined, or a reconfigurable logic block can have multiple LUTs that can be connected together in order to perform more complex logic functions.
  • common logic functions can be providing in addition to the LUT.
  • the carry logic 430 can be configured to perform the carry propagation logic for an adder.
  • the multiplexers are used to select various output from other components.
  • the multiplexer 440 can be used to select the output of either the LUT 420 or the carry logic 430
  • the multiplexer 445 can be used to select another output of the LUT 420 or the multiplexer 440 .
  • the multiplexer is used to either select a sequential output of a state element (e.g. flip-flop 450 ), or a combinational output of a Look Up Table. It should be readily understood to one of ordinary skill in the art that different logic functions, LUT sizes, and sequential elements can be employed in a reconfigurable logic element.
  • mapping block-based processors to such reconfigurable logic can vary depending on the specific target FPGA architecture.
  • the configuration of the logic inside the reconfigurable logic block can be programmed using the configuration port of the FPGA.
  • the LUTs are not programmed once, but can be configured to act as small memories that store certain data used in the block-based processor.
  • a logic synthesis tool (logic compiler) is used to transform a specification for a block-processor into a configuration bitstream that can be applied to a configuration port of an FPGA to configure logic to implement a block-based processor.
  • the designer can use an RPM (relationally placed macro) methodology to improve area and interconnect delays and achieve a repeatable layout for easy routing and timing closure under module composition and massive replication. For example, by including structural RTL instantiating modules and tiling them into a scheduler, logic for the instruction scheduler can be locked to a set of single LUTs, allow for a compact clustering and placement of logic within the FPGA.
  • each instruction block begins with an instruction header, which is followed by a varying number of instructions.
  • the instruction block 511 includes a header 520 and twenty instructions 521 .
  • the particular instruction header 520 illustrated includes a number of data fields that control, in part, execution of the instructions within the instruction block, and also allow for improved performance enhancement techniques including, for example branch prediction, speculative execution, lazy evaluation, and/or other techniques.
  • the instruction header 520 also includes an indication of the instruction block size.
  • the instruction block size can be in larger chunks of instructions than one, for example, the number of 4-instruction chunks contained within the instruction block. In other words, the size of the block is shifted 4 bits in order to compress header space allocated to specifying instruction block size. Thus, a size value of 0 indicates a minimally-sized instruction block which is a block header followed by four instructions.
  • the instruction block size is expressed as a number of bytes, as a number of words, as a number of n-word chunks, as an address, as an address offset, or using other suitable expressions for describing the size of instruction blocks.
  • the instruction block size is indicated by a terminating bit pattern in the instruction block header and/or footer.
  • the instruction block header 520 can also include one or more execution flags that indicate one or more modes of operation for executing the instruction block.
  • the modes of operation can include core fusion operation, vector mode operation, memory dependence prediction, and/or in-order or deterministic instruction execution.
  • the execution flags can include a block synchronization flag that inhibits speculative execution of the instruction block.
  • the instruction header 520 includes one or more identification bits that indicate that the encoded data is an instruction header. For example, in some block-based processor ISAs, a single ID bit in the least significant bit space is always set to the binary value 1 to indicate the beginning of a valid instruction block. In other examples, different bit encodings can be used for the identification bit(s). In some examples, the instruction header 520 includes information indicating a particular version of the ISA for which the associated instruction block is encoded.
  • the block instruction header can also include a number of block exit types for use in, for example, branch prediction, control flow determination, and/or branch processing.
  • the exit type can indicate what the type of branch instructions are, for example: sequential branch instructions, which point to the next contiguous instruction block in memory; offset instructions, which are branches to another instruction block at a memory address calculated relative to an offset; subroutine calls, or subroutine returns.
  • the illustrated instruction block header 520 also includes a store mask that indicates which of the load-store queue identifiers encoded in the block instructions are assigned to store operations.
  • the instruction block header can also include a write mask, which identifies which global register(s) the associated instruction block will write.
  • the store mask is stored in a store vector register by, for example, an instruction decoder (e.g., decoder 220 ).
  • the instruction block header 520 does not include the store mask, but the store mask is generated dynamically by the instruction decoder by analyzing instruction dependencies when the instruction block is decoded.
  • the decoder can generate load store identifiers for instruction block instructions to determine a store mask and store the store mask data in a store vector register.
  • the write mask is not encoded in the instruction block header, but is generated dynamically (e.g., by analyzing registers referenced by instructions in the instruction block) by an instruction decoder) and stored in a write mask register.
  • the write mask can be used to determine when execution of an instruction block has completed and thus to initiate commitment of the instruction block.
  • the associated register file must receive a write to each entry before the instruction block can complete.
  • a block-based processor architecture can include not only scalar instructions, but also single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) instructions, that allow for operations with a larger number of data operands within a single instruction.
  • SIMD single-instruction multiple-data
  • Examples of suitable block-based instructions that can be used for the instructions 521 can include instructions for executing integer and floating-point arithmetic, logical operations, type conversions, register reads and writes, memory loads and stores, execution of branches and jumps, and other suitable processor instructions.
  • the instructions include instructions for configuring the processor to operate according to one or more of operations by, for example, speculative. Because an instruction's dependencies are encoded in the instruction block (e.g., in the instruction block header, other instructions that target the instruction, and/or in the instruction itself), instructions can issue and execute out of program order when the instruction's dependencies are satisfied.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 depicting an example of two portions 610 and 615 of C language source code and their respective instruction blocks 620 and 625 , illustrating how block-based instructions can explicitly encode their targets.
  • the first two READ instructions 630 and 631 target the right (T[ 2 R]) and left (T[ 2 L]) operands, respectively, of the ADD instruction 632 ( 2 R indicates targeting the right operand of instruction number 2 ; 2 L indicates the left operand of instruction number 2 ).
  • the read instruction is the only instruction that reads from the global register file (e.g., register file 290 ); however any instruction can target the global register file.
  • the ADD instruction 632 receives the results of both register reads it will become ready and execute. It is noted that the present disclosure sometimes refers to the right operand as OP 0 and the left operand as OP 1 .
  • TLEI test-less-than-equal-immediate
  • the TLEI (test-less-than-equal-immediate) instruction 633 When the TLEI (test-less-than-equal-immediate) instruction 633 receives its single input operand from the ADD, it will become ready to issue and execute. The test then produces a predicate operand that is broadcast on channel one (B[ 1 P]) to all instructions listening on the broadcast channel for the predicate, which in this example are the two predicated branch instructions (BRO_T 634 and BRO_F 635 ). The branch instruction that receives a matching predicate will issue, but the other instruction, encoded with the complementary predicated, will not issue.
  • a dependence graph 640 for the instruction block 620 is also illustrated, as an array 650 of instruction nodes and their corresponding operand targets 655 and 656 .
  • decoded instructions READ 630 and READ 631 are ready to issue, as they have no input dependencies.
  • the values read from registers R 0 and R 7 are written into the right and left operand buffers of ADD 632 , marking the left and right operands of ADD 632 “ready.”
  • the ADD 632 instruction becomes ready, issues to an ALU, executes, and the sum is written to the left operand of the TLEI instruction 633 .
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating generalized examples of instruction formats for an instruction header 710 , a generic instruction 720 , a branch instruction 730 , and a memory access instruction 740 (e.g., a memory load or store instruction).
  • the instruction formats can be used for instruction blocks executed according to a number of execution flags specified in an instruction header that specify a mode of operation.
  • Each of the instruction headers or instructions is labeled according to the number of bits.
  • the instruction header 710 includes four 32-bit words and is labeled from its least significant bit (lsb) (bit 0 ) up to its most significant bit (msb) (bit 127 ).
  • the instruction header includes a write mask field, a number of execution flag fields, an instruction block size field, and an instruction header ID bit (the least significant bit of the instruction header).
  • the instruction header 710 includes additional metadata 715 and/or 716 , which can be used to control additional aspects of instruction block execution and performance.
  • the execution flag fields depicted in FIG. 7 occupy bits 6 through 13 of the instruction block header 710 and indicate one or more modes of operation for executing the instruction block.
  • the modes of operation can include core fusion operation, vector mode operation, branch predictor inhibition, memory dependence predictor inhibition, block synchronization, break after block, break before block, block fall through, and/or in-order or deterministic instruction execution.
  • the block synchronization flag occupies bit 9 of the instruction block and inhibits speculative execution of the instruction block when set to logic 1. Inhibiting speculative execution is highly desirable for example, when shared memory operations such as store conditional instructions or other share memory operations are performed by an instruction block to prevent memory hazards in violation of the ISA specification.
  • the exit type fields include data that can be used to indicate the types of control flow instructions encoded within the instruction block.
  • the exit type fields can indicate that the instruction block includes one or more of the following: sequential branch instructions, offset branch instructions, indirect branch instructions, call instructions, and/or return instructions.
  • the branch instructions can be any control flow instructions for transferring control flow between instruction blocks, including relative and/or absolute addresses, and using a conditional or unconditional predicate.
  • the exit type fields can be used for branch prediction and speculative execution in addition to determining implicit control flow instructions.
  • the illustrated generic block instruction 720 is stored as one 32-bit word and includes an opcode field, a predicate field, a broadcast ID field (BID), a vector operation field (V), a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) field, a first target field (T 1 ), and a second target field (T 2 ).
  • BID broadcast ID field
  • V vector operation field
  • SIMD single instruction multiple data
  • T 1 first target field
  • T 2 second target field
  • a compiler can build a fanout tree using move instructions, or it can assign high-fanout instructions to broadcasts. Broadcasts support sending an operand over a lightweight network to any number of consumer instructions in a core.
  • the generic instruction format outlined by the generic instruction 720 can represent some or all instructions processed by a block-based processor, it will be readily understood by one of skill in the art that, even for a particular example of an ISA, one or more of the instruction fields may deviate from the generic format for particular instructions.
  • the opcode field specifies the operation(s) performed by the instruction 720 , such as memory read/write, register load/store, add, subtract, multiply, divide, shift, rotate, system operations, or other suitable instructions.
  • the predicate field specifies the condition under which the instruction will execute. For example, the predicate field can specify the value “true,” and the instruction will only execute if a corresponding condition flag matches the specified predicate value.
  • the predicate field specifies, at least in part, which is used to compare the predicate, while in other examples, the execution is predicated on a flag set by a previous instruction (e.g., the preceding instruction in the instruction block).
  • the predicate field can specify that the instruction will always, or never, be executed.
  • the target fields T 1 and T 2 specify the instructions to which the results of the block-based instruction are sent.
  • an ADD instruction at instruction slot 7 can specify that its computed result will be sent to instructions at slots 3 and 10 , including specification of the operand slot (e.g., left operation, right operand, or predicate operand).
  • the operand slot e.g., left operation, right operand, or predicate operand.
  • one or both of the illustrated target fields can be replaced by other information, for example, the first target field T 1 can be replaced by an immediate operand, an additional opcode, specify two targets, etc.
  • the branch instruction 730 includes an opcode field, a predicate field, a broadcast ID field (BID), and an offset field.
  • the opcode and predicate fields are similar in format and function as described regarding the generic instruction.
  • the offset can be expressed in units of groups of four instructions, thus extending the memory address range over which a branch can be executed.
  • the predicate shown with the generic instruction 720 and the branch instruction 730 can be used to avoid additional branching within an instruction block. For example, execution of a particular instruction can be predicated on the result of a previous instruction (e.g., a comparison of two operands). If the predicate is false, the instruction will not commit values calculated by the particular instruction. If the predicate value does not match the required predicate, the instruction does not issue. For example, a BRO_F (predicated false) instruction will issue if it is sent a false predicate value.
  • branch instruction is not limited to changing program execution to a relative memory location, but also includes jumps to an absolute or symbolic memory location, subroutine calls and returns, and other instructions that can modify the execution flow.
  • the execution flow is modified by changing the value of a system register (e.g., a program counter PC or instruction pointer), while in other examples, the execution flow can be changed by modifying a value stored at a designated location in memory.
  • a jump register branch instruction is used to jump to a memory location stored in a register.
  • subroutine calls and returns are implemented using jump and link and jump register instructions, respectively.
  • the memory access instruction 740 format includes an opcode field, a predicate field, a broadcast ID field (BID), an immediate field (IMM), and a target field (T 1 ).
  • the opcode, broadcast, predicate fields are similar in format and function as described regarding the generic instruction. For example, execution of a particular instruction can be predicated on the result of a previous instruction (e.g., a comparison of two operands). If the predicate is false, the instruction will not commit values calculated by the particular instruction. If the predicate value does not match the required predicate, the instruction does not issue.
  • the immediate field can be used as an offset for the operand sent to the load or store instruction.
  • the operand plus (shifted) immediate offset is used as a memory address for the load/store instruction (e.g., an address to read data from, or store data to, in memory).
  • the target field T 1 745 is used to specify where a status indicator generated by executing will be stored.
  • the target field T 1 745 can specify a register to store a status indicator value that indicates whether the store conditional instruction executed successfully or not (e.g., based on the load link address and link values).
  • a subsequent instruction block can check the status indicator value and take appropriate action (e.g., by flushing an instruction block, causing the instruction block to re-execute, raising an exception, etc.).
  • FIG. 8 is a state diagram 800 illustrating number of states assigned to an instruction block as it is mapped, executed, and retired. For example, one or more of the states can be assigned during execution of an instruction according to one or more execution flags. It should be readily understood that the states shown in FIG. 8 are for one example of the disclosed technology, but that in other examples an instruction block may have additional or fewer states, as well as having different states than those depicted in the state diagram 800 .
  • an instruction block is unmapped.
  • the instruction block may be resident in memory coupled to a block-based processor, stored on a computer-readable storage device such as a hard drive or a flash drive, and can be local to the processor or located at a remote server and accessible using a computer network.
  • the unmapped instructions may also be at least partially resident in a cache memory coupled to the block-based processor.
  • control logic for the block-based processor such as an instruction scheduler, can be used to monitor processing core resources of the block-based processor and map the instruction block to one or more of the processing cores.
  • the control unit can map one or more of the instruction block to processor cores and/or instruction windows of particular processor cores.
  • the control unit monitors processor cores that have previously executed a particular instruction block and can re-use decoded instructions for the instruction block still resident on the “warmed up” processor core. Once the one or more instruction blocks have been mapped to processor cores, the instruction block can proceed to the fetch state 820 .
  • the mapped processor core fetches computer-readable block instructions from the block-based processors' memory system and loads them into a memory associated with a particular processor core. For example, fetched instructions for the instruction block can be fetched and stored in an instruction cache within the processor core. The instructions can be communicated to the processor core using core interconnect. Once at least one instruction of the instruction block has been fetched, the instruction block can enter the instruction decode state 830 .
  • various bits of the fetched instruction are decoded into signals that can be used by the processor core to control execution of the particular instruction, including generation of identifiers indicating relative ordering of memory access instructions.
  • the decoded instructions can be stored in one of the memory stores shown above, in FIG. 2 .
  • the decoding includes generating dependencies for the decoded instruction, operand information for the decoded instruction, and targets for the decoded instruction. Once at least one instruction of the instruction block has been decoded, the instruction block can proceed to issue state 840 .
  • instruction dependencies are evaluated to determine if an instruction is ready for execution.
  • an instruction scheduler can monitor an instruction's source operands and predicate operand (for predicated instructions), which must be available before an instruction is ready to issue.
  • certain instructions also must issue according to a specified ordering. For example, memory load store operations are ordered according to an LSID value encoded in each instruction.
  • more than one instruction is ready to issue simultaneously, and the instruction scheduler selects one of the ready to issue instructions to issue. Instructions can be identified using their IID to facilitate evaluation of instruction dependencies.
  • control logic associated with the processor core monitors execution of the instruction block, and once it is determined that the instruction block can either be committed, or the instruction block is to be aborted, the instruction block state is set to commit/abort state 860 .
  • the control logic uses a write mask and/or a store mask for an instruction block to determine whether execution has proceeded sufficiently to commit the instruction block.
  • the processor core control unit determines that operations performed by the instruction block can be completed. For example memory load store operations, register read/writes, branch instructions, and other instructions will definitely be performed according to the control flow of the instruction block. For conditional memory instructions, data will be written to memory, and a status indicator value that indicates success generated during the commit/abort state 860 .
  • the instruction block is to be aborted, for example, because one or more of the dependencies of instructions are not satisfied, or the instruction was speculatively executed on a predicate for the instruction block that was not satisfied, the instruction block is aborted so that it will not affect the state of the sequence of instructions in memory or the register file.
  • the instruction block goes to state 870 to determine whether the instruction block should be refreshed. If the instruction block is refreshed, the processor core re-executes the instruction block, typically using new data values, particularly the registers and memory updated by the just-committed execution of the block, and proceeds directly to the execute state 850 . Thus, the time and energy spent in mapping, fetching, and decoding the instruction block can be avoided. Alternatively, if the instruction block is not to be refreshed, then the instruction block enters an idle state 880 .
  • the processor core executing the instruction block can be idled by, for example, powering down hardware within the processor core, while maintaining at least a portion of the decoded instructions for the instruction block.
  • the control unit determines 890 whether the idle instruction block on the processor core is to be refreshed or not. If the idle instruction block is to be refreshed, the instruction block can resume execution at execute state 850 . Alternatively, if the instruction block is not to be refreshed, then the instruction block is unmapped and the processor core can be flushed and subsequently instruction blocks can be mapped to the flushed processor core.
  • state diagram 800 illustrates the states of an instruction block as executing on a single processor core for ease of explanation, it should be readily understood to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art that in certain examples, multiple processor cores can be used to execute multiple instances of a given instruction block, concurrently.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating an apparatus comprising a block-based processor 910 , including a control unit 920 configured to execute instruction blocks including instructions for memory operations including memory synchronization and memory locks.
  • the control unit includes a core scheduler 925 that controls allocation and de-allocation of cores for performing instruction processing, control of input data and output data between any of the cores, register files, memory interfaces and/or I/O interfaces.
  • the control unit 920 can also include dedicated registers for performing certain memory operations.
  • the block-based processor 910 also includes one or more processor cores 930 - 937 that are configured to fetch and execute instruction blocks.
  • Each of the cores includes an instruction scheduler (e.g., instruction scheduler 941 ) that controls the order in which instructions in an instruction block are fetched, decoded, issued, and executed.
  • the illustrated block-based processor 910 has up to eight cores, but in other examples there could be 1, 2, 4, 64, 512, 1024, or other numbers of block-based processor cores.
  • the block-based processor 910 is coupled to a memory 950 which includes a number of instruction blocks, including instruction blocks A and B, which include instructions ( 955 and 956 , respectively) implementing disclosed memory operations, and to a computer-readable storage media disc 960 that stores instructions 965 for performing disclosed memory operations.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow chart 1000 that outlines an example method of operating a block-based processor as can be performed in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • a custom, or ASIC implementation of a block-based processor, or an FPGA implementation of a block-based processor such as those discussed above can be used to perform the illustrated method.
  • the structure dependencies for a transactional block of instructions are generated.
  • Each of the instructions has an instruction identifier assigned, for example, an index of an instruction's relative position within an instruction block can be used as the instruction identifier.
  • Instructions can be encoded with their respective target instructions using the instruction identifier.
  • the processor will send a result generated by an instruction to the specified target instruction(s) as an input operand for the targeted instruction.
  • the instruction identifier can be encoded in a header or footer portion of the instruction block.
  • the instructions dependencies can include, but are not limited to, input operands for the instruction, and ordering information for loads and stores to memory.
  • dependencies are only generated for a portion of the transactional block of instructions. This includes cases where instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed before all of the instruction block has been fetched. The block-based processor need not wait for all of the instruction block to be decoded to begin operation.
  • the instruction is encoded with an instruction identifier that uniquely identifies the instruction in the transactional instruction block. For example, one way to encode the instruction identifier is by the relative position of the instruction within the instruction block. Other instructions can then target that particular instruction for sending data operands and predicates to, by designating the instruction ID where the instruction is located.
  • instruction identifier is encoded in a static fashion, which allows for easier tracking of instruction dependencies within the instruction block. This is in contrast to traditional CISC and RISC approaches where instructions do not identify each other, but instead use registers or main memory to pass values between instructions.
  • instruction dependencies that can be generated for instructions include; whether the instructions received an operand on a broadcast channel, whether the instructions predicate is ready, whether the instruction's input operands are ready, whether the instruction should be inhibited (e.g., because the instruction has already issued).
  • the ready state can be further divided into decoded ready state, which can be initialized by the instruction decoder and remains static for subsequent instances of the instruction block, or an active ready state, which can be refreshed for each instance of executing the instruction block.
  • the decoded ready state indicates whether the instruction ever requires each of the specific dependencies encoded, while the active ready state indicates whether the specified dependency has been satisfied for the particular instance of executing the instruction block in question.
  • one or more instructions are signaled as being ready once the corresponding instruction's dependencies have been satisfied. For some instructions, for example a move-immediate instruction, the instruction's dependencies are immediately satisfied because the instruction does not require any. Thus, such instructions are ready to issue immediately, even before any register values or other dependencies have arrived at the instruction block. For other instructions, the instruction must wait for its appropriate dependencies to be generated and satisfied. A ready instruction then awaits being selected to be issued by the instruction scheduler. In some examples, its corresponding ‘ready’ bit is set. For a given instruction window, several instructions may be or become ready, while only one or a small number of such instructions may issue each cycle. An issued instruction starts execution immediately.
  • the ready instructions selected for issue and subsequent execution in the order in which they are arranged in the instruction block.
  • other schemes can be used to determine which ready instruction to execute in the event that there are more instructions available to issue than the resources of the processor core allow. For example, in a core that can execute two instructions concurrently, when three instructions are ready to issue, two can be selected to start execution and the third delayed until an execution slot is available.
  • the next issued instruction is executed.
  • the functional units 250 and 265 in the pipeline detected of the microarchitecture of FIG. 2 can be used to execute the instruction.
  • the instruction result can be stored in memory using the load-store queue 270 , written to the register file 290 , or sent back in the pipeline for execution by other instructions using the operand buffers 239 or a bypass mechanism to go directly to the execution pipeline registers 245 . In this way, operands can be sent directly for use by instructions that are dependent on the currently executing instruction.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 outlining an example of executing a block of instructions as can be performed in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • the block-based processor described above regarding FIG. 2 including implementations that use the microarchitecture discussed above in FIG. 2 , can be used to implement certain examples of the method.
  • the method can be performed using a custom or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), while in other examples, reconfigurable logic circuits such as FPGAs can be used.
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGAs reconfigurable logic circuits
  • an instruction header and one or more instructions for a transactional block of instructions can be fetched concurrently. In some examples, only a portion of the instruction header is fetched in a particular clock cycle.
  • a multi-read port block RAM allows for concurrent fetching of the instruction header and a block instruction. This can be advantageous in certain applications as it allows for concurrent instruction header decoding while instruction block instructions with no dependencies can immediately be issued and start execution. In other examples of the method, only a single word of memory is fetched at a time.
  • the instruction header portion is decoded.
  • the instruction fetched at process block 1110 is also decoded.
  • the instruction decoder generates and stores ready-state data for the instruction in a memory that can be indexed using an instruction identifier associated with the instruction.
  • the instruction identifier for a given instruction is based on the relative position of the instruction within the instruction block, and other instructions in the instruction block reference that instruction based on the instruction's identifier.
  • the decoded ready-state data can be stored in a RAM that is composed of distributed RAM that is mapped onto LUTs of a FPGA.
  • RAM random access memory
  • latches flip-flops
  • the decoded instruction data including the decoded ready-state data that is used by the instruction scheduler.
  • the ready-state data can be stored in a memory coupled to the instruction scheduler 235 of FIG. 2 while control information for controlling execution of the micro-architectural pipeline can be stored in the decoded instruction store 236 .
  • the instruction scheduler 235 can also be used to control operand reads from the operand buffers 239 .
  • the processor issues and executes at least one of the instructions when its dependencies, as indicated by the ready-state data, are available. For example, a number of bits can be stored in an FPGA distributed LUT RAM, or block RAM, and when all of the bits match a designated pattern, the instruction is issued. Because only a limited number of instructions can execute using the execution pipeline in a given clock cycle, if more than the number of supported instructions becomes ready to issue, then certain instructions must wait. Techniques such as using a “ready to issue” bit mask plus a priority encoder can be used to determine which instructions should be executed next.
  • the processor uses a bypass mechanism in order to bypass its operand buffers for at least one source of operand for an executing instruction.
  • the pipeline can avoid a delay of one clock cycle by sending the next instruction's data directly to the pipeline registers 245 .
  • the block-based processor does not use such a bypass mechanism.
  • Use of the bypass mechanism can also avoid limitations with the number of read ports available on the operand buffers 239 . For example, in some microarchitectures, the number of read ports, or the types of operands that can be written to the operand buffer in the same clock cycle may be limited.
  • the operand buffers may be only able to accept one left operand and one right operand per clock cycle.
  • pipeline stall can be avoided by sending operands for the very next instruction directly to the pipeline registers 245 while operands generated by another instruction concurrently are safely stored in the operand buffer 239 .
  • the instruction block reaches the commit stage of execution and performs any memory and/or register operations that were delayed until the instruction block reaches the commit stage.
  • the load store queue 270 or shadow registers within the register file 290 can store data until it is actually determined that it will be written to by the executing instruction block. This maintains coherency of the machine state in cases where, for example, multiple instructions write to the same memory address, or a memory or register operation does not occur due to speculative execution of the instruction block.
  • the method then proceeds to process the next instruction block in the program. If the same instruction block is to be executed again, for example in a program loop, then the method proceeds to process block 1160 .
  • an instruction block may be all or partially decoded and available, in which case the method may also proceed to process block 1160 in order to refresh the instruction window of the instruction block. In other examples, for example where the instruction block is not yet fully decoded, or where the instruction block is newly executed, the method proceeds to process block 1170 .
  • the instruction window ready state is refreshed, for example by resetting the active ready state data for the instruction block, but reusing the previously decoded ready state data for the instruction block.
  • certain dependencies can be determined, and execution allowed to proceed, without re-decoding and reusing some of the work from the previous execution of the instruction block.
  • the entire instruction window ready state is reset. Regardless of whether the refreshed or reset, the method proceeds to process block 1130 in order to issue and execute additional instructions. In the event that additional instruction information must be fetched and decoded, the method can alternatively proceed to process block 1110 or process block 1120 as is suitable for executing the instruction block.
  • FIG. 12 is a flow chart 1200 outlining an example method of configuring a reconfigurable logic device, as can be performed in certain examples of the disclosed technology.
  • the FPGA discussed above regarding FIG. 3 can be configured to implement the block-based processor of FIG. 1 using the example microarchitecture discussed above regarding FIG. 2 .
  • a description of block-based processor components is mapped to reconfigure logic device components of the FPGA.
  • a process designer can specify a description of the block-based processor in the hardware description language, such as SystemVerilog, SystemC, Verilog, or any other suitable combination of hardware description languages.
  • a description written in a traditional programming language such as C or C++ are used to describe at least a portion of the block-based processor.
  • the description of the block-based processor can include any of the novel components discussed above.
  • the designer can specify specific FPGA cells to be targeted by elements of the processor microarchitecture.
  • the designer may specify that the instruction cache and/or the data cache are implemented using block RAM resources of the FPGA.
  • the programmer can use available macros provided by the FPGA vendor to implement FIFO buffers, shift registers, and other components using economical mappings for that FPGA.
  • a configuration bitstream is produced for implementing a circuit for the block-based processor that includes an out-of-order instruction scheduler that uses ready state data indexed by an instruction identifier.
  • a description of a block-based processor expressed in a hardware description language can be compiled to generate a netlist, and the netlist in turn used to generate a bitstream file.
  • the signals indicated in the bitstream file can be applied to the configuration interface of an FPGA in order to configure the FPGA to perform functions for implementing a block-based processor according to the disclosed techniques.
  • the reconfigurable logic device is configured using the bitstream generated at process block 1220 .
  • some FPGAs have a readback port that is used to serially stream data into configuration memory of the FPGA, thereby configuring the FPGA.
  • configuration memory of the FPGA is addressed through a parallel or other addressable port.
  • a configurable logic device having a structure similar to an FPGA can be configured once, but not reconfigured.
  • the FPGA can be electrically erased and rewritten to in order to provide a new configuration.
  • the FPGA is re-configured whenever the integrated circuit is re-powered, while in other examples, the FGPA configuration maintains state across repeated power cycles.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a generalized example of a suitable computing environment 1300 in which described embodiments, techniques, and technologies, including configuring a block-based processor, can be implemented.
  • the computing environment 1300 can implement disclosed techniques for configuring a processor to implement disclosed block-based processor architectures and microarchitectures, and/or compile code into computer-executable instructions and/or configuration bitstreams for performing such operations, as described herein.
  • the computing environment 1300 is not intended to suggest any limitation as to scope of use or functionality of the technology, as the technology may be implemented in diverse general-purpose or special-purpose computing environments.
  • the disclosed technology may be implemented with other computer system configurations, including hand held devices, multi-processor systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like.
  • the disclosed technology may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network.
  • program modules including executable instructions for block-based instruction blocks
  • the computing environment 1300 includes at least one block-based processing unit 1310 and memory 1320 .
  • this most basic configuration 1330 is included within a dashed line.
  • the block-based processing unit 1310 executes computer-executable instructions and may be a real or a virtual processor. In a multi-processing system, multiple processing units execute computer-executable instructions to increase processing power and as such, multiple processors can be running simultaneously.
  • the memory 1320 may be volatile memory (e.g., registers, cache, RAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, etc.), or some combination of the two.
  • the memory 1320 stores software 1380 , images, and video that can, for example, implement the technologies described herein.
  • a computing environment may have additional features.
  • the computing environment 1300 includes storage 1340 , one or more input device(s) 1350 , one or more output device(s) 1360 , and one or more communication connection(s) 1370 .
  • An interconnection mechanism such as a bus, a controller, or a network, interconnects the components of the computing environment 1300 .
  • operating system software (not shown) provides an operating environment for other software executing in the computing environment 1300 , and coordinates activities of the components of the computing environment 1300 .
  • the storage 1340 may be removable or non-removable, and includes magnetic disks, magnetic tapes or cassettes, CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, DVDs, or any other medium which can be used to store information and that can be accessed within the computing environment 1300 .
  • the storage 1340 stores instructions for the software 1380 , plugin data, and messages, which can be used to implement technologies described herein.
  • the input device(s) 1350 may be a touch input device, such as a keyboard, keypad, mouse, touch screen display, pen, or trackball, a voice input device, a scanning device, or another device, that provides input to the computing environment 1300 .
  • the input device(s) 1350 may be a sound card or similar device that accepts audio input in analog or digital form, or a CD-ROM reader that provides audio samples to the computing environment 1300 .
  • the output device(s) 1360 may be a display, printer, speaker, CD-writer, or another device that provides output from the computing environment 1300 .
  • the communication connection(s) 1370 enable communication over a communication medium (e.g., a connecting network) to another computing entity.
  • the communication medium conveys information such as computer-executable instructions, compressed graphics information, video, or other data in a modulated data signal.
  • the communication connection(s) 1370 are not limited to wired connections (e.g., megabit or gigabit Ethernet, Infiniband, Fibre Channel over electrical or fiber optic connections) but also include wireless technologies (e.g., RF connections via Bluetooth, WiFi (IEEE 802.11a/b/n), WiMax, cellular, satellite, laser, infrared) and other suitable communication connections for providing a network connection for the disclosed methods.
  • the communication(s) connections can be a virtualized network connection provided by the virtual host.
  • Some embodiments of the disclosed methods can be performed using computer-executable instructions implementing all or a portion of the disclosed technology in a computing cloud 1390 .
  • disclosed compilers and/or block-based-processor servers are located in the computing environment, or the disclosed compilers can be executed on servers located in the computing cloud 1390 .
  • the disclosed compilers execute on traditional central processing units (e.g., RISC or CISC processors).
  • Computer-readable media are any available media that can be accessed within a computing environment 1300 .
  • computer-readable media include memory 1320 and/or storage 1340 .
  • the term computer-readable storage media includes the media for data storage such as memory 1320 and storage 1340 , and not transmission media such as modulated data signals.
  • FIGS. 1 , 2 , and 9 Additional examples of the disclosed subject matter are discussed herein in accordance with the examples discussed above. For example, aspects of the block-based processors discussed above regarding FIGS. 1 , 2 , and 9 can be used to implement these additional examples, including FPGAs such as those discussed above regarding FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • all or a portion of a block-based processor are implemented by configuring an FPGA to include structures for executing programs expressed in the block-based processor ISA.
  • the processor is implemented in an embedded device such as for deploying in a network of Internet of Things (IoT).
  • structures such as caches, and storage used in the instruction scheduler, the load store queue and/or the register file are implemented in memories having a single write port or a single read port. In other examples, one or more of these structures are implemented in memories having multiple read and/or write ports.
  • an instruction block header, and one or more instructions of the instruction block can be fetched from memory and/or the instruction cache, concurrently.
  • a bypass mechanism allows for operations generated from the execution portion of the microarchitecture pipeline to bypass operands, thereby allowing for the back-to-back issue of instructions having a shared or chained dependencies.
  • the bypass mechanism allows for the avoidance of pipeline stall when there are more operands generated during an execution clock cycle than write ports on the instruction window operand buffer.
  • the scheduler can use decoded or previously decoded instruction dependencies to wake up and issue instructions before they have been fetched.
  • storage for the instruction scheduler can be split in to two or more portions in order to map the storage to two or more physical storage units of an FPGA.
  • the instruction scheduler includes a parallel scheduler.
  • the instruction scheduler includes one or more event queues and one or more instruction queues.
  • the scheduler is configured to refresh some but not all of an instructions ready state upon re-executing an instruction block.
  • an apparatus includes a block-based processor, and the block-based processor includes an instruction decoder configured to generate decoded ready dependencies for at least a portion of a transactional block of instructions, each of the instructions being associated with a different instruction identifier encoded in the transactional block, and an instruction scheduler configured to issue an instruction from the transactional block of instructions out of program order.
  • the instruction scheduler can issue the instruction based on determining that the decoded ready dependencies for the instruction are satisfied.
  • the determining can include accessing storage storing the decoded ready dependencies using the respective instruction identifier encoded in the transactional block of instructions.
  • the determining includes using an instruction identifier signaled by an executed instruction to generate an index used to access the storage.
  • the processor further includes an instruction fetch unit, the instruction fetch unit being configured to fetch at least a portion of a header for the transactional block of instructions and to fetch at least a portion of an instruction of the transactional block of instructions concurrently.
  • the instruction fetch unit comprises a first block memory that stores the fetched header and a second block memory that stores the fetched instruction.
  • the first block memory can store the fetched header, fetched instructions, or a mix of header and instructions.
  • the block-based processor is a soft core processor implemented with a configurable logic device.
  • the block-based processor is configured to select a next instruction of the block of instructions to execute with a priority encoder and based on the instruction identifier encoded for the next instruction. In some examples, this includes using a ready-to-issue bit mask.
  • the instruction scheduler is coupled to a data operand buffer storing data generated for execution by the instructions in a subsequent clock cycle.
  • the processor includes bypass logic that allows data operands to be forwarded for execution by an instruction in the immediately subsequent clock cycle following the current execution clock cycle for the instruction, allowing the data operand to be forwarded without storing the data operand in the data operand buffer.
  • the data operand buffer is configured to store operand data for not more than one instruction per clock cycle, and the processor further includes bypass logic that allows a data operand for a different instruction to be forwarded to an execution unit of the processor in the same clock cycle as different data operand is stored in the data operand buffer.
  • a reconfigurable logic device (such as a re-programmable or once-programmable FPGA) is configured to execute a block-based processor instruction set.
  • the reconfigurable logic device is configured to execute the instructions using a plurality of lookup-tables (LUTs), an instruction cache configured to receive instructions from an instruction block fetched by the processor from a memory coupled to the reconfigurable logic device, an instruction scheduler configured to store ready state data indexed by an instruction identifier encoded in an instruction block and being further configured to issue instructions when the ready state data indicates that all dependencies for an instruction are satisfied, one or more execution units configured to perform operations specified by issued instructions, a data cache configured to store data read from and/or written to the memory by executing instructions using the execution units, and a register file configured to store data specified by register operands of the instructions.
  • the data cache can be configured to delay completing memory operations until the instruction block reaches a commit stage of execution.
  • the instruction cache and/or the data cache are implemented with block random access memory (RAM) resources of the reconfigurable logic device.
  • RAM block random access memory
  • distributed RAM or LUT RAM are used to implement the instruction cache and/or the data cache.
  • the instruction scheduler and/or the register file are implemented with random access memory (RAM) formed using a portion of the plurality of LUTs.
  • the instruction scheduler and/or the register file are implemented with block RAM.
  • the LUTs are formed from static random access memory (RAM) cells coupled to one or more multiplexers.
  • the instruction scheduler is coupled to a decoded instruction word memory configured to store decoded instruction control data for at least a portion of the received instructions and a plurality of one or more operand buffers configured to store operand data for executing the received instructions.
  • the reconfigurable logic device is further configured to execute a subsequent instance of an instruction block by refreshing and re-executing the instruction block.
  • the ready state data includes decoded ready state information, which is not cleared upon the refreshing, and active ready state data, which is cleared upon the refreshing.
  • the scheduler is configured to reuse at least a portion of the stored ready state data for an instruction for a subsequent instance of executing the instruction block, and the processor is configured to not re-fetch and to not re-decode the instruction for executing the subsequent instance.
  • the instruction scheduler is configured to determine that all of an instruction's dependencies are satisfied by comparing the stored ready state data to one or more signals generated by executing another instruction block.
  • a method of forming a block-based processor with one or more configurable logic devices includes producing a configuration bitstream comprising configuration information for implementing a circuit for the block-based processor with the configurable logic devices, and the circuit for the block-based processor, once the configurable logic devices have been programmed using the configuration bitstream, includes an out-of-order instruction scheduler configured to issue instructions based on ready state data stored in a memory indexed by an instruction identifier uniquely identifying each respective instruction of a transactional instruction block.
  • the method of forming a block-based processor includes mapping a description of an instruction cache and/or a data cache to block RAM hardware implemented with the configurable logic devices. In some examples, the method includes mapping a description of at least one of the components to a RAM implemented using a plurality of LUTs. In some examples, the method includes applying the configuration bitstream to a configuration port of an integrated circuit comprising the configurable logic devices to program the devices. In some examples, the method includes mapping a hardware description language specification of the block-based processor to a netlist including a description of hardware elements to be implemented with the configurable logic devices, and the resulting the netlist is used to produce the configuration bitstream.
  • the method includes mapping a hardware description language specification of a computing system to the configuration bitstream by combining the hardware description specification with a hard or soft macro description of the block-based processor. In some examples, the method includes storing the configuration bitstream in a computer-readable storage device or memory.

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