US11542906B2 - Starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle - Google Patents

Starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
US11542906B2
US11542906B2 US17/572,295 US202217572295A US11542906B2 US 11542906 B2 US11542906 B2 US 11542906B2 US 202217572295 A US202217572295 A US 202217572295A US 11542906 B2 US11542906 B2 US 11542906B2
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Prior art keywords
starter
switch
terminal
unit
capacitor
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US20220220929A1 (en
Inventor
Steffen Wandres
Mark-Arno Weimann
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Eberspaecher Controls Landau GmbH and Co KG
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Eberspaecher Controls Landau GmbH and Co KG
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Assigned to EBERSPÄCHER CONTROLS LANDAU GMBH & CO. KG reassignment EBERSPÄCHER CONTROLS LANDAU GMBH & CO. KG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WANDRES, STEFFEN, WEIMANN, MARK-ARNO
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/08—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires
    • H02J1/082—Plural DC voltage, e.g. DC supply voltage with at least two different DC voltage levels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0862—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • F02N2011/0874—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches characterised by said switch being an electronic switch
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
    • F02N2011/0885—Capacitors, e.g. for additional power supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/04—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the starter motor
    • F02N2200/044—Starter current
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2250/00—Problems related to engine starting or engine's starting apparatus
    • F02N2250/02—Battery voltage drop at start, e.g. drops causing ECU reset
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2300/00—Control related aspects of engine starting
    • F02N2300/10—Control related aspects of engine starting characterised by the control output, i.e. means or parameters used as a control output or target
    • F02N2300/106—Control of starter current

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to a starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle.
  • Internal combustion engines provided in vehicles are generally started by starters that operate with an electric motor.
  • a supply voltage of, for example, 12 V which is provided by a voltage source, for example, by a lead battery or a lithium ion battery, is applied to a first starter terminal of the starter via a starter switch to be closed or to be kept closed in the start operating state.
  • a second starter terminal of the starter may be connected to a ground potential of the vehicle, so that a torque is generated, which revs up the internal combustion engine by the electrical voltage being applied to the starter or by the electric current flowing through the starter winding in the starter.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a starter system for an internal combustion engine, with which an efficient starting operation is achieved with a low load of a voltage source providing a supply voltage for the starter.
  • a starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle comprising:
  • a start operating voltage which is reduced compared with the supply voltage of the voltage source and which especially also avoids the occurrence of an excessively high electric current in a start phase of the start operation and thus an excessive load of the voltage source as well as the risk of a voltage drop in an on-board voltage system, can be provided for the starter essentially without energy losses. It is thus possible to use a voltage source having smaller dimensions because of the lower load of the voltage source, without this (voltage source) and also the starter being exposed to an excessive load. Because of the increased operating safety, especially the increased voltage safety for an on-board voltage system, there is thus an ASIL (Automotive Safety Integrity Level) ability, so that a starter system which is configured according to the present invention is also suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.
  • ASIL Automaticmotive Safety Integrity Level
  • the down converter may comprise a converter inductance (inductivity) as well as a first switch unit, wherein a first switch terminal of the first switch unit is to be connected to the voltage source and a second switch terminal of the first switch unit is connected to a first starter terminal of the starter, wherein the converter inductance comprises a starter winding of the starter according to an especially advantageous aspect for obtaining an especially simple structure of the down converter.
  • the down converter may further comprise a second switch unit, wherein a first switch terminal of the second switch unit is connected to the second switch terminal of the first switch unit and to the first starter terminal of the starter, and a second switch terminal of the second switch unit is connected to a second starter terminal of the starter.
  • a circuit is thus obtained, in which the first switch unit and the starter are connected to one another in series and the second switch unit is connected in series to the first switch unit and parallel to the starter or to the converter inductance provided by the starter winding.
  • Provisions may be made for supplying the starter with electrical energy in the start operating state by the first switch terminal of the first switch unit being connected to a positive pole of the voltage source and by the second switch terminal of the second switch unit and the second starter terminal of the starter being connected to a ground potential.
  • the first switch unit comprise at least one first metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) switch, wherein a drain terminal of the at least one first MOSFET switch provides the first switch terminal of the first switch unit and a source terminal of the at least one first MOSFET switch provides the second switch terminal of the first switch unit, or/and that the second switch unit comprise at least one second MOSFET switch, wherein a drain terminal of the at least one second MOSFET switch provides the first switch terminal of the second switch unit and a source terminal of the at least one second MOSFET switch provides the second switch terminal of the second switch unit.
  • MOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
  • an actuating unit be provided for the selective opening and closing of the first switch unit and of the second switch unit in the start operating state such that the second switch unit is closed essentially only if the first switch unit is open, and the first switch unit is closed essentially only if the second switch unit is open.
  • first switch terminal of the first switch unit For connecting the first switch unit to the voltage source in the start operating state, provisions may be made for the first switch terminal of the first switch unit to be connected to the voltage source via a starter switch, wherein a first switch terminal of the starter switch is connected to the voltage source and a second switch terminal of the starter switch is connected to the first switch terminal of the first switch unit.
  • a capacitor unit be provided, wherein a first capacitor terminal of the capacitor unit is connected to the first switch terminal of the first switch unit and to the second switch terminal of the starter switch and a second capacitor terminal of the capacitor unit is connected to a second starter terminal of the starter or/and to a ground potential.
  • EMV electromotive compatibility
  • the present invention further pertains to a process for operating a starter system which is configured according to the present invention for starting an internal combustion engine, wherein after a start command is generated, the down converter is operated such that a start operating voltage applied to the starter is lower than a supply voltage provided by the voltage source, or/and that a starter current flowing through a starter winding of the starter does not exceed a predefined start current threshold.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified circuit diagram of a starter system for starting an internal combustion engine of a vehicle.
  • a starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle is generally designated by 10 in FIG. 1 .
  • the starter system 10 comprises a starter 12 that operates with an electric motor and that generates a torque in the start operating state, by means of which (torque) an internal combustion engine to be started with the starter system 10 is revved up.
  • the starter system 10 further comprises a voltage source 14 , which is configured, for example, as a lead battery or as a lithium ion battery and which is configured as a d.c. voltage source and can be connected with a negative pole 16 to a ground potential 18 of a vehicle and provides a supply voltage of, for example, 12 V at a positive pole 20 .
  • a voltage source 14 which is configured, for example, as a lead battery or as a lithium ion battery and which is configured as a d.c. voltage source and can be connected with a negative pole 16 to a ground potential 18 of a vehicle and provides a supply voltage of, for example, 12 V at a positive pole 20 .
  • a start voltage is applied to the starter 12 in a start operating state, the voltage level of which is below the supply voltage provided by the voltage source 14 .
  • the starter system 10 uses a down converter 22 , which is also generally called a buck converter.
  • the down converter 22 comprises a first switch unit 24 , which is configured with a first MOSFET switch in the exemplary embodiment shown.
  • a drain terminal 28 of the first MOSFET switch 26 provides a first switch terminal 30 of the first switch unit 24 and is to be connected to the voltage source 14 via a starter switch 32 , which is configured as a relay switch.
  • the starter switch 32 has a first switch terminal 34 , which is connected to the positive pole 20 of the voltage source 14 , and a second switch terminal 36 , which is connected to the first switch terminal 30 of the first switch unit 24 .
  • a source terminal 38 of the first MOSFET switch 26 of the first switch unit provides a second switch terminal 40 of the first switch unit 24 and is connected to a first starter terminal 42 of the starter 21 .
  • a second starter terminal 44 of the starter 12 is connected to the ground potential 18 of the vehicle. In the start operating state, an electric current flows between the first starter terminal 42 and the second starter terminal 44 via a starter winding 46 .
  • the down converter 22 further comprises a second switch unit 48 .
  • the second switch unit 48 is also configured with a MOSFET switch 50 .
  • a drain terminal 52 of the second MOSFET switch 50 provides a first switch terminal 54 of the second switch unit 48
  • a source terminal 56 of the second MOSFET switch 50 provides a second switch terminal 58 of the second switch unit 48 .
  • the first switch terminal 54 of the second switch unit 48 is connected to the second switch terminal 40 of the first switch unit 24 and to the first starter terminal 42 .
  • the second switch terminal 58 of the second switch unit 48 is connected to the second starter terminal 44 and to the ground potential 18 .
  • An actuating unit 60 is associated with the two switch units 24 , 48 .
  • the switch units 24 , 48 are each configured with at least one MOSFET switch 26 , 50
  • the actuating unit 60 is configured to apply a gate voltage to the MOSFET switch 26 , 50 in order to connect this MOSFET switch in a conductive manner, i.e., to close same and thus to make possible a current flow via this MOSFET switch.
  • the switch units 24 , 48 may have a plurality of MOSFET switches 36 and 50 , which are connected parallel to one another, so that a part of the entire flowing current is conductive via each of the MOSFET switches 26 , 50 .
  • a solenoid switch which is generally designated by 62 is associated with the starter switch 32 .
  • This solenoid switch generates, by means of a winding provided in it, an electromagnetic force when an electrical voltage is applied to it, which electromagnetic force closes the starter switch 32 .
  • the voltage is applied to the solenoid switch 62 by means of a control switch 64 , which is closed when a start command is generated and thus applies the supply voltage provided by the voltage source 14 at the positive pole of same to the solenoid switch 62 . Consequently, in order to be able to generate the electromagnetic force action necessary for closing the starter switch 32 , a current flow via the solenoid switch is necessary when the starter switch 32 is still open.
  • a capacitor unit 66 is provided, which in the exemplary embodiment shown comprises two capacitors 68 , 70 , which are connected parallel to one another.
  • a first capacitor terminal 72 of the capacitor unit 66 is connected to the first switch terminal 30 of the first switch unit 24 and thus to the second switch terminal 36 of the starter switch 32 .
  • a second capacitor terminal 74 of the capacitor unit 66 is connected to the second switch terminal 58 of the second switch unit 48 , to the second starter terminal 44 of the starter 12 and thus to the ground potential 14 .
  • the electric current through a winding of the starter relay 62 needed for closing the starter switch 32 leads to charging the capacitors 68 , 70 of the capacitor unit 66 .
  • the capacitor unit 66 increases the electromotive compatibility (EMV) in the starter system 10 as well.
  • the starter winding 46 which is connected in series to the first switch unit 24 and is connected parallel to the second switch unit 48 , forms a converter inductance 76 of the down converter 22 .
  • the starter 12 is thus integrated with its starter winding 46 into the down converter 22 , which leads to a configuration that can be embodied in a simple manner.
  • the starting process begins when, by generating a start command, the control switch 64 is brought into its closed state by a control relay 78 associated with this control switch and thus the starter switch 32 is also closed by means of the solenoid switch 62 by applying the supply voltage of the voltage source 14 .
  • the supply voltage provided by the voltage source 14 is applied in this state to the first switch terminal 30 of the first switch unit 24 .
  • the two switch units 24 , 28 are alternately closed and opened by corresponding actuation by means of the actuating unit 60 and thus alternately switched into a conductive state or into a blocking state.
  • the second MOSFET switch 50 of the second switch unit 48 is open, i.e., in its nonconductive state.
  • the closing of the first MOSFET switch 26 leads to the application of the support voltage of the voltage source 14 to the first starter terminal 42 of the starter 12 and accordingly to an increasing current flow through the starter winding 46 , which also provides the converter inductance 76 .
  • the flow of current through the starter winding 46 is monitored. If this current flow reaches a predefined start current threshold, for example, in the range of 300 A, the first MOSFET switch 26 is opened, so that a further increase of the electric current flowing through the starter winding 46 is prevented.
  • the second MOSFET switch 50 is closed, so that a then decreasing current flow through the starter winding 46 is maintained via the second MOSFET switch 50 . If the electric current flowing through the starter winding 46 then reaches or drops below a lower current threshold, the second MOSFET switch 50 is opened again and the first MOSFET switch 26 is closed, so that by reapplying the supply voltage of the voltage source 14 to the starter winding 46 , the electric current flowing through this starter winding increases again.
  • the load of the voltage source 14 occurring in the start operation can be kept comparatively low with the starter system 10 configured according to the present invention, it is possible for the voltage source 14 to have small dimensions, which is especially advantageous because of the lower weight. Further, the control of the electric current flowing through the starter winding 46 carried out in the start operating state avoids a voltage drop in an on-board voltage system, especially in a start-stop operation of an internal combustion engine. The thus provided increased voltage safety leads to an ASIL ability of the starter system 10 , so that this starter system may also be used, for example, in hybrid vehicles, in order to be able to carry out a transition from an electric motor operation to a combustion operation.
  • the down converter 22 may be installed very close to the starter 12 or close to the solenoid switch 62 , which contributes to a high electromotive compatibility. Since the down converter 22 is connected to the second switch terminal 36 of the starter switch 32 and thus after the solenoid switch 62 , an expensive reverse battery protection may dispensed with, and an increased safety against a short-circuit is achieved, since, in addition to the two switch units 24 , 48 , the starter switch 32 or the solenoid switch 62 or the starter switch 32 forms an additional disconnection path. Moreover, since the down converter is connected after the solenoid switch 62 or after the starter switch 32 , the main current coil or main winding of the starter relay 62 remains neutral in the starting operation.
  • the gradual increase in the speed of an internal combustion engine can, of course, be adapted during the start operation in the above-described configuration of the starter system.
  • the current control or the high voltage current threshold can thus be changed such that with increasing speed of the internal combustion engine and thus also with increasing speed of the starter, it is guaranteed that a torque suitable for the further acceleration of the internal combustion engine is provided at any time by the starter 12 .
  • the average voltage being applied to the first starter terminal 42 may increase in order to guarantee a suitable flow of current through the starter winding 46 , without there being a risk of an overload of the voltage source 14 as a result.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
  • Motor And Converter Starters (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
US17/572,295 2021-01-14 2022-01-10 Starter system for an internal combustion engine in a vehicle Active US11542906B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021100609.0A DE102021100609A1 (de) 2021-01-14 2021-01-14 Startersystem für eine Brennkraftmaschine in einem Fahrzeug
DE102021100609.0 2021-01-14

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US20220220929A1 US20220220929A1 (en) 2022-07-14
US11542906B2 true US11542906B2 (en) 2023-01-03

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EP (1) EP4030574A1 (de)
DE (1) DE102021100609A1 (de)

Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6420793B1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2002-07-16 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Power delivery circuit with boost for energetic starting in a pulsed charge starter/alternator system
GB2373648A (en) 2001-03-23 2002-09-25 Motorola Inc DC-DC converter circuit for use in an automotive integrated starter-alternator (ISA) arrangement
US20070206394A1 (en) * 2004-03-31 2007-09-06 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Power Supply Device
DE102012222061A1 (de) 2012-12-03 2014-06-18 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Steuern eines Anlassermotors
US20140306521A1 (en) 2013-04-10 2014-10-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for operating a multi-voltage electrical system of a motor vehicle, a multi-voltage electrical system and means for implementing the method
US20190219020A1 (en) * 2018-01-16 2019-07-18 The Boeing Company System and method for operating an independent speed variable frequency generator as a starter
US20190356239A1 (en) * 2017-01-30 2019-11-21 Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method for controlling inverter during startup and control device
US20200072178A1 (en) * 2018-08-31 2020-03-05 N4 Innovations, Llc System For Controlling Power Supplied To A Starter Motor
US20200153311A1 (en) * 2017-11-13 2020-05-14 Power Group International Corporation Power supply system and system for providing start-up of engines used in such power supply system
US20200298820A1 (en) * 2016-03-08 2020-09-24 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Hybrid vehicle control device
US20200400089A1 (en) * 2019-06-21 2020-12-24 Hyundai Motor Company Engine start system of hybrid vehicle and method for controlling the same
US10946751B2 (en) * 2018-12-10 2021-03-16 Subaru Corporation Power supply device for vehicle
US20210172415A1 (en) * 2019-12-10 2021-06-10 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Methods and system for operating a vehicle having a dc/dc converter
US20210262428A1 (en) * 2020-02-20 2021-08-26 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Methods and system for cranking an engine via output of a dc/dc converter
US11131285B2 (en) * 2019-01-07 2021-09-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle electrical system and methods

Patent Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6420793B1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2002-07-16 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Power delivery circuit with boost for energetic starting in a pulsed charge starter/alternator system
GB2373648A (en) 2001-03-23 2002-09-25 Motorola Inc DC-DC converter circuit for use in an automotive integrated starter-alternator (ISA) arrangement
US20070206394A1 (en) * 2004-03-31 2007-09-06 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Power Supply Device
DE102012222061A1 (de) 2012-12-03 2014-06-18 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Steuern eines Anlassermotors
US20140306521A1 (en) 2013-04-10 2014-10-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for operating a multi-voltage electrical system of a motor vehicle, a multi-voltage electrical system and means for implementing the method
US20200298820A1 (en) * 2016-03-08 2020-09-24 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Hybrid vehicle control device
US20190356239A1 (en) * 2017-01-30 2019-11-21 Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method for controlling inverter during startup and control device
US20200153311A1 (en) * 2017-11-13 2020-05-14 Power Group International Corporation Power supply system and system for providing start-up of engines used in such power supply system
US20190219020A1 (en) * 2018-01-16 2019-07-18 The Boeing Company System and method for operating an independent speed variable frequency generator as a starter
US20200072178A1 (en) * 2018-08-31 2020-03-05 N4 Innovations, Llc System For Controlling Power Supplied To A Starter Motor
US10946751B2 (en) * 2018-12-10 2021-03-16 Subaru Corporation Power supply device for vehicle
US11131285B2 (en) * 2019-01-07 2021-09-28 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle electrical system and methods
US20200400089A1 (en) * 2019-06-21 2020-12-24 Hyundai Motor Company Engine start system of hybrid vehicle and method for controlling the same
US20210172415A1 (en) * 2019-12-10 2021-06-10 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Methods and system for operating a vehicle having a dc/dc converter
US20210262428A1 (en) * 2020-02-20 2021-08-26 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Methods and system for cranking an engine via output of a dc/dc converter

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DE102021100609A1 (de) 2022-07-14
EP4030574A1 (de) 2022-07-20
US20220220929A1 (en) 2022-07-14

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