US11278880B2 - Water softening device and method of operating a water softening device - Google Patents

Water softening device and method of operating a water softening device Download PDF

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US11278880B2
US11278880B2 US16/473,721 US201816473721A US11278880B2 US 11278880 B2 US11278880 B2 US 11278880B2 US 201816473721 A US201816473721 A US 201816473721A US 11278880 B2 US11278880 B2 US 11278880B2
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iex
ion species
salt
cationic ion
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US20190336960A1 (en
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Pierre Balidas
Christian Brand
Jürgen Johann
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BWT Holding GmbH
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BWT AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J47/14—Controlling or regulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J49/00—Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangers; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J49/50—Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangers; Apparatus therefor characterised by the regeneration reagents
    • B01J49/53—Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangers; Apparatus therefor characterised by the regeneration reagents for cationic exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J49/00—Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangers; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J49/80—Automatic regeneration
    • B01J49/85—Controlling or regulating devices therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
    • C02F2001/425—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange using cation exchangers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
    • C02F2209/055—Hardness
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/16—Regeneration of sorbents, filters

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to a water softening device and a method of operating a water softening device.
  • Water softening devices often comprise a filter filled with a strong acid cationic (SAC) ion exchange (IEX) material, regenerated under the sodium form.
  • SAC acid cationic
  • IEX ion exchange
  • a raw water flows through a bed of the material, where calcium and magnesium ions (the hardness causing ions or—in short—the “hardness”) are exchanged against sodium ions.
  • the exchange reaction takes place because the IEX material exhibits a higher affinity to calcium and magnesium ions than to sodium ions.
  • the following reaction occurs during the softening step: 2R—SO 3 —Na+Ca 2+ ⁇ (R—SO 3 ) 2 —Ca+2Na + .
  • the amount of brine used during the regeneration usually varies, depending inter alia on the application and on the IEX material capacity.
  • a regeneration with an amount of about 90 g NaCl per liter of IEX material is typical, resulting in a raw operating IEX material capacity of about 1.1 eq/l.
  • the amount of brine used is about 180 g of NaCl per liter of IEX material, resulting in a raw operating IEX material capacity of around 1.5 eq/l.
  • V RW C IEX *V IEX /TH RW
  • IEX material capacity depends on additional parameters on which an IEX material capacity depends.
  • additional parameters are, for example, temperature, flow speed though the material bed, influent sodium concentration compared to the total cationic load, content of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the raw water, concentration of the brine which is used during the regeneration step and the hardness level allowed at the end of the cycle.
  • TDS total dissolved solids
  • a safety coefficient can be applied to ensure that the regeneration is initiated prior to a hardness breakthrough.
  • the safety coefficient can be integrated into the C IEX in the form of a safety margin of 10%.
  • the practical IEX material capacity to take into account would become 1.0 eq/l.
  • the filter's practical operating capacity would be set at 4.8 m 3 .
  • This volume corresponds to the volume of water that can be treated safely before regeneration has to be initiated. Compared to the raw operating capacity of 5.3 m 3 above the difference is 0.5 m 3 .
  • a water softening device including a filter configured to remove hardness from a first stream of raw water to produce a second stream of softened water, wherein the filter includes an ion exchange material, the IEX material is loaded with a first cationic ion species deriving from a tracer salt, the IEX material has a lower affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the hardness, the IEX material is loaded with a second cationic ion species deriving from a regenerant salt, and the IEX material has a lower affinity to the second cationic ion species than to the first cationic ion species.
  • a method of operating the water softening device including a filter configured to remove hardness from a first stream of raw water to produce a second stream of softened water, wherein the filter includes an ion exchange material, the IEX material is loaded with a first cationic ion species deriving from a tracer salt, the IEX material has a lower affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the hardness, the IEX material is loaded with a second cationic ion species deriving from a regenerant salt, and the IEX material has a lower affinity to the second cationic ion species than to the first cationic ion species, wherein a first stream of raw water is passed through a filter including an IEX material configured to remove hardness from the first stream of raw water, thereby producing a second stream of softened water, the IEX material is loaded with the first cationic ion species, the IEX material is loaded with the second cationic ion species, and an electrical property
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the general process of ion exchange during operation of a water softening device containing a filter comprising an IEX resin operated in Na + mode.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a preferred example of a water softening device.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a further preferred example of a water softening device.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the changes in concentrations of the cations Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + in softened water exiting the filter of a water softening device as a function of volume passing through the filter.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the electrical conductivity of softened water exiting the filter of a water softening device and the concentration of hardness therein as a function of volume passing through the filter.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the hardness concentration at the conductivity peak measured in water exiting the filter of a water softening device as a function of the loading of an IEX resin with a tracer salt.
  • Specific regeneration conditions means that, besides the regenerant salt, an additional tracer salt is used for the IEX material regeneration.
  • the tracer salt must be chosen such that the IEX material shows an affinity to the cationic ions of the tracer salt which is lower than its affinity to hardness causing ions and higher than its affinity to the cationic ions of the regenerant salt. This means that during operation a chromatographic effect can gradually take place in the material bed.
  • the cationic ions of the regenerant salt are exchanged against hardness causing ions.
  • concentration of cationic ions of the tracer salt will increase in the water exiting from the filter with the modified IEX material. We found that this increase in concentration can be detected, in particular by monitoring electrical properties of the water.
  • Our water softening device comprises a filter configured to remove hardness from a first stream of raw water to produce a second stream of softened water.
  • hardness is to be understood as hardness causing ions in the raw water.
  • the filter comprises an ion exchange (IEX) material
  • the first cationic ion species and the second cationic ion species differ in their ionic molar conductivities. This can be very advantageous. As explained above, the increase in concentration of the cationic ions of the tracer salt can be detected by monitoring changes in the electrical properties of the second stream (the softened water). If the two ion species differ in their ionic molar conductivities, the changes will tend to be higher. This can facilitate detection.
  • Molar conductivity is the conductivity of an electrolyte solution (e.g. a solution of dissolved salt) divided by the molar concentration of the electrolyte (the dissolved salt). It is the conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving one mole of an electrolyte in solution.
  • the unit of the molar conductivity are siemens per meter per molarity, or siemens meter-squared per mole.
  • the IEX resin material is an IEX resin.
  • the water softening device comprises at least one of the following additional features:
  • K + as first cationic ion species and Na + as second cationic ion species are particularly preferred.
  • the ionic molar conductivity of potassium is higher than the ionic molar conductivity of sodium. This will result in a conductivity peak as soon as all sodium ions have been exchanged, but prior to the hardness breakthrough. By detecting this conductivity peak it is possible to trigger the regeneration right before or at the moment the breakthrough occurs.
  • the water softening device comprises at least one of the following additional features:
  • Regenerant tanks for water softening devices are commercially available.
  • a suitable tank is described, for example, in EP 3103770 A1. It is possible that such a tank comprises a first salt with the first cationic ion species and a second salt with the second cationic ion species.
  • the tank comprises an aqueous solution comprising the two salts in a dissolved state.
  • the amount of the first cationic ion species fixed on the IEX material compared to the amount of the second cationic ion species fixed on the IEX material will depend on the regenerant/tracer salt mix composition in the tank.
  • a good example is the use of a potassium salt as tracer salt and a sodium salt as regenerant salt.
  • a potassium salt as tracer salt
  • a sodium salt as regenerant salt.
  • KCl potassium chloride
  • NaCl brine
  • the water softening device comprises at least one of the following additional features:
  • the tracer salt in the form of an aqueous solution stored in the second tank and to mix it with an aqueous solution of the regenerant salt stored in the first tank, thereby providing a regenerant mixture consisting of the two aqueous solutions.
  • the water softening device comprises at least one of the following additional features:
  • the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure an electrical conductivity.
  • Sensors suitable for measuring the electrical conductivity of water in particular electrolytic cells suitable for measuring the electrical conductivity of water, are known to those skilled in the art and need no further explanation.
  • the device comprises a third sensor that measures the volume of water which flows through the filter.
  • the water softening device may be characterized by at least one of the following additional features:
  • the device is characterized by a combination of all of these features.
  • the water softening device may be characterized by at least one of the following additional features:
  • the second stream can be blended with water of the first stream.
  • the method operates a water softening device.
  • the device operated according to this method is a device like the one described above. It comprises the steps of
  • the properties and preferred examples of the IEX material, the first cationic species, the second cationic species and the electric properties of the second stream of water have already been discussed in the context with the description of the device.
  • the first cationic ion species and the second cationic ion species are chosen such that the IEX resin has a higher affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the second cationic ion species and the first cationic ion species and the second cationic ion species preferably differ in their ionic molar conductivities.
  • a complete cycle is composed of a phase of regular operation and a regeneration step.
  • each regeneration step is followed by a phase of regular operation and—vice versa—each phase of regular operation is followed by a regeneration step.
  • the phase of regular operation ends when the filter or—more particularly—the IEX material contained therein—is exhausted. This time point is indicated by the change in the monitored electrical property discussed above. More detailed, this time point is reached when the monitored change of the electrical property reaches a maximum or a minimum.
  • this is when the monitored electrical conductivity of the second stream exiting a filter containing an IEX material which is loaded with K + as the first cationic ion species and Na + as the second cationic ion species reaches a maximum due to the increase of K + ions in the stream.
  • the method comprises at least one of the following additional steps:
  • the raw water hardness TH RW can be determined as a function of the volume of the metered amount of water V SW and the specific capacity of the IEX material C IEX and the volume V IEX of the ion exchange material.
  • the method comprises at least one of the following additional steps, preferably even all of the following additional steps:
  • the adjustment can be automatically controlled by the electronic control unit.
  • the total hardness TH corresponds to the sum of the concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions in the water.
  • water containing Ca 2+ treated over a SAC resin bed operated under Na + form would react as follow: 2R—COO—Na+Ca 2+ ⁇ (R—COO) 2 —Ca+2Na + .
  • the Na + ions fixed on the SAC resin are exchanged against hardness (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ). The process is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • the device 100 shown in FIG. 2 comprises a filter 101 containing a SAC IEX resin and a brine tank 108 containing brine.
  • a filter head 102 is installed on the top of the filter 101 .
  • This filter head 102 comprises a multiway valve or a combination of valves.
  • the multiway valve or the combination of valves regulate all streams from and to the filter 101 , including a stream of raw water to the filter 101 and a stream of softened water which exits from the filter 101 .
  • Via the valve or the combination the filter 101 is further connected to the brine tank 108 .
  • the IEX resin in the filter 101 has to be regenerated in intervals.
  • saturated brine is passed from the brine tank 108 via line 109 (which includes a valve 110 ) and the filter head 102 into the filter 101 , flushing the resin bed therein.
  • the brine contains—besides the main regenerant salt sodium chloride—as a tracer salt dissolved potassium chloride. It is preferred to dilute the brine in the filter head 102 with water before flushing the resin bed, for example, with raw water from line 103 . For example, it is preferred to adjust the salt concentration in the brine to a value of about 10% by weight. Used brine which exits from the filter 101 can be discarded via line 111 . After regeneration usually from 2% to 8% of the capacity of the IEX resin is loaded with potassium, the rest with sodium ions. The exact value depends on the regeneration conditions and on the composition of the brine.
  • Raw water enters into the filter head 102 via line 103 .
  • a stream of softened water exits from the filter head 102 via line 107 .
  • Water which has exited from the filter 101 can be blended with raw water via the bypass line 103 .
  • the amount of raw water can be regulated via valve 105 .
  • the device 100 comprises two sensors 112 and 114 for measuring electrical conductivity of the water flowing through the device.
  • Sensor 112 is positioned at the outlet line 107 .
  • Sensor 114 is positioned at the inlet line 103 .
  • device 100 comprises sensors 113 and 119 for measuring the volume of the water which flows through the filter 101 and though the bypass line 104 .
  • the sensors 112 , 113 , 114 and 119 are connected to an electronic control unit 115 .
  • the device 200 shown in FIG. 3 comprises a filter 201 containing a SAC IEX resin, a brine tank 208 containing an aqueous solution of sodium chloride as regenerant salt and a tracer salt tank 206 comprising an aqueous solution of potassium chloride as a tracer salt.
  • a filter head 202 is installed on the top of the filter 201 .
  • This filter head 202 comprises a multiway valve or a combination of valves.
  • the multiway valve or the combination of valves regulate all streams from and to the filter 201 , including a stream of raw water to the filter 201 and a stream of softened water which exits from the filter 201 .
  • Via the valve or the combination the filter 201 is further connected to the brine tank 208 and the tracer salt tank 206 .
  • the IEX resin in the filter 201 has to be regenerated in intervals.
  • an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is first passed from the brine tank 208 via line 209 (which includes a valve 210 ) via the filter head 202 into the filter 201 , flushing the resin bed therein.
  • an aqueous solution of potassium chloride is passed from the tracer salt tank 206 via line 216 (which includes a valve 218 ) via the filter head 202 into the filter 201 .
  • aqueous solution of sodium chloride and/or the aqueous solution of the tracer salt in the filter head 202 is preferred to dilute the aqueous solution of sodium chloride and/or the aqueous solution of the tracer salt in the filter head 202 with water before flushing the resin bed, for example, with raw water from line 203 .
  • the salt concentration in the brine is preferred to a value of about 10% by weight.
  • Used regenerant which exits from the filter 201 can be discarded via line 211 . After regeneration usually from 2% to 8% of the capacity of the IEX resin is loaded with potassium, the rest with sodium ions. The exact value depends on the regeneration conditions and on the composition of the aqueous solution of the tracer salt.
  • Raw water enters into the filter head 202 via line 203 .
  • a stream of softened water exits from the filter head 202 via line 207 .
  • Softened water which has exited from the filter 201 can be blended with raw water via the bypass line 204 .
  • the amount of raw water can be regulated via valve 205 .
  • the device 200 comprises two sensors 212 and 214 for measuring electrical conductivity of the water flowing through the device.
  • Sensor 212 is positioned at the outlet line 207 .
  • Sensor 214 is positioned at the inlet line 203 .
  • device 200 comprises a sensor 213 that measures the volume of the water flowing through the filter 201 .
  • the sensors 212 , 213 and 214 are connected to an electronic control unit 215 .
  • our method is in particular characterized by the use of a regenerant containing a tracer salt for the IEX resin regeneration.
  • the nature of this salt and especially the resin selectivity to this salt is of importance.
  • the selectivity from the IEX resin to the tracer salt should be located between the selectivity for the salt used for regeneration (usually a sodium salt) and the selectivity for hardness (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ).
  • the affinity/selectivity order is as follow for the most common species: Li + ⁇ H + ⁇ Na + ⁇ NH 4 + ⁇ K + ⁇ Mg 2+ ⁇ Ca 2+ .
  • a potassium salt (with K + ions) would respect the previous condition as its selectivity is located between the selectivity for sodium ions (Na + ) and hardness (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ).
  • the ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) would also respect the condition, therefore an ammonium salt could also be used as a tracer salt.
  • any salt whose selectivity is located between the hardness and the selectivity of the regenerant salt could be used as a tracer salt.
  • the cations of the tracer salt get fixed on the IEX resin during the regeneration and especially during the brining step.
  • the IEX resin is flushed with brine from a brine tank.
  • the aim at the end of the regeneration is to obtain from 0.5 to 20% tracer salt loading, with regard to the IEX resin operating capacity.
  • the first approach is to mix the tracer salt to the brine solution in a brine tank. This approach is preferred for domestic applications.
  • the second approach is to install (besides a brine tank) a second tank containing the tracer salt, for example, in the form of an aqueous solution. This approach is preferred for industrial applications.
  • the regeneration efficiency is about 60% for sodium. That means for 1 mol of sodium salt passed through a filter with the IEX resin, around 0.6 mol is fixed on the IEX resin.
  • the regeneration efficiency for the tracer salt is lower than for the regenerant salt.
  • the regeneration efficiency to the potassium is around 45% (when using 90 g NaCl per liter IEX resin).
  • brine from the brine tank is passed first through the IEX resin bed.
  • the tracer salt is brought to the IEX resin in a second step, once the IEX resin has been regenerated with the regular regenerant salt.
  • the IEX resin regenerated with the regular regenerant salt shows a higher affinity for the tracer salt and the regeneration efficiency to the tracer salt is close to 100%.
  • a filter is filled with 25 liters of an SAC IEX resin.
  • the regular regenerant for such a filter is NaCl, with a regenerant level of 90 g NaCl per liter IEX resin for a domestic application, resulting in a raw IEX resin operating capacity of 1.1 eq/l.
  • As a tracer salt KCl was chosen.
  • the regeneration conditions were set to get 5% of the IEX resin capacity loaded with K + .
  • the raw water contained 26° f of total hardness. The detailed raw water composition is given below:
  • the peak of electrical conductivity corresponds to the concentration of potassium ions in the water exiting the filter.
  • the fact that the conductivity increases with the potassium concentration can be explained by the ionic molar conductivity of each species.
  • Sodium ions have an ionic molar conductivity of 5.01 S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 against 7.35 S ⁇ m 2 ⁇ mol ⁇ 1 for potassium ions.
  • the potassium peak indicates that a hardness breakthrough is imminent.
  • FIG. 3 A water softening device suitable for an industrial application is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the bypass 204 between the raw and softened water is either closed or absent.
  • the required hardness level downstream of the water softening device is preferably 0° f.
  • the hardness leakage concentration at the conductivity peak measured at the outlet line 207 is directly linked to the amount of tracer salt fixed on the IEX resin during the regeneration.
  • the curve in FIG. 6 illustrates the hardness concentration at the conductivity peak measured at the outlet line 207 as a function of the loading of an IEX resin with a tracer salt.
  • the hardness leakage at the conductivity peak can be controlled for a given raw water hardness concentration.
  • the usual configuration is to have a polisher softener downstream a first water softening device. Despite the fact that the hardness level in the softened water should remain at 0° f, it is therefore possible to let a limited hardness leakage at the outlet of the first water softening device. In the presence of a polisher softener, the leakage will be taken by the polisher.
  • the amount of tracer salt involved during the regeneration can be set to the required level to obtain the desired hardness leakage at the end of each cycle when the conductivity peak occurs. For example, if raw water is characterized by a constant hardness of 26° f and the target hardness is 2° f, again at the end of each cycle when the conductivity peak occurs, a tracer salt loading (as K + ) on the IEX resin of 10% would be appropriate. In this case, the tracer salt quantity involved during the regeneration would be set to obtain a 10% loading on the IEX resin. As the regeneration efficiency to the tracer salt in this configuration is close to 100%, the amount a tracer salt to be involved can be clearly defined to match the target leakage condition at the end of each cycle when the conductivity peak occurs.
  • the water softening device according to FIG. 2 is in particular suitable for a domestic application. Inter alia it comprises a sensor 113 for measuring the amount of the water which flows through the filter 101 .
  • Such a sensor allows to determine the volume of water V SW passed through the filter in the time between the previous regeneration and the moment when the conductivity peak shown in FIG. 5 occurs.
  • the bypass can be adjusted via the valve 105 , for example, automatically by the controller 115 , to get the desired hardness concentration in the softened water.
  • the target value is located from 8 to 12° f.
  • the set point can be entered by the user and the bypass will adjust itself automatically to get the set hardness value. To do so an additional sensor to determine the volume of water passed through the bypass line 104 would be required. With such a sensor the amount of raw water mixed with the softened water can be adjusted to the required level.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
US16/473,721 2017-02-23 2018-02-06 Water softening device and method of operating a water softening device Active US11278880B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17157543.4A EP3366373B1 (fr) 2017-02-23 2017-02-23 Adoucisseur d'eau et son procédé de fonctionnement
EP17157543.4 2017-02-23
EP17157543 2017-02-23
PCT/EP2018/052952 WO2018153657A1 (fr) 2017-02-23 2018-02-06 Dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau et procédé pour faire fonctionner un dispositif d'adoucissement d'eau

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EP (1) EP3366373B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP7137566B2 (fr)
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WO2019191610A1 (fr) * 2018-03-29 2019-10-03 Ecowater Systems Llc Appareil pour mesurer la dureté de l'eau à l'aide d'une électrode sélective d'ions
WO2020231436A1 (fr) * 2019-05-16 2020-11-19 A.O. Smith Corporation Détecteur de dureté d'eau en continu et système de commande d'adoucisseur d'eau
DE102019128075A1 (de) * 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 MionTec GmbH Verfahren zum Regenerieren einer Ionenaustauscher-Kondensatreinigungsanlage
DE102020201824A1 (de) 2020-02-13 2021-08-19 Wmf Group Gmbh Getränkebereiter mit verlängerter lebensdauer der filtereinheit
RU2744346C1 (ru) * 2020-09-15 2021-03-05 Иван Андреевич Тихонов Способ контроля работы установки Na-катионирования воды
FR3120862A1 (fr) * 2021-03-22 2022-09-23 Patrick TANASI Procédé de contrôle à distance d’une installation d’adoucissement d’eau, un système de contrôle et une installation d’adoucissement
DE102022107578A1 (de) * 2022-03-30 2023-10-05 Grünbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH Wasserbehandlungsanlage und Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Wasserbehandlungsanlage

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EP0934775A1 (fr) 1998-01-30 1999-08-11 Ecowater Systems, Inc. Procédé et appareil d'utilisation de chlorure de potassium dans un adoucisseur d'eau
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US20190336960A1 (en) 2019-11-07
EP3366373B1 (fr) 2019-07-17
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WO2018153657A1 (fr) 2018-08-30
RU2727492C1 (ru) 2020-07-21

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