US11084385B2 - Battery control device, battery system, and vehicle - Google Patents

Battery control device, battery system, and vehicle Download PDF

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US11084385B2
US11084385B2 US16/328,953 US201716328953A US11084385B2 US 11084385 B2 US11084385 B2 US 11084385B2 US 201716328953 A US201716328953 A US 201716328953A US 11084385 B2 US11084385 B2 US 11084385B2
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battery
characteristic
battery characteristic
change region
steep change
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US20190242948A1 (en
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Daiki Komatsu
Kei Sakabe
Masahiro Yonemoto
Shin Yamauchi
Keiichiro Ohkawa
Ryohhei NAKAO
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Vehicle Energy Japan Inc
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Vehicle Energy Japan Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/16—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B60W10/26—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/11—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand using model predictive control [MPC] strategies, i.e. control methods based on models predicting performance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00302—Overcharge protection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a battery control device using a lithium ion battery or the like, a battery system and a vehicle, and more particularly to a method of calculating a current limit value.
  • each of the batteries is provided with circuits (cell controllers) for battery voltage measurement, and a battery controller equipped with a central processing unit (CPU) performs the computation and operation on the basis of information transmitted from these cell controllers.
  • SOC State of Charge
  • SOH State of Health
  • CPU central processing unit
  • the permissible current computation is part of safety functions for preventing degradation due to overvoltage and abnormal reaction in the battery, and thus needs to output a sufficiently small current so as not to cause these problems.
  • outputting an excessively small current value for safety control would lead to excessively limiting the output of the battery, impairing the advantage of using the battery.
  • PTL 1 is a known technology related to permissible current computation.
  • a permissible current is computed from the internal resistance at the X seconds after a certain time, upper and lower limit voltages, and the present OCV after application of the current.
  • the same permissible current computation processing is performed in an entire SOC region. In order to control a battery having a steep change region while achieving both safety and high output, however, construction of control in consideration of these would be indispensable.
  • the permissible current computation method computes a permissible current from the present battery state or in consideration of a fixed resistance value
  • this method performs no control using prediction of OCV after a certain time in consideration of a region in which the OCV has a steep change in accordance with the SOC, such as an inflection point of a SOC-OCV curve of the battery. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a margin for computing the permissible current to be a value small enough to suppress outputting an excessive current even when an error occurs in the OCV estimation after passage of a certain time in the vicinity of the steep change region such as an inflection point.
  • a battery control device that computes a permissible current of a battery having a battery characteristic non-steep change region having a small battery characteristic change and a battery characteristic steep change region having a battery characteristic change greater than in the battery characteristic non-steep change region, in which in a case where the battery enters the battery characteristic steep change region after a predetermined time from a present state, a battery characteristic value is calculated by using an absolute value of a slope greater than an absolute value of a slope in the present battery characteristic.
  • the present invention even when the battery has an inflection point and a steep change region in a SOC-OCV curve, it is possible to appropriately predict battery information after application of the permissible current without increasing the amount of data to be mounted, leading to achievement of control in the safe direction. Moreover, since there is no need to increase the amount of data unnecessarily, it is possible to mount the battery even in a system with data capacity limitation.
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration example of a battery system.
  • FIG. 2 is an example of a battery model.
  • FIG. 3 is an example of permissible current computation unit corresponding to a steep change region of OCV.
  • FIG. 4 is a SOC-OCV curve of a battery having a steep change region.
  • FIG. 5 is a control flow of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is an example of a permissible current computation unit corresponding to a battery characteristic steep change region.
  • FIG. 7 is an example of a permissible current computation unit included in a battery characteristic steep change region-compliant parameter map.
  • FIG. 8 is a configuration example of a hybrid system of a vehicle.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a battery system according to the present invention.
  • This configuration is used in a wide range of applications such as power storage devices for mobile application and a power storage device for grid interconnection stabilization.
  • This configuration includes a battery system 1 that stores power, an inverter 104 that performs charging/discharging of the battery system 1 , a load 105 connected to the inverter, and a host controller 103 that controls the battery system 1 and the inverter 104 .
  • the battery system 1 performs power charge/discharge and battery control value computation of SOC and permissible current being control values necessary for the power charge/discharge.
  • the host controller 103 performs control of a battery module 100 and power input/output instruction to the inverter 104 in accordance with the state of the load 105 , the control value of the battery output by the battery system 1 , and other external instructions.
  • the inverter 104 performs power input/output to the battery module 100 and the load 105 .
  • the load 105 is a three-phase AC motor or a utility grid, for example.
  • the voltage output from the battery module 100 is a DC voltage that varies in accordance with the State of Charge, and in most cases it is not possible to directly supply power to the load 105 that needs AC. Therefore, the inverter 104 performs conversion from DC power to AC power, or voltage transformation as necessary. With such a configuration, the battery system can appropriately supply an output suitable for the load.
  • a configuration of the battery system 1 for implementing this configuration will be described.
  • the battery system 1 includes the battery module 100 , a battery information acquisition unit 101 , and a battery control device 102 .
  • the battery system 1 performs power charge/discharge and computes battery control values such as SOC and a permissible current.
  • the battery module 100 includes a plurality of batteries. Each of the batteries is connected in series or in parallel in accordance with the output voltage and capacity needed by the battery module 100 . The number of connections in series is determined in view of change in battery output voltage with its SOC.
  • the battery information acquisition unit 101 includes a current sensor 106 that measures a current value flowing in the battery, a temperature sensor 107 that measures a battery surface temperature, and a voltage sensor 108 that measures a battery voltage.
  • the voltage sensor 108 is installed for each of batteries, one for each. This makes it possible to measure the voltage difference between the batteries, enabling equalization control of each of battery voltages based on a result of this measurement.
  • One or more temperature sensors 107 are also installed in order to grasp the temperature difference inside the battery module 100 .
  • one temperature sensor 107 it is possible to measure the temperature of a point at which the maximum temperature is predictable in the battery module 100 at the minimum cost.
  • the plurality of temperature sensors 107 it is possible to measure the temperature variation in the battery module 100 so as to achieve control in consideration of the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature.
  • the battery control device 102 mainly includes a battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 , a battery SOH computation unit 110 , and a permissible current computation unit 111 .
  • the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 calculates battery internal information such as the influence of SOC, OCV, polarization, etc. from the information of current, temperature, and voltage, output from the battery information acquisition unit 101 .
  • the battery SOH computation unit 110 computes SOH, which is the state of health (degradation degree) of the battery, on the basis of this information.
  • the permissible current computation unit 111 computes a permissible current being the maximum chargeable/dischargeable current on the basis of the SOH and the internal information of the battery.
  • the battery control device 102 outputs the battery internal state, SOH, and the permissible current computed by the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 , the battery SOH computation unit 110 , and the permissible current computation unit 111 , to the host controller. Adopting the configuration of outputting information necessary for battery control to the host controller 103 in this manner enables the host controller 103 to send a power output instruction corresponding to the load, to the battery in consideration of the battery state.
  • the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 computes the internal state of the battery such as the SOC by using the equivalent circuit of the battery.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of the battery equivalent circuit model used for computation.
  • the OCV is represented by a voltage source 200
  • a DC resistance expressing the resistance or the like of the electrolytic solution is represented by a resistor 201
  • a resistive component of a polarized portion 202 derived from concentration polarization of ions in an electrolytic solution, is represented by the resistor 203
  • the polarized capacity component is represented by the capacitor 204
  • the present voltage of the battery Closed Circuit Voltage (CCV)
  • While the present exemplary embodiment uses one polarization term, a plurality of polarization terms may be used to achieve higher accuracy.
  • Utilization of this equivalent circuit model makes it possible to compute the SOC and OCV of the battery, polarization voltage, resistance of each of portions, etc. at present on the basis of battery information such as the current value, the voltage value, and the temperature measured by the battery information acquisition unit 101 described above. With calculation of these, it is possible to separate the battery voltage value being information obtained by adding the total information such as polarization and possible to indirectly obtain the internal state of the present battery difficult to measure directly.
  • the permissible current computation unit 111 includes an SOC-OCV steep change region determination unit 300 , an SOC correction unit 301 , a battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 , and a permissible current calculation unit 303 .
  • the value of OCV in a certain SOC is obtained by using a parameter map in which the relationship between SOC and OCV is discretely mapped.
  • the conversion from the discrete value to the continuous value is performed by linear interpolation, for example. This makes it possible to refer to the relationship between the individual characteristics of the battery with a small amount of data.
  • a certain battery has a region in which the battery state steeply changes with respect to the SOC.
  • this steep change region the reaction energy of the electrode of the battery varies depending on the SOC range due to the step structure of the graphite insertion/insertion reaction, or the like, so that the OCV deviates from the linear behavior with respect to the SOC. Therefore, for example, in the case of a battery having an SOC-OCV curve as illustrated in FIG. 4 , the OCV is obtained by using the representative value of the OCV slope in the steep change regions 400 and 401 , while another type of processing is performed without using the representative value of the OCV slope in regions other than the steep change region, that is, in non-steep change regions 402 and 403 .
  • the steep change region is a region in which the slope of the OCV for every SOC 1% is inclined by 1 mV/% or more between individual portions of SOC 1%. The definition of this region is determined by a target accuracy of the permissible current as appropriate.
  • the permissible current computation unit 111 always uses, in the vicinity of the steep change region, the maximum value of the slope of the OCV within that range as the slope of the OCV so as to control not to exceed the upper and lower limit voltages.
  • the vicinity of the steep change region is defined as an entire data range that includes a steep change region.
  • the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 contains the OCV as a parameter map for every SOC 10%
  • the vicinity of the steep change region is a range of 10% between data to which the steep change region belongs.
  • this battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 can use a storage device that functions as a storage unit, such as a RAM.
  • the SOC-OCV steep change region determination unit 300 determines whether processing of suppressing the voltage to the level that does not exceed the upper and lower limit voltages is necessary in a case where there is this steep change region between the data points predetermined in the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 . Specifically, information related to the predetermined steep change regions 400 and 401 is compared with the SOC information of the present battery so as to determine whether the region needs correction. In a case where the correction processing is unnecessary, the SOC information output by the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 is output to the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 , and in a case where the region needs correction, the SOC information is output to the SOC correction unit 301 .
  • the SOC correction unit 301 corrects the input SOC information to a SOC representative value referring to the slope representative value of the OCV stored in the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 , and outputs the corrected value to the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 .
  • the slope representative value of this OCV is set as the maximum value of the slope of OCV in the steep change region. With this configuration, it is possible to perform permissible current computation that achieves both safety and high output even in the vicinity of the steep change region.
  • the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 outputs upper and lower limit voltages, a DC resistance value, polarization term, and the slope of OCV corresponding to SOC information, temperature, and the current value. These data items are stored as map data. In a case where the value input to the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 is a value on a grid point of the map data, a reference value of the map data is output as it is. In a case where the input value is a value between the grid points of the map data, the upper limit voltage, the DC resistance, the polarization resistance, and the slope of the OCV are calculated from the individual values by interpolation processing between the map data.
  • the OCV is computed by using this, that is, with reference to the OCV slope representative value corresponding to the SOC representative value.
  • the OCV is computed by using this, that is, with reference to the OCV slope representative value corresponding to the SOC representative value.
  • the permissible current calculation unit 303 calculates the permissible current by using (Formula 1) on the basis of the information from the parameter map 302 .
  • V limit is an upper and lower limit voltage
  • OCV 0 is a present OCV
  • V P_0 is a present polarization voltage
  • R DC is a DC resistance corresponding to the resistor 201
  • G OCV is a value obtained by dividing the OCV amount which changes during n seconds of permissible current application by the current value
  • RP is a value obtained by subtracting R DC from the DC resistance value after the current application for n seconds (hereinafter, referred to as polarization resistance at the n-th second). While FIG. 3 is illustrated as if the charging/discharging direction is not taken into consideration, the battery voltage predicting direction after n seconds differs depending on the charging/discharging direction in actual control, and thus, two types of processing are performed separately for charging and discharging.
  • the control flow includes steps S 100 to S 106 .
  • the control flow starts from step S 100 .
  • Step S 100 corresponds to battery information input from the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 to the permissible current computation unit 111 .
  • This step receives battery information such as SOC and OCV from the caller of the control flow, and passes the information to step S 101 .
  • Step S 101 corresponds to the processing in the SOC-OCV steep change region determination unit 300 and determines whether the SOC is in the vicinity of the above-described steep change region. In a case where the SOC is in the vicinity of the steep change region, the processing proceeds to step S 102 . In a case where the SOC is not in the vicinity of the steep change region, the processing proceeds to step S 103 .
  • Step S 102 corresponds to the computation in the SOC correction unit 301 and corrects the SOC to the SOC representative value corresponding to the steep change region including the SOC, and the processing proceeds to step S 104 .
  • the SOC representative value is the SOC value corresponding to the slope representative value (maximum value) of OCV as described above.
  • the permissible current computation of the charging direction of the steep change region 401 is performed such that the SOC of 70 to 80% would be corrected to 70% being the SOC representative value. Since the criterion for the representative value and range differs depending on the number of data maps, the required high output and the degree of safety, it is possible to design for each of systems.
  • step S 103 the present SOC is selected as it is and the processing proceeds to step S 104 .
  • Step S 104 corresponds to the computation in the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 in which an OCV slope representative value from the SOC representative value is referred to from the map data.
  • the SOC representative value has been obtained as the SOC, and thus, the representative value of the slope of OCV corresponding to this is referred to.
  • the immediately preceding step is step S 103
  • the present SOC value has been obtained, and thus, interpolation processing is performed between the map data of the slope of the OCV to obtain the slope of the corresponding OCV.
  • Step S 105 corresponds to the processing in the permissible current calculation unit 303 , and computes the permissible current together with the calculated OCV or OCV slope representative value, and the other values received in step S 100 .
  • the processing of dividing by OCV or an OCV slope representative value it is possible to perform permissible current computation that achieves both high output and safety in both the steep change regions 400 and 401 and the other regions (non-steep change regions 402 and 403 ).
  • an active material containing graphite or silicon as a main component is used as a negative electrode material used in the battery of the present invention. This is because the material like this has a distinct difference between the steep change region and the non-steep change region and thus easy to control.
  • the battery control device 102 is a device that computes a permissible current of a battery including the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 having a small change in battery characteristics and the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 each having a change in battery characteristic greater than the change in the battery characteristic non-steep change region.
  • the battery control device 102 includes the permissible current computation unit 111 that performs, in a case where the battery enters the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 after a predetermined time from the present state, calculation of a battery characteristic value by using a value greater than an absolute value of the slope of the present battery characteristic, and then, computation of the permissible current by using the obtained battery characteristic value.
  • the first exemplary embodiment considers the influence of the steep change of the slope for the OCV slope alone, the value varying in accordance with the battery state such as the SOC not merely corresponds to the OCV but also a change in the resistance value of the resistor 201 and the polarization resistance of the n-th second. Moreover, the temperature and the current value, as well as SOC, have an influence on the DC resistance or the like. Therefore, in the present exemplary embodiment, a configuration for correcting the temperature and the current as well as for the SOC described in the first exemplary embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 6 . Note that the description already given with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 will be omitted.
  • the difference between the configuration of the present exemplary embodiment and the configuration of the first exemplary embodiment is that it includes: a battery state steep change region determination unit 500 that determines whether there is a steep change region even for the battery state other than the SOC; and a battery state correction unit 501 that corrects all values of the battery state SOC, the temperature, and the current to their representative values.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the second exemplary embodiment.
  • the SOC-OCV steep change region determination unit 500 of the present exemplary embodiment determines whether the slope of the OCV, the resistor 201 , and the polarization resistance of the n-th second are located in the vicinity of the steep change region exhibiting steep changes on the basis of the SOC, current, and temperature. Subsequently, the determination result together with the SOC, the current, and the temperature are output to the SOC correction unit 501 .
  • the SOC correction unit 501 corrects the SOC, the current, and the temperature to the representative values corresponding to the OCV slope representative value, the representative value of the resistor 201 and the resistor representative value of the polarization 202 determined in a similar manner, so as to obtain the values referring to the representative values, and outputs the values to the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 .
  • the current and the temperature are also corrected, and representative values are referred to in the case of the resistor 201 and the polarization resistance of the n-th second, it is possible to achieve both safety and output for the value that is likely to have a steep change in the slope, such as SOC-resistance R DC and T-polarization term R DC in addition to SOC-OCV, similarly to the OCV slope of the first exemplary embodiment.
  • the SOC correction unit 501 corrects the SOC, the current, and the temperature to the representative values corresponding to the OCV slope representative value, the representative value of the resistor 201 and the resistor representative value of the polarization 202 determined in a similar manner, so as to obtain the values referring to the representative values, and outputs the values to the battery characteristic parameter map unit 302 .
  • Adopting such a configuration makes it possible to achieve both safety and output for the value that is likely to have a steep change in the slope, such as SOC-resistance R DC and T-polarization term R DC in addition to OC-OCV, similarly to the OCV slope of the first exemplary embodiment.
  • the first and second exemplary embodiments uses the maximum value of the representative value of the slope of OCV, or the like, it is also possible to use a value being the maximum value or less taking safety into consideration in particular.
  • the third embodiment differs from the first exemplary embodiment and the second example in that the representative value is set to a value greater than the absolute value of the present OCV slope and set to a value being the maximum value of the slope of OCV in the section, or less. This configuration enables processing in the safe direction without excessively suppressing the permissible current, making it possible to easily maintain the safety of the battery even in a case where the characteristics of the battery change unexpectedly.
  • the representative value of the slope of the OCV or the like is set to be the maximum value of the slope or less and set to a value greater than the absolute value of the present OCV slope. This configuration achieves the permissible current control in which the safety can be improved without excessively suppressing the permissible current.
  • the permissible current computation unit 111 includes a SOC-OCV steep change region-compliant battery characteristic parameter map unit 600 and a permissible current computation unit 303 .
  • the SOC-OCV steep change region-compliant battery characteristic parameter map unit 600 receives battery states from the current sensor 106 , the temperature sensor 107 , and the battery equivalent circuit model computation unit 109 , and outputs a battery upper limit voltage V iimit , R DC , or the like, on the basis of the received battery states.
  • a detailed parameter map having the increased number of data points in the steep change region is introduced into the SOC-OCV steep change region-compliant battery characteristic parameter map unit 600 . Introduction of this reduces the error of each of parameters in the vicinity of the steep change region.
  • the number of data points may be increased in the whole region, differentiation of the steep change region and the other battery characteristic non-steep change region by the number of data points would make it possible to increase the slope in the steep change region to achieve control in the safety direction while minimizing the increase in the number of data points. Although the increase in the number of data points would be a problem, it is possible to determine a steep change region and achieve safety and high output at the same time even with this configuration.
  • the above-described exemplary embodiment performs permissible current control by using the previously stored SOC-OCV steep change region-compliant battery characteristic parameter map unit 600 , instead of using the slope of the directly measured SOC-OCV steep change region. Adopting such a configuration can suppress incorporating an error included in computing directly measured into the data, making possible to perform accurate permissible current control continuously.
  • FIG. 8 A configuration of a hybrid system of a vehicle is illustrated in FIG. 8 .
  • the hybrid system of this vehicle includes a battery system 700 , an inverter 701 , a motor 702 , a hybrid controller 703 , an engine 704 , and a tire 705 .
  • the battery system 700 appropriately sends permissible current information or the like to the hybrid controller 703 corresponding to the steep change region.
  • the hybrid controller 703 grasps the information from the battery system 700 , the state of the engine 704 , or the like, determines an output ratio of the engine 703 and the motor 701 so that the necessary driving force can be output from the tire 705 , and then, issues an instruction to each of the units.
  • the battery system 700 supplies power to the inverter 701 and drives the motor 702 .
  • the engine 704 operates on the basis of the instruction, and drives the tire 705 with the output of the motor 702 .
  • the hybrid controller 703 similarly determines regenerable power from the information or the like of the battery system 700 so as to regenerate power. In this manner, the output ratio of the motor and the engine via the permissible current computed corresponding to the steep change region of the battery characteristic, making it possible to satisfy input/output load requirements while achieving both safety of the battery and high output of the battery, that is, low fuel consumption.
  • the battery control device 102 is a device that computes permissible current of a battery including the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 having a small change in battery characteristics and the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 each having a change in battery characteristic greater than the change in the battery characteristic non-steep change region.
  • the battery control device 102 includes the permissible current computation unit 111 that performs, in a case where the battery enters the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 after a predetermined time from the present state, calculation of a battery characteristic value by using a value greater than an absolute value of the slope of the present battery characteristic, and then, computation of the permissible current by using the obtained battery characteristic value.
  • a value greater than the absolute value of the present battery characteristic slope is the absolute value of the maximum slope in the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 , or less.
  • a value greater than the absolute value of the present battery characteristic slope is the absolute value of the maximum slope in the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 . Adopting such a configuration makes it possible to perform permissible current control in consideration of the safety to the maximum.
  • the battery control device 102 uses an active material containing graphite or silicon as a main component as a negative electrode material used for the battery. This is because the material like this has a distinct difference between the steep change region and the non-steep change region and thus easy to control.
  • the battery control device 102 further includes a storage unit that stores map data of the SOC-OCV characteristic.
  • the absolute value of the slope of the present battery characteristic has been calculated from the map data. Adopting such a configuration can suppress incorporating an error included in computing directly measured into the data, making possible to perform accurate permissible current control continuously.
  • a second battery system 1 includes: a battery having the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 having a small change in battery characteristics and the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 each having a change in battery characteristic greater than the change in the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 ; and the battery control device 102 that computes permissible current of the battery.
  • the battery control device 102 includes the permissible current computation unit 111 that performs, in a case where the battery enters the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 after a predetermined time from the present state, calculation of a battery characteristic value by using a value greater than an absolute value of the slope of the present battery characteristic, and then, computation of the permissible current by using the obtained battery characteristic value.
  • a vehicle according to the present invention includes: the motor 702 electrically connected with a battery having the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 having a small change in battery characteristics and the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 each having a change in battery characteristic greater than the change in the battery characteristic non-steep change region 402 ; the engine 704 ; and a vehicle control device 703 that computes an output ratio of the engine 704 and the motor 702 .
  • the vehicle control device includes the output ratio computation unit that performs, in a case where the battery enters the battery characteristic steep change regions 400 and 401 after a predetermined time from the present state, calculation of a battery characteristic value by using a value greater than an absolute value of the slope of the present battery characteristic, and then, computation of the output ratio of the engine 704 and the motor 702 by using the obtained battery characteristic value. Adopting such a configuration makes it possible to satisfy input/output load requirements while achieving both safety of the battery and high output of the battery, that is, low fuel consumption.

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JP7136048B2 (ja) * 2019-08-21 2022-09-13 トヨタ自動車株式会社 制御装置
DE102020201506A1 (de) 2020-02-07 2021-08-12 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zur Ladezustandsermittlung einer elektrischen Energiespeichereinheit
WO2021226797A1 (zh) * 2020-05-11 2021-11-18 东莞新能德科技有限公司 电池容量预估方法、电子装置和存储介质
FR3122536B1 (fr) * 2021-04-29 2023-06-30 Psa Automobiles Sa Contrôle d'un ensemble électrique pour une batterie électrique d'un véhicule automobile
US20230194615A1 (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Determination and utilization of over-predictive battery state of charge

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