US10315241B2 - Cast components and manufacture and use methods - Google Patents

Cast components and manufacture and use methods Download PDF

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Publication number
US10315241B2
US10315241B2 US14/748,688 US201514748688A US10315241B2 US 10315241 B2 US10315241 B2 US 10315241B2 US 201514748688 A US201514748688 A US 201514748688A US 10315241 B2 US10315241 B2 US 10315241B2
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Prior art keywords
spiral
metallic workpiece
workpiece
axis
casting
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US20160008867A1 (en
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Dilip M. Shah
Alan D. Cetel
John J. Marcin, Jr.
Steven J. Bullied
Carl R. Verner
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RTX Corp
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United Technologies Corp
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Priority to US16/245,787 priority patent/US10919082B2/en
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Assigned to RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION reassignment RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Assigned to RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION reassignment RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Assigned to RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION reassignment RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE AND REMOVE PATENT APPLICATION NUMBER 11886281 AND ADD PATENT APPLICATION NUMBER 14846874. TO CORRECT THE RECEIVING PARTY ADDRESS PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 054062 FRAME: 0001. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Assignors: UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/02—Making hollow objects characterised by the structure of the objects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K28/00—Welding or cutting not covered by any of the preceding groups, e.g. electrolytic welding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
    • C30B11/002—Crucibles or containers for supporting the melt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
    • C30B29/52—Alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B23P15/02—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass turbine or like blades from one piece
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting
    • Y10T29/49989—Followed by cutting or removing material

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates to casting of single-crystal components. More particularly, the disclosure relates to manufacture of single crystal plates.
  • One aspect of the disclosure involves a method comprising: providing a spiral metallic workpiece having a cast structure associated with such spiral; and at least partially flattening the workpiece.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the providing comprising making a spiral cut in the metallic workpiece.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the providing comprising providing an as-cast spiral gap in the metallic workpiece.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the metallic workpiece having a single crystal (SX) structure.
  • SX single crystal
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the metallic workpiece having modified a single crystal (SX) structure characterized by a progressively circumferentially varying crystallographic orientation.
  • SX single crystal
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the spiral being about an axis within 5° of a ⁇ 001> or ⁇ 111> direction of the workpiece.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the metallic workpiece being a right circular cylinder.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the metallic workpiece being a hollow right circular cylinder.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the workpiece being a nickel-based superalloy.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include securing ends of the workpiece to each other or to ends of other similar workpieces so as to form a full hoop.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include the securing comprising welding.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include casting a precursor of the workpiece.
  • the casting may comprise withdrawing the precursor in a direction within 1° of parallel to an axis of the spiral.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include forming a mold by shelling a spiral core.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include forming the spiral core by bending a refractory metal sheet and ceramic coating the sheet.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include forming the spiral core by rolling into a spiral a sandwich of a cloth sheet and wax.
  • a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments may additionally and/or alternatively include an article made by the process.
  • FIG. 1 is a view of a cast single-crystal cylinder.
  • FIG. 2 is an end view of the cylinder after spiral cutting;
  • FIG. 2A is an enlarged view of a portion of the cylinder end of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 3 is a view of a plate formed by flattening and machining the spiral cut cylinder.
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of Young's modulus vs. original circumferential position for the plate of FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 5 is a view of a plate formed by flattening and machining a spiral cut cylinder with differing crystallographic orientation relative to FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of Young's modulus vs. original circumferential position for the plate of FIG. 5 .
  • FIG. 7 is a view of a cast hollow cylinder.
  • FIG. 8 is an end view of the cylinder of FIG. 7 after spiral cutting.
  • FIG. 9 is a view of a plate formed by flattening and machining the FIG. 8 spiral cut cylinder.
  • FIG. 10 is a plot of Young's modulus vs. original circumferential position for the plate of FIG. 9 .
  • FIG. 11 is a partial end view of alloy cast around a spiral refractory metal core.
  • FIG. 12 is a partial end view of a spiral rolled cloth and wax sandwich.
  • FIG. 13 is a casting flowchart.
  • FIG. 1 shows a single crystal (SX) workpiece 20 .
  • the exemplary workpiece is a right circular cylinder having a first end 22 , a second end 24 , and a lateral surface 26 joining the first end and second end.
  • the workpiece has a central longitudinal axis 500 .
  • the cylinder has a diameter D and a height H.
  • a spiral cut 28 ( FIG. 2 ) is made in the workpiece. As is discussed below, the resulting spiral structure is later at least partially flattened for further use.
  • the exemplary cut extends through an outer region 52 of the workpiece from a first end 30 at the surface 26 (at outer radius R O which is half of D) to a second end 32 in the interior of the workpiece.
  • the cut ends shy of an inboard/interior portion 50 of the cylinder having a radius R I . This may result from several factors, such as difficulty of cutting and limiting the amount of flattening the piece must subsequently undergo.
  • the spiral is about one or more axes parallel to the axis 500 . It may be about the axis 500 or may shift to provide desired thickness profile.
  • the cut may be made by electric discharge machining using a thin wire. Typically such a wire of exemplary thickness of 0.015 inch (0.4 mm) is continuously spooled through the cut in a conducting oil or water bath and either the workpiece or the wire harness may be programmed move relative to each other to achieve the desired cut.
  • the cylinder may be held between two chucks (not shown) at central portions of the respective ends 22 and 24 .
  • the relative motion may be programmed by the following equations, defining X and Y, to generate a spiral cut.
  • X [( D/ 2) ⁇ (( t+w ) ⁇ /360)] cos ⁇ ;
  • Y [( D/ 2) ⁇ (( t+w ) ⁇ /360)] sin ⁇
  • D is outer diameter of the cylinder
  • t is the thickness of the sheet desired
  • w is the width of the wire.
  • ⁇ is angle which will continually increase from 0 to multiples of 360 depending on how deep one wants to practically cut. If desired, in the final round of spiral cut the thickness t may be set to 0 for the spiral cut to end on the previous cut surface separating the spiral from the inner cylinder. For example, this may be done to leave the radius R I in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 2 The cut leaves the workpiece as a spiral form ( FIG. 2 ) extending from a first end 40 to a second end 42 and having a first face 44 and a second face 46 .
  • An exemplary spiral represents an at least 90° slice, more narrowly, at least 180° or at least 360° or at least 720°.
  • FIG. 2A shows a radial direction 512 of the cylinder and a circumferential or tangential direction 514 . It also shows an outward normal direction 522 from the cut and a direction 524 tangential to the cut. These are offset from directions 512 and 514 , respectively by a spiral angle ⁇ .
  • Exemplary a is very low (e.g., 2°, more broadly up to 10° or 1.0-4.0°).
  • the spiral form may be at least partially flattened.
  • An exemplary flattening process involves unrolling.
  • the nickel-based superalloys may be solution heat treated and slow cooled or over-aged to coarsen the precipitates. This heat treatment may be carried out for the single crystal ingot before or after the spiral cutting.
  • FIG. 3 shows a fully flattened spiral with the surfaces 44 and 46 having become faces 44 ′, 46 ′ of a plate (or sheet).
  • the plate has a thickness t between the faces. Exemplary t is up to 10 mm, more particularly 1-3 mm.
  • a height H (or a sheet width) between edge surfaces 22 ′ and 24 ′ (formed by the former surfaces 22 and 24 , respectively) remains H assuming no further machining is performed on such faces.
  • the plate has a length L between ends 40 ′ and 42 ′. These ends may be formed by removing (e.g., cutting) material off the ends 40 and 42 so as to true-up the ends and provide a remainder portion of the sheet having uniform thickness requirement.
  • the direction 522 has become a surface normal 522 ′ of the faces and the direction 524 has become a lengthwise direction.
  • the plate has crystal structure wherein the crystallographic direction in which the single crystal cylinder was grown remains parallel to the heightwise/axial direction 500 .
  • FIG. 1 shows one of the two opposite axial directions 510 , a radial direction 512 , and a tangential direction 514 .
  • the crystalline axis aligned with the direction 510 will remain constant.
  • the crystalline geometry and properties in the radial and circumferential directions will vary with circumferential location.
  • the crystallographic directions transverse to 510 is going to modulate along the length corresponding to the symmetry of the crystal. With the small angle ⁇ , the crystallographic direction associated with the directions 522 and 524 (and thus 522 ′ and 524 ′) will be essentially the same as those associated with 512 and 514 , respectively.
  • a first example is a single crystal cylinder with a ⁇ 100> axial orientation and four-fold symmetry.
  • the secondary direction ⁇ 100> will have a given orientation relative to the surface at 90° intervals about the cylinder circumference.
  • such secondary orientation relative to faces 44 ′, 46 ′ will occur at lengthwise intervals corresponding to those 90° intervals (see FIG. 3 , e.g., the [ 010 ] and [ 100 ] are crystallographically identical ⁇ 001> directions).
  • the lengthwise spacing will progressively decrease as one progresses from the outboard end of the cut to the inboard end of the cut.
  • a second example is a single crystal cylinder with a ⁇ 111> axial orientation and three fold symmetry.
  • the ⁇ 110> direction will repeat itself every 120° about the cylinder (see FIG. 5 , e.g. the [11 2 ] and [ 2 11] are equivalent ⁇ 112> directions).
  • Such the greater pattern will occur at progressively decreasing length intervals corresponding to every 360°.
  • an alternative cylinder may be used which has essentially no circumferential variation in crystalline orientation.
  • a hollow cylinder 200 FIG. 7
  • the cylinder has a central passageway/bore 202 defined by an inner diameter (ID) surface 204 at a radius R B ( FIG. 8 ).
  • ID inner diameter
  • R B FIG. 8
  • the term “bore” is used, even though it may be an as-cast feature rather than one formed by boring a hole where none had existed. In cutting, the cylinder may be held from inside the bore and/or from portions of the cylinder ends between R B and R I .
  • Cylinder 200 may be cast via one of several techniques.
  • a first technique comprises using a circumferential array of seeds at a base of a cylindrical (e.g., annular) mold cavity.
  • the seeds are oriented with the same crystallographic direction aligned with the axial direction 500 of the cylinder.
  • the absolute orientation of the other crystallographic directions may progressively change so that every seed has the same crystallographic orientation relative to the adjacent part of the cavity.
  • the cast cylinder 200 will mirror this distribution of crystallographic orientation. For example, if there are 36 seeds there will be grain boundaries where regions associated with adjacent seeds meet. A theoretical 10° jump in crystalline orientation will occur at these boundaries. When a spiral cut from that cylinder is unwrapped, lengthwise physical properties will be relatively close to uniform because such 10° jump is associated with a relatively small variation in physical properties.
  • the cylinder 200 may be cast using one or more arcuate seeds.
  • U.S. Patent Application No. 62/009,037 filed Jun. 6, 2014, and entitled “Arcuate Directionally Solidified Components and Manufacture Methods”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as if set forth at length, discloses bending a single-crystal seed into an arcuate form. Such a seed bent a full 360° can be used to cast a cylinder 200 where crystalline properties relative to the outer diameter surface are essentially constant along the circumference and thus along the length of the resulting sheet or plate ( FIG. 9 ).
  • FIG. 10 shows a high modulus 420 associated with a [111] axial direction and a lower modulus 422 associated with a [100] or [011] axial direction.
  • a plurality of bent seeds of lesser arc length may be combined to form the equivalent of a single full annulus seed.
  • the result of such processes is to produce a sheet that approximates a single crystal metal sheet. It may thus be desirable that the final product does not recrystallize during the straightening out and subsequent rolling process (if any). Rolling may be desirable to even out the thickness, reduce the thickness, or impart some cold work to the as cast piece, depending on the end application. Control of the amount of deformation and temperature at which this is carried out may be performed to avoid recrystallization. This may be verified by macroetching (e.g., in an initial process set up) and then subsequently by critical process control (e.g., selection of heat treatment parameters, cutting parameters, and the like).
  • grain defects with misorientation up to 6° or 12° may be acceptable. In some situations, tighter tolerance may be required in critical areas, while such defects may be allowed in no-critical areas.
  • Such a technique can be used for coarse grained equiaxed castings and for directionally solidified columnar grain castings.
  • large sheet metal pieces of nickel base alloys with high volume fraction of gamma prime precipitates and coarse grain or columnar grains are not produced. While sheet metals with such structures are less attractive compared to single crystal sheet metal; nonetheless they may be more cost effective options for certain applications.
  • the plate or thin foil procured this way may be used in many applications which are currently typically manufactured from sheet metal.
  • This may include exhaust liners, rim seals, W-seals, and honeycombs made with brazed thin sheets (both the cells and face sheets, if any).
  • existing honeycomb may be made of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) iron and nickel base alloys, l.
  • ODS oxide dispersion strengthened
  • Easy formability requires these prior art components to be typically fine grained solid solution hardened alloys with very low volume fraction ( ⁇ 40%) of the strengthening ⁇ ′ intermetallic phase based on Ni 3 Al. Even though increasing volume fraction of this phase to higher volume fraction (e.g., >60%) is advantageous for enhancing temperature capability and oxidation resistance, it generally makes the alloy less amenable to sheet metal forming.
  • ODS iron and nickel base alloys prepared by mechanical alloying are also used, and in other application niobium based solid solution alloys are also used. Replacing these special alloys with single crystal sheets, could prove economically more advantageous, without any loss of temperature performance. Additionally, enabling the availability of single crystal sheets is likely to expand the design options and allow designers to create new components, or allow existing components to be manufactured by different methods. For example one proposed manufacture technique for a blade was bonding two cast halves to create complex cooling passages. With availability of large single crystal metal sheets/plates, identical shapes of sheet metal can be stamped out and bent and bonded to create hollow airfoils.
  • the plate may be re-bent or the flattening may be only partial. This can allow the workpiece to assume arcuate form. Segments of such material may have mounting lugs or other features secured (e.g., welded) such as to one or both of the faces.
  • These direct casting of spiral techniques may involve withdrawal direction within a tight tolerance (e.g. within 1° (1° or less) or 5° of the spiral axis (axes) to yield the desired crystalline direction within 10°, 6°, or 5° of the spiral axis (axes) or withdrawal direction.
  • a tight tolerance e.g. within 1° (1° or less) or 5° of the spiral axis (axes) to yield the desired crystalline direction within 10°, 6°, or 5° of the spiral axis (axes) or withdrawal direction.
  • the partial rebending or less-then-complete unrolling may allow the ends 40 ′ and 42 ′ to be secured to each other to create a tubular structure.
  • a tubular lining for engine cases may be made to enhance temperature capability.
  • One potential approach is to cast the single crystal cylinder using spiral refractory metal core 600 ( FIG. 11 ) to form a gap similar to the aforementioned cut.
  • Such cores may be made out of refractory metal (e.g., molybdenum) sheets bent into a spiral and ceramic coated (e.g., alumina) to inhibit liquid nickel alloys from reacting with molybdenum.
  • Such cores may be stiffened by techniques such as: by holding them in top and bottom ceramic plates appropriately machined with spiral grooves; or by ceramic or coated molybdenum spacers at the top and the bottom.
  • FIG. 11 shows metal 602 cast over the core.
  • Another approach for casting a spiral is to make a sandwich of woven ceramic or graphite fiber sheet 620 ( FIG. 12 ) with soft wax 622 and roll that to form a tightly wound spiral cylinder 624 . Then a shell mold may be formed (e.g., via conventional ceramic stucco shelling) around this spiral cylinder, eventually losing the wax, leaving behind a spiral core formed by woven ceramic fiber/cloth or graphite.
  • a variety of methods may be used to stiffen the woven ceramic cloth, such as embedding ceramic rods along the axis of the roll.
  • FIG. 13 shows a simplified casting process 700 including forming 710 / 711 a core such as the bending and ceramic coating of the spiral refractory metal core 600 or rolling sandwich 624 .
  • the core is shelled 720 and liquid alloy is introduced 730 to the shell.
  • the shell is withdrawn 740 in a direction within 1° of parallel to an axis of the spiral.
  • the shell and core are removed 750 and the spiral unrolled 760 .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
US14/748,688 2014-07-01 2015-06-24 Cast components and manufacture and use methods Active 2038-01-18 US10315241B2 (en)

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US14/748,688 US10315241B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2015-06-24 Cast components and manufacture and use methods
US16/245,787 US10919082B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2019-01-11 Cast components and manufacture and use methods

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US14/748,688 US10315241B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2015-06-24 Cast components and manufacture and use methods

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US10334553B2 (en) * 2016-01-20 2019-06-25 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Wireless communications network registration method and terminal
US10012099B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2018-07-03 United Technologies Corporation Thin seal for an engine
US10352183B2 (en) * 2016-04-25 2019-07-16 United Technologies Corporation High temperature seal and method
US10760686B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2020-09-01 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Wear resistant piston seal

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US3494709A (en) * 1965-05-27 1970-02-10 United Aircraft Corp Single crystal metallic part
GB1207452A (en) 1967-02-23 1970-10-07 Eastman Kodak Co Glass working process
US4548255A (en) * 1982-03-01 1985-10-22 United Technologies Corporation Mold with starter and selector sections for directional solidification casting
US5097586A (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-03-24 General Electric Company Spray-forming method of forming metal sheet
US5176864A (en) * 1989-06-12 1993-01-05 Aluminum Company Of America Lost wax process utilizing a high temperature wax-based material
WO2005045532A2 (fr) 2003-11-07 2005-05-19 Seiko Epson Corporation Compteur de temps et ressort correspondant
US6969240B2 (en) * 2003-08-01 2005-11-29 Honeywell International Inc. Integral turbine composed of a cast single crystal blade ring diffusion bonded to a high strength disk
US20090303842A1 (en) 2008-06-10 2009-12-10 Rolex S.A Mainspring
US7686065B2 (en) * 2006-05-15 2010-03-30 United Technologies Corporation Investment casting core assembly

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3494709A (en) * 1965-05-27 1970-02-10 United Aircraft Corp Single crystal metallic part
GB1207452A (en) 1967-02-23 1970-10-07 Eastman Kodak Co Glass working process
US4548255A (en) * 1982-03-01 1985-10-22 United Technologies Corporation Mold with starter and selector sections for directional solidification casting
US5176864A (en) * 1989-06-12 1993-01-05 Aluminum Company Of America Lost wax process utilizing a high temperature wax-based material
US5097586A (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-03-24 General Electric Company Spray-forming method of forming metal sheet
US6969240B2 (en) * 2003-08-01 2005-11-29 Honeywell International Inc. Integral turbine composed of a cast single crystal blade ring diffusion bonded to a high strength disk
WO2005045532A2 (fr) 2003-11-07 2005-05-19 Seiko Epson Corporation Compteur de temps et ressort correspondant
US7686065B2 (en) * 2006-05-15 2010-03-30 United Technologies Corporation Investment casting core assembly
US20090303842A1 (en) 2008-06-10 2009-12-10 Rolex S.A Mainspring
EP2133756A2 (fr) 2008-06-10 2009-12-16 Rolex Sa Ressort de barillet

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European Search Report for EP Patent Application No. 15174119.6, dated Apr. 5, 2018.
European Search Report for EP Patent Application No. 15174119.6, dated Oct. 23, 2015.
Metalworking Products, Jan. 1, 2006, pp. A6, A80-A86, & B2-B13, Sandvik Coromant US, Fair Lawn, NJ.

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EP3495536B1 (fr) 2022-09-14
US20190143392A1 (en) 2019-05-16
US20160008867A1 (en) 2016-01-14
EP2963160B1 (fr) 2019-03-06
US10919082B2 (en) 2021-02-16
EP2963160A1 (fr) 2016-01-06
EP3495536A1 (fr) 2019-06-12

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