US10271733B2 - Photo-acoustic signal enhancement with microbubble-based contrast agents - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention is directed to the use of bubbles and, more particularly, to imaging through the use of bubbles.
- Photoacoustics is an emerging field within medical imaging. As photoacoustics relies on detection of the acoustic waves generated via optical absorption and the consequent heating/expansion process, the technology is closely tied to ultrasound. Typically, an intensity modulated light source, or short pulse source (i.e., laser), is used as the excitation source. The light is typically shined at the tissue surface, but can also be delivered from inside by means of minimally invasive delivery systems (e.g., endoscope, catheter, light-delivery needle). It penetrates the tissue predominantly via light scattering, thus illuminating a large volume.
- an intensity modulated light source or short pulse source (i.e., laser)
- the light is typically shined at the tissue surface, but can also be delivered from inside by means of minimally invasive delivery systems (e.g., endoscope, catheter, light-delivery needle). It penetrates the tissue predominantly via light scattering, thus illuminating a large volume.
- the light gets absorbed by blood/tissue chromophores, or non-targeted and targeted exogenous contrast agents such as optical dyes or nanoparticles configured for this purpose.
- the absorption, and consequent expansion, produces the acoustic wave, i.e., ultrasound or acoustic signal.
- the blood vessels with different sizes and densities within a tumor, as well as different blood oxygenation level
- the surrounding tissue differ as to their light absorption.
- the resulting difference in the optically generated ultrasound produced provides contrast used in imaging.
- the technique's popularity is seen to be growing rapidly within the research community, focusing around some preclinical work such as whole body small animal imaging and monitoring pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications in oncology such as for breast or prostate cancer.
- each nanoparticle in Wang incorporates evaporating material and light-absorbing material.
- the light-absorbing material When excited or “activated” by irradiation, it evaporates its evaporating material to thereby create an attached bubble.
- the system can be tuned so that the bubbles re-radiate the energy principally within the receive frequency range of a regular medical ultrasound transducer.
- the energy re-radiated has been amplified, and has spread out in all directions, including in the direction of an ultrasound transducer.
- the nanoparticles, before activation, are small enough to cross the boundary between the vasculature and lymphatic system. Accordingly, permeability can be measured. Also as a consequence, more anatomy can be imaged.
- Material from which a bubble is formed, and the light-absorbing material that causes formation of the bubble are combined in a particle, or droplet, in ways that differ according to the embodiment, thereby collectively offering a range of bubble size, and of bubble longevity over repeated expansions.
- a bubble as in Wang, is positioned in close proximity of a PA contrast agent such as a dye-based or nanostructured PA contrast agent, and likewise re-radiates acoustic energy omni-directionally. Accordingly, the above-noted angle dependence in imaging is analogously overcome, with the bubbles filling tissue structures so as to aid in their visualization, so that an ultrasound transducer can be utilized to more fully detect the structure based on the ultrasound received from the bubbles.
- a PA contrast agent such as a dye-based or nanostructured PA contrast agent
- the bubble is free floating and can be pre-made, affording more flexibility as to size and longevity. Yet, the bubble can still function to relay acoustic energy provided by nano-sized particles that have permeated to areas microbubbles are too big to reach.
- the scattering cross-section of a bubble is a few orders (up to 10 6 ) greater than its geometrical cross-section, allowing contrast microbubbles closely surrounding a point PA source to effectively intercept the acoustic energy to be relayed.
- an imaging contrast agent includes bubbles and a first photoacoustic contrast agent separately free-floating from the bubbles.
- the imaging contrast agent serves as a second photoacoustic contrast agent.
- a second photoacoustic contrast agent includes bubbles and a first photoacoustic contrast agent in a non-activated state.
- a method in another related aspect, includes positioning contrast agent for relaying acoustic energy received that was emitted by a source having a location for being imaged. The imaging is based on the relayed energy. A physical separation exists between the source and a bubble the agent comprises.
- the positioning comprises at least one of: a) injecting the agent into body tissue to mix with the source; and b) mixing the agent with the source externally.
- the source includes a photoacoustic contrast agent.
- the source has multiple locations.
- the agent includes bubbles for imaging ones of the multiple locations.
- the positioning includes controlling bubble concentration, to maximize contrast coverage and to minimize multiple scattering.
- time delays, and directions, of ultrasound received from ones of the plural bubbles are used to localize at least a portion of the source.
- the agent serves as a composite contrast agent in that it further comprises a photoacoustic contrast agent.
- the composite contrast agent is configured for, due to proximity of the bubble to the photoacoustic contrast agent, serving as a second photoacoustic contrast agent.
- a method for forming, as a mixture, a second photoacoustic contrast agent includes joining, to mix, a first group with a second group.
- the second group includes bubbles.
- the first group includes particles of a first photoacoustic contrast agent.
- the joining is performed outside of a body of a subject to receive the mixture.
- onset of the mixing occurs within a body of a subject.
- a sub-aspect of the alternative aspect involves controlling, in real time under the guidance of bubble-specific ultrasound imaging, concentration of bubbles of the second photoacoustic contrast agent at an imaging site toward concurrent goals of contrast coverage and minimizing multiple scattering.
- a device is configured for localizing one or more locations of a source of acoustic energy.
- the energy is relayed by a contrast agent that includes a bubble.
- a physical separation exists between the source and the bubble.
- the device includes, or is connectable communicatively with, an apparatus for receiving the relayed energy.
- the localizing is based on the relayed energy received.
- the apparatus the device comprises includes an ultrasound transducer array comprising a spatial distribution of elements and serving as an imaging array.
- the device is implemented as one or more integrated circuits for being communicatively connected to the apparatus.
- a device is configured for using time delays, and directions, of ultrasound received from a plurality of bubbles to localize a source of acoustic energy.
- the bubbles relay the energy as the ultrasound to be received.
- the device includes, or is connectable communicatively with, an apparatus for receiving the relayed energy. The localizing is based on the relayed energy received.
- a method for generating a signal comprises varying an electrical current applied to at least one of: a) a wire input to said device; and b) an antenna for transmitting, so as to, by the varying, generate the signal.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic and conceptual diagram of an exemplary photoacoustic system
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart which illustrates operation of the system in FIG. 1 .
- a photoacoustic (PA) system 100 includes, as an imaging array, an ultrasound transducer array 102 connected by a cable to a control unit 104 .
- the transducer array 102 comprises a spatial distribution of transducer elements (not shown).
- the control unit 104 can include, as control electronics, one or more integrated circuits (ICs) as a controller 106 , and optionally, for receiving control information, an antenna 108 and/or a wire input 110 .
- the controller 106 is connectable communicatively with the transducer array 102 , as by the cable or a wireless connection.
- the antenna 108 receives control information transmitted by a source antenna 112 .
- the control information is formed by varying 114 an electrical current of an electrical circuit 116 .
- the control information if fed to the control unit 104 , may also be conveyed by a wired connection to the wire input 110 .
- Microbubbles 118 , 120 , 122 which can serve as an ultrasound (US) contrast agent 123 , are shown in FIG. 1 free floating in body tissue 124 .
- the body tissue 124 can be that of a medical patient or, more generally, that of a human or animal subject or of a specimen.
- Nanoparticles 126 , 128 , 130 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 which comprise a PA contrast agent or “acoustic energy source” 140 , are small enough to make the passage.
- the nanoparticles 126 - 138 may be of any known and suitable type serving as a PA contrast agent, e.g., gold or carbon nano-rods or nano-spheres.
- the nanoparticle 126 is shown within a tissue structure 142 that the microbubbles 118 may be too big to reach.
- the microbubble 118 is positioned at a physical separation from, but is close enough to, the nanoparticle 128 that the short PA pulse travels merely a short distance before energizing the microbubble. Thus, attenuation loss at this proximity is small. Also, the PA pulse is broadband, and relatively little acoustic attenuation loss occurs in biological tissue with respect to comparatively lower acoustic frequencies to be relayed. Accordingly, the microbubble 118 intercepts and re-radiates the acoustic energy, acting as a nonlinear acoustic energy converter and as an acoustic signal amplifier.
- microbubbles 120 , 122 shown in FIG. 1 and for their nearby nanoparticles 130 , 136 , respectively, which are other portions of the source 140 of acoustic energy, that energy arising due to the application of the current laser pulse. At least a portion of the source 140 is to be imaged.
- Pulse-echo imaging of the microbubble 118 - 122 need not rely on a pulse from the ultrasound transducer array 102 . Instead, in the case of photoacoustics, the original pulse is from the laser (not shown) which may be repeatedly emitting laser pulses.
- the pulse-echo imaging used here is based on ultrasound relayed (scattered or reflected) from bubbles, and proceeds as follows.
- the laser pulse causes a pulse of acoustic energy from the nearby nanoparticle 128 , 130 , 136 which, in turn, causes oscillation of the nearby bubble 118 - 122 .
- the oscillation transmits ultrasound that is received by the transducer array 102 .
- the original laser pulse travels with the speed of light which is much faster than acoustic wave propagation speed. It is also assumed that the nanoparticle 128 , 130 , 136 is negligibly close to its respective microbubble 118 - 122 .
- time delay or “time-of-flight” (TOF) between the laser pulse and a particular element of the transducer array 102 can be visualized as the magnitude of a radius to a partial spherical surface concentric with the element, with the microbubble 118 - 122 located somewhere on the spherical surface.
- Multiple ones, or all, of the elements can have their own spherical surfaces for that particular microbubble 118 - 122 .
- each of the microbubbles 118 - 122 has its own respective set of spherical surfaces, each surface corresponding to its own element.
- TOF from microbubbles at different distances from a given element can be distinguished by an increase, during the reception time window, in received acoustic pressure magnitude.
- Two spherical surfaces of respective transducer elements intersect to form a curved line, and a third one may intersect with the line to form a point.
- an increment of “light” is assigned for each point formed from the above-noted spherical surfaces.
- Some points in the body tissue, or “volume of interest” (VOI) 124 therefore have light, and, incrementally, some more than others. The points with the most light are geometrically localized in the VOI as the positions of the microbubbles 118 - 122 .
- the microbubble 118 , 120 or 122 relays (scatters/reflects) ultrasound pulses from a nearby PA source (as in PA imaging) at the location of the nanoparticle 128 , 130 or 136 , respectively, the locations of the microbubbles 118 - 122 becoming known according to nearby nanoparticles 128 , 130 and 136 that are very close to the respective microbubbles.
- Later-arriving radiofrequency data from the each of the microbubbles 118 - 122 may be distinguished based again on an increase of the observed acoustic pressure magnitude during the receive time window.
- the arriving data can be indicative of the nanoparticle 138 , for those situations in which the microbubbles are not located immediately near the nanoparticle, i.e., the relatively larger microbubbles are unable to reach certain tissue structures.
- partial spherical surfaces whose radius respectively reflects the additional TOF can be used to likewise triangulate and thereby localize the “remote” nanoparticle 138 .
- angles 144 , 146 , 148 and respective physical separations, or equivalently, TOFs 150 , 152 , 154 are utilized to localize the remote nanoparticle 138 .
- the angles 144 - 148 represent the directions in which acoustic energy emitted by the PA contrast agent, or “source”, 140 is relayed by the microbubbles 118 - 122 to the respective elements of the transducer array 102 .
- the previously-determined TOFs 156 , 158 , 160 to the microbubbles 118 - 122 are also used in the localization.
- the TOFs 156 - 160 are shown as corresponding to respective elements of the transducer array 102 , but the same analysis can be performed over multiple elements.
- the microbubbles 118 - 122 still act as acoustic signal enhancers for the nanoparticle 138 of the source 140 .
- the microbubbles 118 - 122 can also relay (scatter/reflect) ultrasound pulses transmitted from the array 102 (as in ultrasound imaging).
- the locations of the microbubbles 118 - 122 can be determined with, e.g., microbubble-specific ultrasound contrast imaging.
- the localization of microbubbles as in ultrasound contrast imaging makes it much more convenient and accurate to determine the locations of nanoparticles (such as the nanoparticle 138 ) as in the PA imaging.
- a higher frame rate for ultrasound imaging if required, can be achieved using fewer broad beams (one very broad beam in the limiting case) for transmitted ultrasound pulse sequences.
- microbubbles 118 - 122 are used in the example, more may be used in the calculation if more have data to contribute.
- other nanoparticles 126 are disposed at locations of the PA contrast agent 140 for being imaged. Thus, these other nanoparticles 126 can likewise be localized to fill out the imaging of the microbubble-inaccessible region.
- the first PA contrast agent 140 even when in a non-activated state, constitutes, when combined with the microbubbles 118 - 122 , a second PA contrast agent 162 .
- the first PA contrast agent 140 is separately free-floating from the microbubbles 118 - 122 , even when the two are joined by mixing them together.
- Contrast coverage 164 at the site 166 to be imaged extends beyond the tissue structure 142 to include the microbubbles 118 - 122 in the example shown in FIG. 1 .
- Multiple scattering 168 of acoustic energy between microbubbles 118 , 120 as shown in FIG. 1 will distort the imaging.
- the multiple scattering 168 is to be minimized by decreasing bubble concentration while maximizing the contrast coverage 164 by increasing the concentration.
- a receive bandwidth for the medical ultrasound application is determined (step S 204 ). Imaging deeper lesions, for example, will require a band of lower ultrasound frequencies at the expense of resolution. Conversely, interrogating shallower objects can be done with a bandwidth that includes higher frequencies. Since the resonance frequency of a bubble varies inversely with its size, a range of bubble sizes is then selected to come within the receive frequency range of the ultrasound transducer array 102 (step S 208 ).
- the PA contrast agent or “first group” 140 can, e.g., in a non-activated state, be mixed with the US contrast agent or “second group” 123 to form the second PA contrast agent 162 .
- the mixing may be performed during, and/or just before, the clinical examination, although at this stage of the current example the mixing occurs just before the examination, and it can be performed internally, i.e., within the patient or subject, or externally.
- the first group 140 and the second group 123 after being diluted, may fill two separate syringe pumps.
- the timing and rate of injection of each group, as by infusion by means of an intravenous catheter (IV), can be controlled by each pump independently.
- the output of the two pumps is mixed to form the PA contrast agent 162 and then infused either directly, or indirectly by means of a saline infusion line, into the patient.
- the infusion can occur before and/or during the imaging examination.
- Timing and dosage for each group 140 , 123 can be independently controlled.
- the mixing has the effect of positioning the US contrast agent 123 , by virtue of the consequent proximity of the microbubbles 118 - 122 to respective nanoparticles 126 - 138 , for relaying acoustic energy received that was emitted by the source 140 .
- the US contrast agent 123 remains so positioned after infusion.
- the patient can be infused or injected with a combination of the two groups 140 , 123 that was pre-mixed substantially prior to the imaging examination.
- the mixing positions the ultrasound contrast agent 123 , by virtue of the consequent proximity of the microbubbles 118 - 122 to respective nanoparticles 126 - 138 , for relaying acoustic energy received that was emitted by the source 140 .
- the US contrast agent remains so positioned after infusion.
- one group 140 , 123 can be infused systematically into the bloodstream while another group is directly injected into the object, e.g., lesion, so that the onset of mixing occurs internally.
- both groups 140 , 123 are injected or infused directly into the object at the same time or at different times.
- a patient could ingest both groups 140 , 123 concurrently or separately in, for example, the case of intestinal imaging.
- the groups 140 , 123 could be, as another example, injected, through the urethra, into the kidneys, of PA examination of the kidneys.
- the mixing and/or the administration timing or rate may be performed so as to, with respect to the imaging site 166 , maximize contrast coverage 164 while minimizing multiple scattering 168 between microbubbles 118 - 122 .
- the site 166 can be monitored by ultrasound contrast agent pulse-echo imaging to detect when the microbubbles 118 - 122 have filled the site sufficiently for the examination (step S 216 ), at which point in time a laser pulse can be fired at the site (step S 220 ).
- the acoustic energy thereby produced is relayed for reception by the ultrasound transducer array 102 (step S 224 ).
- the laser pulsing and reception steps S 220 , S 224 can be done repeatedly to accumulate more data for analysis (step S 228 ).
- the laser pulsing step S 220 may, at times, include the above-described microbubble-specific ultrasound contrast imaging as a technique alternative to PA imaging for localizing the microbubbles 118 - 122 , the technique being performed to update the localization.
- the user can make, in real time under imaging guidance, an adjustment to the mixing and/or administration timing or rate to more fully realize the concurrent goals of contrast coverage maximizing and multiple scattering minimizing (step S 232 ).
- the imaging guidance can involve monitoring microbubble concentration that exists at the imaging site 166 , by microbubble-specific ultrasound contrast imaging for example.
- step S 236 processing returns to step S 220 ; otherwise, if examination is not to continue, the procedure terminates.
- Bubbles are utilized in some embodiments as part of a photoacoustic contrast agent and, in some embodiments, to localize one or more locations of a source of acoustic energy.
- the bubbles such as microbubbles, can be used in proximity of nanoparticles of a first photoacoustic contrast agent, thereby affording a second photoacoustic contrast agent.
- the bubbles can intercept and re-radiate acoustic energy emitted by light-based activation of the first photoacoustic contrast agent in the immediate vicinity of the bubbles.
- the nanoparticles permeate further to tissue structures but remain in close enough proximity, their positions can be triangulated by the nearby bubbles, based on direction and time delays of ultrasound received by a transducer array.
- the proposed technology is directly applicable to cardiovascular imaging and oncology, which are the usual target application areas for PA imaging.
- nano-bubbles may be used in place of microbubbles in any or all of what is proposed above.
- a computer program can be stored momentarily, temporarily or for a longer period of time on a suitable computer-readable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium.
- a suitable computer-readable medium such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium.
- Such a medium is non-transitory only in the sense of not being a transitory, propagating signal, but includes other forms of computer-readable media such as register memory, processor cache and RAM.
- a signal embodying the above-described inventive functionality of the device 100 , and for conveying it to the device, is formable by appropriately varying an electrical current.
- the signal can arrive by a device input wire, or be transmitted wirelessly by an antenna.
- a single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims.
- the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
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US13/995,711 US10271733B2 (en) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-12 | Photo-acoustic signal enhancement with microbubble-based contrast agents |
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EP2488097B1 (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2021-01-13 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Photoacoustic contrast agent based active ultrasound imaging |
KR102255403B1 (ko) | 2013-07-21 | 2021-05-25 | 삼성메디슨 주식회사 | 결합된 광음향 및 초음파 진단 장치 및 방법 |
US9618445B2 (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2017-04-11 | National Taiwan University | Optical microscopy systems based on photoacoustic imaging |
KR101654675B1 (ko) | 2014-02-03 | 2016-09-06 | 삼성메디슨 주식회사 | 광음향 물질을 이용하여 진단 영상을 생성하는 방법, 장치 및 시스템. |
US20160258904A1 (en) * | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-08 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Process Control |
CN104984701B (zh) * | 2015-07-13 | 2017-06-27 | 中国科学院声学研究所 | 一种空化云微泡制备装置及其方法 |
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EP2654551A1 (en) | 2013-10-30 |
BR112013015814A2 (pt) | 2018-05-15 |
CN103379850B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
JP6184327B2 (ja) | 2017-08-23 |
EP2654551B1 (en) | 2020-05-27 |
RU2013133959A (ru) | 2015-01-27 |
WO2012085751A1 (en) | 2012-06-28 |
US20130281848A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
CN103379850A (zh) | 2013-10-30 |
JP2014502533A (ja) | 2014-02-03 |
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