US101870A - Improvement in kilns for burning bricks - Google Patents

Description

UNITED STATES? -PATni\iT OFFICE.

wriinmn SAMUEL HALL, or New Yemen. Y., Assicxon fro. HEX- RY w.

Y ADAMS.

IMPROVEMENT IN KILNS FOR BURNING BRlCKS, 807C.

SpeeilL-nftion -formiirg part nf Leiters IatentNo. l101.870, dated April l?, 1:;(1.

its water-smoke, and advancing the heat progressivelythrough a "long or continuous kiln.

The object of my invention is to save fuel and burn'lrieks and other articles composed ot' clay more uniformly hard and perfect in color.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a ground plan, as seen by looking down from the top. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section. Fig. 3 is a erosssection.

. A is the outside wall of the kiln, inelosing ille burning-chamber. Ii l 13" B B* Bf B6 I3T are the iire-plaees. C are the lire-doors, one ot' which 'is thrown open. (.f are the doors of the ash-pits, one ot' which is represented as open. The above let-ters are clearly seen in Fig. 2. Likewise the following are shown in the same ligure: D l) show the ash-pits. E E are the grate-bars.

In Fig. l., IWF is the space or eartway between the two opposite sets of grate-bars, running through the middle of the kiln. G (lr are the :floors between the grate-bars, which are iiush with the driveway'h F.

, In Fig. 2, H H H II are partitions between every other fire-place, carried only part way up to the top of the kiln. I I I are alternate partitions between every other set of fireplaces, carried entirely up to the top of the kiln.v K represents a course of hard-burned bricks laid-down on the' top of the kiln when set for a cover. L shows a second course of hard-burned bricks laid above the iirst and breaking joints with it.

In Fig. 3, M M show the chimneys. N N represent the -flues connecting the chimneys with the mouths of the fire-places li B B2 B B* B5 B Bl, as in Fig; 2, and B li in Fig. 3.

O O show t-he'pipes for jets of steam, air, or water under pressure to discharge the watery smoke. I l) represent flexible tubes attachedto the pipes o o. It R are doorways.

The walls A of the kiln are built according to the best known methods of building such structures. They may inclose a 'larger or smaller space to hold the burning charge, to suit the amount ot' business to be done. It is better, however, to make the kiln much longer than it is wide. It may be a continuous' kiln,

or it may be built precisely like an old-fashioned brick-kiln. The only difference is that thelongerit is less fuel it takes to burn a given charge.

In Fig. 3 the chimneys M M and the connecting-lines N N may be made of boardslined with sheet meta-l, so as to be light to handle and move from one fire-place to another. vThe heat-passing through them is not intended te be greater than that of common water-sn'ioke, or the vapor of water passing off from the drying-charge.

The chimneys may bev made about two feet square, inside measure, at the bottom, and eighteen inches square at the top, and twelve feet long, more or less. f The ilues N N` are some twelve inches square inside measure.

The mode of setting and burning the kiln is v as follows: Arches, composed of green bricks,

are turned over the grate-bars E E in Fig. 1in

the usual manner, as shown broken off. These arches .extend back to nearly the mid dle of F F; or they may'stop atthe end of the gratebars, as shown in Fig. 1. Both sides of the kiln are set in the same manner. Between the arches, partitions, composed of green bricksH I, are set up, as shown,at the same time the arches and kiln are set; These partitions are made as tight as possible by putting down two courses latwisc, breaking joint-s, and then crossing them with a course resting on their faces. By setting these bricks, when green,

close together in this way, or inan equivalent manner, it makes the dividing-walls tolerably tight. 'Otherwise the kiln is set in the 0rdinary manner andfcarried up to the usual height. rThe top is then sealed 'as tightly as possible by laying down two courses of hardburned bricks' edgewise, and breaking joints, as shown in Fig. 2. To render the top stiff tighter, each course, or only the topcourse, may be plastered over with soft mud or plastic clay to iill up the joints. Vhcn the iirst two arches in Fig. 2, att-he left end of the kiln A, are set, the walls I carried up to the top, and the cover put on ov'fer them, and the doorway R lled upv with bricks and plastered over on the outside, and the-wall H carried up part way toward the top, they are ready to be burned. ,4 The chimneys M M andl fines N N are nw adjusted to the fire-places B B, on the two opposite sides of the kiln, and next to the iirst high wall, I, as shown in Figs. l and 3. Fires are now built in the iirst iireplace, B, on both sides of the kiln, as seeny in Fig. 2. A' jet of steam, air, or water, under pressure, is then let into the pipes o '0, in

Figs. l and 3, to produce apowerful artificial draft. The wall I being packed closely with green bricks, and, when necessary, plastered on the outside'with soit clay, and the top be-l ing tight, and the iiues N N,.as in Fig. 3, being y fitted snugly in the fire-places, and the ash-v pit doorsO G, under the fire-.places in which the fluesN N are fitted, being shut tight, as

-shown in. Fig. 3, the heat will rise from the be converted into vapor, andA this vapor or` water-smoke will be drawn down,after ascending abo 'Je the partition-wal1 H into the second arch, and thence into the flues NN and.

hurled out oi' the two chimneys M M into the air. The office of the wall II is to prevent the draftin the second iire-place drawing theheat directly from By to B and into the chimneys MM. The natural tendency of heat being to ascend unless eounteracted by a stronger side draft, it will rise from the tire-places ,B B above'the wall I-I before it feels the draft sidewise,wh.ich causes it to descend, in the direction of the arrows, down through the compartvment between II and I and escape in the form of `steam or water-smoke, by the fines N N, from the chimneys M M. lt is obvious from this View that several things here unite to produce this result. The wall H compels the heat tol rise perpendicularly until it pass/es over its top. The wall I cuts oft' the air on its right and makes the compartment on its left, when covered above, an oven, by'which means the draft in the ilues N' N, created by jets or steam, air, or ,water under pressure, `introduced into the pipes o o, and escaping from them into the flues N N, and toward the chimdrawn sidewise from B'into B and out through- NN into M M. Vere it not for the cover K and Lon this compartment, the heat would escape into the air from the top. Were itnot for the artificial draft,tl1e other conditions remaining, the water smoke or-vapor of the wet lmy kiln.v

bricks would remain in the kiln, stop the fires, condenseinthe colder parts of the charge more remote from the res, and cause the bricks to soften and mash together. This device enables me to remove the water-smokein at least one-third of the time required by the old method. This is a great matter, for it takes more time and fuel to discharge the water from theA wet bricks than it does tocomplete the burning. vl\Ieanti1nc, while this process is going on, Setters are at work wheeling or carting bricks through the doorway B, in the right end ofthe kiln', as seen in Fig. 2, and setting the compartment over the iire-places B2 Bi", laying up the walls I-I and I, and putting on the top K L,as before. Vhen thisis done, and the water-smoke ceases, ornearly so, to flow from the iirst compartment through the `chimneys M M, vthe rmovable chimneys and ilues N N are removed from B B to BJ B, the draft let on into the pipes 0 o, and'iires are now built in the nre-places B B2. The watersmoke now beginsto boil out of the chimneys from thewetbricks i n this second compartment. The tires in B B now increasing on both'sides of the wall I between them, begin to shrink it, and open cracks -in it, to allow the heat from the 'fires in B B to pass through the` crevices in it, made by said shrinkage, into the second eon'lpartment, andfaidin removing the water-smoke therefrom. This wall I operates as a cut-off or damper, which, when'the bricks are wet. of which it is composed, and laid tight together, is shut,- and when the same bricks are dry, and begin to bake, opens. It adjusts itself. The crevice's open wider and wider as the bricks composing the wall grow hotter, and, ,as wider openings are requiredv to allow the 'redundantV heat to escape from' the hotter lpreceding compartment into the following one next succeeding, consequently no dampers nor movable cutoffs are required in These walls, composed lof Igreen bricks, areset, burned, and discharged in the same manner and at the same time asthe rest of the kiln. When vthe watersmoke ceases 4to iiow from the chimneys inrB, they are then` removed and iitted to the fire-places BB.

Thcj et of steam, water, or air is again turned.

escaping .from the top, and no heat is allowed to-pass' into the chimneys above the temperature of the water-smoke, which is not far from 212 Fahrenheit. This process involves great economy of fuel'. Then the water-smoke is gone from B5 B5,'the chimneys M M are revmoved and adj ustedtothe fire-placesll7 Byand .fires are built in B5 B, and finally in B when the watersmoke ceases to appear from that opening. Meantime the burned charges are being discharged 'from the door R at the .left end of t-he kiln A, as seen in Fig. 2, and others set to be burned, as before. The chin l neys may be made so light, either of boards or sheet metal, that two men eanlift them and remove andv adj ust them fromfire-place tofireplace in afew minutes. This renders such'an attachment cheap and easily managed, and e11- ables me to use my invention in combination with all the old brick-kilns Ain the country..

The reason I employ hard`burned bricks to make the cover K L is because such bricks do not shrink by the heat below them and open cracks for the said heat to escape into the air.

.. I have shown exible tubes P P in Fig. 3, at-

tached to the metal pipes o o for convenience in connecting the sources of the compressed steam, air, or water with the said pipes o o,

when the chimneys M M and the lues N N Yare removed from one fireplace to another.

I find it advantageous to build the ash-pits D l) pretty deep to admit an abundant supply of air to the fires, and to keep the gratebars cool.

' Sometimes it vmay be cheaper to use water under pressure to cause the draft from the flues N N than either steam or ai r, In most cities the water-pipes are laid in the suburbs, where many brick-kilns are located. By tap ping into-the water-mains and attaching a -hose like I I ajetvofsnflicient power can be cheaply supplied. There there are no such mains, and it is deemed best to use a jet of water for the said purpose, a small portable fire-'engine may be run round the kiln on Wheels to force the necessary stream of water; Y

or, in somelocalitics, water can be had from certain elevations which will answer the desired purpose. It may escapefrom o'o in several small jets, and thus increase the draft.

The water will thus fall into the chimneys AM vM and escape from their bottoms into drains and run away. These jets of Water cool the products discharged from the kilns and proteet the flucs N N and chimneys M M from too L great heat.

lVhen aj et of air is used to create a draftin the fines N N, it lmay be produced by any of the known modes of producing an air-blast. lVhen Va jet of steamis used, -it may be made in a small portable boiler moved about on wheels, or

in any other knownmethed. In reference to the use of 'a jet of steam to create the said draft, I wish to disclaim the manner in which it was patented by Henry W. Adamsas set forth in his two patents'dated,'respectively, July 2l, 1868, and July 20, 1869. In both of these patents he shows a kiln pierced with pigeon-holes in the end directlyopposite to his lire-places; These pigeon-holes are eollected finally into one main and a jet ofsteam introduced into this main, so as to draw equally from all the pigeon-holes, and draw t-he heat.

fronrthe fires in the opposite end of the kiln f through all parts :alike to the remote end oc the charge. It is a special mechanical de`- vice to secure uniformity of draft, instead of drawing from his fires toward one open'- ing in the oppositeeud. rllris would have defeated his object, and made the heat travel through his kilns inthe form of a cone, point'- 'ing its tapering end towards the single outlet. I-lis device, therefore, for drawing thev water-smoke out o1" a brick-kiln by drawing it first through aseries of equidistant pigeonholes into one main and then discharging it into the air, I disclaim. l draw out my watersmokc from the fire-place through a single opening, communicating directly with the kiln, without any device whatever for producing an equally-'divided draft from the tires in a straight direct-ion towards many openings. My object is different from his. I wish to. get rid ot' my wate1.sn1oke only,-and not my heat. Therefore, after the water-smoke is gone, I stop 'the draft in that place and move'.v it on to a more distant point, for the purpose of discl'larging'the water-smoke from another' compartment. I do not need this draft to urge the fires, for. as soon as the water-smoke is gone the natural draft, created by therarefaction of the heated products of combustion, which renders them lighter than the weight'- of the cold air rushing into the ash-pits an( through the gratebars, and pushing them 'fo ward, is sufficient to advance the heat as fast` as the best economy of fuel will justify. The

-chief use of my artificial draft is, therefore, to discharge the immense quantity of watersmoke which is generated ina kiln of wet bricks, and which must be got rid of before theheat can .be raised hot enough to burn the charge. Neither do I claim a continuous kiln, or a kiln compose( of compartments provided with iiues and dampers leading to a chimney, like the Hoffman kiln, and employing a removable or sheet-iron cut-off; but

1. The kiln A, when set and operated substantially in the manner and for the purposes described.

2. The construction of the partition-wall H in the manner described, to prevent the heat 'of the lires in'the fire-places B Bin Figs. 2 and 3 from passing by a direct side draft into the flues N N, and" for the purposes set forth.

3. In a co\'ered`kiln, A, the construction of the partition-wall I, in combinationwith the draft-ihres N N, in the manner and for the ob jects described. v

4. The construction and useof the graduallyshrinking partition-wall I, in the manner and for the purposes hereinbeforeexplained.

5. The draft-iin es N N, in combination with' the fireplaces B B, inthe manner and forthe 'uses substantially as shown.;

6i The draitilu'cs N Ni"nicombi1zation with the chimneys M M, in the inode ,gud for the jobjects indicated.

i. The arrangement.and use of :theileX-ible and adjustable hose P l), in eon'ibination with i 4 9. `The use of a jet of compressed air to exha-nst the compartments of the kiln A of its water-smoke, substantially as explained.

l0. lThe use of 2t jet of compressed water to the blast pipes o o, substantially in the inanner and for the objects described.

8. The use of a jetof steam escaping from the blast -pipes o o into the fines N N toward discharge the waiter-smoke, substantially as the chimneys M M, for the pui-pose of drziwset forth. ing the Water-smoke from a. kiln charged with brioks'or other articles composed of clay, di- 'itnesses: reetly from one opening, Without the use o1- intervention of pigeon-holes, as shown.

XVM. SAMUEL HALL.

v A.4H. ADAMs,

A. L. BERRY.

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