UA53492C2 - Freezing-out desalter of salt water with periodical action - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to freezing-out desalters of salt or polluted water with general mineralization up to 2 % of salts. Freezing-out desalter of salt water with periodical action consists of vertical installed in parallel sections of ice generators - smelters that act in turn in modes of boiling of cold agent - ice generation and condensation of cold agent - ice melting, at outer surface of those spiral ribs are winded, and in the upper part spiral-pipe heat exchanger is placed, line for inlet of initial salt water with filter for its rough purification, line of discharge of worked out brine, line for delivery of desalted water, controller that controls switch of electromagnetic valves, cooling system consisting of compressor, ice generators - smelters named above, those perform in turn functions of evaporator and condenser, supplementary condenser, heat exchanger. Ice generators - smelters are made of 2 pipes that are concentrically installed one into another, sections of ice-generators - smelters are equipped with circuit for circulation of initial salt water as tank-collector and circulation pump, at the line of inlet of initial salt water there is branch pipe for discharge line of worked-out brine, after filter of row purification cold accumulator is installed, at the line for delivery of desalted water fine purification filter is installed, in cooling system as cooling agent non-azeotropic mix is used, at line of vapor-liquid mix of cold agents after supplementary condenser receiver-separator of liquid high-boiling component from vapor of low boiling component is installed. The invention makes it possible to increase effectiveness of operation of desalter, to increase reliability and quality level of control of production of melted light water.

Description

The invention relates to freezing desalinators (BO) of salty or polluted water with a total mineralization of up to 295 salts. Such intermittent water heaters have a low productivity (0.1-2t (water)/day). They can be used to obtain purified melted lightened cooled disinfected drinking water of high quality in trade kiosks, multi-apartment residential buildings, luxury hotels, food enterprises, etc.

VO can be used for other purposes as well: 1. For the production of condensation or condensation-melt drinking water from the air, when there are no other sources of source water; 2. For the concentration of food liquids (juices, wine products) to 20-4090 dry substances in non-industrial cases; 3. For the production of ice water and accumulation of cold; 4. In the case of combining the production of ice water for the purpose of cooling /for example, in air conditioning/ and its desalination;

Known VO in the form of a set-top box for a home refrigerator | see a.s. USSR Me1808077 AZ dated 04.07.93.

Bul. Me13. Home refrigerator, Smirnov L.F. and Zysenbeis V.P.)Yi. Such a VO is located outside the cabinet of a home refrigerator and has a flat ice generator-melter, which is placed in a heat-insulated casing and connected by pipelines to the circulation circuit of the refrigeration system of the home refrigerator after the air condenser and before the compressor. Refrigerant boils inside the ice maker-melter (during the period of time when the refrigerator cabinet is already cooled and the refrigeration system "on the cabinet" is no longer working), the outgoing contaminated or salty water flows down the outer surface of the ice maker and freezes. After; as ice of a certain thickness grows on the outer surface of the ice generator, the supply of liquid refrigerant stops and the ice gradually melts under the influence of the heat of the surrounding environment, giving desalinated melt water in the drain.

The disadvantages of this water treatment plant are as follows: 1. low productivity of purified water due to the long time of ice melting by the heat of the surrounding environment (about 3 hours); 2. insufficient lowering of the salt content of desalinated water when working on sea water.

These shortcomings are eliminated by the following proposal of an improved and much more effective VO, which I consider as a prototype of the proposed invention | see Patent of Ukraine Me21766 A dated 04.30.98, Bul. 2,

Home refrigerator, Smirnov L.F., Denisov Y.P.) In this VO of periodic action, the ice generator-melter is made of 2 sections installed in parallel, each of which is placed in a heat-insulated casing, connected through a control valve in the lower part of the sections and through the steam distributor in the upper part of the sections. Spiral fins are wound on the outer surface of the sections of the tubular (from one pipe) ice generator-melter, in the upper part of the pipes of the ice generator-melter and around them, a spiral-tube heat exchanger is installed, the inlet of which is connected through the steam distributor to the compressor discharge line, and the outlet to the inlet of this section to the oil generator-melter. The outgoing salt water is sent first to the receiving pocket located in the upper part of the ice generator-melter, and then from the bottom of this receiving pocket through a hole of 1.5-3 mm, it enters the outer surface of the ice generator-melter, flowing down it with a twist along the spiral ribs. The automatic operation of the VO is ensured both by a bellows distributor on the brine drain line, the thermosensitive cylinder of which has thermal contact with the bottom of the section to close the line when the cylinder is heated from refrigerant condensation, and by a steam valve distributor operating from the pressure pulse of the refrigerant.

The input line of the outgoing salt water in this VO has a rough filter and a heat exchanger cooled by the drains of desalinated water and spent brine.

The cooling system of the VO (compressor, air condenser, heat exchanger on the suction line of the compressor, single-component refrigerant) is shared with the home refrigerator, it can work both separately to cool the cabinet of the home refrigerator, and at the same time on the VO and the home refrigerator.

In fact, when the operation of the refrigerator is not required, the entry and exit of the refrigerant into and out of the cabinet is blocked by two valves, and in this case the VO is a separate independent device.

Disadvantages of this well-known water heater in a home refrigerator are as follows: 1. Inadequate purification of desalinated water from fine suspensions (particles with a diameter of 0.5-5 μm), frequent clogging of the coarse filter with suspensions in the source water; 2. Insufficient regeneration of cold from discharged spent brine in the heat exchanger on the outlet water line;

C. Insufficient extraction ratio of desalinated water from the source salt water, because the latter in the freezing mode flows from top to bottom on the surface of the ice generator-melter only once and is then discharged as roseol. A total of 10-1595 melt water is produced from the amount of source water, which is not rational. 4. The complexity and unreliability of controlling periodic processes using a spool device, which in turn receives preliminary pressure pulses of the refrigerant of the refrigeration system.

It is possible to use electromagnetic valves known in the art and a known controller controlling the valves, but the relationship of these elements in relation to the current 2-section periodic water heater, the rhythm of switching from one mode to another is additionally complicated by the desire to obtain light water (with reduced retention deuterium). 5. Insufficient efficiency of heat transfer from the side of the boiling agent to the inner wall of the ice generator-melting pipe, which does not reach 0.5 kW/m"K. This is due to the fact that the liquid refrigerant descends along the entire cross-section of the pipe, and not in the crevice (that is, less speed, the heat transfer coefficient from the agent to the wall is smaller.) Since the heat transfer coefficient from the freezing water on the other side of the pipe wall is more than 1 ekW/meK, in order to increase the common heat transfer coefficient, the heat transfer coefficient from the agent to the wall should be improved first of all.

In addition, a hydrostatic column of liquid agent in a pipe with a height of more than 1 m significantly increases the boiling point of the agent in its lower part, which reduces the temperature difference during heat transfer (i.e., reduces ice productivity).

6. The refrigeration cycle is insufficiently effective in this VO.

In order to understand the last statement, the expert is forced to make an explanation. The heat of ice formation ikg of ice and its heat of fusion are the same. This indicates that the same amount of refrigerant that was evaporated in the evaporator can be condensed in the condenser of the refrigerating machine (this indicates that the heat of condensation is Chkond-7). But according to the heat balance of the refrigerating machine, the equation must be fulfilled

Dkonddeystv.--AIN I Oteploprotokiv.

Here Dconddeistl. - Heat of condensation of a kg of refrigerant, U. - heat of ice formation, | - heat equivalent to the work of the compressor Ki, Dteplopritoiv - heat inflows into the refrigeration system from the surrounding environment.

That is, the heat equivalent to the sum (IchOteplopritokv) cannot be removed by melting ice, since a

Dkonddeitsv."/ CONSIDERING this, it is necessary to carry out an additional refrigeration cycle and transfer this excess heat from the temperature level of ice formation to the temperature level of the surrounding environment and dump it into this surrounding environment.

This could be done with the Ki compressor (which is done in the prototype), but in this case the temperature interval between the condensation temperature (457 - in the summer) and the boiling temperature (-127C) will be too large (57"C) and there will be large electricity costs ( which is in the prototype).

It is thermodynamically beneficial for the Ki compressor to work in a smaller condensation temperature range of 8" (due to the melting of ice) and a boiling temperature of -12"C, performing the main load of freezing water, and for an additional Ko" compressor (with less cooling capacity) to work in the 457 condensation and boiling temperature range -12"s, diverting the heat sum (I--Dheatflow) to the SURROUNDING environment.

Such a two-stage scheme reduces the electricity consumption of VO by approximately 2 times. This solution is used in almost all modern HEIs. But even this solution can be improved, which is done in the invention proposed below.

The task, for the solution of which the proposal was sent: - To increase the extraction coefficient of melt water from the source; - Increase the coefficient of heat transfer from the agent to the wall and exclude damage from the effect of the hydrostatic column of the liquid refrigerant in the pipes of ice generators-melters; - to improve the cleaning of food melt water from thin suspensions; to improve the operation of the coarse filter of the source water; reduce cooling costs; - Increase the efficiency of the refrigeration system; - simplify the management of periodic processes, increase reliability, increase the quality level of regulation of the production of light water.

The fulfillment of the task is achieved by the fact that in the freezing desalinator of salt water of periodic action, which consists of vertical sections of ice generators-melters installed in parallel, operating alternately in the modes of boiling of the refrigerant - generating ice and condensation of the refrigerant - melting ice, on the outer surface of which spiral ribs are wound and in the upper part there is a spiral-tube heat exchanger, the inlet line of the outgoing salt water with a rough filter on it, the drain line of the spent brine, the line of the desalinated water, the controller controlling the switching of the electromagnetic valves, the refrigeration system consisting of the compressor, the above-mentioned ice generators-melters , which alternately perform the functions of an evaporator and a condenser, an additional condenser and a heat exchanger, the following design solutions are adapted: - ice generators-melters are made of 2 pipes, concentrically inserted into each other, which do not connect from above and are connected from below by the open end of the inner pipe; - sections of ice generators-melters are equipped with a circulation circuit of the outgoing salty water in the form of a storage tank and a circulation pump; - on the input line of the outgoing salty water, there is a drain for the drain line of spent brine, after the rough cleaning filter, a cold accumulator is installed, the outlet of which is connected to the bottom of the storage tank; - a fine filter is installed on the desalinated water supply line; - in the refrigeration system, a non-azeotropic mixture is used as a refrigerant, for example

F22-F142b; on the line of the vapor-liquid mixture of refrigerants, after the additional condenser, a receiver-separator of the liquid higher-boiling component, for example Fi42v, from the vapor of the lower-boiling component, for example F22, is installed, and the steam output from the top of the receiver-separator is connected through a spiral-tube heat exchanger to the upper end of the outer pipe of the ice generators melters, and the output of the liquid refrigerant from the bottom of the receiver-separator is connected through a heat exchanger to the upper end of the inner pipe of the ice generators-melters; - the controller is adjusted to open-close the electromagnetic valves so that the upper end of the inner pipe of the ice generators-melters in the boiling-freezing mode is connected to the supply line of the mixture of liquid refrigerants, and in the condensation-melting mode - to the discharge line of the liquid lower-boiling refrigerant; the upper end of the outer pipe in the boiling-freezing mode is connected to the line of the refrigerant vapor mixture on the suction of the compressor, and in the condensation-melting mode - to the input of the lower-boiling refrigerant vapor from the receiver-separator; at the same time, when ice generators-melters, for example, in section 2, are entered into the condensation mode of the ice-melting agent and removed from it, the lower electromagnetic valve of this section OK" for draining the ice melt into the product water tank opens with a delay, and closes ahead of the upper one of the valve of the same section SV" at 3-595 from the time of the ice melting mode.

In addition, the ratio of the mass concentrations of the lower-boiling component of the non-azeotropic mixture to its higher-boiling component, which are equal to the ratio of their mass flows Онк/Сбвк, is set from the equation

Sync/Yavk-Okond V/(Oyu: S-Okond'A),

De Okond - the heat load of the section of ice generators-melters in the condensation mode of the ice-melting agent;

Oo- cooling productivity of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the agent - ice generation;

Ahk(i1-iio) - the difference in enthalpies of the lower-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the ice-generating agent; B:(ii1»-iiii) - the difference in enthalpies of the higher-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the ice-generating agent; Sh(il-io) is the difference in enthalpies of the lower-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the section of ice generators-melters in the mode of condensation of the ice-melting agent.

In addition, in the case of the use of heating systems in trading kiosks, the additional air condenser is made removable, which is located on the roof of the trading kiosk in the summer, and inside the trading kiosk for its heating in the winter.

Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a water system of a water supply system, for example, for a shopping kiosk.

Fig. 2 shows the scheme of the refrigeration system of the VO.

Figures 3 and 4 show the thermodynamic cycle in the temperature-entropy diagram and a simplified diagram of the refrigeration system of the VO, and both the cycle and the diagram show the same-named state points of the non-azeotropic mixture of refrigerants and their determination points, the enthalpies of which are calculated according to clause 2 . the composition of the claims of this non-azeotropic mixture. Figures 2 and 4 show the same scheme, the only difference is that in Figure A4 the refrigeration system is shown as operating without switching, and in Figure 2 - from the account of the switching mechanism of ice generators-melters from the refrigerant boiling mode - ice generation on the refrigerant condensation-ice melting mode and vice versa.

The main element of the VO (Figs. 1 and 2) are vertical parallel sections of ice generators-melters 1 and 2 (LH-Pi and LHo-P2), which work alternately in the modes of boiling refrigerant - generating ice and condensing refrigerant - melting ice. Each ice generator-melter consists of 2 pipes, concentrically inserted into each other, which do not connect from above and are connected from below by the open end 7 of the inner pipe 3, pushed away from the bottom 8 of the outer pipe 4 to a height equal to 0.5-0.25 of the diameter internal pipe. Spiral ribs 5 are wound on the outer surface of the outer pipe 4, and a spiral-tube heat exchanger 6 is located in the upper part. The sections are inserted into a common heat-insulated casing 9, and a heat-insulating partition 10 is installed between the sections.

An example - for trade kiosks, a VO is currently being developed, which has two sections of LG-P ice generators-melters, each of which is made up of 14 pipes with an (outer) diameter of 57 mm and a height of 1.3 m.

In the water system according to Fig. 1, the input line of the outgoing salt water consists of pipelines 11, 12, 13, on which there is a coarse filter 14 (felt, mesh and any other) and a cold accumulator 15 (with a nozzle made of corrugated aluminum tape, the battery can also be sand, with a glass cover, etc.).

The outlet salt water circulation circuit consists of the outlet water storage tank 16, which has a level sensor 17, which affects the electromagnetic valve 18, the circulation pump 19, the pipeline 20, which in the upper part branches into the pipelines 21 and 22, on which the electromagnetic valves are installed 23 (solenoid valve SVi) and 24 (solenoid valve SVg2), controlled by controller 25.

Pipelines 21 and 22 are introduced, respectively, in sections 1 and 2 through manifolds-splices 26 and 27, which have water sprinklers (not shown) on the outer surface of the outer pipe 4 and its ribs 5. The bottom of the casing 9 of each of the two sections is connected by pipelines 28 and 29 with the entrance to the tank 16. On the pipelines 28 and 29 there are three-way shut-off valves 30 (OK) and 31 (OK"), which are controlled by the controller 25.

Figure 1 shows that the rod OKi is lowered below the saddle, that is, in this position, the flow of water from section 1 is directed through the pipeline 28 into the tank 16. On the contrary, the rod OK" is raised, blocking the flow into the tank 16 through the pipeline 29, and in this section 2, the ice melt is drained through pipelines 35 and 36 into the product melt water tank 37.

The drain line of spent brine from the tank 16 is connected to the supply line of the source water, but additionally has a discharge pipeline 32 and an electromagnetic valve 33 controlled by the controller 25.

The desalinated water supply line consists of pipelines 34 and 35, which come from the shut-off valves and 31, the total pipeline 36, which enters the melt water storage tank 37; which has a level sensor 38, which functionally controls the switching on and off of the pumping pump 39, the pipeline 40, which leaves the tank 37 and enters the upper tank of product water 41. A fine filter 42 is installed on the pipeline 40 (it can be structurally the same as coarse filter 14), pulsed ultraviolet water disinfectant (bactericidal lamp) 43. Tank 41 has an output of clean melted disinfected water 44 for sale.

The refrigeration system (Figs. 2, 4) includes as elements of the prototype - the compressor 45 (K), the aforementioned ice generators-melters (LH1-Pi) and (LHo-P2), which alternately perform the functions of the evaporator and the condenser, the additional condenser 46 ( D-COND), heat exchanger 47 (T-K), thermoregulating valves 48 (TRVI) and 49 (TRV"), as well as a new element - receiver-distributor 50 (Р-Р). The refrigeration system is filled with a non-azeotropic mixture, for example, butane-propane, freons 22-142v, etc., the concentration of which is determined both by the composition of the mixture and the temperature conditions of its operation and is determined below.

The compressor 45 is connected to the additional condenser 46 by the injection pipeline 51, the output of which is connected to the receiver-distributor 50. The lower liquid output of Р-Р 50 with the help of the pipeline 53, through the heat exchanger 47, the temperature control valve 48, pipelines 54, 55, 72, 73 and 71, 70, 68 are connected to the upper ends of the inner pipes of ice generators-melters 1 and 2, respectively.

The upper steam outlet Р-Р 50 with the help of pipelines 56, 59, 60 and 56, 57, 58 through spiral-tube heat exchangers 6, pipelines 61, 62 and 66, 67, respectively, are connected to the upper ends of the outer pipes of ice generators-melters 1 and 2. The pipeline 54 through the branch 75 and the temperature control valve 49 (TRV") is ringed with pipelines 76, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, which allow the flow of liquid refrigerant to enter and exit through the pipes 73 and 68 in section 1 and 2, respectively (see Fig. 2).

On the above-mentioned pipelines of the refrigeration system, shut-off electromagnetic valves are installed, which are defined as I and II and are controlled by the controller 25.

Important note! Fig. 1, 2 and 4 show the explanation of the work of the VO for the mode of freezing of ice in section 1 and melting of ice in section 2. For this mode, the flow direction is shown by bold solid arrows drawn directly on the pipeline lines. For the case of the reverse mode, that is, when ice is freezing in section 2, and it is melting in section 1, dashed arrows are shown, which are located next to the pipeline lines.

The following operations are performed sequentially when working in the water treatment plant: 1. Cleaning of the source water from suspended particles with a diameter of more than 5 μm (in the coarse filter 14); 2. Cleaning of source water from dissolved impurities in the process of desalination by means of desalination - salts, pesticides, toxic chemicals, radionuclides, organic matter, dissolved chlorine and other inorganic and organic substances and gases (in ice generators-melters LGi-Pi and LGo-P2); 3. Water purification from hard water DgO (relief) on 15-4-2595 (in ice generators-melters LH1-

Pi and LGo-P"); 4. Repeated cleaning from suspended particles with a diameter of 0.5-5 μm, thickened by coagulation during ice formation (in fine filter 42); 5. Final disinfection with ultraviolet (bactericidal lamp 43). The 1st section of LGI-Pi works in the mode of freezing ice on its outer surface (in the middle of these pipes, the refrigerant boils, taking the heat of ice formation from the water flowing on the outer surface). The 2nd section of LGO-P2 at the same time works in the ice melting mode (in the middle of these pipes, during which the refrigerant condenses, giving the heat of its condensation to melt the ice). After the end of freezing of ice on the pipes of the 1st section and melting of ice on the pipes of the 2nd section, they functionally exchange modes - the refrigeration system (Fig. 2) switches to freezing of ice in the 2nd section and melting of ice in the 1st section. In this way, the outer surface of the pipes alternately performs the functions of an ice generator and a melter.

At the same time, the inner space of the pipes alternately performs the functions of the evaporator and the condenser of the refrigerating machine.

In Fig. 1, all ice generators-melters of the 1st section are shown by one ice generator-melters

LG-Pi, and all ice generators-melters of the 2nd section - with one ice generator-melters LG2-P".

The water system of the desalination plant works as follows (Fig. 1). The outgoing polluted water from the water supply or salt water from any other source through the solenoid valve 18, the coarse filter 14 and the cold accumulator 15 enters the outgoing water tank 16. The water level in this tank is regulated by the level regulator 17, which affects the valve 18. From the tank 16, the contaminated water is sent by the pump 19 to the upper part of the pipes of the ice generators-melters, for example, the left section y7 for freezing. Through the solenoid electromagnetic valve 23 (SVi), it enters the collector-splicer 26 and flows through the water sprinkler onto the outer surface of the upper part of the outer pipe 4 and fins 5. The water flows along the spiral fins, cools and freezes due to the removal of the heat of ice formation by the refrigerant boiling in this moment in the tube (but slotted) space of this tube (as described earlier).

Then, through the open shut-off valve 30 (OKi), unfrozen water is returned to the tank 16 for recirculation.

The arrangement of the winding from the ribs on the pipes narrows the front of the crystallizing water approaching the cooling surface (that is, it increases the splicing coefficient - the water consumption per unit length of the front, perpendicular to the oncoming water flow, kg/(m-s)). Through experience, the author found that the higher this coefficient, the better the ice is desalinated in the process of its crystallization. When ice crystallizes, a film of solution is formed on its surface, in which the concentration of salts is higher than in the original water.

Acceleration of the flow and its vorticity turbulates and, washing away, reduces the thickness of this diffusion layer, improving the removal of brine from the growing ice surface.

Pump 19 provides a 40-50-fold recirculation of the source water on the outer surface of the LH1-Pi pipes. At a temperature of -12"C, a layer of ice 9 mm thick forms in the middle of the pipes on the outer surface of the pipes after 27 minutes.

After the formation of ice with a thickness of 9 mm, the recirculation of water from the tank through the left section 1 stops - the controller 25 closes the SV and OKi (to drain into the tank 16). Tank 16 is emptied through valve 33 of water that has not turned into ice (it drains into the sewer through cold accumulator 15 and filter 14, cleaning it "backflow"), and is filled with a fresh portion of source water, cooled by about 5" during its flow through the cold accumulator 15. Then its recirculation through the right section 2 begins by opening the valve 24 (СВ2) and the shut-off valve 31 (OKg) with a drain into the tank 19. At the same time, the ice gradually freezes on the pipes of the section 2.

At the same time, through the tube space of section 17, the hot vapor of the refrigerant circulates, which, condensing, melts the ice on the outer surface of the outer tube 4. sides, and through OKi into the storage tank 37, accumulating in it. Then it is pumped out by the pump 39 through the fine filter 42 (the author has established by experience that the process of ice formation coagulates smaller suspended particles - which were not previously retained in the coarse filter 14 and which are visually invisible to the lumen - and increases them by approximately an order of magnitude - now they are clearly visible in the lumen, which makes it possible to re-filter them in a regular filter).

Cleaned of impurities (undissolved and dissolved), the water passes through a cartridge with a bactericidal lamp 43, in which the water is disinfected by ultraviolet rays (wavelength 1600 μm) from microbial contamination and is fed into the fresh water tank 41. This tank is located on top of the installation - for convenient filling of drinking water water to consumers under hydrostatic pressure.

The mechanism of water purification from deuterium implemented in this installation is as follows. Heavy water has a freezing temperature of "3.8"C. Temperature depression (3.87C) is positive, unlike dissolved salts, for which temperature depression is negative. 01495. When natural water freezes (that is, with a decrease in temperature), heavy water ice first freezes. Positive depression is a thermodynamic factor in the separation of DgO. The effect of this factor is strengthened if mass transfer (i.e., turbulent flow) of DgO molecules that are less mobile compared to HgO molecules is ensured. of the front of the growing ice surface - the kinetic factor of separation.

When the ice melts (that is, when it is heated), the light-water protium ice first melts due to the positive temperature depression DO - the thermodynamic factor works. The effect of this factor of separation of isotopes is strengthened if the removal of light water molecules from the melting ice surface is improved - the kinetic factor of separation.

In the design of the VO, additional purification of product water from salts and relief of this water from DgO is provided by the fact that the first and last portions of ice melt in the total amount of 3-595 of the amount of melt water received in each section during the period of ice melting are separated from the flow of product of water and discharged into the sewer through tank 16, the brine discharge line and valve 33. Technically, this is done as follows: in the ice melting mode, for example in section 1, the CB2 valve is closed, the OK" valve is also closed to drain the ice melt into the source water storage tank 16 and open to the product water tank 37, but when entering the ice melting mode and withdrawing from it, the opening of the lower shut-off valve OK for draining the ice melt into the product water tank 37 is controlled by the controller command 25 with delay, and closing with advances relative to closing and, accordingly, opening of the upper valve SV by 3-595 from the time of the melting mode.

The discharge of the first portion of water from the beginning of ice melting allows to separate a significant part of the dissolved salts that still remained in the interdendritic layers - mainly, these salts are displaced during the freezing of water to the outer and lower surface of the ice layer covering the outer pipe 4, due to the fact that that these surfaces warm up during the period of ice melting last.

Dumping of the last portion of water from the beginning of ice melting allows to remove water enriched with DgO (deuterium ice), which crystallizes before HO (protium ice) in the ice freezing mode.

Commands for opening and closing valves are given by the controller 25 in accordance with one of the given programs: 1. The production of clean melted lightened water from polluted tap water - this is the main program; 2. Production of clean melt normal water from contaminated tap water; 3. Production of pure melted lightened water from salt water; 4. Production of clean melted normal water from salt water; 5. Production of pure normal condensation or condensation-melting normal water from air.

Note: The output of water depends on the temperature and relative humidity of the air F. For example, in a boiler with a productivity of 1.2 tons of melted water/day at an air temperature of 207C and Ff-7095, the output of water is about 150 l/day. For conditions of a hot and dry climate (T-357C and p-4095), the water output is about 140 l/day. To obtain water from the air, it is necessary to facilitate the access of air to the cooling surfaces - LG-P pipes. 6. Production of pure melted lightened water from air.

Note: In view of the positive depression during the sublimation of deuterium vapors from air, the mechanism of obtaining light water ice from air is similar to the mechanism of obtaining light water ice from water; 7. If necessary - concentration of food concentrates from fruit and vegetable juices, etc. food liquids.

Note: A slight readjustment is required - sealing the water system and filling it under a slight enough pressure of inert gas - to avoid the ingress of oxygen from the air, for example, into the concentrated grape juice; diverting the concentrate through valve 33 into the concentrate storage tank.

The operation of the VO refrigeration system on a non-azeotropic mixture of F-142v and F-22 refrigerants should first be explained in Figs. 3 and 4, for which it is convenient to give the following equipment definitions: K - compressor, LH-P - ice generator-melter, R-R - receiver-distributor, D-COND - additional condenser, TRV - thermoregulating valve, T-K - heat exchanger.

A non-azeotropic mixture of F-142v and F-22 (with concentrations of these components of 50:5095 by mass) is supplied to the suction of compressor K at a mixture pressure of Ро cm-422.в8kPa (and partial pressures of Ро parts of Ф-22-:331.8kPa and Ro parts F-14286-:91kKPa) and an overheating temperature of 570.

Note: A non-azeotropic mixture is a mixture of substances in which the gas and liquid equilibrium phases have different concentrations at the same temperatures and pressures (on the temperature-concentration diagram, a non-azeotropic mixture is represented by the so-called isobaric "fish").

Compressor K compresses this mixture to a pressure of 1.24 MPa. The compression process of the mixture is depicted on the temperature-entropy diagram T-5 by adiabat 2-3 (Fig. 3). After the compressor, the vapor mixture (point 3) enters the air additional condenser D-COND, in which, due to heat transfer to the air, the mixture is first cooled to 50"C (point 5 on the diagram T-5), and then partially condensed. The condensation process is depicted by a non-isothermal curve 4"-6 and flows with a decrease in temperature by 5-10"C. Condenses in D-

COND is mainly a high-boiling component - F-142v. The total pressure of condensation in D-COND is equal to Rk cm:1.24 MPa (and the partial pressure of the above-boiling component of the mixture P parts F-1426-601.2 KkPa).

From D-COND, the vapor-liquid mixture at a temperature of 40"С enters the receiver-separator Р-Р, in which it is divided into liquid (point b) and vapor phases (point 7). The liquid phase is mainly a high-boiling component

Фф-142в - is removed from Р-Р from below, is supercooled in the T-K heat exchanger (along path 6-8) to a temperature of 23"С due to heat exchange with cold steam after the first ice generator-melter LGII-Pi (heated along path 1-2 ).Then, after T-K, liquid F-142v is throttled (process 8-11) in the thermoregulating valve of the TRVI to the boiling pressure of the mixture Ro cm-422.8 kPa (Ro parts F-1426-:91 kPa) and enters the inlet of LH1-Pi .

The vapor phase - mainly the lower-boiling component - which keeps F-22 near 8295, is removed from Р-Р from above, sent through a spiral-tube heat exchanger to the second ice generator-melter

LH2-P2 (in its gap is the space), condenses in it due to the return of the heat of condensation of the melting ice. The average condensation temperature is about 10"C. The condensation pressure is Rxm-1.24 MPa (that is, the same as in D-COND), P parts F-g2--641 kPa.

On the T-5 temperature-entropy diagram, the cooling process of F-22 in LHo-Po is represented by the isobar 7-7".

the process of condensation of F-22 by a non-isothermal curve 7"-9, which flows with a decrease in temperature / at first, the higher-boiling component condenses, which is not much, but it is still in the mixture, and then the lower-boiling component condenses/. Then liquid F-22 is throttled in the TRV » (process 9-10) and goes to the input of LH1-Pch.

At the entrance to the LGI-Pi, both liquid flows of the refrigerant are mixed (the state of the mixture is point 12), enter the

LGI-Pi evaporate in it, taking the heat of ice formation from water (boiling process - 12-1).

The average boiling point is about minus 12°C. It is a change, that is, the mixture boils, increasing its boiling point from approximately minus 157°C to approximately minus 9°C. The boiling pressure of the Ro cm mixture is 422.8 kPa (Ro parts F-22-331.8 kPa, Ro parts F-1426-:91 kPa). Then, after LH-Pi, the steam mixture is heated in T-K (process 1-2) and sent for suction to compressor K.

The ratio of the mass concentrations of the lower-boiling component of the non-azeotropic mixture to its higher-boiling component, which is equal to the ratio of their mass flows Снк/Свк, is set from the equation

Sink/Svk-Ocond VLOo: C-Ocond:"A)-7:178.68/(11.26:225.51-7:190.11)-1.03. As an example, we decipher the data using this equation for the productivity of the desalination plant 1.2 tons (melt water)/day, working on a non-azeotropic mixture F2214F142v, temperature of the source water 20"С, temperature of air 30"С, salinity of the source water 0.195, extraction coefficient of pure water from the source water 6095, average boiling temperature of the mixture refrigerants in the evaporation mode -12"С (see Fig. 3), the average temperature of condensation of the higher-boiling component (Ф142в) in the additional condenser is 45"С, the average temperature of condensation of the lower-boiling component (Ф22) in the section of ice generators-melters is 8"С, with the amount of sections - 2 pcs., a set of each section of 14 pipes with an outer diameter of 57 mm and a height of 1.3 m, the time of each mode, taking into account the volume of filling and draining, is 0.5 hours.

In the above equation and the above specific Okond-7kW desalinator - the heat load of the section of ice generators-melters in the condensation mode of the agent - ice melting; and Okond-Smelting--C) STEEL--SAGENTA-C) HEAT FLOWS, where Melting - b, 76 kW - ice melting heat; (Ostali4-"OlAgeENTA)-(0.72--0.64)-1.36 kW - the heat of heating the steel of the section and the agent filling this section, when changing the mode, that is, when heating the material of the section (steel) and the agent from the temperature boiling of the agent (-127C) to its condensation temperature (87C);

HEATING INFLOW-!1.13kW - heat inflow to the section from the surrounding environment (3072); О0о-11.26 kW - cooling productivity of the section of ice generators-melters in the mode of boiling the agent - generating ice; and Fo-O)vyh--Other--SAGENTA-S)HEAT FLOWS-REGENERATION,

Ovyh-2.8 kW - heat removed during cooling of the source water from its source temperature (207C) to its freezing temperature (07C); (Ostali4-OdAGENTA)-(0.720.64)-1.36 kW - cold consumption for cooling the steel section and the liquid refrigerant (when switching the section from the condensation mode to the agent boiling mode in the pipes of this section) from the condensation temperature (8"C) to its boiling point (-127C);

Heat flow-1 kW - heat flow from air (30"С) to the surface of one section;

OREGENERATION-O.7KW - the heat of the regeneration of the waste water cold (this cold "economizes" the cold battery);

Ah(i1-ilo)--(699.6-509.49)-190.11kJ/kg - the difference in enthalpies of the lower-boiling component at the exit and entrance of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the agent - ice generation;

Ba(i1e-i11)-(708.16-529.48)-178 68kJ/kg - the difference in enthalpies of the high-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the ice-generating agent;

Si(ii-iv)-(735-509.49)-225.51kJ/kg - the enthalpy difference of the lower-boiling component at the exit and entrance of the section of ice generators-melters in the mode of condensation of the agent - ice melting.

Thus, OSnk/Svk-1.03, which gives the composition of the non-azeotropic mixture

Ff22:F1428v-5095:5095.

The refrigeration system of the VO accounting for mode switching works as follows (Fig. 2). Let the freezing of ice take place in the 1st section, and its melting in the 2nd section. For this case, the direction of movement of the refrigerant is shown by solid arrows (indicated directly on the flow lines). The compressor 45 injects a mixture of refrigerants through the pipeline 51 into the additional condenser 46, in which the mostly high-boiling component (F1428v) condenses (note: in winter, the VO plays the role of a heat pump, extracting the heat output from the additional condenser, which in the case of, for example, a shopping kiosk is 4 kW and can serve for heating the kiosk). The vapor-liquid mixture, after the additional condenser 46, enters the receiver-separator 50 through the pipeline 52 and is separated in it into liquid and vapor phases.

The liquid refrigerant (mainly high-boiling F142v) enters the heat exchanger 47 through pipeline 53, cools in it, is then throttled in the temperature control valve 48, and then through pipelines 54, 55, 72, valve I and pipeline 73 is fed to the entrance to the upper part of the inner pipe of the ice generator - smelter LGI-Pi (section 1).

The vapor phase (mainly low-boiling F-22) is removed from Р-Р from above and through pipelines 56, 57, through valve II and through pipeline 58 is sent through a spiral-tubular heat exchanger through pipelines 16 and 67 to the second ice generator-melter LH2o-Po (in the upper part of its outer pipe 4). Here, the refrigerant condenses due to the melting of the ice that is on the outer surface of the pipe at that moment. The process of vapor condensation of the agent takes place during the movement of steam in parallel through all the pipes of the 2nd section. Steam is introduced into pipe 4 from the top-side, goes down into it, condensing in the gap with the inner pipe 3, and enters this inner pipe from below, rises into it, and then exits from above. Having passed all the pipes of the 2nd section in parallel, the steam is completely condensed. Leaving the upper part of the LGI-Pi through pipelines 68, 69, valve II, pipelines 76 and 75, the liquid agent is throttled in the thermoregulating valve 49 (TRV2) and, mixing with the liquid agent from the pipeline 54, enters the upper part of the central pipe of the LGI1 together with it -Pi (section 1).

In this device, which currently works as an ice generator-evaporator, the refrigerant, having gone down the central pipe, then moves from the bottom to the top in the crevice and evaporates, freezing the ice from the water flowing at that moment on the outer surface of the 4 pipes of the 1st section . Having passed all pipes 4 in parallel, the agent boils completely, turning into steam, and through pipelines 62, 63, through valve II, pipelines 64, 65, heat exchanger 47 and pipeline 79 enters the suction of compressor 45. The cycle of freezing ice in section I and melting ice in section II ended.

At the command of the controller 25, working according to the given program, all electromagnetic valves | and 1 are switched simultaneously (all at once) and now section I will melt the ice, and section II will freeze it.

After changing the mode, refrigerant flows pass through valve I, the direction of refrigerant movement is shown by dashed arrows located next to the flow lines. | then the processes that have already been described during the operation of the previous cycle take place with the refrigerant.

The output of steam from the top of the receiver-separator through pipelines 56, 59, valve I and pipeline 60 is connected through a spiral-tube heat exchanger to the upper end of the outer pipe of the ice generator-melter of section 1, and the output of liquid refrigerant from the bottom of the receiver-separator is connected through heat exchanger 47, thermoregulating valve 48, pipelines 54, 55, 71, valve I and pipeline 68 with the upper end of the inner pipe of the ice generator-melter of section 2. At the same time, liquid refrigerant flows from the top of section 1 to the top of section 2 along the path: pipeline 73, valve I, pipelines 74, 75, thermoregulating valve 49, pipelines 55, 71, valve I, pipelines 70 and 68.

The purpose of winding the coil on the upper part of the LG-P is to strengthen the heating of the upper part of the pipe to melt the ice from its outer surface and to better organize the washing of the ice layer from impurities (starting from the top of the pipe).

The TRVI and TRV" valves regulate the set temperature in the LGi-Pi and LGo-Po with the help of thermosensors located in thermal contact with the refrigerant vapor flow on the suction of the compressor 45.

The proposed solutions allow obtaining a number of technical results: 1. To increase the coefficient of heat transfer from the agent to the wall (due to the implementation of LG-P from 2 concentrically inserted pipes); 2. To increase the coefficient of extraction of melt water from the source (due to recirculation of the source water), that is, to reduce the consumption of the source water;

C. It is more efficient to use the cold of the return flow (due to the cold accumulator) and the heat of the additional air condenser (for heating); 4. Clean the food melt water from thin suspensions. 5. To increase the longevity of the coarse filter due to its self-cleaning effect (backflow of brine). 6. The adjustment of the mixture of refrigerants in the VO refrigeration system allows: - to reduce energy consumption in comparison with the prototype by approximately 3395, i.e. to have the same energy efficiency as in a two-stage cycle (with two compressors, but on a single-component refrigerant). But in comparison with such a two-stage cycle, in the proposed solution it is easier to connect and adjust the refrigeration system - one compressor; - Reduce the compressor injection pressure by 2895 (1.24MPa compared to 1.72MPa for the prototype - at the same equalization temperatures, but for a single-component refrigerant), which increases the compressor's delivery ratio (its productivity) and reduces refrigerant leaks; - To reduce the harmful effect of the hydrostatic column of liquid refrigerant in LPG pipes, which increases their ice productivity. 7. Simplify the management of periodic processes, increase the reliability and quality level of regulation of the production of melted light water.

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Claims (3)

1. Freezing desalination of salt water of periodic action, which consists of vertical sections of ice generators-melters installed in parallel, operating alternately in the modes of boiling the refrigerant - generating ice and condensing the refrigerant - melting ice, on the outer surface of which spiral ribs are wound and in the upper part there is a spiral-tubular heat exchanger, input lines of outgoing salty water with a filter for its rough cleaning, drain line of spent brine, output line of desalinated water, controller controlling the switching of electromagnetic valves, a refrigeration system consisting of a compressor, the above-mentioned ice generators-melters, an additional condenser, a heat exchanger and temperature control valves , which is distinguished by the fact that the ice generators-melters are made of 2 pipes, concentrically inserted into each other and connected only from below by the open end of the inner pipe, the ice generators-melters sections are equipped with a circulation circuit of the outgoing salt of water in the form of a storage tank and a circulation pump, on the input line of the outgoing salty water there is a drain for the drain line of spent brine, after the rough cleaning filter, a cold accumulator is installed, the outlet of which is connected to the bottom of the storage tank, on the line of desalinated water a fine filter is installed, a non-azeotropic mixture, such as F22-F142v, is used as a refrigerant in the refrigeration system, a receiver-separator of a liquid high-boiling component, such as FI142v, from a vapor of a low-boiling component, such as F22, is installed on the line of a vapor-liquid mixture of refrigerants after an additional condenser the vapor outlet from the top of the receiver-separator is connected through the first pair of solenoid valves, and then the coiled-tube heat exchangers with the upper ends of the outer tubes of the ice generators-melters, and the liquid refrigerant outlet from the bottom of the receiver-separator is connected through the heat exchanger, the first temperature control valve and the second pair of electromagnetic valves anes with the upper end of the inner pipe of the ice generators-melters, there is a third pair of electromagnetic valves, which are located on the lines of the liquid refrigerant outlet from the upper ends of the inner pipes of the ice generators-melters and before the second temperature control valve, the outlet of which is connected to the outlet of the liquid refrigerant after the first temperature control valve , and there is a fourth pair of solenoid valves, which are located on the refrigerant vapor outlet lines from the top of the outer pipes of the ice generators-melters, the controller is adjusted to open - close the solenoid valves in such a way that the upper end of the inner pipe of the ice generators-melters in the boiling - freezing mode is connected with the supply line of the mixture of liquid refrigerants, and in the mode of condensation - melting - with the discharge line of liquid low-boiling refrigerant, the upper end of the outer pipe in the mode of boiling - freezing is connected to the line of the vapor discharge of the mixture of refrigerants to the suction of the compressor, and in the mode of condensation - melting - with a line for the introduction of steam of a low-boiling refrigerant from the receiver-separator, at the same time when the ice generators-melters are introduced into the mode of condensation of the agent - melting of ice and removal from it, the lower solenoid valve of each section for draining the melted ice into the food tank water is opened with a delay, and closed with an advance relative to the upper valve of the same section by 3-595 from the time of the ice melting mode. 2. Freezing salt water desalinator of periodic action according to claim 1, which differs in that the ratio of the mass concentrations of the low-boiling component of the non-azeotropic mixture to its high-boiling component, which is equal to the ratio of their mass flows Снк/Свк, is set from the equation Синк/Явк-Оконд: ВОЮ С -Okond'A), where Okond is the heat load of the section of ice generators-melters in the mode of condensation of the agent - ice melting; Oo - cold productivity of the section of ice generators-melters in the boiling mode of the agent - ice generation; Ah(i17-iso) is the enthalpy difference of the low-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the ice generator-melting section in the agent boiling mode - ice generation; Ba(i17-in1) is the enthalpy difference of the high-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the ice generator-melting section in the agent boiling mode - ice generation; C-(ii-iv) - the difference in enthalpies of the low-boiling component at the outlet and inlet of the section of ice generators-melters in the mode of condensation of the agent - melting of ice. 3. Freezing salt water desalinator of periodic action according to claim 1, which is distinguished by the fact that for use in trade kiosks, the additional air condenser is made removable, so that it is located on the roof of the trade kiosk in summer, and in winter - inside the trade kiosk for its heating.