UA34690C2 - Method of a combustion engine functioning and a combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

This patent is pertinent to the area of mechanical engineering, in particular, to the internal combustion engines. Efficiency of the engine is increased through more complete utilization of the fuel combustion heat, in particular – of the heat of exhaust gas and heat that is lost through the walls of the combustion chamber. Improvement of ecological parameters is provided by completeness of fuel combustion. Decrease of the exhaust gas toxicity is provided by the fact that presence of water promotes reaction of carbon oxide burning. Reaction of the carbon oxide oxidation is completed at the initial step – at the stage of overheated vapor inlet.

Description

The invention relates to mechanical engineering, namely to internal combustion engines.

The method of operation of an internal combustion engine is known, which is implemented by introducing a fresh charge into the cylinder, its compression, ignition and combustion of fuel, conversion of the energy of gas expansion into reciprocating movement of the piston, release of exhaust gases, at the initial stage of which steam is passed into the cylinder. (Russian patent Me 2015365, class E02B 47/02, 1994)

The disadvantage of this method is that bypassing steam at the initial stage of exhaust gas release does not significantly increase the useful work of the cycle. Only the thermal mode of the engine improves, because the steam more actively cools the walls of the combustion chamber, but the heat taken from the walls is carried out with the exhaust, without performing useful work.

The method of operation of an internal combustion engine is known, including the admission of steam together with the fuel-air mixture into the cylinder, its compression, combustion of the mixture, conversion of the energy of expansion of gases into reciprocating movement of the piston, release of exhaust gases. (Russian patent Me 2015370, class E02B 47/02, 1994)

The disadvantage of this method is that the introduction of steam together with the fuel-air mixture in large quantities will lead to a decrease in the temperature of the mixture, which calls into question the possibility of igniting the fuel and ensuring normal conditions of the combustion process. The introduction of steam in a small amount improves the detonation characteristics of the fuel, but does not give a significant increase in useful work.

The method of operation of an internal combustion engine is known, including the intake of a fresh air charge into the cylinder, its compression, fuel injection, combustion of the fuel-air mixture, steam intake at the end of the combustion process, conversion of gas expansion energy into reciprocating movement of the piston, exhaust gas release. The method is implemented in an internal combustion engine, which has a cylinder, a piston placed in it, a cylinder cover, a steam generator with two heating surfaces, one of which performs the function of a cooling jacket, means of supplying water to the steam generator. (magazine "Inventor and innovator" » 4, 1995, p. 22)

Disadvantages of the method of operation of the internal combustion engine and the device for its implementation in the following.

The introduction of steam at the end of the combustion process worsens the combustion conditions of fuel hydrocarbons, since they are characterized by a long period of delay in the combustion reaction and this will lead to the appearance of incomplete oxidation products in the form of aldehydes, peroxides, alcohols and acids. Exhaust toxicity increases, and incomplete combustion will lead to increased fuel consumption. In general, the economy of the engine will deteriorate. The presence of two heating surfaces in the steam generator, one of which performs the function of a cooling jacket, will lead to a deterioration of ignition conditions and the subsequent combustion of the fuel-air mixture. This is due to the fact that the heat obtained as a result of the compression of the air charge and necessary for the ignition of the fuel will be removed through the walls of the cylinder and go to steam formation in the steam generator. It is known from theory and practice that much more heat is removed in this way than with water cooling, due to the latent heat of vaporization. The probability of ignition of the air-fuel mixture decreases, which will lead to instability of the engine. Its efficiency and reliability in operation will deteriorate, the toxicity of the exhaust will increase.

The invention is based on the task of increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engine and improving environmental parameters. The efficiency of the engine increases due to more complete use of the heat of fuel combustion, namely, the heat of exhaust gases and heat lost through the walls of the combustion chamber. Improvement of environmental parameters is ensured by complete combustion of fuel.

The set technical problem is solved by the fact that in the proposed method of operation of the internal combustion engine, which includes the intake of fresh air charge into the cylinder, its compression, fuel injection, combustion of the fuel-air mixture, expansion of combustion products and release of exhaust gases, at the stage of expansion of combustion products into the cylinder, along its walls, superheated steam is passed.

The method is implemented in an internal combustion engine, which has at least one cylinder, a piston and a cylinder cover are placed in it, which form a combustion chamber, a steam generator with a supply water pipe and a waste water tank. According to the invention, the steam generator is located in the combustion chamber under the cylinder cover and is made in the form of a cone with the top directed inside the combustion chamber, while on the surface of the steam generator there are shut-off valves for bypassing superheated steam, and the piston has a head with a depression that repeats the shape of the steam generator. In addition, the output water tank of the steam generator is located with a gap around the cylinder or group of cylinders.

In the process of expansion of combustion products, heat energy is transformed into mechanical work and is accompanied by a drop in pressure and temperature in the cylinder. Moreover, the pressure drops faster than the temperature.

The main part of the mechanical work from the expansion of the combustion products is done in the initial stage of expansion, when the pressure of the cycle is maximum. An increase in the volume of the combustion chamber will lead to a drop in pressure to such an extent that further expansion of the combustion products no longer gives a significant increase in useful work.

The introduction of a secondary working fluid at this moment, in the form of superheated steam, will allow to obtain additional work from the expansion of the steam, which will increase the efficiency of the engine.

The reduction in the toxicity of exhaust gases occurs due to the fact that superheated steam, which is admitted at the stage of expansion of combustion products, contributes to the homogeneous reaction of the afterburning of carbon monoxide.

The carbon monoxide oxidation reaction is completely completed at the initial stage of steam intake.

The proposed internal combustion engine is shown in Fig.1.

The engine has at least one cylinder 1, a piston 2 is placed in it, a cylinder cover 3, which forms a combustion chamber, a steam generator 4, which is installed under the cover of the cylinder З and is connected by a water line 5 to the waste water tank b. In the cover of the cylinder C, holes are provided for the fuel nozzle 7 and the valve 8 for supplying heated water to the steam generator 4. The proposed steam generator 4 for obtaining superheated steam is made in the form of a cone with the top directed inside the combustion chamber. Shut-off valves 9 are installed on the surface of the steam generator 4, which ensure the passage of superheated steam along the walls of cylinder 1. The outlet tank b surrounds cylinder 1 (or a group of cylinders) with a gap, forming an exhaust volume. The piston 2 has a head 10 with a depression that repeats the shape of the surface of the steam generator 4.

The proposed method of operation of the internal combustion engine is implemented in the described engine as follows. When piston 2 is at bottom dead center, an air charge is injected into cylinder 1 through intake windows (windows and injection device are not shown in the figure). Piston 2, moving to the top dead center, covers the intake and exhaust windows (not shown in the picture), compresses the air charge. The compression of the air heats it up to a temperature higher than the ignition temperature of the fuel.

Near the top dead center, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through the fuel nozzle 7, and water heated in the water tank 6 is supplied to the steam generator 4 through the valve 8 (the fuel and water supply pumps, as well as their regulating means are not shown in the figure). Droplets of fuel, falling into the heated air, begin to evaporate and ignite. The process of burning the fuel-air mixture begins, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature and pressure in the combustion chamber. Mechanical work is performed.

Part of the heat of combustion is given to the walls of the combustion chamber, and it is also spent on the dissociation (decomposition) of gases, which begins to occur at high temperature and pressure. At the end of the combustion process, the temperature reaches its maximum value, and the pressure begins to fall due to the beginning of the expansion process of the combustion products. Hot gases actively heat the surface of the steam generator 4 and the heated water turns into steam. A further increase in temperature in the combustion chamber leads to an increase in temperature and steam pressure in steam generator 4. At the stage of expansion of combustion products, the pressure in cylinder 1 begins to fall. When the pressure in the steam generator 4 begins to exceed the pressure in the combustion chamber, superheated steam will automatically be bypassed into the combustion chamber through valves 9. The superheated steam introduced at the expansion stage contributes to a more complete combustion of fuel residues, thereby reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases. The walls of the cylinder 1 and the piston head 10 are cooled, additionally heating the steam. The pressure in the combustion chamber will increase and the auxiliary useful work of steam expansion will be performed.

When the piston approaches the bottom dead center, the exhaust windows (not shown in the figure) are opened and the exhaust gases are released into the exhaust volume formed by the waste water tank 6, thus heating the water that is fed to the steam generator 4 in the next cycle. Then the cycle repeats.

The conical shape of the steam generator 4 contributes to the activation of fuel combustion processes by increasing the turbulence of the combustible gas flows, and the placement of bypass valves 9 on its surface makes it possible to pass overheated steam along the walls of the cylinder 1, cooling them at the same time.

The conical shape of the working surface of the piston head 10 forms a flow of hot gases, directing it to the steam generator 4. The walls of the cylinder T do not overheat.

Thus, due to passing into the cylinder at the stage of expansion of the combustion products of the secondary working fluid in the form of superheated steam, auxiliary useful work is performed in cylinder 1, and the heat of the exhaust gases is partially returned with heated water to the steam generator 4 in the next cycle. The overall efficiency of the internal combustion engine is increasing. Due to the complete combustion of fuel residues in the presence of superheated water vapor, the toxicity of the exhaust is reduced.

The invention makes it possible to more fully use the heat of fuel combustion, increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine and improve environmental parameters by reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases.

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Claims (5)

1. The method of operation of an internal combustion engine, which is implemented by introducing a fresh air charge into the cylinder, compressing it, injecting fuel, burning the fuel-air mixture, converting the energy of gas expansion into the reciprocating movement of the piston, releasing exhaust gases, which is distinguished by the fact that at the stage the expansion of combustion products allows superheated steam to pass into the cylinder. 2. The method of operation of the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, which differs in that the steam is supplied along the walls of the cylinder. 3. An internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder, a piston, a cylinder cover, which form a combustion chamber, a steam generator connected by a water pipe with a waste water tank, which is characterized by the fact that the steam generator is placed under the cylinder cover and has the shape cone with the top directed inside the combustion chamber, and shut-off valves are installed on its surface. 4. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the waste water tank of the steam generator is placed with a gap around the cylinder or group of cylinders. 5. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, which is characterized by the fact that the piston has a head with a conical recess.