TWI682775B - 抗微生物組合物及使用方法 - Google Patents
抗微生物組合物及使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI682775B TWI682775B TW103122151A TW103122151A TWI682775B TW I682775 B TWI682775 B TW I682775B TW 103122151 A TW103122151 A TW 103122151A TW 103122151 A TW103122151 A TW 103122151A TW I682775 B TWI682775 B TW I682775B
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Abstract
本發明係關於抗微生物組合物,其包含至少一種抗微生物唑類化合物,特定言之咪唑、三唑或噻唑化合物,及至少一種聚合雙胍化合物。亦闡述使用本發明該等組合物治療或預防皮膚及內襯上皮體腔(諸如:耳)之微生物感染之方法。
Description
本發明係關於抗微生物組合物,其包括至少一種抗微生物唑類化合物、尤其咪唑、三唑或噻唑化合物及至少一種聚合雙胍化合物。亦闡述使用該等本發明組合物治療或預防皮膚及內襯上皮體腔(諸如:耳)之微生物感染之方法。
可極難治療人類及其他溫血動物之皮膚及內襯上皮體腔(例如外耳)之感染,此乃因該等區域暴露於外部環境且與許多微生物(例如細菌及真菌,包含抗微生物抗性微生物)接觸。抗微生物抗性之產生可源於重複暴露於次佳劑量之微生物藥物或源於在治療復發感染期間重複暴露且隨後選擇抗性菌株,或可源於具有固有抗微生物抗性之微生物之侵襲。
感染哺乳動物之皮膚及腔(例如外耳)之常見微生物包含細菌葡萄球菌屬(Staphylococcus spp.)、腸桿菌屬(Enterobacteriaceae spp.)(例如大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli))、克雷伯菌屬(Klebsiella spp.)及變形桿菌屬(Proteus spp.)(例如奇異變形桿菌(Proteus mirabilis)、普通變形桿菌(Proteus vulgaris))及假單胞菌(Pseudomonad)(例如銅綠假單胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa))。在一些情形下,細菌可與真菌(例如厚皮病馬拉色菌(Malassezia pachydermatis)或白色念珠菌(Candida albicans))一起存在。該等微生物可在腔(例如耳道)及皮膚擦爛區(例
如輔助窩(腋窩))中生長,且有時甚至可能藉由去除其他競爭相同環境之敏感微生物而受益於抗微生物治療。此一現象之一實例係在減小假單胞菌數量之後馬拉色菌屬(Malassezia spp.)(例如厚皮病馬拉色菌)發生明顯過度生長(Foster,DeBoer,1998,The role of Pseudomonas in canine ear disease,Compendium on Continuing Education,20(8),909-918)。
發現於皮膚感染及尤其耳感染中之膿性滲出物通常含有發炎性細胞、生物蛋白質、酶、DNA及其他鈍化指定用於治療感染之藥物之抗微生物及生物作用的生物化合物。在耳感染之情形下,許多指定藥物具有神經毒性且由此具有耳毒性(Rohn等人,1993,Ototoxicity of Topical Agents,Otolaryngology Clinics of North America,26(5),2167-2169)。
需要簡單且有效地治療皮膚感染,其快速且在低於毒性含量之低含量下有效。亦需要在逆轉感染對抗微生物藥物之抗性範圍方面具有寬作用之治療。
唑類抗真菌劑(例如咪康唑(miconazole))已知可局部用於皮膚及黏膜上以控制真菌感染(例如鵝口瘡、足癬及癬菌病)。儘管唑類化合物可具有良好抗真菌性質,但已知其具有有限之抗細菌性質。
雙胍化合物係已知防腐劑且用作局部防腐劑、用於隱形眼鏡溶液中及用作消毒劑。聚合雙胍(例如聚六亞甲基雙胍(PHMB)及其他聚合雙胍)闡述於East等人,1997(Polymer,38(15),3973-3984)及Ikeda等人,1984(Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,26(2),139-144)中。
有利的是,本發明者已發現,至少一種唑類化合物及至少一種聚合雙胍之組合在治療微生物感染(包含細菌感染及真菌感染及細菌
感染與真菌感染之混合物)方面顯示協同效應。
在本發明之第一態樣中,提供一種醫藥或獸醫組合物,其包括至少一種唑類化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽及至少一種聚合雙胍化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
在本發明之另一態樣中,提供治療或預防哺乳動物之皮膚或內襯上皮體腔之感染之方法,其包括局部投與有效量之包括至少一種唑類化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽及至少一種聚合雙胍化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽之組合物。
在本發明之又一態樣中,提供包括至少一種唑類化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽及至少一種聚合雙胍化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽之組合物之用途;其用以製造用於治療或預防哺乳動物之皮膚或內襯上皮體腔之感染之醫藥。
圖1A展示使用偽中間葡萄球菌(S.pseudintermedius)接種之瓊脂板及本發明之區抑制結果。
圖1B展示使用厚皮病馬拉色菌接種之瓊脂板及本發明之區抑制結果。
本發明之組合物及方法可用於抑制或治療哺乳動物之皮膚或其他內襯上皮體腔(例如外耳)之感染。
在一些實施例中,至少一種唑類化合物係咪唑、三唑或噻唑化合物或其混合物。適宜咪唑化合物包含但不限於聯苯苄唑(bifonazole)、布康唑(butoconazole)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、恩康唑(enilconazole)、益康唑(econazole)、芬替康唑(fenticonazole)、異康唑(isoconazole)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、咪康唑、奧莫康唑(omoconazole)、奧昔康唑(oxiconazole)、舍他康唑(sertaconazole)、硫
康唑(sulconazole)、噻苯噠唑(thiabendazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)、新康唑(Elubiol)(二氯苯基咪唑二氧戊環)及其混合物。適宜三唑化合物包含但不限於阿巴康唑(albaconazole)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、艾莎康唑(isavuconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)、魯瓦康唑(ruvaconazole)、特康唑(terconazole)及伏立康唑(voriconazole)。適宜噻唑化合物包含但不限於阿巴芬淨(abafungin)。在特定實施例中,唑類化合物係選自咪康唑及酮康唑(ketaconazole)。
或其互變異構體,其中Z不存在或係有機二價橋接基團且每一Z可在整個聚合物內相同或不同;n為至少3、較佳地5至20且X1及X2獨立地選自-NH2、-NH-C(=NH)-NH-CN、視情況經取代之烷基、視情況經取代之環烷基、視情況經取代之芳基、視情況經取代之雜環基及視情況經取代之雜芳基;或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽。在特定實施例中,聚合雙胍化合物之分子量為至少1,000amu、尤其介於1,000amu與50,000amu之間。在單一組合物中,n可有所變化,從而提供聚合雙胍之混合物。在一些實施例中,聚合雙胍之平均分子量在2,900至15,000、尤其3,000至8,000、尤其3,200至5,000、尤其3,500至4,500之區域內。
上述聚合雙胍化合物及其製備方法闡述於(例如)美國專利第3,428,576號及East等人,1997(Polymer,38(15),3973-3984)中。
在特定實施例中,式(I)之聚合雙係具有下式之聚合六亞甲基雙
胍,例如聚鹽酸己雙胍或PHMB(以VantocilTM、BaquacilTM、ArlagardTM、Lonzabac BGTM及CosmocilTM形式購得):
或其互變異構體,其中n係3至500之整數且X1及X2獨立地選自-NH2、-NH-C(=NH)-NH-CN、視情況經取代之烷基、視情況經取代之環烷基、視情況經取代之芳基、視情況經取代之雜環基及視情況經取代之芳基;或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽。在特定實施例中,n具有3至15、尤其3至12之平均值,更尤其係(例如)以鹽酸鹽形式以商標Cosmocil CQTM購自Avecia(Wilmington,Delaware,USA)之聚合六亞甲基雙胍。
在本發明之另一實施例中,聚合雙胍係分級分離之聚合雙胍,其中去除聚合物之較低分子量部分。在特定實施例中,用於本發明組合物中之聚合雙胍組合物中n值5之聚合物之分數小於2wt%、尤其小於0.5wt%及最尤其小於0.1wt%。
或其互變異構體,其中X3係選自-NH2、-NH-C(=NH)-NH-CN、視情況經取代之烷基、視情況經取代之環烷基、視情況經取代之芳基、視情況經取代之雜環基及視情況經取代之芳基;或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽,X4及X5獨立地選自H或X3,Z不存在或係二價橋接基團,m係1至10之整數,p係0或1至10之整數且q係1至1000之整數。
具有懸垂雙胍基團之實例性聚合雙胍係彼等闡述於Ikeda等人,1984(Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,26(2),139-144)中者,其中X4及X5係氫,Z係-C(O)-O-CH2CH2-C6H4-,X3係苯基或視情況經取代之苯基、尤其4-氯苯基或3,4-二氯苯基,m係1至10之整數,p為0,q係1至500之整數(均聚物)或其中m為1至10,p為1至10且q為1至500(與丙烯醯胺之共聚物)。具有懸垂雙胍基團之聚合雙胍及其製備方法闡述於Ikeda等人,1984中(如上所述)。
如本文中所使用,術語「烷基」係指具有1至10個碳原子(若適當)之單價、直鏈或具支鏈烴基團。舉例而言,適宜烷基包含但不限於甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第二丁基、第三丁基、戊基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、正己基、2-、3-或4-甲基己基、2-、3-或4-乙基己基、庚基、辛基、壬基及辛基。
如本文中所使用,術語「環烷基」係指飽和及不飽和環狀烴基團。適宜環烷基包含但不限於環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基及環己兒烯基。
本文所用之術語「芳基」係指C6-C10芳族烴基團,例如苯基及萘
基。
本文所用之術語「雜環基」或「雜環」係指飽和或不飽和單環、多環、稠合或共軛環狀烴殘基(較佳地C3-6),其中一或多個碳原子(及若適當附接至其上之氫原子)由雜原子代替以提供非芳族殘基。適宜雜原子包含O、N及S。在代替兩個或更多個碳原子之情形下,此可為藉由兩個或更多個相同雜原子或藉由不同雜原子代替。雜環狀基團之適宜實例可包含吡咯啶基、吡咯啉基、六氫吡啶基、六氫吡嗪基、嗎啉基、二氫吲哚基、咪唑啶基、吡唑啶基、硫代嗎啉基、二噁烷基、四氫呋喃基、四氫吡喃基、四氫吡咯基及諸如此類。
本文所用之術語「雜芳基」或「雜芳族」代表在每一環中具有至多6個原子之穩定單環或雙環,其中至少一個環係芳族且含有1至4個選自O、N及S組成之群之雜原子。屬此定義範圍內之雜芳基包含但不限於吖啶基、咔唑基、啉基、喹喔啉基、吡唑基、吲哚基、苯并三唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、苯并噻吩基、苯并呋喃基、喹啉基、異喹啉基、噁唑基、異噁唑基、吲哚基、吡嗪基、噠嗪基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡咯基及四氫喹啉。
本發明之烷基、環烷基、雜環基、雜芳基及芳基可視情況經1至5個選自以下之基團取代:OH、OC1-6烷基、Cl、Br、F、I、NH2、NH(C1-6烷基)、N(C1-6烷基)2、SH、SC1-6烷基、CO2H、CO2C1-6烷基、CONH2、CONH(C1-6烷基)及CON(C1-6烷基)2。
如本文中所使用,術語「二價橋接基團」係指二價化合價且能夠與兩個其他基團結合之基團。適宜二價橋接基團之實例包含但不限於-(CH2)t-(其中t係1至10之整數)、-O-、-S-、二價飽和或芳族碳環或雜環或雜芳族環或該等二價及/或環狀部分之組合。舉例而言,飽和C6環狀基團包含-C6H10-,C6芳族基團包含-C6H4-,C6雜環狀基團包含
在一較佳實施例中,二價橋接基團係-(CH2)t-,其中t係1至10、尤其1至6、更尤其6之整數。
適宜醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽包括但不限於諸如以下無機酸之醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽:鹽酸、硫酸、磷酸、硝酸、碳酸、硼酸、胺基磺酸、磺酸及氫溴酸;或諸如以下有機酸之醫藥上可接受之鹽:乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、酒石酸、馬來酸、羥基馬來酸、富馬酸、蘋果酸、檸檬酸、乳酸、黏酸、葡萄糖酸、苯甲酸、琥珀酸、草酸、苯乙酸、甲磺酸、甲苯磺酸、苯磺酸、水楊酸、對胺基苯磺酸、天門冬胺酸、麩胺酸、乙二胺四乙酸(edetic acid)、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、油酸、月桂酸、泛酸、鞣酸、抗壞血酸及戊酸。較佳鹽包含鹽酸、硼酸、磺酸、乙酸、葡萄糖酸、檸檬酸及酒石酸之鹽。
組合物中之唑類化合物含量可取決於所處理之微生物或微生物之組合。在一些實施例中,唑類化合物於醫藥或獸醫組合物中之含量為0.00001wt%至2.0wt%之間,尤其0.00001wt%至0.1wt%,更尤其0.00001wt%至0.01wt%或0.00001wt%至0.001wt%。唑類化合物於組合物中之含量可能在單獨使用時具有較小或沒有抗微生物效應,但用於本發明組合中時即會產生抗微生物效應。亦即,有效量之該物質可
與聚合雙胍協同作用。舉例而言,唑類(例如咪康唑)在佔組合物之約0.00012wt%下開始對細菌(例如偽中間葡萄球菌)具有抗微生物效應。然而,在與聚合雙胍組合時,唑類在低於此量下(例如在0.00003wt%至0.00012wt%之範圍內)即顯示抗微生物效應。在真菌感染(例如由白色念珠菌(C.albicans)引起之感染)之情形下,唑類在單獨使用時可在佔組合物之約0.0009wt%下開始具有抗微生物效應。然而,在與聚合雙胍組合時,唑類在低於此量下(例如在佔組合物之0.00012wt%至0.0009wt%之範圍內)即顯示抗微生物效應。
亦可藉由所使用調配物之類型來決定唑類化合物之含量。舉例而言,軟膏、洗劑或洗滌液(灌洗液)調配物可含有上述量。然而,洗髮劑組合物之調配物可能需要較大量,例如佔組合物之0.1wt%至4.0wt%,尤其約1wt%至2wt%。
組合物中之聚合雙胍含量亦可取決於所處理之微生物或微生物之組合。在一些實施例中,聚合雙胍以在以下範圍內之濃度存在:0.0001wt%至5wt%,尤其0.0001wt%至3.0wt%、更尤其0.0001wt%至0.5wt%(例如0.0001wt%至0.1wt%)。在一些實施例中,組合物中所使用聚合雙胍之量係在單獨使用時具有較小或沒有抗微生物活性但在用於本發明組合中時施加抗微生物效應之量。亦即,有效量之該物質可與唑類化合物協同作用。舉例而言,聚合雙胍(例如PHMB)在佔組合物之約0.00024wt%之濃度下開始對細菌(例如偽中間葡萄球菌)施加抗微生物效應。然而,在與唑類化合物組合時,聚合雙胍在低於此量下(例如在0.00003wt%至0.00024wt%之範圍內)顯示抗微生物效應。在真菌感染(例如藉由白色念珠菌引起之感染)之情形下,聚合雙胍在單獨使用時可在佔組合物之約0.0156wt%下開始具有抗微生物效應。然而,在與唑類化合物組合時,聚合雙胍在低於此量下(例如在佔組合物之0.003wt%至0.0156wt%之範圍內)顯示抗微生物效應。
亦可藉由所使用調配物之類型來決定聚合雙胍之含量。舉例而言,軟膏、洗劑或洗滌液(灌洗液)調配物可含有上述量。然而,洗髮劑組合物之調配物可需要較大量,例如組合物之1.0wt%至3.0wt%,尤其約2wt%。
在一些實施例中,組合物中之唑類化合物對聚合雙胍化合物之比率在1:1至1:300之範圍內,例如1:1至1:150、1:1至1:100、1:1至1:80或1:1至1:70。組合物中之唑類化合物對聚合雙胍之比率可端視所處理微生物而有所變化。舉例而言,可用於治療細菌感染(例如藉由偽中間葡萄球菌引起者)之唑類化合物對聚合雙胍之比率可在1:1至1:10之範圍內,例如約1:4。可用於治療真菌感染(例如藉由白色念珠菌引起者)之唑類化合物對聚合雙胍之比率可在1:120至1:175之範圍內,例如1:145至1:150、尤其約1:148。
在一些實施例中,唑類化合物及聚合雙胍之量係協同量,亦即提供協同效應之量。此容許以較低量使用唑類化合物,由此減小哺乳動物中之毒性並減小在微生物中產生抗性之可能性。
在一些實施例中,醫藥或獸醫組合物可進一步包含增強組合物之抗微生物活性之添加劑。該等添加劑包含丙二醇、甘油、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇、抗生素或丙二醇及/或聚丙二醇及/或聚乙二醇及/或甘油及/或抗生素之混合物。
適宜抗生素包含但不限於氟喹諾酮(fluoroquinolone),例如環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、諾氟沙星(norfloxacin)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin)、依諾沙星(enoxacin)、培氟沙星(perfloxacin)、氟羅沙星(fleroxacin)、恩氟沙星(enrofloxacin)、馬波沙星(marbofloxacin)、沙氟沙星(sarafloxacin)、奧比沙星(orbifloxacin)、達氟沙星(danofloxacin);胺基糖苷,例如鏈黴素(streptomycin)、奈替米星(netilmicin)、卡那黴素(kanamycin)、新黴素(neomycin)、妥布黴素(tobramycin)、阿米卡星
(amikacin)、西索米星(sisomicin)、核糖黴素(ribostamycin)、地貝卡星(dibekacin)、新黴素b(framycetin)及慶大黴素(gentamycin);青黴素(penicillin)及胺基青黴素,例如青黴素、胺苄西林(ampicillin)、阿莫西林(amoxacillin)、萘夫西林(nafcillin)、苯唑西林(oxacillin)及替卡西林(ticarcillin);頭孢菌素(cephalosporin),例如頭孢曲松(ceftriaxone)、頭孢胺苄(cephalexin)、頭孢羥胺苄(cefadroxil)及頭孢噻呋(ceftiofur);B-內醯胺,例如克拉維酸(clavulanic acid);大環內酯,例如克拉黴素(clarithromycin)及紅黴素(erythromycin);及其他抗生素,例如更生黴素(dactinomycin)、克林黴素(clindamycin)、萘啶酸(nalidixic acid)、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、利福平(rifampicin)、氯法齊明(clofazimine)、大觀黴素(spectinomycin)、多黏菌素B(polymyxin B)、多黏菌素e(colistin)、米諾環素(minocycline)、萬古黴素(vancomycin)、潮黴素B或C(hygromycin B or C)、夫西地酸(fusidic acid)、甲氧苄胺嘧啶(trimethoprim)及頭孢噻肟(cefotaxime)。
儘管呈其最簡單形式,但本發明組合物可以純淨形式使用,例如以唑類化合物及聚合雙胍之組合形式或以由存於水中之聚合雙胍及唑類化合物組成之水性組合物形式,組合物亦可包含其他醫藥上可接受或獸醫上可接受之添加劑,例如表面活性劑、載劑、稀釋劑及賦形劑。
本發明之局部投與可藉助液體或汽化組合物進行。適宜液體組合物包含洗劑、軟膏及凝膠且包含水溶液。適宜汽化組合物包含噴霧劑及氣溶膠。在一些實施例中,局部投與係藉由灌洗液或藉由噴霧劑(例如藉由按壓式噴瓶遞送者)投與液體組合物。業內已知其他適宜施加方式,例如濕紗布、拭子、棉布、發泡體、海綿或布料。在將組合物局部施加至皮膚之特定實施例中,組合物可呈洗劑、軟膏、慕斯(mousse)或凝膠之形式。在將組合物局部施加至含毛髮皮膚之其他實
施例中,組合物可呈洗髮劑形式。洗髮劑尤其可用於施加至人類之頭皮或施加至動物之任一身體部分或所有含毛髮身體部分。
在擬治療皮膚位於內襯上皮體腔(例如耳)中時,組合物可為藉由灌洗液或藉由噴霧劑(例如藉由按壓式噴瓶遞送者)施加之液體或水性組合物。尤其有益的是物理沖洗效應,其自耳襯破壞包覆之膿性及蠟質累積材料,將其分解並使得其他藥劑發生滲透並將其自耳道沖洗。
可使用沖洗液施加器施加此一液體沖洗組合物。用於局部組合物之適宜載劑包含但不限於礦物油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、聚氧丙烯、乳化蠟、山梨醇酐單硬脂酸酯、聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯60、鯨蠟基酯、蠟、鯨蠟醇、2-辛基十二烷醇、苄基醇、表面活性劑及水。在特定實施例中,載劑係水。
適宜載劑、賦形劑及稀釋劑(若適當)包含溶劑(例如用以增溶唑類化合物)、分散劑、防腐劑、滲透劑、表面活性劑、黏度調節劑、消炎劑、等滲劑及吸收劑及諸如此類。所用溶劑之選擇可藉由施加位點指定,舉例而言,一些溶劑(例如各種醇(例如苄基醇或苯甲醛))因對並無保護襯裡之敏感性鼓室及/或耳道之刺激性效應而不應局部投與耳道。
在一些實施例中,組合物包括非離子型表面活性劑、陽離子型表面活性劑、陰離子型表面活性劑或兩性表面活性劑或其組合。適宜表面活性劑包含但不限於聚山梨醇酯、烷氧基酚乙氧基化物、糖苷、糖苷烷基醚、四級銨化合物、脂肪酸硫酸酯、脂肪醚硫酸酯、聚乙氧基化糖脂、聚乙氧基化單甘油酯、保麗視明(poloxamine)及甜菜鹼。在特定實施例中,表面活性劑係選自由以下組成之群:壬苯聚醇、辛苯聚醇、磷脂、聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯80及椰油醯胺丙基甜菜鹼。表面活性劑通常以以下濃度存在於局部組合物(例如軟膏、洗劑、凝膠、慕斯或水性組合物)中:組合物之0.001% w/w(10ppm)至
5% w/w、較佳地0.01% w/w至2% w/w、最佳地0.1% w/w至1% w/w、尤其約0.2% w/w。在一些實施例中,表面活性劑在佔組合物之約0.01% w/w至0.02% w/w之範圍內、尤其組合物之約0.015% w/w。在諸如洗髮劑等組合物中,包含高比例之表面活性劑或表面活性劑混合物以達成清洗、起泡、黏度及條件化。所用表面活性劑可包含脂肪酸硫酸酯(例如月桂基硫酸銨及月桂基硫酸鈉)、脂肪醚硫酸酯(例如月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸鈉)、聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20及聚山梨醇酯80)、糖苷(例如去醯基糖苷及芳基糖苷)及甜菜鹼(例如椰油醯胺丙基甜菜鹼)。表面活性劑通常以<組合物之5% w/w至組合物之70% w/w變化之量存在於洗髮劑或其他清洗調配物中。藉由所需清洗(例如存在於個體皮膚上之皮膚油脂及蠟狀油及組合物中之其他組份(例如細菌或真菌產物)之量)來確定所存在表面活性劑之量。
增強至滲出物及蠟中或穿過上皮襯裡(表皮及真皮)之滲透之適宜試劑包含但不限於二甲基亞碸、聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮及輕油(例如肉豆蔻酸異丙基酯)。輕油亦溶解藉由耳產生之油性蠟且此係有價值效應。
適宜消炎劑包含但不限於皮質類固醇(例如潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、曲安西龍(triamcinolone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、倍他米松(betamethasone)及莫米松(momethaxone))且適宜非類固醇消炎藥包含但不限於布洛芬(ibuprofen)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、卡洛芬(caprofen)、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、托芬那酸(tolfenamic acid)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、非羅考昔(firocoxib)及酮咯酸(ketorolac)。適宜抗過敏性藥物包含但不限於色甘酸鈉(cromolyn)、依美斯汀(emedastine)、奧洛他定(olopatadine)及環孢菌素(cyclosporine)。
適宜黏度增強劑包含但不限於丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、
膨潤土、纖維素(例如甲基纖維素、乙基纖維素及羧甲基纖維素)及黃蓍膠。
組合物亦可包含防腐劑。彼等熟習此項技術者已知許多防腐劑及其混合物。適宜防腐劑包含苯甲酸鈉、α-生育酚、抗壞血酸、類胡蘿蔔素、山梨酸、苯甲酸、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丁酯、異噻唑啉酮、沒食子酸丙酯、第三丁基氫醌、丁基化羥基苯甲醚、丁基化羥基甲苯、偏亞硫酸氫鈉及亞硫酸氫鈉。在一些實施例中,防腐劑係對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯或其混合物。
將上述組合物用於治療哺乳動物之皮膚或內襯上皮體腔之感染之方法中。
適宜哺乳動物包含任一易於皮膚感染之哺乳動物,包含人類、家畜(例如寵物)、農業有用動物(例如綿羊、牛、豬及馬)及圈養野生動物(例如彼等飼養於動物園中者)。尤佳哺乳動物係人類及寵物(例如馬、貓及狗)。
在特定實施例中,使用組合物治療皮膚感染、尤其人類或動物(例如狗)之皮膚感染。在感染係外耳感染之其他實施例中,尤佳哺乳動物係人類及狗,尤其係諸如長髮、垂耳品種狗等狗。如本文中所使用,術語「外耳」係指耳之耳廓或耳郭及耳道或聽道。在其他實施例中,內襯上皮體腔為呼吸道(例如鼻腔或鼻孔)或泌尿生殖道(例如陰道、子宮或尿相關腔)。
在一些實施例中,感染係細菌感染。在其他實施例中,感染係真菌感染。在其他實施例中,感染係藉由共存在於皮膚上之真菌及細菌之混合物引起。感染可能由革蘭氏陽性細菌(Gram positive bacteria)、革蘭氏陰性細菌(Gram negative bacteria)或真菌(例如酵母(例如馬拉色菌屬)或菌絲體型真菌(例如皮膚癬菌))引起。
在一些實施例中,感染係藉由選自以下一種或多種細菌引起:葡萄球菌屬、鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus spp.)、腸桿菌屬、克雷伯菌屬、變形桿菌屬及假單胞菌。在特定實施例中,細菌可選自以下一種或多種:中間型葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus intermedius)、偽中間葡萄球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大腸桿菌、奇異變形桿菌、普通變形桿菌及銅綠假單胞菌。在一些實施例中,真菌感染係由真菌(例如酵母)、條件致病性環境真菌(例如曲黴菌屬(Aspergillus spp.))或皮膚癬菌引起。在特定實施例中,酵母可為念珠菌屬(Candida spp.)(例如白色念珠菌)或馬拉色菌屬(例如厚皮病馬拉色菌)且曲黴菌屬可選自棒曲黴菌(Aspergillus clavatus)、費雪氏曲黴菌(Aspergillus fischerianus)、黃麴黴菌(Aspergillus flavus)及煙曲黴菌(Aspergillus fumigatus)。皮膚癬菌可選自小孢子菌屬(Microsporum spp.)、表皮癬菌屬(Epidermophyton spp.)或毛癬菌屬(Trichophyton spp.),包含但不限於腳癬(Tinea pedis)、股癬(Tinea cruris)、體癬(Tinea corpora)、面癬(Tinea faciei)、頭癬(Tinea capitis)、手癬(Tinea manuum)、紅色毛癬菌(Trichophyton rubrum)、鬚毛癬菌(Trichophyton mentagrophytes)、疣狀毛癬菌(Trichophyton verrucosum)、斷發毛癬菌(Trichophyton tonsurans)、馬毛癬菌(Trichophyton equinum)、康內毛癬菌(Trichophyton kanei)、魯比切克毛癬菌(Trichophyton raubitschekii)、紫色毛癬菌(Trichophyton violaceum)、絮狀麥皮癬菌(Epidermophyton floccosum)、奧杜盎小孢子菌(Microsporum audouinii)、犬小孢子菌(Microsporum canis)、馬類小孢子菌(Microsporum equinum)、矮小孢子菌(Microsporum nanum)及桃色小孢子菌(Microsporum versicolor)。
本發明組合物可以使用任何可有效抑制或治療或預防感染之量。如本文中所使用,術語「有效量」係有關在根據所期望投藥方案
投與時可提供所期望治療活性或預防感染之組合物用量。可以間隔數分鐘、數小時、數天、數週、數月或數年來進行投藥。抑制有效量係在根據期望劑量方案投與時足以預防負責感染之微生物之繁殖之組合物量。治療有效量(therapeutic effective amount或treatment effective amount)係如下之組合物量:在根據期望劑量方案投與時,其足以至少部分地獲得期望治療效應,或延遲感染發作,或抑制感染進展,部分地或完全中止感染之發作或進展,或能夠逆轉或部分地逆轉有機體之抗生素敏感性,包含降低最小抑制濃度(MIC)或誘導協同相互作用。在根據期望劑量方案投與時,預防有效量之組合物足以至少部分地預防或延遲感染發作。
適宜劑量量及投藥方案可由主治醫師或獸醫確定且可取決於感染嚴重程度以及所治療個體之年齡、一般健康狀況及體重。
在一些實施例中,該方法可包括依序或同時投與抗生素或消炎劑之另一步驟。同時投與可以一種組合物或單獨組合物形式。適宜抗生素包含但不限於氟喹諾酮,例如環丙沙星、諾氟沙星、氧氟沙星、依諾沙星、培氟沙星、氟羅沙星、恩氟沙星、馬波沙星、沙氟沙星、奧比沙星、達氟沙星;胺基糖苷,例如鏈黴素、奈替米星、卡那黴素、新黴素、妥布黴素、阿米卡星、西索米星、核糖黴素、地貝卡星、新黴素b及慶大黴素;青黴素及胺基青黴素,例如青黴素、胺苄西林、阿莫西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林及替卡西林;頭孢菌素,例如頭孢曲松、頭孢胺苄、頭孢羥胺苄及頭孢噻呋;B-內醯胺,例如克拉維酸;大環內酯,例如克拉黴素及紅黴素;及其他抗生素,例如更生黴素、克林黴素、萘啶酸、氯黴素、利福平、氯法齊明、大觀黴素、多黏菌素B、多黏菌素e、米諾環素、萬古黴素、潮黴素B或C、夫西地酸、甲氧苄胺嘧啶及頭孢噻肟。適宜消炎劑包含但不限於皮質類固醇(例如潑尼松龍、曲安西龍、地塞米松、倍他米松及莫米松)且適宜
非類固醇消炎藥包含但不限於布洛芬、酮洛芬、舒洛芬、卡洛芬、美洛昔康、托芬那酸、吡羅昔康、非羅考昔及酮咯酸。適宜抗過敏性藥物包含但不限於抗組胺劑(antihistamine)、色甘酸鈉、依美斯汀、奧洛他定及環孢菌素。
在一些實施例中,使用該方法抑制或治療外耳、尤其狗外耳之感染。當前狗之耳道較長且捲繞且由此不能自清洗。狗不能保持其耳足夠清潔而預防感染。尤其易發生耳感染之狗往往具有長髮及垂耳。
治療狗之耳感染之另一困難在於,在液滴或液體進入耳道中後,搖動其頭部以去除液體係一反射。重要的是具有在投與耳道後快速發生作用之耳洗滌液或組合物。
在其他實施例中,使用方法治療皮膚感染、尤其狗之皮膚感染。在治療皮膚感染時,亦可需要快速作用,此乃因在施加之後不久動物可抖落或舔光組合物或組合物可能難以滲透至一些動物皮毛類型(例如緻密皮毛類型)中。
在一些實施例中,組合物呈洗髮劑、耳滴液或耳洗滌組合物之形式。
彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,本文所闡述之本發明易於具有除彼等具體闡述者外之變化及修改。應理解,本發明包含所有該等變化及修改,其屬本發明之精神及範圍內。
現參照下列實例來闡述本發明,包含該等實例僅用於闡釋目的且並不意欲限制上文所闡述本發明之一般性。
1.測定丙二醇是否係增溶咪康唑之適宜溶劑。使用偽中間葡萄球菌接種含有孔之馬-欣二氏瓊脂(Mueller-Hinton agar)(MH)板且使用厚皮病馬拉色菌接種含有6mm孔之Sabouraud右旋糖瓊脂(SAB)板。使
用50μL丙二醇填充孔並將MH板在37℃下培育18小時至24小時,且將SAB板在30℃至35℃下培育72小時。然後觀察板中孔周圍之微生物生長之任何抑制。
並未觀察到抑制區,因此,丙二醇對偽中間葡萄球菌或厚皮病馬拉色菌並不具有抗微生物效應。丙二醇係增溶咪康唑之適宜溶劑。
2.為測定咪康唑及PHMB之適宜濃度,使用偽中間葡萄球菌接種含有孔之MH瓊脂板且使用厚皮病馬拉色菌接種含有孔之SAB板。使用50μL不同濃度之咪康唑或PHMB填充孔。將MH板在37℃下培育18小時至24小時且將SAB板在30℃至35℃下培育48小時。
在培育之後,量測孔周圍之抑制區之直徑。抑制區展示於表1中。
選擇具有類似抑制區大小之PHMB及咪康唑之濃度以測定協同性。
3.為測定咪康唑及PHMB之組合是否具有協同效應,分別使用偽中間葡萄球菌及厚皮病馬拉色菌接種四個或兩個分隔不同距離之孔之MH及SAB瓊脂板。以不同濃度向板一側上之孔投用50μL咪康唑且向板另一側投用50μL PHMB,如圖1中所展示。
圖1A展示使用偽中間葡萄球菌接種之瓊脂板。該板含有4個孔。板左手側上之孔與板右手側上之孔分隔17mm。向板左手側上之孔投用50μL 0.0039%咪康唑。向板右手側上之頂部孔投用50μL 0.125% PHMB且向底部孔投用50μL 0.0625% PHMB。將板在37℃下培育18小時至24小時。在培育之後,檢驗板中兩個上部或下部孔之間之抑制區。如圖1A中所展示,在具有0.0039%咪康唑及0.125% PHMB之孔之間形成抑制區,從而顯示咪康唑與PHMB之間之協同性。在具有0.0039%咪康唑及0.625% PHMB之孔之間並未觀察到抑制區。
圖1B展示使用厚皮病馬拉色菌接種之瓊脂板。使用兩個板且將孔置於板之左側及右側之中央並分隔20mm。向兩個板左手側上之孔投用50μL 0.0009%咪康唑。在一個板上,向右手側孔投用50μL 0.125% PHMB且在另一板上向右手側孔投用50μL 0.25% PHMB。將板在30℃至35℃下培育48小時。在培育之後,檢驗板中左手側孔與右手側孔之間之抑制區。如圖1B中所展示,在兩個板上之孔之間形成抑制區顯示咪康唑及兩種濃度PHMB之間的協同性。
藉由將不同濃度之每一組份或其組合添加至熔化馬-欣二氏瓊脂及SAB瓊脂中來測定PHMB、咪康唑以及PHMB及咪康唑之混合物之MIC。首先將咪康唑溶於丙二醇中,但藉由使用水稀釋此溶液來製備稀釋液。
所測試之咪康唑、PHMB或PHMB及咪康唑之組合之濃度包含:PHMB:0.009wt%、0.00048wt%、0.00024wt%、0.00012wt%、0.00006wt%及0.00003wt%。
咪康唑:0.00048wt%、0.00024wt%、0.00012wt%、0.00006wt%及0.00003wt%。
PHMB/咪康唑:0.009/0.00048wt%、0.009/0.00024wt%、
0.009/0.00012wt%、0.009/0.00006wt%、0.009/0.00003wt%、0.00048/0.00048wt%、0.00048/0.00024wt%、0.00048/0.00012wt%、0.00048/0.00006wt%、0.00048/0.00003wt%、0.00024/0.00048wt%、0.00024/0.00024wt%、0.00024/0.00012wt%、0.00024/0.00006wt%、0.00024/0.00003wt%、0.00012/0.00048wt%、0.00012/0.00024wt%、0.00012/0.00012wt%、0.00012/0.00006wt%、0.00012/0.00003wt%、0.00006/0.00048wt%、0.00006/0.00024wt%、0.00006/0.00012wt%、0.00006/0.00006wt%、0.00006/0.00003wt%、0.00003/0.00048wt%、0.00003/0.00024wt%、0.00003/0.00012wt%、0.00003/0.00006wt%及0.00003/0.00003wt%。
將含有以下中之一者之微生物懸浮液液滴:
a)偽中間葡萄球菌及
b)白色念珠菌
分別添加至每一濃度咪康唑、PHMB及其組合之MH瓊脂板及SAB板中,且將MH板在37℃下培育24小時至48小時並將SAB板在20℃至35℃下培育48小時。使用兩種不同來源之偽中間葡萄球菌分離物。
在培育之後,檢驗板以測定抑制微生物生長之最低濃度。
使用該等濃度計算分級抑制濃度指數(FICI),其係組合組份之間之協同作用之量度。使用下列方程式計算FICI:FIC咪康唑=MIC咪康唑+PHMB/MIC咪康唑
FICPHMB=MICPHMB+咪康唑/MICPHMB
FICI=FIC咪康唑+FICPHMB
FICI>0.5-4.0指示組份之間並無相互作用
FICI>4.0指示組份之間之拮抗作用
結果展示於表2中。
S.p=偽中間葡萄球菌;C.a=白色念珠菌
如自該等結果可看到,PHMB及咪康唑之組合對偽中間葡萄球菌及酵母白色念珠菌之兩種不同分離物具有協同效應。
使用自具有細菌或真菌感染之狗獲得之不同細菌及真菌分離物重複實例2之程序。分析自八隻不同狗獲得之八種偽中間葡萄球菌分離物及來自三隻不同狗之三種厚皮病馬拉色菌分離物。結果展示於表3及4中。
Claims (17)
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包括至少一種選自酮康唑(ketoconazole)及咪康唑(miconazole)之抗真菌咪唑化合物或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽;及聚六亞甲基雙胍(PHMB)或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽;其中酮康唑對PHMB之比率在1:1至1:300之範圍內,且其中咪康唑對PHMB之比率在1:1至1:150之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之醫藥組合物,其中該至少一種咪唑化合物係咪康唑或其醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥組合物,其進一步包括醫藥上或獸醫上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或稀釋劑。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥組合物,其中該組合物係呈凝膠、洗劑、軟膏、噴霧劑、洗髮劑或慕斯(mousse)之形式。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥組合物,其中該組合物係藉由灌洗液(lavage)或藉由噴霧劑施加之液體或水性組合物。
- 如請求項5之醫藥組合物,其中該組合物係使用沖洗液施加器(flush applicator)施加。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥組合物,其進一步包括增強抗微生物活性之添加劑及/或消炎劑。
- 如請求項7之醫藥組合物,其中該增強抗微生物活性之添加劑係選自丙二醇、甘油、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇、抗生素或其混合物。
- 如請求項7之醫藥組合物,其中該消炎劑係選自皮質類固醇及非類固醇消炎藥。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥組合物,其係用於獸醫用藥。
- 一種如請求項1至10中任一項之組合物之用途,其用於製造供治 療或預防哺乳動物之皮膚或內襯上皮體腔之感染之醫藥。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中該感染係細菌感染、真菌感染或混合細菌及真菌感染。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該細菌感染係由選自以下一種或多種之細菌引起:葡萄球菌屬(Staphylococcus spp.)、鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus spp.)、腸桿菌屬(Enterobacteriaceae spp.)、克雷伯菌屬(Klebsiella spp.)、變形桿菌屬(Proteus spp.)及假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas spp.)。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該真菌感染係由酵母、曲黴菌屬(Aspergillus spp.)或皮膚癬菌引起。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該酵母係選自念珠菌屬(Candida spp.)及馬拉色菌屬(Malassezia spp.)。
- 如請求項11至15中任一項之用途,其中該感染係皮膚感染。
- 如請求項11至15中任一項之用途,其中該感染係外耳感染。
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