TWI605089B - 具有改良的氧反應性之聚醯胺-聚二烯摻合物 - Google Patents
具有改良的氧反應性之聚醯胺-聚二烯摻合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI605089B TWI605089B TW104107856A TW104107856A TWI605089B TW I605089 B TWI605089 B TW I605089B TW 104107856 A TW104107856 A TW 104107856A TW 104107856 A TW104107856 A TW 104107856A TW I605089 B TWI605089 B TW I605089B
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- polyester
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- nylon
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Description
本專利申請書主張2009年6月11日遞件申請之美國臨時申請案61/186271號的優先權,其教示內容將完整併入本案。
本發明係關於一種在有離子聚酯相容劑存在的情況下改善氧反應性之聚醯胺-聚二烯摻合物之用途。
在此技術領域中,已知可使用離子相容劑容於PET阻隔瓶中相容化尼龍。在此領域已知可將鈷與尼龍一起使用,以及在PET阻隔瓶中使用離子相容劑、鈷和尼龍。
也已知可以在有聚丁二烯存在時使用鈷鹽與PET反應,以產生阻隔瓶。
WO0183318描述了尼龍與聚丁二烯的反應,以產生一種與PET和鈷摻合之除氧化合物。
然而,由2009年2月25日電子出版的研究揭露報告(Research Disclosures)中得知在磺基異苯二甲酸存在的情況下評估聚丁二烯清除劑和尼龍清除劑,當
有離子相容劑存在時,聚醯胺鈷鹽混合物對於和氧進行反應具有非常長的誘導期。同時亦得知,聚丁二烯在有鈷鹽和離子相容劑存在的情況下,無法與氧反應良好。依照此揭露內容,SIPA抑制了氧與聚丁二烯的反應以及氧與MXD6尼龍的反應。
因此,需要一種在有離子相容劑存在的情況下能與氧良好反應的系統,且其具有較快的誘發時間。
本專利申請書揭露了一種包含聚酯、離子相容劑、聚醯胺、聚二烯化合物和過渡金屬化合物之組成物。它進一步揭露:離子相容劑可以衍生自磺基異苯二甲酸或其二甲酯的鹽類。它也進一步揭露:聚醯胺相對於聚二烯化合物的比率是在4:1到1000:1的範圍內。聚二烯可具有官能基,並且這些基團至少有一些會與聚醯胺反應。聚酯的含量可約為整個組成物重量的9至99.8%。
它也進一步揭露:過渡金屬化合物相對於聚醯胺再加上聚二烯化合物的含量約為100至15,000ppm,並且過渡金屬化合物可以是一種鈷化合物。
本文所描述的是一種改良的聚酯-聚醯胺組成物,其係在有聚酯和離子相容劑存在的情況下,將聚醯胺均聚物、共聚物或其摻合物,以及可氧化的聚二烯或聚醚予以結合而製得。此組成物較好是也含有金屬羧酸鹽觸媒。聚二烯也可被視為來自二烯單體的化合物。
較佳的聚醯胺均聚物或共聚物係選自數目平均分子量為約2,000至約100,000之脂肪聚醯胺和脂肪/芳香聚醯胺。可用於製備聚醯胺的一般程序在此領域已為已知。可用於製造聚醯胺的二酸包括二羧酸,其係由下列一般式所代表HOOC-Z-COOH
其中Z代表含有至少2個碳原子的二價脂肪自由基,如己二酸、癸二酸、十八烷二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、十二烷二酸和戊二酸。二羧酸可以是脂肪酸或芳香酸,如異苯二甲酸和對苯二甲酸。適合用於製造聚醯胺的二胺包括下式所代表H2N(CH2)nNH2
其中n為1-16的整數,並且包括如丙二胺、丁二胺、戊二胺、己二胺、辛二胺、癸二胺、十二亞甲二胺、十六亞甲二胺之類的化合物,芳香二胺、如對苯二胺、4,4’-二胺基二苯醚、4,4’-二胺基二苯碸、4,4’-二胺基二苯甲烷,烷基化二胺,如2,2-二甲基戊二胺、2,2,4-三甲基己二胺和2,4,4-三甲基戊二胺,以及環脂二胺,如二胺基二環己甲烷和其它化合物。其它有用的二胺還包括庚二胺、壬二胺等。
可用的脂肪聚醯胺均聚物包括聚(4-胺基丁酸)(尼龍4)、聚(6-胺基己酸)(尼龍6,亦稱為聚(己內醯胺))、聚(7-胺基庚酸)(尼龍7)、聚(8-胺基辛酸)(尼龍8)、聚(9-胺基壬酸)(尼龍9)、聚(10-胺基癸酸)(尼龍10)、聚(11-胺基十一酸)(尼龍11)、聚(12-胺基十二酸)(尼龍
12)、聚(六亞甲己二醯胺)(尼龍6,6)、聚(六亞甲癸二醯胺)(尼龍6,10)、聚(七亞甲庚二醯胺)(尼龍7,7)、聚(八亞甲癸二醯胺)(尼龍8,8)、聚(六亞甲壬二醯胺)(尼龍6,9)、聚(九亞甲壬二醯胺)(尼龍9,9)、聚(十亞甲壬二醯胺)(尼龍10,9)、聚(四亞甲己二醯胺)(尼龍4,6)、己內醯胺/六亞甲己二醯胺共聚物(尼龍6,6/6)、六亞甲己二醯胺/己內醯胺共聚物(尼龍6/6,6)、三亞甲己二醯胺/六亞甲壬二醯胺共聚物(尼龍6,2/6,2)、六亞甲己二醯胺-六亞甲壬二醯胺己內醯胺共聚物(尼龍6,6/6,9/6)、聚(丁二胺-共-草酸)(尼龍4,2)、正十二烷二酸和已二胺的聚醯胺(尼龍6,12)、正十二亞甲二胺和正十二烷二酸的聚醯胺(尼龍12,12),及其摻合物和共聚物,以及未在此特別描述的其它聚醯胺。
在這些聚醯胺之中,較佳的聚醯胺包括聚己內醯胺,其亦常被稱為尼龍6,以及聚六亞甲己二醯胺,其亦常被稱為尼龍6,6,以及其混合物。其中尤以聚己內醯胺為最佳。
用於實施本發明之聚醯胺可由商用來源取得或是依照已知的製備技術來製備。舉例來說,聚(己內醯胺)可取自美國紐澤西州Morristown的Honeywell International公司,商標為CAPRON®。適合用於本發明做為第一聚醯胺之CAPRON®變體包括CAPRON® 8200尼龍,其係甲酸黏度(FAV)為75的均衡尼龍6,CAPRON® 1767尼龍,其係FAV為35的均衡尼龍6,以及CAPRON® 8224HSL尼龍,其係FAV為60的熱穩定、平滑的尼龍6。
適合做為第二聚醯胺之CAPRON®尼龍包括CAPRON® 1250尼龍,其係FAV為60的胺端基尼龍6,且每克具有的胺基端基為70至78毫當量。
脂肪/芳香聚醯胺的例子包括聚(2,2,2-三甲基六亞甲對苯二甲醯胺)、聚(間-苯二甲己二醯胺)(MXD6)、聚(對-苯二甲己二醯胺)、聚(六亞甲對苯二甲醯胺)(尼龍6,T)、聚(六亞甲異苯二甲醯胺)(尼龍6,I)、聚(十二亞甲對苯二甲醯胺)、聚醯胺6T/6I、聚(丁二胺-共-異苯二甲酸)(尼龍4,I)、聚醯胺6/MXDT/I、聚醯胺MXDI、六亞甲己二醯胺/六亞甲異苯二甲醯胺(尼龍6,6/6I)、六亞甲己二醯胺/六亞甲對苯二甲醯胺(尼龍6,6/6T)以及未在此特別描述的其它聚醯胺。
也可以使用兩種或更多種脂肪/芳香聚醯胺和/或脂肪聚醯胺之摻合物。可藉由已知的製備技術來製備脂肪/芳香聚醯胺或者是取自商用來源。其它適合的聚醯胺可參考美國專利4,826,955和5,541,267號中所述。
本發明之組成物亦包含一種官能性、可與尼龍反應、可氧化的聚二烯或聚醚以做為除氧劑。其為低分子量、小顆粒,且可相容且均勻地分散在聚醯胺中。這種可與尼龍反應、可氧化的聚二烯或聚醚較佳係包括環氧或酸酐官能性,使其得以和聚醯胺的羧基或胺基端基反應。聚二烯或聚醚中的官能性也可與聚醯胺骨幹中的醯胺基反應。此官能性可以懸掛於骨幹或是在聚二烯或聚醚的鏈末端。較佳的官能聚二烯為能具有以下一般骨幹結構之官能聚烷二烯寡聚物
其中R1、R2、R3和R4可相同或相異,並可可選自氫(--H)或任何低碳烷基(甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基等)。R2&R3也可為氯基(--Cl)。骨幹結構的例證為聚丁二烯(1,4或1,2或兩者的混合物)、聚異戊二烯(1,4或3,4)、聚2,3-二甲基丁二烯、聚氯戊二烯、聚2,3-二氯丁二烯、聚丙二烯、聚1,6-己三烯等。
適合做為除氧劑之官能、可氧化聚二烯的特定非限制性實例包括環氧官能化的聚丁二烯(1,4和/或1,2)、順丁烯二酸酐接枝或共聚之聚丁二烯(1,4和/或1,2)、環氧官能化的聚異戊二烯以及順丁烯二酸酐接枝或共聚之聚異戊二烯。
做為除氧劑之官能、可氧化聚醚的特定非限制性實例包括胺、環氧或酸酐官能化之聚環氧丙烷、聚環氧丁烷(2,3或1,2)以及聚氧化苯乙烯。較佳的除氧劑為環氧官能的聚丁二烯寡聚物。在聚醯胺組成物中所含的除氧劑為大量的小顆粒。此種官能聚二烯或聚醚寡聚物的數平均分子量(Mn)可在500至7,000之間,較佳為約750至約3000,最佳為約1000至約2000。
相對於聚醯胺的重量,其相對於聚醯胺之比率為約0.1至約10重量%,較佳為約1%至約10重量%,更佳為約0.5%至約5重量%。此種官能、可氧化的聚二烯或聚醚為顆粒形式,其平均粒徑大小係在約10奈米至約1000奈米的範圍內,其中顆粒係實質上均勻地分佈在
聚醯胺之中。顆粒大小較佳是在10奈米和400奈米之間,以10奈米至300奈米為更佳,甚至於是以10奈米至200奈米為更佳,尤以5奈米至150奈米為最佳。
此組成物可包括聚醯胺和聚二烯或聚醚之摻合物,或者是聚醯胺與可氧化的聚二烯或聚醚之反應產物。
在組成物中,聚醯胺相對於二烯的重量比率為約4:1至約1000:1,較佳為約10:1至約100:1,更佳為約18:1至約49:1。
此組成物較佳是還進一步包含一種金屬脂肪酸鹽觸媒,如低分子量金屬羧酸鹽觸媒。適合的金屬脂肪酸鹽觸媒具有一個相對離子,其為醋酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、丙酸鹽、己酸鹽、辛酸鹽、苯酸鹽、水楊酸鹽和桂皮酸鹽或其組合。金屬脂肪酸鹽觸媒較佳為鈷、銅或釕的醋酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、丙酸鹽、己酸鹽、辛酸鹽、苯酸鹽、水楊酸鹽和桂皮酸鹽,或其組合。較佳的金屬羧酸鹽為羧酸鈷、錳、釕或銅。其中更佳的是羧酸鈷或錳,並且最佳的是羧酸鈷。其在整個組成物中的含量為聚醯胺重量加上二烯重量的約0.0001%至約10重量%,較佳為聚醯胺重量加上二烯重量的約0.001%至約5重量%,更佳為聚醯胺重量加上二烯重量的約0.005%至約0.5重量%。最佳的範圍是聚醯胺重量加上二烯重量的約0.01%至約0.1重量%。
本發明的聚酯可藉由此技術領域已知的聚合程序來製備。由於此產業持續在進步,也可能藉由尚未
知的發明或創新來製備聚酯。製備聚酯聚合物和共聚物的傳統方式為涉及二醇與二羧酸或其相對應酯之反應的熔融相聚合反應。也可以使用多種二醇和二酸的各種共聚物。
一般而言,聚酯聚合物和共聚物可藉由,例如,涉及二醇與二羧酸或其相對應二酯之反應的熔融相聚合反應來製備。也可以使用來自多種二醇和二酸所形成之各種共聚物。只含有一種化學組成物之重複單元的聚合物為均聚物。在相同巨分子中具有兩種或以上化學性之不同重複單元的聚合物則稱為共聚物。重複單元的多樣性係由初始聚合反應中存在的不同類型單體的數目而定。就聚酯而言,共聚物包括將一或多種二醇與二酸或多種二酸反應,並且有時被稱為三共聚合物。
如前文中所述,適合的二羧酸包括那些含有約4至約40個碳原子的二羧酸。特定的二羧酸包括,但非侷限於,對苯二甲酸、異苯二甲酸、萘2,6-二羧酸、環己二羧酸、環己二乙酸、二苯基-4,4’-二羧酸、1,3-亞苯二氧二乙酸、1,2-亞苯二氧二乙酸、1,4-亞苯二氧二乙酸、丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸等。特定的酯類包括,但非侷限於,酞酸酯與(naphthalic diesters)萘二酯。如同下文中將解釋的,磺基異苯二甲酸的金屬鹽(如鋰、鈉和鈣)也是適合的二羧酸。
這些酸或酯可與較佳是具有約2至約24個碳原子的脂肪二醇、具有約7至約24個碳原子的環脂二醇、具有約6至約24個碳原子的芳香二醇、或是具有約
4至約24個碳原子的二醇醚。適合的二醇包括,但非侷限於,乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,4-環己二甲醇、二乙二醇、間苯二酚、1,3-丙二醇和對苯二酚。
可用的聚酯為可結晶的聚酯,其中有85%以上的酸單元係衍生自對苯二甲酸。一般認為,具有15%以上共聚單體改質的聚酯是難以結晶的。然而,本發明包含的聚酯可以結晶並且具有高於15%的共聚單體含量。本發明也包括不能結晶的聚酯且/或具有高於15%的共聚單體含量。
也可以使用多官能共聚單體,一般數量為約0.01至約3莫耳百分比。適合的共聚單體包括,但非侷限於,苯偏三酸酐、三羥甲基丙烷、苯均四酸二酐(PMDA),以及新戊四醇。也可以使用形成聚酯的多元酸或多元醇。聚酯和共聚酯的摻合物也可用於本發明。
有一種適合的可結晶聚酯為聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)或是其以磺基異苯二甲酸鋰改質之共聚物,其係由磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的二酯或二羧酸所形成,其中酸或其二酯以大約1:1的化學計量關係與乙二醇反應。共聚物也很適合。可使用之特定共聚物和三共聚合物為可結晶的聚酯,其包含磺基異苯二甲酸鋰,並且結合了異苯二甲酸或其二酯、2,6-萘酸鹽二羧酸或其二酯和/或環己二甲醇。磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的最適含量係在0.1到2.0莫耳百分比的範圍內,其係以聚合物中的酸部分(acid moieties)為計算基準。雖然高於2.0莫耳百分比並不會
有害於提高聚醯胺在聚酯中的分散,但高於2.0莫耳百分比將會達到很少或是沒有額外的改善。
磺酸鹽的量,例如,特別是磺基異苯二甲酸鋰(衍生自5-磺基異苯二甲酸單鋰鹽),為約0.05至10.0莫耳百分比,最適的數量是在約0.1至約2.0莫耳百分比的範圍內,又以約0.1至約1.1莫耳百分比的範圍內更佳,並且以約0.18至約0.74莫耳百分比還要更佳,以約0.18至約0.6莫耳百分比為最佳。
羧酸或酯與二醇的酯化或聚縮合反應一般是在有觸媒存在的條件下進行。適合的觸媒包括,但非侷限於,氧化銻、三醋酸銻、伸乙基羥乙酸銻(antimony etheylene glycolate)、有機鎂、氧化錫、鈦烷氧化物、二月桂酸二丁錫和氧化鍺。這些觸媒可以和鋅、錳、或鎂的醋酸鹽或苯甲酸鹽一起組合使用。其中以含有銻的觸媒為較佳。
另一種較佳的聚酯基質為聚對苯二甲酸丙二酯(PTT)。其可藉由,例如,使1,3-丙二醇與至少一種芳香二酸或其烷基酯進行反應的方式來製備。較佳的二酸和烷基酯包括對苯二甲酸(TPA)或對苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)。因此,PTT較佳係包含至少約80莫耳百分比的TPA或者是DMT。可以在聚酯中共聚合的其它二醇包括,例如,乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,4-環己二甲醇和1,4-丁二醇。除了如磺基異苯二甲酸之類的離子相容劑之外,可以同時使用其它芳香和脂肪酸來製造共聚物,包括例如異苯二甲酸和癸二酸。
用於製備PTT的較佳觸媒包括鈦和鋯化合物。適合的催化鈦化合物包括,但非侷限於,鈦烷基化物和其衍生物、鈦錯合鹽、具有羥基羧酸的鈦錯合物、二氧化鈦-二氧化矽-共-沈澱物,以及含鹼的水合二氧化鈦。特定實例包括四-(2-乙基己基)-鈦酸鹽、四硬脂鈦酸鹽、二異丙氧基-雙(乙醯基-丙酮基)-鈦、二-正丁氧基-雙(三乙醇胺基)-鈦、三丁基單乙醯鈦酸鹽、三異丙基單乙醯鈦酸鹽、四苯甲酸鈦酸鹽、鹼金屬草酸鈦和丙二酸鈦、六氟鈦酸鉀以及與酒石酸、檸檬酸或乳酸之鈦錯合物。較佳的催化鈦化合物為四丁酸鈦和四異丙酸鈦。也可以使用對應的鋯化合物。
聚酯也可含有少量的磷化合物,如磷酸酯和亞磷酸酯,以及如鈷化合物之類的觸媒,其易於給予藍色的色澤。在此連續基質中,也可以容許少量的其它聚合物,如聚烯烴。亞磷酸酯的一個實例為亞磷酸三乙酯。
在熔融相聚合反應完全之後,聚合物被製成薄膜或是零件或絞線狀,並且切成更小的碎片,如顆粒。接著,這種聚合物通常會被結晶,並且進行固相(固態)聚合反應(SSP)步驟,以達到製造特定物品(如瓶子)所必需的固有黏度。結晶和聚合可以在批式系統的滾筒乾燥反應器中進行。固相聚合反應可以在相同的滾筒乾燥機中進行,聚合物在該處將被施以高真空,以萃取聚合反應副產物。
或者是,在連續的固能聚合反應方法中完成結晶和聚合反應,因此使得聚合物在它於每一個容器中
經過既定的處理之後會由一個容器流向另一個容器。結晶條件與聚合物的結晶和黏稠傾向有關。然而,較佳的溫度為約100℃至約235℃。就可結晶的聚酯而言,此固相聚合反應條件一般會比聚合物的熔點要低10℃。就非可結晶的聚酯而言,此固相聚合反應溫度一般會比聚合物自身開始相黏的溫度要低約10℃。然而,用於可結晶聚合物的傳統固相聚合反應溫度是在約200℃至約232℃的範圍內,許多操作是在約215℃至約232℃的溫度下進行。習於此技術領域者將可了解固相聚合反應的最適溫度是因聚合物而有所不同,並且是由產物中的共聚物類型及數量來決定。然而,在產業中,固相聚合反應的最適條件通常皆已完成,並且可以輕易地完成而不須過度的實驗。
固相聚合反應可以進行一段時間,其足以使固有黏度提高到所需的程度,其端視應用的用途而定。對典型的瓶子用途而言,較佳的固有黏度(I.V.)為約0.65至約1.0分升/克。要達到此I.V.所需的時間為約8至21小時。
在本發明的一個實施實例中,本發明之可結晶聚酯可以包含回收聚酯或是衍生自回收聚酯的材料,如聚酯單體、觸媒和寡聚物。
可結晶乙詞係代表聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯可以變成半晶質,其可經由定向或者是熱來誘發結晶性。已知沒有塑膠完全為晶質,並且其結晶形態更準確的來說應該是半晶質。半晶質乙詞在舊有技術領域已為人所熟
知,並且其代表的是描述一種聚合物,其X-射線圖案在晶質區域內具有陡峭的特徵且在非晶質區域具有擴散的特徵。在此領域亦已經知道半晶質與純晶質和非晶質狀態有很明顯的區隔。
未變成晶體的對苯二甲酸酯聚合物是一種不可結晶的聚酯,據信,它亦適合用於本發明。
對於每100份聚酯加上聚醯胺而言,聚醯胺的較佳數量是在1至15份之間,更佳是在3至8份之間,最有效是發生在3至7份之間。
聚醯胺若含有如次亞磷酸鈉之類的安定劑或者是其它無機亞磷酸鹽安定劑,也是較佳的情況。安定劑的含量必須在10至500ppm之間,其係以聚醯胺為基準。然而,聚醯胺也可以不含亞磷酸鹽安定劑。
這種離子相容劑較佳係衍生自一種共聚單體,其已反應進入聚合物鏈。要成為共聚單體,這種離子相容劑被至少一個端基官能化,其可使得此離子相容劑與其它至少一種聚合物或是組成物中的聚合物共聚單體反應。
就聚酯而言,其可以是用來產生聚酯離子聚合物的極性共聚單體。就聚醯胺而言,離子相容劑可以是用來產生聚醯胺離子聚合物的極性共聚單體。這些共聚單體的實例為美國專利6,500,895(B1)號中所述各種磺酸鹽的單價和/或二價鹽類,其內容併入本文參照。還包括在日本專利申請書第0 3281246A號中所可找到以下化學式所述之單價和雙價金屬鹽。
描述各種金屬鹽的一種方式是利用官能化金屬磺酸鹽乙詞來描述R-SO3M形式的化合物,其中M為金屬離子且R為脂肪族、芳香族或環狀化合物,其具有至少一個能讓官能化金屬鹽與聚酯或聚醯胺,或者是其各別的單體或寡聚物反應之官能基,而M指定為此金屬離子。包括在本發明的官能化金屬磺酸鹽為磺化共聚單體的鋰鹽、鈉鹽和鉀鹽,該共聚單體包括脂肪醇和芳香醇、羧酸、二醇、二羧酸和多官能醇、羧酸、胺和二胺。相反地,非官能金屬磺酸鹽為R不具有官能基的R-SO3M。因此,金屬磺酸鹽乙詞同時包括了官能和非官能金屬磺酸鹽。這種磺化聚苯乙烯或聚烯烴的例子已知可在聚酯-聚醯胺系統中扮演離子相容劑。
一般而言,離子相容劑係以X-R的官能化形式摻入,其中X為醇、羧酸或環氧基,最佳為二羧酸或二醇,並且R為-SO3M、-COOM、-OM、-PO3(M)2,其中M為+1或+2價狀態的金屬,其可選自由Li、Na、Zn、Sn、K和Ca構成之群組,並且X-R共聚合成聚酯聚合物,以改變界面張力。關於聚合組成物中個別二羧酸或二醇的莫耳總數,X-R所需的數量會超過0.01莫耳百分比。X-R可能同時包括二醇或二羧酸。在此情況下,莫耳百分比是以各別二醇、二羧酸或聚合物重複單元之莫耳總數為基準。
這種官能化離子相容劑可含有2個或以上的R基。R係直接與X的芳香環結合,其可為一種二醇、二羧酸或是如亞甲基之類的側基。
其中R為-SO3M、-COOM、-OM、-PO3(M)2,其中M指定為+1或+2價狀態的金屬,其可選自由Li、Na、Zn、Sn、K和Ca構成之群組。
X代表的二羧酸可以是鄰位、間位或對位。它們包括,例如芳香二羧酸,如對苯二甲酸、異苯二甲酸、鄰苯二甲酸、萘二羧酸、二苯醚二羧酸、二苯基-4,4-二羧酸等。
X也可以為脂肪族。在此情況下,如草酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸等為適合的脂肪族二羧酸。可以使用環脂族二羧酸,如環己二羧酸和一或多種該類的酸。還包括2-羥乙磺酸。也可特別考慮的還包括這些二羧酸的混合物。
X也可代表醇,較佳為下列結構的二醇:
其中R為-SO3M、-COOM、-OM、-PO3(M)2,其中M為+1或+2價狀態的金屬,其可選自由Li、Na、Zn、Sn、K和Ca構成之群組。
X所代表的二醇也可以是脂肪二醇,如乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,9-壬二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇和環脂二醇,如環己二醇、環己二甲醇,並且可使用一或多種物種的組合。其中以乙二醇、二乙二醇和環己二醇為較佳。
其它可使用的官能化離子相容劑包括羥端基的聚醚,如聚乙二醇(Carbowax)和環醯胺,如乙氧化的二甲乙內醯脲。除此之外,聚酯可與環氧端基的化合物反應,包括環氧端基聚醚,以產生與聚合物相連接的聚醚側基。
雖然由許多金屬研究及舊有技術得知較佳的選擇為雙金屬,但本發明意外的發現,鋰(一種單價的金屬)的表現遠優於鈉。事實上,鋰鹽產生分散情形之平均範圍低於先前所測量的水準。如下所述,沒有鈷化合物之磺基異苯二甲酸鋰會比在WO 2005/023530中所述有鈷鹽存在的情況下將相同數量的MXD6與磺基異苯二甲酸鈉摻合擁有更好的顏色。
鋰磺基異苯二甲酸的分子結構為:
鋰磺基異苯二甲酸(LiSIPA)或磺酸鋰鹽改質之異苯二甲酸。
如同上圖中所可明顯看出的,鋰磺基異苯二甲酸是一種磺酸鋰並且包含磺基異苯二甲酸鋰。這種磺基異苯二甲酸鋰係指其併入聚合物鏈之化合物。此亦已知為鋰磺基異苯二甲酸的重複單元。因此,磺基異苯二甲酸鋰是鋰磺基異苯二甲酸少去一個水分子,其中羥基係由羧基端基移除並且氫係由其它羧基端基移除。接著將此分子連接至聚合物骨幹的一或多個單體(R1和R2)上。
在磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的例子中,磺酸鹽是兩個R基之間的分子。同樣的,在PET的例子中,R可以是相同的單體,這些R基可能同樣是反應進入聚合物鏈之乙二醇部分。
在鹽的形式方面,以二羧酸、二酯或預反應的低分子量寡聚物,如磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的雙羥乙酯為較佳。在磺酸鋰的例子中,離子相容劑有可能也以二醇的形式存在。可能的替代選擇是在懸吊鏈的末端具有磺酸基的乙二醇。甚至已有研究主張將該磺酸鹽置於聚酯分子的末端。此可藉由將聚酯與苯甲酸的磺酸鹽或是其它單官能物種(如2-羥乙磺酸)進行反應或共聚合而達成,其可在熔體反應器或是在擠壓機中進行。
為了使其反而進入聚合物中,改質劑必須具有至少一個官能基。這些官能基為羧酸-(COOH)、醇(-OH)、羧酸的酯類、環氧端基、二胺或胺端基。
由於高I.V.的聚酯應具有兩個官能端基,當與聚醯胺及不含金屬磺酸鹽的聚酯摻合時,在骨幹中含有金屬磺酸鹽的高I.V.聚酯為離子相容劑。此種高I.V.聚酯兩端皆應有端基,它應被視為一種非官能化的離子相容劑。
這種非官能化的離子相容劑為含有極性基團的化合物,特別是鋰鹽,但是沒有任何能讓離子相容劑與聚酯或聚醯胺反應之官能端基。磺化聚苯乙烯的鋰鹽是一個例子。在這個三成份的系統中,離子相容劑的莫耳百分比是以聚酯的所有酸基為基準之莫耳百分比。
如同下文中所述,聚合物較佳是以離子相容劑改質過。這種改質係將離子相容劑共聚合到聚合物鏈來達成。
這種組成物可以兩成份的形式存在。在兩成份形式下,離子相容劑被併入聚酯骨幹,以使得聚酯既是聚酯也是離子相容劑。因此,單一的聚酯分子含有申請專利範圍的兩種要素-聚酯和離子相容劑。
這種組成物也可以含有超過兩種的成份。例如,沒有離子相容劑的聚酯、具有離子相容劑的聚酯、以及聚醯胺。
相對於組成物中各種酸或二醇部分的總莫耳數而言,需要用來降低界面張力之離子相容劑含量係介
於0.01莫耳百分比至15莫耳百分比之間。例如,典型的均聚物聚酯具有100莫耳百分比衍生自對苯二甲酸的對苯二甲酸酯以及幾乎100莫耳百分比衍生自乙二醇的乙烯;其餘的二醇為衍生自二乙二醇之二乙烯,其係在製造程序中於原位衍生。具有5莫耳百分比離子二羧酸共聚單體(如鋰磺基異苯二甲酸)之100莫耳聚合物將會含有95莫耳衍生自對苯二甲酸的對苯二甲酸酯、5莫耳的磺基異苯二甲酸鋰和大約100莫耳衍生自乙二醇的乙烯。同樣的,較佳可使用另一種共聚單體,如異苯二甲酸。舉例而言,如果可以2莫耳的異苯二甲酸酯取代2莫耳的對苯二甲酸酯,並且產生一種聚合物,其具有2莫耳異苯二甲酸酯、93莫耳對苯二甲酸酯、5莫耳磺基異苯二甲酸酯和大約100莫耳乙烯的聚合物來製造100莫耳的重複單元。
在此三成份的摻合系統中,酸的莫耳數是在改質聚合物中的酸莫耳數再加上在相容未改質聚合物中的酸莫耳數。例如,如果存在兩種聚酯,一種含有磺基異苯二甲酸酯,另一種不含,則磺基異苯二甲酸酯的莫耳百分比將會是磺基異苯二甲酸酯的莫耳數除以兩種聚酯加在一起的酸部分之莫耳數。
在製造聚酯時,已知二乙二醇係在原位形成,並且二醇衍生之重複單元的總莫耳數中約有1-3百分比為衍生自二乙二醇的二乙烯。因此,聚酯組成物通常是97莫耳百分比的乙烯和3莫耳百分比的二乙烯。
所需離子相容劑的數量係由實驗來決定。一般而言,需要的是少量,並且當接近臨界數量時,再添加的量只會有極少的效果或無效。不像是其它的鹽類,在每100莫耳的聚合物重複單元中,鋰鹽最適的用量大約為0.3至1.0莫耳。這也可表示成,相對於鋰鹽所連接之酸或二醇部分的0.2至1.0莫耳百分比。
本發明所使用之離子相容劑改質的聚酯可以藉由聚合反應程序來製備。傳統的技術可區分為酯類、酸類和改質方法。在酯類方法中,羧酸或酸的二甲酯係在有熱存在的情況下與乙二醇或二醇反應,並且移除甲醇會產生酸的雙羥乙酯。這種雙羥乙酯接著會以液體形式聚合,其係將此材料施以真空並予以加熱去除二醇,同時提高分子量。用於具有離子相容劑之標的聚合物的典型製程將會以下述比例開始:98莫耳的對苯二甲酸二甲酯、2莫耳的磺基異苯二甲酸酯的二甲鈉鹽和220莫耳的二醇,一般為乙二醇。在220莫耳的二醇中,120莫耳是過量的,其將在加工過程中移除。值得注意的是,可以獲得雙-(羥乙基)或者是二甲酯形式的磺化共聚單體。
為了釐清用語,「與至少X百分比的特定酸共聚合」乙詞係指化合物被視為聚合物的部分酸基,如對苯二甲酸或異苯二甲酸。它提供了要使用多少莫耳化合物的參考基準。它並不代表著化合物必須以酸的形式添加到製程中。例如,鋰磺基異苯二甲酸可以具有兩個羧基端基的酸、以羧酸的二甲酯、以二甲酯的雙羥酯、
以非常低分子量之二醇酸聚合物的寡聚物或者是以二醇的形式共聚合至聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯中,其中酸部分至少為磺基異苯二甲酸鹽的一部分。
「酸的共聚合鹽」乙詞並非將申請專利範圍只侷限在使用酸式(acid form),而應解讀成此化合物為聚合物中的一種酸衍生基團。
「與..共聚合」乙詞係指化合物已與聚合物化學反應,例如在聚合物鏈中或是以懸吊基的形式。舉例來說,與磺基異苯二甲酸鋰共聚合的聚酯,或者是將至少0.01莫耳百分比的磺基異苯二甲酸鋰共聚合至聚酯中而被改質的聚酯,係代表磺基異苯二甲酸酯以至少一個化學鍵與聚合物鍵結,包括鍵結至聚合鏈中。這些詞彙與材料如何併入聚合物無關。與磺基異苯二甲酸鋰共聚合的聚酯或者是將至少0.01莫耳百分比的磺基異苯二甲酸鋰共聚合至聚酯中而被改質的聚酯,皆係指含有磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的聚酯,無論磺基異苯二甲酸鋰是否併入,其使用但非侷限於鋰磺基異苯二甲酸、鋰磺基苯甲酸、鋰磺基異苯二甲酸的二甲酯、鋰磺基苯甲酸的甲酯、磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的二醇、鋰磺基羥基苯、羥基苯磺酸的鋰鹽、或是含有磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的寡聚物或聚合物。
雖然在前段中係以鋰做為例子,但對於鈉和其它金屬鹽而言,也同樣適用。值得注意的是:在本專利申請書中所提到的鋰並非將申請專利範圍侷限於鋰鹽。雖然鋰是較佳的金屬,但如同在實施例中所述,在指定的胺基相對於酸端基的比率範圍內,將其它金屬與聚醯胺一起使用也可以有效的進行。
「及衍生物」和「及其衍生物」乙詞係指各種官能化形式的界面還原劑,其可共聚合至聚合物中。例如,磺基異苯二甲酸鋰「及其衍生物」係整體性地關於(但非侷限於)鋰磺基異苯二甲酸、鋰磺基異苯二甲酸的二甲酯、鋰磺基異苯二甲酸的雙羥乙酯、磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的二醇,以及在聚合鏈中含有磺基異苯二甲酸鋰的低分子量的寡聚物與高I.V.聚合物。
相同的命名原則亦適用於含有離子相容劑的二醇或醇。
在酸類方法中,起始原料為二羧酸,水則是主要副產物。在典型的酸類方法中,進料比率為98莫耳對苯二甲酸、2莫耳磺基異苯二甲酸的金屬鹽(例如鋰磺基異苯二甲酸-LiSIPA)和120莫耳的二醇,一般為乙二醇。在二醇與酸反應之後,將此材料施以與酯類方法相同的聚合製程條件。實際上,許多的鹽類會降解,因此如同在實施例中所述,其係以預先反應的雙羥酯形式添加進去。
改質方法是上述兩種方法任中一種方法的變化型態;在特定步驟結合中間產物。例如,酸類方法只使用對苯二甲酸來產生其低分子量中間體,以及酯類方法用來產生均聚物磺化聚酯的雙羥乙酯。接著將兩種中間體結合,並且聚合成更無規的共聚物。另一種變化型態是將完成改質的聚合物添加至熔體反應器中,並且讓此熔融方法將改質聚合物解聚合,並且接著形成一種無規共聚物。然而,這種PET、PET-離子聚合物以及聚醯
胺的三成份系統尚未被發現能夠像兩成份系統(PET離子聚合物、聚醯胺之更無規之共聚物一樣有效率,三成份系統被視為本發明的一部分。
另一種用於製造改質聚合物的技術是將具有大量離子相容劑部分的改質聚酯完全反酯化成未改質聚酯,以產生一種嵌段共聚物。其可使用其它技術,如長滯留時間和/或高溫擠製。
併入類似共聚單體的其它方法可參考美國專利3,936,389號、3,899,470號、5,178,950號,以及美國法定發明登記H1760號。
在製造組成物的方法中,聚酯、聚醯胺和離子相容劑可藉由任何一種已知的技術來加以熔融摻合,並且接著予以模製,成型或鑄型成物品。熔融摻合包括將個別的材料加熱,至少使得聚酯和聚醯胺成為液態,並且使這些液體承受剪應力。這樣的操作可在擠壓機或是加熱容器中進行,並且可以連續操作或是批式操作。如果離子相容劑沒有與聚醯胺或聚酯結合,則溫度亦須足以使其液化。真正的摻合可以在攪拌容器或擠壓機中進行,例如射出成型機。在材料被熔融摻合之後,即被型塑成物品。
物品的實例為薄膜、纖維、顆粒、預型體,以及射出成型模型。通常這些物品還會進一步處理,以製成不同的物品,如瓶子、容器、盤子或是拉伸薄膜。在某些例子中,組成物以薄層的形式引入物品中,並且變成最終產製物品中的一層。
為了製造物品,熔體摻合物將通過噴嘴或模頭(die)。如果是薄膜或薄片,熔融摻合的組成物將被推擠通過模頭,並且通常是擠在軋輥上。如果是預型體或是射出成型零件,熔融摻合的組成物將被擠入模具(mold),並且變成模具的形狀。如果是顆粒,熔融摻合的組成物將被推擠通過一個孔洞,而製成被切斷的絞線。如果是纖維,則絞線仍未被切斷,並且被繞在捲線軸上。
由於聚醯胺和聚酯皆為吸濕性,較好是在熔融摻合之前將兩者予以乾燥。一般而言,當進行熔融摻合時,被摻合材料所含濕氣的數量不應超過30ppm的水,其係以組成物中的聚酯量為基準。
第1圖所顯示的是氧氣進入本發明各種實施實例及對照組所製成之包裝件的數量之圖表。
第2圖所顯示的是氧氣進入本發明各種實施實例及對照組所製成之包裝件的數量之圖表。
取自Sartomer的Ricon® 131MA5和取自Synthomer的Lithene® N4-5000-5MA皆為經順丁烯二酸酐改質之聚丁二烯(PBD)寡聚物,將其用於這些實驗中。其性質列於表1。
為了產生這些改質材料,在Werner ZSK-30雙螺桿擠壓機中,使不同的尼龍與這些PBD(二烯)混合。擠壓條件及尼龍/PBD組成皆列於表2中。測試不同類型的尼龍,包括脂肪族(尼龍6和66)和MXD-6類尼龍。表3顯示的是所使用尼龍的特性。
為了生產有效的阻隔瓶,將改質尼龍與PET及鈷鹽直接在Arburg射出成型機中摻合。樣品製備包括顆粒混合(PET和改質尼龍)、添加0.05%礦油及最後加入所需數量的新癸酸鈷(20%的鈷,來自Shepherd)。一般而言,所使用的PET為標稱含有2莫耳% LiSIPA的0.84分升/克高IV之樹脂。比較實施例則是使用IV為0.80分升/克的經異苯二甲酸改質之PET共聚物。
將28克預型體吹成500毫升直壁瓶。這些瓶子被送入Fibox以進行氧氣阻隔的評估。Fibox是一種測試方法,其可測量溶解在液體中的氧氣數量。滲透速率低會造成經時溶氧量也跟著低。
預型體的組成如表4中所示。
第1圖顯示出以少量PBD再加上100ppm的鈷來改質之Radilon® S(PA 6)和MXD6 6007尼龍的Fibox測試結果。為了進行比較,一些比較性之無效和有效之阻隔材料也包括在內。
樣品998-3和1157-6具有優異的性能,自第一天開始的氧氣滲透速率為零。兩種瓶子皆是以3% MXD6-6007所製成,其分別含有5%和2%的PBD,其係以尼龍含量為基準來計算(相當於在預型體中的總PBD為0.15%和0.06%)。
含有3%以PBD改質之PA6(以尼龍為基準為5%;以全部為基準則為0.15%)的樣品1157-5比僅以PBD或是含7%6007之無效阻隔材料所製備的樣品具有更低的滲透速率。
第2圖比較的是3%的6007瓶子,其包括含有及不含PBD的情況,和一些其它用來比較的樣品(包括一個含有PBD/鈷但沒有任何尼龍的樣品)嚴格地在相同的條件下生產。
低尼龍含量之瓶子(含有新癸酸鈷)的典型誘發行為可由樣品1293-1(不含PBD)看出。在此例子中,只有在大約100天之後,並且超量達到0.9ppm時,除氧系統才能有效降低瓶子內的氧濃度。在大約480天時,氧濃度到達1ppm。對於具有PBD及相同數量的6007/鈷的樣品(998-3)而言,大約250天完全沒有氧氣進入,在剛超過700天時達到1ppm。在有離子相容劑(LiSIPA)
存在的情況下,MXD6和PBD之間的綜效相當明顯,這樣的結果是我們僅僅加入PBD和MXD6個別的性能所無法預期到的。
Claims (14)
- 一種組成物,其包含:聚酯、離子相容劑、聚醯胺、聚二烯化合物、和過渡金屬化合物;其中該聚酯包含可結晶的聚酯,且該可結晶的聚酯為聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、或聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯以磺基異苯二甲酸鋰改質之共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中離子相容劑係衍生自磺基異苯二甲酸的鹽類或其二甲酯,並且被共聚合至聚酯中。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚醯胺相對於聚二烯化合物的重量比率是在4:1至1000:1的範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚二烯相對於聚醯胺的存在比率係相對於聚醯胺為約0.1至約10重量%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚二烯具有官能基,並且這些官能基至少有一些已與聚醯胺反應。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚酯的含量佔總組成物約9至99.8重量%的範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中過渡金屬化合物相對於聚醯胺加上聚二烯化合物係在約100至 15,000ppm金屬的範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中過渡金屬化合物為鈷化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚二烯化合物為聚丁二烯。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中聚丁二烯具有的數平均分子量是在500至7000的範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚醯胺係選自由MXD6和尼龍6所構成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其中聚酯為一種可結晶之聚酯,其酸單元中至少有85%係衍生自對苯二甲酸。
- 一種容器,其係由申請專利範圍第1至12項中任一項之組成物所製成。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項之容器,其中該容器包括一個拉伸器壁。
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US (2) | US8409680B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2440407B8 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20120061794A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102802947B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2010258627B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI1009680B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2763121C (zh) |
DK (1) | DK2440407T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2458109T3 (zh) |
HR (1) | HRP20140311T1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2011013301A (zh) |
PL (1) | PL2440407T3 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2532150C2 (zh) |
TW (2) | TWI486394B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2010142782A1 (zh) |
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MX339191B (es) * | 2011-02-18 | 2016-05-13 | M & G Usa Corp | Composiciones captadoras de oxigeno solubles polares. |
EP2780408A1 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-09-24 | M&G USA Corporation | Color control of polyester-cobalt compounds and polyester-cobalt compositions |
JP6476186B2 (ja) * | 2013-08-30 | 2019-02-27 | ディスクマ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 容器用高変性ポリエステル |
US12049558B2 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2024-07-30 | Plastipak Packaging, Inc. | Oxygen scavenging compositions, articles containing same, and methods of their use |
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JP2744138B2 (ja) | 1993-11-19 | 1998-04-28 | アライドシグナル・インコーポレーテッド | 脂肪族ポリアミドと芳香族ポリアミド・オリゴマーを含んで成る改善された耐湿性を有するポリアミド組成物 |
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DE19710373A1 (de) * | 1997-03-13 | 1998-09-17 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Wäßrige Bindemittel auf Polybutadienbasis |
CA2356355C (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2009-08-18 | Bp Corporation North America, Inc. | Improved active oxygen scavenger packaging |
US6454965B1 (en) * | 1999-03-24 | 2002-09-24 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp | Oxygen scavenging polymers in rigid polyethylene terephthalate beverage and food containers |
US6423776B1 (en) * | 2000-05-02 | 2002-07-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Oxygen scavenging high barrier polyamide compositions for packaging applications |
US6500895B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2002-12-31 | General Electric Company | Thermoplastic blend comprising poly(arylene ether) and polyamide |
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RU2301816C2 (ru) * | 2003-03-06 | 2007-06-27 | Эксонмобил Кемикал Пэйтентс, Инк. | Ориентированная термопластичная эластомерная пленка и способ ее получения |
TWI264196B (en) * | 2003-05-14 | 2006-10-11 | Interdigital Tech Corp | Method and apparatus for network management using periodic measurements of indications |
UA81055C2 (uk) | 2003-08-26 | 2007-11-26 | Інвіста Технолоджіс С.А.Р.Л. | Композиція для ємностей та преформа або ємність |
WO2006025827A1 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2006-03-09 | Invista Technologies, S.A.R.L. | Polyester-polyamide blends having low haze |
US7738871B2 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2010-06-15 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Wireless communication method and system for implementing media independent handover between technologically diversified access networks |
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JP5676248B2 (ja) * | 2007-04-10 | 2015-02-25 | ヴァルスパー・ソーシング・インコーポレーテッド | 酸素掃去材料及びかかる材料から形成した製品 |
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-
2010
- 2010-05-26 US US12/787,551 patent/US8409680B2/en active Active
- 2010-06-11 CN CN201080026351.XA patent/CN102802947B/zh active Active
- 2010-06-11 MX MX2011013301A patent/MX2011013301A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2010-06-11 AU AU2010258627A patent/AU2010258627B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-06-11 TW TW099119073A patent/TWI486394B/zh active
- 2010-06-11 RU RU2011153692/12A patent/RU2532150C2/ru active
- 2010-06-11 KR KR1020127000762A patent/KR20120061794A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-06-11 CA CA2763121A patent/CA2763121C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-06-11 DK DK10722143.4T patent/DK2440407T3/en active
- 2010-06-11 EP EP10722143.4A patent/EP2440407B8/en active Active
- 2010-06-11 BR BRPI1009680-9A patent/BRPI1009680B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2010-06-11 WO PCT/EP2010/058221 patent/WO2010142782A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-06-11 ES ES10722143.4T patent/ES2458109T3/es active Active
- 2010-06-11 TW TW104107856A patent/TWI605089B/zh active
- 2010-06-11 PL PL10722143T patent/PL2440407T3/pl unknown
-
2013
- 2013-03-14 US US13/803,528 patent/US20130260071A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2014
- 2014-04-01 HR HRP20140311AT patent/HRP20140311T1/hr unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HRP20140311T1 (hr) | 2014-05-09 |
AU2010258627B2 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
EP2440407A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 |
BRPI1009680B1 (pt) | 2020-03-24 |
ES2458109T3 (es) | 2014-04-29 |
RU2011153692A (ru) | 2013-07-20 |
CN102802947A (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
PL2440407T3 (pl) | 2014-06-30 |
MX2011013301A (es) | 2012-01-12 |
US20130260071A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
CA2763121C (en) | 2017-04-11 |
TW201107408A (en) | 2011-03-01 |
EP2440407B1 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
EP2440407B8 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
TWI486394B (zh) | 2015-06-01 |
CN102802947B (zh) | 2015-09-09 |
DK2440407T3 (en) | 2014-03-10 |
BRPI1009680A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
WO2010142782A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
TW201529711A (zh) | 2015-08-01 |
RU2532150C2 (ru) | 2014-10-27 |
US20100316824A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
CA2763121A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
US8409680B2 (en) | 2013-04-02 |
AU2010258627A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
KR20120061794A (ko) | 2012-06-13 |
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