TWI580552B - 指形交叉指形物之共同擠出 - Google Patents
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Description
本發明係有關於一種交叉指形指狀物的共同擠出裝置及方法。
許多裝置如電池、燃料電池、電氣互聯、及其他裝置,係可由緊密相隔之交叉指狀帶的相異材料而受益。在此所使用的名詞「條帶(stripe)」意為線或僅包含該材料之其他形狀。其並不與其他材料之相鄰條帶相混。
當嘗試生產緊密相隔之交叉指狀帶時,會有問題產生。在一方法中,使用壓縮之流動聚合係產生膏狀功能性材料的細微特性。此類方法例如2010年8月3日提出的美國專利No.7,765,949、及2010年9月21日提出的美國專利No.7,799,371。此等專利中的方法係有關於將材料結合成「共同層流(co-laminar flow)」,其中兩個不同材料之三個層流係聚集在一起以形成一流動,但是其中兩個材料並不相混合在一起。此方法可滿足在厘米大小節距上排列之數十微米等級特性之應用。例如,太陽電池可具有156mm及約80網格線(gridline),每一個約為50微米寬並與一鄰接網格線分隔大致為2mm。
對照於此,能量儲存裝置之電極設計所要求的交叉指形結構可能需要交插於微米刻度上之微米刻度特性。例如,一般陰極構造可能包含5微米寬及100微米高的交錯(interleaved)結構。一電極構造可能是300mm寬及不同材料之60,000交錯指。從不同的管口或從多個材料槽孔容器中分配此等材料係很不實際的。
本發明係關於一種共同擠出裝置,具有:至少一第一流體入口,用於接收第一材料;至少一第二流體入口,用於接收第二材料;一第一結合通道,配置成用來接收該第一材料及該第二材料,且結合該第一材料及該第二材料為朝第一方向流動的第一結合流;一分割通道,配置成用來接收該第一結合流,且將該第一結合流分割為至少兩個朝向與該第一方向至少局部垂直的第二方向流動之分割流動,其中每一分割流動包含該第一及第二材料;一第二結合通道,配置成用來接收該分割流動,且將該分割流動結合成朝該第一方向流動之第二結合流;及至少一出孔口,配置成用來使材料從裝置離開為單一流動。本發明係另係關於一種用於沈積包括指形交叉材料之結構的方法,包括:將至少兩個朝第一方向的材料之流動加以合併成第一結合流;將第一結合流朝第二方向分割以產生至少兩個分離的流動,其中第二方向係垂直於第一方向;及合併兩個分離的流動成第二結合流。
為了在一微米尺度上達成一具有微米特性之交叉指形結構,可結合且匯聚二個或多個流動,將結合流分割為分別的結合流然後再結合及進一步在重複的階段中匯聚流動。此討論係稱為流體的過程,其產生不相同流體之交叉指形流動而作為「流體摺疊」。此討論亦稱為流體性結構,其執行結合、匯聚、分割、及再結合等,以作為一「摺疊串列」。
在此使用的名詞「匯聚」係指結合二個或多個不同流體之流動以成為一結合流,此結合流具有通過結合流寬度之側向延伸度,其係至少小於流動結合前的結合側向延伸度。通常,匯聚後結合流之寬度係具有側向延伸約等於結合前通過流動之一之側向延伸度。例如,若結合流包含一個「條帶」或指部,其各具有材料A及材料B,則結合之流動係具有側向延伸尺寸X。當流動被分割然後再結合時,則會有兩個包含材料A及材料B交錯的條帶,此流動之側向延伸係與前述之側向延伸尺寸X相同。
第1圖顯示兩種材料流動的橫截面圖。在第1圖中之所有流動方向係垂直於頁面。所有流動係以從頁面跑出的橫截面來顯示。材料A,10及材料B,12分別在階段14流動。然後在階段16形成第一結合流。此流動在階段18匯聚。須提及的是,結合及匯聚可在此串列中同時或階段地產生。
在階段20,結合流係分割為兩個個別的結合流。須注意,此串列為三維,故分割係在垂直於流動及最初結合和匯聚二者之方向的方向產生,即圖中之上及下。
兩個結合流在階段22係彼此分離地移動且被引導為側向靠近。在階段24,兩個分離的結合流係結合為第二結合流,然後在階段26匯聚。此結合流在階段28係以類似或相同於階段20的形式再度被分割,並在階段30分離然後在階段32再結合。在階段34結合流接著被匯聚。雖然此過程可依需要而重複多次,僅受材料特性限制,在結合時係保持彼此分離而無完全混合,但結合流在某些點上會通過出孔口或管口跑出此串列而成為單一流動。此技術之一優點在於其能產生比輸送該等流體通道更小且更多的材料特徵。
第2圖顯示此串列之一實施例。第一材料經由通道40進入串列,且第二材料經由通道42進入串列。須注意,此等通道係稱為分離通道,因其分離或維持流動之間的分離,可能會彎曲到一側或另一側且改變高度。兩個流動係使用一結合通道44而結合。如上所述,結合通道具有一匯聚區46,其中結合流係壓縮或匯聚到一具有約等於分離通道40或42之側向延伸的通道中。
結合流在結合通道46及分割通道50、48之交點係分割為兩個分離的結合流。如第2圖所示,分割通道延垂直於結合通道46中之結合流的方向將流動分割。在此例中,結合流係相對於結合通道46進行上及下之分割。此方向不一定完全垂直,但是可為局部垂直,例如係以向上與向前之間的角度往上。在分割通道50、48中之每一個結合流係包含第1材料之條帶或指部及第二材料之條帶或指部。如上所述,此裝置係為三維且可從多層來形成。
兩個分離的結合流藉結合通道52再結合為第二結合流,而結合通道52亦用來匯聚第二結合流。本例中的第二結合流係包含四個交錯指部,第一及第二材料各兩個。然後第二組分割通道58、54將第二結合流分割為兩個分離的結合流。結構58包含另一結合通道,形成一8個交錯指部的第三結合流,第一及第二材料各四個。可選擇地,結構58亦可包含一具有倒角壁的出孔口,以使結合流從串列出來為單一流動。
在操作中,請看第2圖,第一材料在通道40進入串列為層+1。結合層作為基準層0。然後第二材料在通道42進入串列為層-1。該等兩個材料在層0結合為結合之流動,在此例中為在Y結構46。須注意,結合流包含兩個材料條帶,第一及第二材料各為一條。然後分割通道48、50將結合流分離為兩個分離的結合流,各流入層+1及-1。然後該等層在結合通道52再結合為第二結合流。請注意,現在結合流具有4個材料條帶,第一及第二材料各2個。
須留意,第2圖之結構可突然地在層之間轉變。此會在許多轉變之角落中造成失效容積,使材料起初聚集在角落且其餘之流動會被聚集的材料穿過。但是,隨時間經過且隨裝置之啟動及停機,聚集的材料會硬化或塞住出孔口。除此之外,這些突然轉變會引起流動之不規則,此不規則可能導致材料在條帶中大量或完全混合。因而,希望使流動具有「掃過」階段,意思是角度被轉向或者被加工、切削或形成,以消除突然的階段。此在共同提出之申請案「可流動結構之傾斜角度微加工」(律師備忘錄No.20100587-US-NP-9841-0215)中有討論。
在所欲之流體限制中,分割及結合過程可繼續,以維持該等個別之成分而不致完全混合,流體亦可為膏體狀。在結合及匯聚之每一個階段,線計數變兩倍且每條線之寬度減少2之因子。累計的線寬減少為2n,其係與線的數目相同。從製造觀點來看,使裝置從分別製造的層組合然後以對齊公差加以堆疊時是有用的。然後諸層被夾緊結合在一起。第3圖顯示此一裝置之實施例。
在此實施例中,裝置包含9層。在此特例中,螺栓穿過所有層上的對應螺孔63而將裝置夾緊在一起。兩種材料從裝置之相對側進入。但是,此僅為一例且不意味或暗示用於限制任何特定結構。又,此例使用兩種材料且具有三個串列重複25次。其均包含用於協助對本發明瞭解之範例,且不意味或暗示用於限制任何特定結構。
第一材料通過密封板63進入裝置且進入分配歧管61,而第二材料通過相面對的密封板59進入裝置且進入分配歧管65。每一個歧管對執行流體摺疊串列之陣列產生一大致均等的流體壓力源。
選用層71及75各包含串聯之埠口60及70。該等層對裝置中之每一系列提供一個進入點,且有助於進入串列之材料壓力之均等化。該等層亦可稱為層-2及+2,以對應於上面使用的層符號。
在第一流體摺疊層71上,埠口70之陣列從其分配歧管輸送一第一流體到位於第二流體摺疊層81上之分離通道62的陣列。第一流體沿第二流體摺疊層上的第1方向作橫向之偏轉。在一第三流體摺疊層75上,埠口70之陣列從其分配歧管輸送一第二流體到位於第四流體摺疊層85上之分離通道72的陣列。在第四流體摺疊層85上,第二流體沿與第一方向相反的第二方向作橫向之偏轉。
分離通道之方向可為彈性。為了方便,在此實施例中在一已知層上之所有分離通道均朝相同方向彎曲。例如請看層81,在陣列62,64及66中的分離通道均使流動朝向圖之右側作側轉向。此等通道可朝不同方向延伸,或可均朝向左方延伸。在陣列72,74及76中的層85上之分離通道也是相同作法。
在第五流體摺疊層95上,來自第二及第四層的流動藉陣列80中的結合通道結合且匯聚成共同層流。然後流動「垂直地」分割為在第二及第四摺疊層上通過陣列64、74之兩個流動。第一結合流朝使用陣列64第二摺疊層上之第一方向作側轉向。第二結合流則朝進入使用陣列74第四摺疊層上分離通道的一陣列作側轉向。
然後,流動回到第五流體摺疊層95,諸流動在此結合且匯聚成使用陣列的第二結合共同層流。此過程重複n次,每一次將材料之交叉指狀條帶的數目增為兩倍。在分割及分離最後階段的下游,來自所有串列之流動可選擇地結合在一起至一共同槽狀出孔口。在此例中,過程重複3次而從每一個串列造成8個交叉指狀條帶。有25個串列,故形成的流動將具有200個交叉指狀條帶,每一種材料有100個交叉指狀條帶。
須留意,雖然在此顯示的裝置具有材料配置在擠出孔口的相對側,但是材料可在孔口的相同側導入。
第3圖之共同擠出裝置可構成且相對於一基板移動,以輸送材料線,如第4圖中顯示為裝置104。基板102係位於靠近施用器10-1000微米之距離,其被稱為工作距離。基板相對於裝置以與流體從印刷頭/施用器106跑出速度相當的速度移動。共同擠出裝置包含流體儲槽及印刷頭/施用器106,以及控制及電力電路。可選擇地,流體儲槽可位於遠方且依需要使流體通過軟管或其他管路系統輸送到裝置。
在一個實施例中,印刷頭組合係以倒角或一般切除成45度的元件所構成,使層化的組合能以傾斜角度保持靠近基板。印刷頭組合之傾斜可造成一項特徵,即從流體出孔口出來的膏體會與在基板上的沈積膏體形成一鈍角(在90度與180度之間)。此可減少在擠出膏體上的彎曲,而有助於交叉指形品質之保持,降低混合,且提高印刷速度。
如第2-4圖顯示的共同擠出裝置可用來形成包含電池、燃料電池、電氣互聯、及其他之裝置,其係因相異材料緊密相隔之交叉指狀帶而受益。在互相連接的情況下,垂直堆積的積體電路可沿該等邊緣與一連串由絕緣間隔物隔開的金屬線互相連接。在電化學裝置如燃料電池及電池的情況下,交叉指形構造能以許多方式強化性能。金屬空氣電池之空氣陰極可構成具有親水性及疏水性區之交叉指形區域。此通常可顯示改善的氧氣還原活性,而改善裝置之電力輸出。
第5圖顯示此裝置110之一例。一疏水性薄膜114具有電極112固定於其上。一分隔件116固定在電極112上。在此例中,電極包含多孔疏水性區域118及多孔親水性電觸媒區域120之介插指部。如上所述,此可顯示改善的氧氣還原活性而改善電力輸出。又,此亦可增加三相界面之表面積,在三相界面有固態觸媒微粒、液態電解液及氣態反應劑互相作用。對於如白金之昂貴的觸媒,此構造可提供大幅降低成本的潛力。
第6-10圖係顯示特別使用於電池電極形成之交叉指形共同擠出結構的實施例。在第6圖中,電極130包含兩種材料。第一材料132係為電極材料,如陰極或陽極活性電極。材料134係為通過固態電解質電導或通過多孔性之離子導通材料。或者,材料134之區域可為製造程序後段的乾燥或火燒階段期間被移除的短效催速劑或犧牲性材料。在第6圖中,較薄之離子導通區域係橫跨電極層之整個厚度。
在針對此特徵的形成過程之一個實施例中,在摺疊之前的最初流動可包含兩種材料流,一個為係材料134而另一個係為材料132。或者,在摺疊之前有三個流動,一個材料134被材料132圍住。若兩種材料相異地與可流動通道之壁互相作用,此壁在流動的結合、混合及分離中將造成對稱之缺乏。
須留意,電導陰極或陽極材料及第二材料在薄膜上之沈積會造成具有不同材料以流體形式交叉指形特徵的結構。如在此使用的名詞「流體」意即膠體、膏體、泥漿、或懸浮液。雖然此等截斷可通過乾燥或火燒階段而前進,起初係以流體形式存在。
又,該等結構之至少其中一個通常具有高的高寬比(aspect ratio)。如在此所使用者,高寬比意即一結構或特徵之最大高度對最大寬度的比值。請見第6圖,可看出在交叉指形結構中之材料特徵134具有高的高寬比,沿著從頁面頂部到底部的方向延伸之高度係遠大於朝著從頁面左方到右方延伸的寬度。通常,從交叉指形結構其中之一形成之特徵,至少其中一個係具有比1更大的高寬比。
在第7圖所示的另一實施例中,離子導通區並不橫跨電極之整個厚度。此可以兩個程序形成,首先形成陰極或陽極材料之整體塗布,接著形成離子導通區及電極材料之交叉指形塗布。單一階段的方法係使用聚合擠出,其中整體電極材料係藉切除導入材料到印刷頭的時段而導入於離子導通區下方。
須留意,材料的比率相差很大,陰極或陽極材料132具有遠比離子導通區134更大的寬度。此能以許多不同的方式產生。例如,如第2圖之輸入通道42及40可具有不同的尺寸。或者,輸入通道材料之流量可以不同,使進入其中一個通道的材料132遠比材料134更多。
在第8圖中,第三材料被導入通過印刷頭,在此例中一主要電導材料140,其中「主要」一詞係指比其他材料具有相關特徵之較高表示。在印刷頭中材料之操作及隨後之摺疊過程可被控制,以形成該等型式之結構。例如,三種材料可在三種方式摺疊作業中結合,以形成結構之中央層,且兩層摺疊可在隨後中央層的施用之前被執行。此能以三個序列施用器執行或在執行所有三個摺疊之單一施用器中統一。在此實施例中,將可流動層對齊是重要的,使得第9圖中的特徵可通過被擠出結構而保持連續。
第9圖顯示一類似於第7圖的構造,其中材料134係為催速劑材料,在印刷後移除而留下一間隙如142。第10圖顯示一類似於第8圖的實施例,其催速劑材料移除而留下間隙142,且具有一主要電導材料140。此等間隙隨後可充填電解質材料,例如一液態電解質,以在電極結構中製造實質離子的電導區。
此等間隙隨後亦可充填陰極或陽極材料之相反者及一間隔物材料,此間隔物可防止陰極或陽極材料之電接觸,但是可使離子在電極之間傳送,以形成電化學電池之相反電極,如具有交互陰極或陽極區之電池。或者,此等間隙隨後亦可充填陰極或陽極材料之相反者及一間隔物材料,此等間隙隨後可充填第二電極材料及間隔物材料,以形成一電解電容器或超級電容器之相反電極。
另外一實施例於前述中提及包含流動的三種材料。參考第2圖,可看到改變最初流動之可能性。亦可使用具有三個或多個輸入通道來取代結合通道46中僅具有兩個輸入通道40、42。此一例顯示在第11圖之結合通道146。在第11圖中,結合通道具有3個輸入通道,以使三種材料結合。在過程中從此點向前,其餘結構皆相同。但是其餘結構係摺疊三種材料流動,來取代摺疊兩種材料流動。亦可使用超過三個輸入通道;在此僅提供超過兩種材料之一例。
依此方式,在微米尺度上具有微米特徵的交叉指形結構可使用共同擠出裝置來製成。此共同擠出裝置可採取印刷頭之形式,以使印刷技術結構之訊息更快速。
14~34...階段
10,12,A,B...材料
40,42...通道
44...結合通道
46...結合通道
50,48...分割通道
52...結合通道
58,54...第二分割通道
63...螺孔
63,61...密封板
61,65...分配歧管
71...第一流體摺疊層
81...第二流體摺疊層
62,72...分離通道
75...第三流體摺疊層
85...第四流體摺疊層
62,64,66...陣列
72,74,76...陣列
95...第五流體摺疊層
104...裝置
102...基板
106...印刷頭/施用器
110...裝置
114...疏水性薄膜
112...電極
116...分隔件
118...多孔疏水性區域
120...多孔親水性電觸媒區域
130...電極
132...第一材料
134...材料
140...電導材料
142...間隙
146...結合通道
第1圖係顯示兩種材料之流體流動成為指狀交叉單體流動的方塊圖。
第2圖係顯示流體路徑之一實施例的等尺寸圖。
第3圖係顯示一流體共同擠出裝置之一實施例的爆炸圖。
第4圖係顯示一共同擠出裝置及一基板之一實施例。
第5圖係顯示具有指狀交叉結構之金屬空氣電池之一實施例。
第6-10圖係顯示交叉指形之共同擠出實施例。
第11圖係顯示結合三種材料之一通道的實施例。
110...裝置
112...電極
114...疏水性薄膜
116...分隔件
118...多孔疏水性區域
120...多孔親水性電觸媒區域
Claims (4)
- 一種共同擠出裝置,包括:至少一第一流體入口,用於接收第一材料;至少一第二流體入口,用於接收第二材料;一第一結合通道,配置成用來接收該第一材料及該第二材料,且結合該第一材料及該第二材料為朝第一方向流動的第一結合流;一分割通道,配置成用來接收該第一結合流,且將該第一結合流分割為至少兩個朝向與該第一方向至少局部垂直的第二方向流動之分割流動,其中每一分割流動包含該第一及第二材料;一第二結合通道,配置成用來接收該分割流動,且將該分割流動結合成朝該第一方向流動之第二結合流;及至少一出孔口,配置成用來使材料從裝置離開為單一流動。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共同擠出裝置,其中該結合通道又配置成將該結合流匯聚,使得結合流具有一側向延伸度,其係比該等流動被結合前各流動側向延伸度之總和側向延伸度更小。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共同擠出裝置,其中該共同擠出裝置具有多數個分割通道及結合通道。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共同擠出裝置,更包括一用於接收第三材料之第三入口,該第一結合通道係配置成用於接收該第一、該第二及該第三材料,且將該等材料結合成該第一結合流。
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| US20130196053A1 (en) * | 2012-01-10 | 2013-08-01 | State of Oregon acting by and through the State Board of Higher Education on behalf of Oregon Stat | Flow cell design for uniform residence time fluid flow |
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| US10923714B2 (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2021-02-16 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Structures for interdigitated finger co-extrusion |
| US9590232B2 (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2017-03-07 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Three dimensional co-extruded battery electrodes |
| US9899669B2 (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2018-02-20 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Structures for interdigitated finger co-extrusion |
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| US10071518B2 (en) | 2018-09-11 |
| KR101736506B1 (ko) | 2017-05-29 |
| US20150174810A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
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| US9004001B2 (en) | 2015-04-14 |
| EP2465660A2 (en) | 2012-06-20 |
| KR20120068733A (ko) | 2012-06-27 |
| EP2465660A3 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
| CN102646752B (zh) | 2016-08-31 |
| JP5973713B2 (ja) | 2016-08-23 |
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