TWI556826B - 經由樹突狀細胞凝集素樣氧化型低密度脂蛋白受體-1(lox-1)之人類抗原呈現細胞活化 - Google Patents
經由樹突狀細胞凝集素樣氧化型低密度脂蛋白受體-1(lox-1)之人類抗原呈現細胞活化 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明一般而言係關於免疫細胞活化領域,且更尤其係關於經由LOX-1受體活化免疫細胞之組合物及方法。
不限制本發明之範疇,聯繫樹突狀細胞活化來描述其背景。
樹突狀細胞藉由提供可溶性及細胞間信號,接著識別病原體而在控制先天及後天免疫性之介面中起關鍵作用。DC之此等功能主要視以下各者之表現而定:特殊表面受體、最尤其由toll樣受體(TLR)及C型凝集素或凝集素樣受體(LLR)表示之'模式(pattern)識別受體'(PRR)(2-4)。
在當前範例中,TLR之主要作用為警戒DC以產生介白素12(IL-12)及引發免疫反應之其他發炎細胞激素。C型LLR係充當巨噬細胞及DC之強大抗原俘獲及攝取機制(2)之組分。然而與TLR相比,LLR可能具有更廣範之生物功能,其包括細胞遷移(5)及細胞間相互作用(6)。LLR之此等多重功能可能歸因於LLR與TLR不同,其可識別自身及非自身。然而,LLR之複雜性,包括表現於免疫細胞中之許多LLR之冗餘,已為理解個別LLR之詳細功能之主要障礙之一。另外,大多數該等受體之天然配位體尚未識別。儘管如此,來自近期研究之證據表明,LLR與TLR協作,可有助於在微生物感染期間之免疫細胞活化(7-15)。
本發明包括用於靶向及使用抗人類LOX-1單株抗體(mAb)且表徵其生物功能之新穎組合物及方法。抗LOX-1 mAb及其片段經展示適用於靶向、表徵且活化免疫細胞。本發明者認識到:雖然LOX-1能夠將替代抗原之內化引導至人類DC中,但本發明鑑別及使用LOX-1之新穎生物學活性,以尤其實現免疫系統中之理想改變,即在抗原攝取(例如疫苗接種)情況下之一些改變,經由LOX-1效應子(單獨或與其他免疫調節分子協同)之獨特作用之其他改變能夠經由DC、B細胞及單核細胞上之該受體引出信號傳輸。本發明揭示開發能夠活化具有LOX-1之細胞之獨特試劑的方式,以及接收該等信號之細胞之所得改變關於對免疫系統中之其他細胞之作用的效應。該等效應[單獨或與其他信號協同(亦即共同刺激)]可高度預測某些疾病狀況之治療結果或疫苗接種情況下之加強保護結果。
LOX-1最初係識別為內皮細胞上之氧化型低密度脂蛋白(OxLDL)之受體,且已廣泛地與動脈粥樣硬化結合起來研究。OxLDL介導之內皮活化、功能障礙及損傷在動脈粥樣硬化進程之極早期起關鍵作用。據報導,LOX-1介導OxLDL信號,其誘導反應性氧物質產生,內皮素-1(MCP-1)之上調表現及藉由NF-kB活化介導之黏附分子,及細胞凋亡。儘管LOX-1係分類為D型淨化劑受體,但已展示,導致泡沫細胞形成之由巨噬細胞進行的OxLDL之內飲作用主要由其他淨化劑受體來介導。據報導,LOX-1可內化細胞凋亡/老化細胞。LOX-1亦可識別細菌組份。已在不成熟骨髓DC以及單核細胞衍生之DC、單核細胞、巨噬細胞及B細胞中觀察到LOX-1表現。
DC可交叉呈現蛋白質抗原(Rock KL Immunol Rev. 2005年10月;207:166-83)。活體內,DC藉助於許多受體攝取抗原且呈現I類及II類抗原肽。詳言之,LOX-1為有效攝取抗原且交叉呈現抗原肽之'模式識別'受體(Delneste Y Immunity 2002 17: 353)。在小鼠模型中,與抗LOX-1結合之抗原的確足以誘導對經攻毒腫瘤之免疫反應。然而,藉由細菌組份之活化不可單獨經由LOX-1(1)觀察且展示共定位之TLR2負責活化信號傳輸。在LOX-1中,已知細胞質酪胺酸殘基及跨膜陽離子胺基酸均不具有信號傳輸功能。
本發明包括藉由分離能夠活化抗原呈現細胞之LOX-1-特異性抗體或其片段且使抗原呈現細胞與抗LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段接觸來增加藉由表現LOX-1之抗原呈現細胞之抗原呈現的有效性之組合物及方法,其中抗原呈現細胞係經活化。抗原呈現細胞可為分離之樹突狀細胞、周圍血液單核細胞、單核細胞、骨髓樹突狀細胞及其組合。抗原呈現細胞可為分離之樹突狀細胞、周圍血液單核細胞、單核細胞、B細胞、骨髓樹突狀細胞及其組合,其已在活體外用GM-CSF及IL-4、干擾素α、抗原及其組合培養。方法亦可包括活化與GM-CSF及IL-4或干擾素α接觸之抗原呈現細胞之步驟,其中與LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段之接觸增加CD86及HLA-DR於抗原呈現細胞上之表面表現。舉例而言,抗原呈現細胞可為樹突狀細胞,其已與LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段、GM-CSF及IL-4或干擾素α接觸,以活化樹突狀細胞,其中經活化之樹突狀細胞增加CD86、CD80及HLA-DR之表面表現。在另一實例中,抗原呈現細胞可為樹突狀細胞,其已與LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段、GM-CSF及IL-4或干擾素α接觸,以活化樹突狀細胞,其中經活化之樹突狀細胞增加IL-12p40、MCP-1、IL-8、TNFa、IL-6、MIP-1a及IL-1b及其組合之分泌,及/或可增加其活化連同經由CD40之信號傳輸。亦已發現,抗原呈現細胞包括樹突狀細胞,其已與GM-CSF及IL-4或干擾素α接觸,且LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段已增加樹突狀細胞之共刺激活性。在暴露於本發明之LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段後,在表現概況中具有改變之基因之特定實例包括如圖4中所示之彼等一或多個基因。LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段之非限制性實例可選自純系9D7-10-4、8B4-10-2、11C8-B7、13B11-A8及其組合。經由LOX-1,用LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段活化之樹突狀細胞能夠活化B細胞、T細胞及其組合。
本發明亦包括重組抗體(rAb),其中LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段與黏附因子(Cohesin)/錨定因子(Dockerin)對之一半結合。為rAb之一部分的LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段可與黏附因子/錨定因子對之一半結合且該對之另一半可與一或多種選自以下各者之細胞激素結合:介白素、轉型生長因子(TGF)、纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF)、血小板衍生之生長因子(PDGF)、表皮生長因子(EGF)、結締組織活化肽(CTAP)、成骨因子、及該等生長因子之生物學活性類似物、片段及衍生物、B/T細胞分化因子、B/T細胞生長因子、細胞分裂細胞激素、趨化性細胞激素及趨化因子、群落刺激因子、血管生成因子、IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL1、IL2、IL3、IL4、IL5、IL6、IL7、IL8、IL9、IL10、IL11、IL12、IL13、IL14、IL15、IL16、IL17、IL18等、瘦素、肌肉抑制素、巨噬細胞刺激蛋白質、血小板衍生之生長因子、TNF-α、TNF-β、NGF、CD40L、CD137L/4-1BBL、人類淋巴毒素-β、G-CSF、M-CSF、GM-CSF、PDGF、IL-1α、IL1-β、IP-10、PF4、GRO、9E3、紅血球生成素、內皮抑素、血管生長抑素、VEGF、轉型生長因子(TGF)超基因家族,其包括β轉型生長因子(例如TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3);骨形態形成蛋白(例如BMP-1、BMP-2、BMP-3、BMP-4、BMP-5、BMP-6、BMP-7、BMP-8、BMP-9);肝素結合生長因子(纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF)、表皮生長因子(EGF)、血小板衍生之生長因子(PDGF)、類胰島素生長因子(IGF));抑制素(例如抑制素A、抑制素B)、生長分化因子(例如GDF-1)及活化素(例如活化素A、活化素B、活化素AB)。
本發明亦包括表現LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段之融合瘤,其中LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段活化抗原呈現細胞以表現新表面標記,分泌一或多種細胞激素或兩者皆有。融合瘤之非限制性實例包括純系9D7-10-4、8B4-10-2、11C8-B7、13B11-A8及其組合。
本發明亦包括藉由在抗原存在下,用LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段觸發樹突狀細胞上之LOX-1受體來增強B細胞免疫反應之方法,其中與LOX-1活化樹突狀細胞接觸之B細胞增加抗體產生,分泌細胞激素,增加B細胞活化表面標記表現及其組合。使用本發明活化之B細胞可分泌IL-8、MIP-1a、IL-6、TNFa及其組合,可為漿細胞,活化B細胞以表現LOX-1,及/或觸發B細胞以增加IgG、IgM、IgA及其組合之產生。
在另一方法中,本發明包括藉由用LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段觸發B細胞上之LOX-1受體來增強B細胞免疫反應,其中B細胞增加抗體產生,分泌IL-8、MIP-1a、IL-6、TNFa及其組合,及/或增加IgG、IgM、IgA及其組合之產生。
本發明亦包括藉由用LOX-1特異性抗體或片段觸發樹突狀細胞上之LOX-1受體且使T細胞與LOX-1活化之樹突狀細胞接觸來增強T細胞活化之方法,其中T細胞活化係經增強。樹突狀細胞可與GM-CSF及IL-4、干擾素α、抗原及其組合接觸,且引起CD8+ T細胞之活化。在一實施例中,T細胞在暴露於經抗LOX-1抗體或其片段活化之樹突狀細胞後增殖。
本發明亦包括自哺乳動物細胞分泌之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分及與免疫球蛋白結合之抗原,其中免疫球蛋白將抗原靶向抗原呈現細胞。免疫球蛋白可包括一或多種選自以下各者之抗原特異性域:全長抗體、抗體可變區域、Fab片段、Fab'片段、F(ab)2片段及Fv片段,及具有Fc域之部分之Fabc片段及/或Fab片段。抗體或其片段可用以產生疫苗,該疫苗包括經LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段活化之樹突狀細胞。
本發明亦包括單獨或與共活化劑一起接合免疫細胞上之LOX-1受體之試劑的用途,該組合活化抗原呈現細胞係用於治療應用;在具有或不具有活化劑時,與免疫細胞上之一或多種抗原連接之LOX-1結合劑製造疫苗之用途;抗LOX-1劑作為免疫細胞之共活化劑用於增強經由不同於在免疫細胞上表現之LOX-1之細胞表面受體引導的免疫反應之用途;能夠結合免疫細胞且經由LOX-1受體活化免疫細胞之抗LOX-1抗體V區序列之用途;及/或在已知或懷疑由免疫細胞經由LOX-1之不當活化產生之疾病的情況下或在表現LOX-1之病原細胞或組織之情況下,與一或多種毒性劑連接之DC-LOX-1結合劑用於治療目的之用途。
本發明亦包括模組化rAb載體,其包括與一或多個包含黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之一半之抗原載體域連接的LOX-1特異性抗體結合域。rAb之抗原特異性結合域將包括抗體之至少一部分,例如抗原特異性結合域可包括融合蛋白中具有黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之一半的抗體之至少一部分。rAb可包括結合於與模組化rAb載體形成複合物的抗原之黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之互補一半,或包括為具有抗原之融合蛋白的黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之互補一半。抗原特異性域可為全長抗體、抗體可變區域、Fab片段、Fab'片段、F(ab)2片段及Fv片段,及具有Fc域之部分的Fabc片段及/或Fab片段。
為更完全理解本發明之特徵及優點,現連同伴隨圖示一起對本發明實施方式進行參考且其中:雖然本發明之各種實施例之製造及使用係詳細討論於下文中,應瞭解,本發明提供許多可適用之發明概念,其可在多種特殊情況下體現。本文中討論之特定實施例僅說明製造及使用本發明之特定方式且不限定本發明之範疇。
為便於理解本發明,下文定義許多術語。本文中定義之術語具有如由熟習與本發明有關之技術者通常所理解之含義。諸如"一"及"該"之術語並非僅欲指單數實體,而且包括其特定實例可用於說明之一般類別。本文中之術語係用以描述本發明之特定實施例,但除如申請專利範圍中所概述外,其使用不限定本發明。
如本文中所使用,術語"模組化rAb載體"係用以描述重組抗體系統,其已經工程化以提供不同抗原、活化蛋白或其他抗體向單一重組單株抗體(mAb)(在該狀況下為抗LOX-1單株抗體)之受控模組化添加。rAb可為使用標準融合瘤技術、重組抗體顯示、人類化單株抗體及其類似物製造之單株抗體。模組化rAb載體可用以(例如)將多個抗原及/或抗原及活化細胞激素靶向(經由一針對內化受體,例如人類樹突狀細胞受體之第一重組抗體)樹突狀細胞(DC)。模組化rAb載體亦可用於以受控及限定方式端對端連接2個不同重組mAb。
"模組化rAb載體"之抗原結合部分可為一或多個可變域、一或多個可變及第一恆定域、Fab片段、Fab'片段、F(ab)2片段及Fv片段,及具有Fc域之部分的Fabc片段及/或Fab片段,將同源模組化結合部分添加至胺基酸序列及/或與該Fc域結合。適用於模組化rAb載體之抗體可為任何同型或類別、亞類或來自任何來源(動物及/或重組)。
在一非限制性實例中,模組化rAb載體經工程化以具有一或多個用於在經工程化重組mAb之情況下製造特殊及限定蛋白質複合物之模組化黏附因子-錨定因子蛋白質域。mAb為融合蛋白之一部分,其包括一或多個來自mAb之抗原結合域之模組化黏附因子-錨定因子蛋白質域羧基。黏附因子-錨定因子蛋白質域可甚至(例如)藉由使用化學交聯劑及/或二硫鍵在轉譯後連接。
如本文中所使用之術語"抗原"係指可在抗原之接受體中引發體液及/或細胞免疫反應之分子。抗原可根據本發明在2種不同情況下使用:作為rAb之抗體或其他抗原識別域之目標,或作為由作為與模組化rAb載體互補之錨定因子/黏附因子分子之一部分的rAb運送至及/或進入細胞或目標中之分子。抗原通常為引起疾病之因子,疫苗接種對疾病而言將為有利治療。當抗原存在於MHC上時,肽常為約8至約25個胺基酸。抗原包括任何類型之生物分子,包括(例如)簡單中間代謝物、糖、脂質及激素,以及巨分子,諸如複合碳水化合物、磷脂、核酸及蛋白質。常見種類之抗原包括(但不限於)病毒抗原、細菌抗原、真菌抗原、原蟲及其他寄生蟲抗原、腫瘤抗原、涉及自體免疫疾病、過敏及移植排斥之抗原,及其他雜項抗原。
模組化rAb載體能夠運送任何數量之活性劑,例如,抗生素、抗感染劑、抗病毒劑、抗腫瘤劑、退熱劑、止痛劑、消炎劑、骨質疏鬆症之治療劑、酶、細胞激素、抗凝劑、多醣、膠原蛋白、細胞及兩種或兩種以上上述活性劑之組合。使用本發明來傳遞之抗生素的實例包括(而不限於)四環素(tetracycline)、胺基糖苷、盤尼西林(penicillin)、頭孢菌素(cephalosporin)、乙磺醯胺藥物、氯黴素琥珀酸鈉、紅黴素(erythromycin)、萬古黴素(vancomycin)、林可黴素(lincomycin)、氯林可黴素(clindamycin)、制黴菌素(nystatin)、兩性黴素B(amphotericin B)、金剛烷胺(amantidine)、碘苷(idoxuridine)、對胺基水楊酸、異煙肼(isoniazid)、利福平(rifampin)、抗黴素D(antinomycin D)、光輝黴素(mithramycin)、柔紅黴素(daunomycin)、阿德力黴素(adriamycin)、博萊黴素(bleomycin)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、咪唑甲醯胺及其類似物。
使用本發明來傳遞之抗腫瘤劑之實例包括(而不限於)阿黴素(doxorubicin)、道諾黴素(Daunorubicin)、紫杉酚(taxol)、甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)及其類似物。退熱劑及止痛劑之實例包括阿司匹靈(aspirin)、Motrin、Ibuprofen、萘普生(naprosyn)、乙醯胺苯酚(acetaminophen)及其類似物。
使用本發明來傳遞之消炎劑之實例包括(而不限於),NSAIDS、阿司匹靈(aspirin)、甾類(steroids)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、氫化可的松(hydrocortisone)、去氫皮質醇(prednisolone)、雙氯芬酸鈉(Diclofenac Na)及其類似物。
使用本發明來傳遞的用於治療骨質疏鬆症之治療劑及其他對骨及骨骼起作用之因子的實例包括(而不限於)鈣、阿侖膦酸鹽、骨GLa肽、副甲狀腺激素及其活性片段、組蛋白H4相關之骨形成及增殖肽,及其突變物、衍生物及類似物。
使用本發明來傳遞之酶及酶輔因子之實例包括(而不限於)胰腺酶(pancrease)、L-天冬醯胺酶、玻尿酸酶(hyaluronidase)、胰凝乳蛋白酶(chymotrypsin)、胰蛋白酶、tPA、鏈激酶、尿激酶、胰酵素、膠原酶、胰蛋白酶原、胰凝乳蛋白酶原、纖溶酶原、鏈激酶、腺苷酸環化酶、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)及其類似物。
使用本發明來傳遞之細胞激素之實例包括(而不限於)介白素、轉型生長因子(TGF)、纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF)、血小板衍生之生長因子(PDGF)、表皮生長因子(EGF)、結締組織活化肽(CTAP)、成骨因子、及該等生長因子之生物學活性類似物、片段及衍生物。細胞激素可為B/T細胞分化因子、B/T細胞生長因子、細胞分裂細胞激素、趨化性細胞激素、群落刺激因子、血管生成因子、IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL1、IL2、IL3、IL4、IL5、IL6、IL7、IL8、IL9、IL10、IL11、IL12、IL13、IL14、IL15、IL16、IL17、IL18等、瘦素、肌肉抑制素、巨噬細胞刺激蛋白、血小板衍生之生長因子、TNF-α、TNF-β、NGF、CD40L、CD137L/4-1BBL、人類淋巴毒素-β、G-CSF、M-CSF、GM-CSF、PDGF、IL-1α、IL1-β、IP-10、PF4、GRO、9E3、紅血球生成素、內皮抑素、血管生長抑素、VEGF或其任何片段或組合。其他細胞激素包括轉型生長因子(TGF)超基因家族之成員,包括β轉型生長因子(例如TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3);骨形態形成蛋白(例如BMP-1、BMP-2、BMP-3、BMP-4、BMP-5、BMP-6、BMP-7、BMP-8、BMP-9);肝素結合生長因子(例如,纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF)、表皮生長因子(EGF)、血小板衍生之生長因子(PDGF)、類胰島素生長因子(IGF));抑制素(例如抑制素A、抑制素B);生長分化因子(例如GDF-1);及活化素(例如活化素A、活化素B、活化素AB)。
使用本發明來傳遞之生長因子之實例包括(而不限於)可自原生或天然來源分離之生長因子,諸如來自哺乳動物細胞之生長因子,或可(諸如)藉由重組DNA技術或藉由各種化學方法合成製備之生長因子。另外,可使用該等因子之類似物、片段或衍生物,其限制條件為其顯示原生分子之至少一些生物活性。舉例而言,類似物可藉由表現由位點特異性突變或其他遺傳工程化技術改變之基因來製備。
使用本發明來傳遞之抗凝劑之實例包括(而不限於)殺鼠靈(Warfarin)、肝素、水蛭素(Hirudin)及其類似物。使用本發明來傳遞的對免疫系統起作用之因子之實例包括(而不限於)控制發炎及惡性贅瘤之因子,及攻擊傳染性微生物之因子,諸如趨化性肽及緩激肽。
病毒抗原之實例包括(但不限於)(例如)逆轉錄病毒抗原,諸如,來自諸如gag、pol及env基因之基因產物、Nef蛋白、逆轉錄酶及其他HIV組份之人類免疫缺陷性病毒(HIV)抗原的逆轉錄病毒抗原;肝炎病毒抗原,諸如,肝炎B病毒之S、M及L蛋白,肝炎B病毒之前S抗原,及例如肝炎A、B及C之其他肝炎病毒組分,諸如肝炎C病毒RNA;流感病毒抗原,諸如血球凝集素及神經胺酸酶及其他流感病毒組份;麻疹病毒抗原,諸如麻疹病毒融合蛋白及其他麻疹病毒組份;風疹病毒抗原,諸如蛋白E1及E2及其他風疹病毒組份;輪狀病毒抗原(rotaviral antigen),諸如VP7sc及其他輪狀病毒組份;細胞巨大病毒抗原,諸如包膜醣蛋白B及其他細胞巨大病毒抗原組份;呼吸道融合性病毒抗原,諸如RSV融合蛋白、M2蛋白及其他呼吸道融合性病毒抗原組份;單純性疱疹病毒抗原,諸如直接早期蛋白、醣蛋白D及其他單純性疱疹病毒抗原組份;水痘帶狀皰狀病毒抗原,諸如gpI、gpII及其他水痘帶狀皰狀病毒抗原組份;日本腦炎病毒抗原(Japanese encephalitis viral antigen),諸如蛋白E、M-E、M-E-NS1、NS1、NS1-NS2A、80%E及其他日本腦炎病毒抗原組份;狂犬病病毒抗原,諸如狂犬病醣蛋白、狂犬病核蛋白及其他狂犬病病毒抗原組份。參見Fundamental Virology,第二版,編者Fields,B. N.及Rnipe,D. M.(Raven Press,New York,1991)得到病毒抗原之額外實例。
可使用本發明之rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗傳遞之抗原標靶包括編碼諸如病毒抗原、細菌抗原、真菌抗原或寄生蟲抗原之抗原的基因。病毒包括小核糖核酸病毒、冠狀病毒、披衣病毒、黃病毒、棒狀病毒、副黏液病毒、正黏液病毒、崩芽病毒(bunyavirus)、沙狀病毒(arenavirus)、呼腸孤病毒(reovirus)、逆轉錄病毒、乳頭狀瘤病毒、細小病毒、疱疹病毒、痘病毒、肝DNA病毒(hepadnavirus)及海綿狀病毒。其他病毒標靶包括流感病毒、單純疱疹病毒1及2、麻疹病毒、登革熱病毒、天花病毒、脊髓灰質炎病毒或HIV。病原體包括錐蟲、條蟲、蛔蟲、蠕蟲、虐疾。腫瘤標記物,諸如胚胎抗原或前列腺特異性抗原,可以該方式靶向。其他實例包括:HIV env蛋白及B肝炎表面抗原。根據本發明用於疫苗接種目的之載體之投與需要載體相關抗原具有足夠非免疫原性,以使轉殖基因能長期表現,對其而言,需要強免疫反應。在一些狀況下,個體之疫苗接種可能僅偶爾需要,諸如每年一次或兩年一次,可提供抵抗傳染物之長期免疫保護。用於載體且最終用作本發明之抗原之生物體、過敏原及核酸及胺基酸序列之特定實例可見於美國專利第6,541,011號中,相關部分以引用之方式併入本文,特別是匹配可供本發明使用之生物體及特定序列之表。
用於本文所揭示之rAb疫苗之細菌抗原包括(但不限於)例如細菌抗原,諸如百日咳毒素、絲狀血球凝集素、黏附素(pertactin)、FIM2、FIM3、腺苷酸環化酶及其他百日咳細菌抗原組份;白喉細菌抗原,諸如白喉毒素或類毒素及其他白喉細菌抗原組份;破傷風細菌抗原,諸如破傷風毒素或類毒素及其他破傷風細菌抗原組份;鏈球菌細菌抗原,諸如M蛋白及其他鏈球菌細菌抗原組份;革蘭氏陰性(gram-negative)桿菌細菌抗原,諸如脂多醣及其他革蘭氏陰性細菌抗原組份;結核分枝桿菌(Mycobacterium tuber-culosis)細菌抗原,諸如黴菌酸、熱休克蛋白65(HSP65)、30 kDa主要分泌蛋白、抗原85A及其他分支桿菌抗原組份;幽門螺旋桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)細菌抗原組份;肺炎球菌細菌抗原,諸如肺炎球菌溶血素(pneumolysin)、肺炎球菌莢膜多醣及其他肺炎球菌細菌抗原組份;流感嗜血桿菌(Haemophilus influenza)細菌抗原,諸如莢膜多醣及其他流感嗜血桿菌細菌抗原組份;炭疽細菌抗原,諸如炭疽保護性抗原及其他炭疽細菌抗原組份;立克次體細菌抗原,諸如rompA及其他立克次體細菌抗原組份。本文所述之細菌抗原亦包括任何其他細菌、分支桿菌、黴漿菌(mycoplasmal)、立克次體或披衣菌抗原。部分或完整病原體亦可為:流感嗜血桿菌;惡性虐原蟲(Plasmodium falci-parum);腦膜炎雙球菌(Neisseria meningitidis);肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae);淋病雙球菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae);血清型傷寒沙門氏菌(Salmonella serotype typhi);志賀桿菌(shigella);霍亂弧菌(Vibrio cholerae);登革熱(Dengue Fever);腦炎;日本腦炎;萊姆病(lyme disease);鼠疫桿菌(Yersinia pestis);西尼羅河病毒(west nile virus);黃熱病(yellow fever);兔熱病(tularemia);肝炎(病毒性;細菌性);RSV(呼吸道合胞(syncytial)病毒);HPIV 1及HPIV 3;腺病毒;天花;過敏及癌症。
供本發明之組合物及方法使用之真菌抗原包括(但不限於)(例如)念珠菌屬(candida)真菌抗原組份;組織漿菌屬(histoplasma)真菌抗原,諸如熱休克蛋白60(HSP60)及其他組織漿菌屬真菌抗原組份;隱球菌真菌抗原,諸如莢膜多醣及其他隱球菌真菌抗原組份;球黴菌屬(coccidiodes)真菌抗原,諸如小球抗原(spherule antigen)及其他球黴菌屬真菌抗原組份;及癬真菌抗原(tinea fungal antigen),諸如發癬菌素(trichophytin)及其他球黴菌屬真菌抗原組份。
原蟲及其他寄生蟲抗原之實例包括(但不限於)(例如)惡性虐原蟲抗原,諸如裂殖子表面抗原、子胞子表面抗原、環子孢子抗原、配子母細胞/配子表面抗原、血液期抗原pf 155/RESA及其他虐原蟲抗原組份;弓蟲屬(toxoplasma)抗原,諸如SAG-1、p30及其他弓蟲屬抗原組份;血吸蟲(schistosomae)抗原,諸如麩胱甘肽-S-轉移酶、副肌凝蛋白及其他血吸蟲抗原組份;大利什曼原蟲(leishmania major)及其他利什曼原蟲抗原,諸如gp63、脂磷酸聚糖及其相關蛋白及其他利什曼原蟲抗原組份;及克氏錐蟲抗原(trypanosoma cruzi antigen),諸如75-77 kDa抗原、56 kDa抗原及其他錐蟲抗原組份。
可使用本發明之rAb靶向之抗原通常將基於包括以下各者之許多因素來選擇:內化之可能性、免疫細胞特異性水平、所靶向之免疫細胞類型、免疫細胞成熟及/或活化之水平及其類似因素。用於樹突狀細胞之細胞表面標記之實例包括(但不限於)MHCI類、MHC II類、B7-2、CD18、CD29、CD31、CD43、CD44、CD45、CD54、CD58、CD83、CD86、CMRF-44、CMRF-56、DCIR及/或DECTIN-1及其類似物;而在一些狀況下,亦具有以下各者之缺失:CD2、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD14、CD15、CD16、CD19、CD20、CD56及/或CD57。用於抗原呈現細胞之細胞表面標記之實例包括(但不限於)MHCI類、MHC II類、CD40、CD45、B7-1、B7-2、IFN-γ受體及IL-2受體、ICAM-1及/或Fcγ受體。用於T細胞之細胞表面標記之實例包括(但不限於)CD3、CD4、CD8、CD14、CD20、CD11b、CD16、CD45及HLA-DR。
用於傳遞之細胞表面上之目標抗原包括腫瘤抗原之彼等特徵,其通常將得自細胞表面、細胞質、核、細胞器及腫瘤組織細胞之類似物。用於本發明之抗體部分之腫瘤目標的實例包括(而不限於),諸如白血病及淋巴瘤之血液學癌、諸如星形細胞瘤或神經膠母細胞瘤之神經學腫瘤、黑素瘤、乳癌、肺癌、頭及頸癌、諸如胃或結腸癌之胃腸道腫瘤、肝癌、胰腺癌、泌尿生殖器腫瘤,諸如子宮頸癌、子宮癌、卵巢癌、陰道癌、睾丸癌、前列腺癌或陰莖癌,骨腫瘤、血管腫瘤或以下各者之癌症:唇、鼻咽、咽及口腔、食道、直腸、膽囊、膽管、喉、肺及支氣管、膀胱、腎、腦及神經系統之其他部分、甲狀腺,霍奇金氏病(Hodgkin's disease)、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、多發性骨髓瘤及白血病。
可使用本發明單獨或呈組合傳遞至用於抗原呈現之免疫細胞之抗原的實例包括腫瘤蛋白,例如突變致癌基因;與腫瘤相關之病毒蛋白;及腫瘤黏蛋白及糖脂。抗原可為與腫瘤相關之病毒蛋白,其將為來自上文所述病毒種類之彼等者。某些抗原可具有腫瘤之特徵(一子集為通常不由腫瘤前驅細胞表現之蛋白質),或可為通常在腫瘤前驅細胞中表現但具有腫瘤之突變特徵之蛋白質。其他抗原包括正常蛋白質之突變變體,其具有經改變之活性或亞細胞分布,例如產生腫瘤抗原之基因突變。
腫瘤抗原之特定非限制性實例包括:CEA、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA),HER-2/neu,BAGE,GAGE,MAGE 1-4、6及12、MUC(黏蛋白)(例如MUC-1、MUC-2等),GM2及GD2神經結醣脂,ras,myc,酪胺酸酶,MART(黑素瘤抗原),Pmel 17(gp100),GnT-V內含子V序列(N-乙醯基葡糖胺基轉移酶V內含子V序列),前列腺Ca psm,PRAME(黑素瘤抗原),β-索烴素,MUM-1-B(黑素瘤廣布突變基因產物),GAGE(黑素瘤抗原)1,BAGE(黑素瘤抗原)2-10,c-ERB2(Her2/neu),EBNA(埃-巴二氏病毒(Epstein-BarrVirus)核抗原)1-6,gp75,人類乳頭狀瘤病毒(HPV)E6及E7,p53,肺抗性蛋白(LRP),Bcl-2及Ki-67。另外,免疫原分子可為涉及自體免疫疾病之發生及/或傳播之自身抗原,其病理學主要歸因於對例如SLE或MG之由相關目標器官、組織或細胞表現之分子有特異性的抗體之活性。在該等疾病中,可希望將對相關自身抗原之進行中抗體介導(亦即Th2型)之免疫反應朝向細胞(亦即Th1型)免疫反應引導。或者,可希望在受檢者中防止對自身抗原之Th2反應之開始或降低對自身抗原之Th2反應之水平,該受檢者疑似易患相關自體免疫疾病,但藉由預防性誘導對適當自身抗原之Th1反應而不患有相關自體免疫疾病。所關注之自身抗原包括(而不限於):(a)就SLE而言,史密斯蛋白(Smith protein)、RNP核糖核蛋白及SS-A及SS-B蛋白;及(b)就MG而言,乙醯膽鹼受體。涉及一或多種類型之自體免疫反應之其他雜項抗原的實例包括(例如)內源激素,諸如黃體促素、濾泡性刺激激素、睪固酮、生長激素、催乳激素及其他激素。
涉及自體免疫疾病、過敏及移植排斥之抗原可用於本發明之組合物及方法中。舉例而言,涉及以下任何一或多種自體免疫疾病或病症之抗原可用於本發明中:糖尿病(diabetes),糖尿病(diabetes mellitus),關節炎(包括類風濕性關節炎、青少年風濕性關節炎、骨關節炎、牛皮癬關節炎),多發性硬化,重症肌無力,全身性狼瘡紅斑,自體免疫甲狀腺炎,皮炎(包括異位性皮炎及濕疹性皮炎),牛皮癬,修格連氏症候群(Sjogren's Syndrome),包括繼發於修格連氏症候群之乾燥性角膜結膜炎,斑禿,由於節肢動物叮咬反應之過敏性反應,克羅恩氏病(Crohn's disease),口瘡性潰瘍,虹膜炎,結膜炎,角膜結膜炎,潰瘍性結腸炎,哮喘,過敏性哮喘,皮膚紅斑狼瘡,硬皮病,陰道炎,直腸炎,藥疹,麻風,逆轉反應,麻風結節性紅斑,自體免疫性葡萄膜炎,過敏性腦脊髓炎,急性壞死性出血性腦病,特發性雙側進行性感覺神經聽力損失,再生不良性貧血,純紅血球貧血,特發性血小板減少,多軟骨炎,韋格納氏肉芽腫病(Wegener's granulomatosis),慢性活動性肝炎,斯-約二氏綜合征(Stevens-Johnson syndrome),特發性口瘡,扁平苔癬,克羅恩氏病,格雷氏眼病,類肉瘤病,原發性膽汁性肝硬化,後囊葡萄膜炎及間質性肺纖維化。涉及自體免疫疾病之抗原之實例包括麩胺酸脫羧酶65(GAD 65)、原生DNA、髓鞘鹼性蛋白、髓鞘蛋白脂蛋白、乙醯膽鹼受體組份、甲狀腺球蛋白及甲狀腺刺激激素(TSH)受體。涉及過敏之抗原之實例包括花粉抗原,諸如柳杉(Japanese cedar)花粉抗原、豬草花粉抗原、黑麥草花粉抗原;動物衍生之抗原,諸如塵蹣抗原及貓抗原,組織相容性抗原及盤尼西林及其他治療藥物。涉及移植排斥之抗原之實例包括欲移植至移植物受體中之移植物之抗原組份,諸如心臟、肺、肝、胰腺、腎及神經移植物組份之抗原組份。抗原可為適用於治療自體免疫疾病之經改變之肽配位體。
如本文中所使用,術語"抗原決定基"係指肽或蛋白質抗原,其包括類似於位於由病原體DNA或RNA編碼之許多病原體多肽之任何者內的抗原決定基之一級、二級或三級結構。相似性水平通常將達到該程度以至針對該等多肽引導之單株或多株抗體亦將與肽或蛋白質抗原結合,與其反應或另外將其識別。各種免疫檢定方法可連同該等抗體一起使用,諸如西方墨點、ELISA、RIA及其類似方法,其全部為熟習此項技術者已知。適用於疫苗之病原體抗原決定基及/或其功能等價物之鑑別為本發明之部分。一旦經分離及鑑別,吾人即可易於獲得功能等價物。舉例而言,吾人可使用如美國專利第4,554,101號中教示之Hopp之方法,該專利教示基於親水性自胺基酸序列鑑別及製備抗原決定基。若干其他論文中所述之方法及基於其之軟體程式亦可用以鑑別抗原決定基核心序列(參見(例如)Jameson及Wolf,1988;Wolf等人,1988;美國專利第4,554,101號)。該等"抗原決定基核心序列"之胺基酸序列可隨後易於經由應用肽合成或重組技術而併入肽中。
包括編碼本發明之抗原之核酸作為活性成份的疫苗組合物之製劑可製備為可注射液,呈液體溶液或懸浮液;在感染之前,亦可製備適於在液體中溶解或懸浮之固體形式。製劑可經乳化、囊封於脂質體中。活性免疫原成份常常與為醫藥學上可接受且與活性成分可相容之載劑混合。
術語"醫藥學上可接受之載劑"係指在其所投與之受檢者中不引起過敏性反應或其他不良效應之載劑。適合醫藥學上可接受之載劑包括(例如)水、鹽水、磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水、右旋糖、甘油、乙醇或其類似物中之一或多者,及其組合。另外,若需要,則疫苗可含有少量輔助物質,諸如濕潤劑或乳化劑、pH緩衝劑及/或增強疫苗有效性之佐劑。可有效之佐劑之實例包括(但不限於):氫氧化鋁、N-乙醯基-胞壁醯基-L-蘇胺醯基-D-異麩醯胺(thr-MDP)、N-乙醯基-降胞壁醯基-L-丙胺醯基-D-異麩醯胺、MTP-PE及RIBI,其於2%角鯊烯/TWeen 80乳液中含有自細菌提取之3種組份:單磷醯基脂質A、二黴酸海藻糖(trehalose dimycolate)及細胞壁骨架(MPL+TDM+CWS)。佐劑之其他實例包括DDA(二甲基二(十八基)溴化銨)、弗氏完全及不完全佐劑(Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant)及QuilA。另外,免疫調節物質,諸如淋巴介質(例如IFN-γ、IL-2及IL-12)或諸如聚I:C之合成IFN-γ誘導物,可與本文中所述之佐劑組合使用。
醫藥產物可包括具有如本發明中所述,與存在於血漿脂蛋白上之脂蛋白元之特定DNA結合位點結合的特定核苷酸序列之單一或多複本之裸露聚核苷酸。聚核苷酸可編碼生物學活性肽、反義RNA或核糖核酸酶,且將以生理學上可接受之可投與形式來提供。可來自本發明之另一醫藥產物可包括高度純化之血漿脂蛋白部分,其係根據本文中所述之方法自患者血液或其他來源分離;及聚核苷酸,其含有與存在於血漿脂蛋白上之脂蛋白元之特定DNA結合位點結合的特定核苷酸序列之單一或多複本,其以生理學上可接受之可投與形式預結合於純化脂蛋白部分。
另一醫藥產物可包括高度純化之血漿脂蛋白部分,其含有含特定DNA結合基元之單一或多複本之重組脂蛋白元片段,其以生理學上可接受之可投與形式預結合於含有特定核苷酸序列之單一或多複本之聚核苷酸。另一醫藥產物可包括高度純化之血漿脂蛋白部分,其含有含特定DNA結合基元之單一或多複本之重組脂蛋白元片段,其以生理學上可接受之可投與形式預結合於含有特定核苷酸序列之單一或多複本之聚核苷酸。
欲投與之劑量很大程度上視所治療之受檢者之體重及身體狀況以及投藥路線及治療頻率而定。包括預結合於高度純化之脂蛋白部分之裸露聚核苷酸之醫藥組合物可以在1 μg至1 mg聚核苷酸及1 μg至100 mg蛋白質之範圍內變化之量來投與。
rAb及rAb複合物向患者之投藥將遵循化學治療劑投藥之通用協定,考慮到(若存在)載體之毒性。預期,當需要時,將重複治療週期。亦涵蓋,各種標準療法以及外科介入可與所述基因療法組合應用。
當涵蓋基因療法之臨床應用時,有必要將複合物製備為適於預期應用之醫藥組合物。通常,必需製備基本上無熱原質及可對人類或動物有害之任何其他雜質的醫藥組合物。熟習此項技術者通常亦希望使用適當鹽及緩衝液以使複合物穩定且允許由目標細胞攝取複合物。
本發明之水性組合物可包括溶解或分散於醫藥學上可接受之載劑或水性介質中之有效量之化合物。該等組合物亦可稱為接種物。該等介質及試劑用於醫藥活性物質之用途在此項技術中係熟知的。除非任何習知介質或試劑與活性成份不相容,否則涵蓋其於治療組合物中之用途。補充活性成份亦可併入組合物中。本發明之組合物可包括經典醫藥製劑。分散液亦可在甘油、液體聚乙二醇及其混合物中及在油中製備。在儲存及使用之通常條件下,該等製劑含有防腐劑以防止微生物生長。
疾病狀況。視欲治療之特定疾病而定,根據本發明之治療組合物之投藥將經由任何常用路線,只要可經由彼路線到達目標組織以最大化抗原向位點之傳遞而達到最大(或在一些狀況下最小)免疫反應即可。投藥通常將藉由正位、皮內、皮下、肌肉內、腹膜內或靜脈內注射來完成。用於傳遞之其他區域包括:口、鼻、頰內、直腸、陰道或局部。局部投藥將尤其有利於治療皮膚癌症。該等組合物通常將作為包括生理學上可接受之載劑、緩衝液或其他賦形劑之醫藥學上可接受之組合物來投與。
本發明之疫苗或治療組合物可藉由(例如)皮下或肌肉內注射來非經腸投與。適於其他投藥模式之額外調配物包括栓劑,且在一些狀況下為適於作為氣溶膠分布之口服調配物。在口服調配物之狀況下,使用佐劑之T細胞子集之操作、抗原包裝或將個別細胞激素添加至各種調配物中產生具有最佳免疫反應之改良口服疫苗。對栓劑而言,傳統黏合劑及載劑可包括(例如)聚伸烷二醇或甘油三酯;該等栓劑可自含有在0.5%至10%,較佳1%-2%之範圍內之活性成分的混合物形成。口服調配物包括諸如以下各者之常用賦形劑:醫藥級別之甘露糖醇、乳糖、澱粉硬脂酸鎂、糖精鈉、纖維素、碳酸鎂及其類似物。該等組合物採用溶液、懸浮液、錠劑、丸劑、膠囊、持續釋放調配物或散劑之形式,且含有10%-95%之活性成份,較佳25-70%。
編碼本發明之核酸之抗原可以中性或鹽形式調配至疫苗或治療組合物中。醫藥學上可接受之鹽包括酸加成鹽(與肽之游離胺基形成)且其係以無機酸,諸如鹽酸或磷酸形成;或以有機酸,諸如乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、順丁烯二酸及其類似物形成。與游離羧基形成之鹽亦可得自無機鹼,諸如(例如)氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化銨、氫氧化鈣或氫氧化鐵;及得自有機鹼,諸如異丙胺、三甲胺、2-乙基胺基乙醇、組胺酸、普魯卡因(procaine)及其類似物。
疫苗或治療組合物係以可與劑量調配物相容之方式,且以諸如將在預防及/或治療上有效之量來投與。欲投與之量視欲治療之受檢者,包括(例如)受檢者之免疫系統合成抗體之能力,及所要保護或治療程度而定。適合劑量範圍為每次疫苗接種大約數百微克之活性成份,該疫苗接種係在約0.1 mg至1000 mg之範圍內,諸如在約1 mg至300 mg之範圍內,且較佳在約10 mg至50 mg之範圍內。用於初始投藥及加強注射之適合方案亦可變,而係藉由初始投藥,接著後繼接種或其他投藥來說明。所需投與之活性成份之精確量視行醫者之判斷而定且可為各受檢者所特有的。對熟習此項技術者顯而易見的是,本發明之核酸分子或融合多肽之治療有效量將尤其視以下各者而定:投藥時程、所投與抗原之單位劑量、核酸分子亦或融合多肽與其他治療劑組合投與、受體之免疫狀況及健康狀況及特定核酸分子或融合多肽之治療活性。
組合物可以單次劑量時程或以多次劑量時程來給予。多次劑量時程為如下時程:其中疫苗接種之第一進程可包括(例如)1-10個分次劑量,接著以後續時間間隔給予維持及或增強免疫反應所需的其他劑量,例如,對第二劑量而言,以1-4個月來給予,且若需要,則數月後,給予後續劑量。以1-5年,通常3年之時間間隔之定期加強對維持保護性免疫力之所要水平而言係理想的。免疫進程之後可進行周邊血液淋巴細胞(PBL)之活體外增殖檢定,將PBL與ESAT6或ST-CF共同培養,且藉由量測自預致敏淋巴細胞釋放之IFN-γ之含量來進行該檢定。檢定可使用習知標記物,諸如放射性核苷酸、酶、螢光標記物及其類似物來執行。該等技術為熟習此項技術者所知且可見於美國專利第3,791,932號、第4,174,384號及第3,949,064號中,相關部分以引用之方式併入。
模組化rAb載體及/或結合rAb載體-(黏附因子/錨定因子及/或錨定因子-黏附因子)-抗原複合物(rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗)可以一或多個"單位劑量"來提供,其視使用核酸載體,亦或使用最終純化蛋白質或最終疫苗形式而定。單位劑量係定義為含有治療組合物之預定量,其經計算以與其投藥,亦即適當路線及治療方案聯合而產生所要反應。欲投與之量及特定路線及調配物係在熟習臨床技術者之技能範圍內。亦可評估欲治療之受檢者,尤其評估受檢者之免疫系統狀況及所要保護。單位劑量無需作為單一注射液投與,但可包括設定時期內之連續輸液。本發明之單位劑量可方便地以DNA/kg(或蛋白質/Kg)體重為單位來描述,投與範圍在約0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.5、1、10、50、100、1,000或1,000 mg以上/DNA或蛋白質/kg體重內。同樣地,所傳遞之rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗之量可自約0.2 mg/kg體重變化至約8.0 mg/kg體重。因此,在特定實施例中,0.4 mg、0.5 mg、0.8 mg、1.0 mg、1.5 mg、2.0 mg、2.5 mg、3.0 mg、4.0 mg、5.0 mg、5.5 mg、6.0 mg、6.5 mg、7.0 mg及7.5 mg之疫苗可在活體內傳遞至個體。欲投與之rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗之劑量在很大程度上視所治療之受檢者之體重及身體狀況以及投藥路線及治療頻率而定。包括與脂質體或病毒傳遞載體預結合之裸露聚核苷酸之醫藥組合物可以在1 μg至1 mg聚核苷酸及1 μg至100 mg蛋白質之範圍內之量來投與。因此,特定組合物可包括在約1 μg、5 μg、10 μg、20 μg、30 μg、40 μg、50 μg、60 μg、70 μg、80 μg、100 μg、150 μg、200 μg、250 μg、500 μg、600 μg、700 μg、800 μg、900 μg或1,000 μg之間的聚核苷酸或蛋白質,其獨立地與1 μg、5 μg、10 μg、20 μg、3.0 μg、40 μg、50 μg、60 μg、70 μg、80 μg、100 μg、150 μg、200 μg、250 μg、500 μg、600 μg、700 μg、800 μg、900 μg、1 mg、1.5 mg、5 mg、10 mg、20 mg、30 mg、40 mg、50 mg、60 mg、70 mg、80 mg、90 mg或100 mg載體結合。
在量測人類Flu-特異性T細胞經Flu抗原已靶向之樹突狀細胞之免疫刺激的活體外細胞系統中測試本發明。本文中所示之結果證明該等抗原特異性細胞在抗原自身在該系統中無效之劑量下特異性擴增(specific expansion)。
本發明亦可用以製造模組化rAb載體,亦即(例如)與來自蓖麻毒素、炭疽毒素及金黃素葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)B腸毒素之保護性抗原複合之重組人類化mAb(引導至特定人類樹突狀細胞受體)。該實體之潛在市場為所有軍事人員之疫苗接種及經儲備以投與大人口中心來響應任何與該等試劑有關之生物威脅之儲存疫苗。本發明對設計一般而言用於人類及動物用途之疫苗具有廣泛應用。所關注之工業包括醫藥及生物技術工業。
本發明包括包含疫苗之組合物及方法,其將抗原特異地靶向(傳遞)至抗原呈現細胞(APC)以達引出針對抗原之有效及廣泛免疫反應之目的。該等組合物引起抵抗抗原自其衍生之因子(病原體或癌症)之保護或治療免疫反應。另外,本發明產生經由其特定接合抗原呈現細胞上表現之LOX-1受體而直接或與其他試劑協同治療之試劑。
用於DC及B細胞之表面染色之抗體及四聚體-抗體(Ab)(包括同型對照Ab)係自BD Biosciences(CA)購得。用於ELISA之Ab係自Bethyl(TX)購得。抗BLyS及抗APRIL來自PeproTech(NJ)。四聚體,HLA-A*0201-GILGFVFTL(Flu M1)及HLA-A*0201-ELAGIGILTV(Mart-1)係自Beckman Coulter(CA)購得。
在含有GM-CSF(100 ng/ml)及IL-4(50 ng/ml)(R & D,CA)之Cellgenics(France)培養基中,培養來自正常供體之細胞及培養物-單核細胞(1×106/ml)。對第3天及第6天而言,分別在第1天及第3天將DC、相同量之細胞激素補充至培養基中。用陰性分離套組(BD)純化B細胞。用經抗CD4或CD8(Milteniy,CA)塗佈之磁性珠粒純化CD4及CD8T細胞。使用PercollTM梯度(GE Healthcare UK Ltd,Buckinghamshire,UK),藉由密度梯度離心自白血球層分離PBMC。對DC活化而言,在經mAb塗佈之96孔培養板中將1×105個DC培養16-18 h。在37℃下,將於pH 9.4之碳酸鹽緩衝液中之mAb(1-2 ug/孔)培養至少3 h。收穫培養物上清液且藉由Luminex(Biorad,CA)量測細胞激素/趨化因子。對基因分析而言,在經mAb塗佈之培養板中將DC培養8 h。在一些實驗中,將可溶性50 ng/ml之CD40L(R & D,CA)或50 nM CpG(InVivogen,CA)添加至培養物中。在DC及B細胞共同培養物中,首先在經mAb塗佈之培養板中將再懸浮於具有10% FCS及抗生素(Biosource,CA)之RPMI 1640中之5×103個DC培養至少6 h,且隨後,添加1×105個經CFSE(Molecular Probes,OR)標記之純化自體B細胞。在一些實驗中,用5 moi(多重性感染)之熱失活流感病毒(A/PR/8 H1N1)將DC脈衝2h,且隨後與B細胞混合。對DC及T細胞共同培養物而言,用1×105個純化自體CD8T細胞或混合同種異體T細胞培養5×103個DC。用1 uCi/孔之3[H]-胸苷脈衝同種異體T細胞歷時培養之最後18 h,且隨後藉由γ-計數器(Wallac,MN)量測cpm。在經mAb塗佈之培養板中培養5×105個PBMC/孔。藉由分別在培養之第10天及第7天,用抗CD8及四聚體將細胞染色來量測Mart-1及F1u M1特異性CD8 T細胞之頻率。將10 uM 之 Mart-1肽(ELAGIGILTV)及20 nM含有Mart-1肽之重組蛋白(參見下文)添加至DC及CD8 T細胞培養物中。將20 nM純化重組Flu M1蛋白(參見下文)添加至PBMC培養物中。
單株抗體-小鼠mAb係藉由習知技術產生。簡言之,用20 μg之受體胞外域.hIgGFc融合蛋白與Ribi佐劑將6週大之BALB/c小鼠i.p.免疫,隨後用20 μg抗原加強10天及之後的15天。3個月後,在取出脾臟之前3天,再次加強小鼠。或者,在30至40天之時期內,每3至4天,用1-10 μg於 Ribi佐劑中之抗原在足墊中注射小鼠。最終加強後3至4天,收穫引流淋巴結。將來自脾臟之B細胞或淋巴結細胞與SP2/O-Ag 14細胞融合。篩選融合瘤上清液,以分析與單獨融合搭配物或與鹼性磷酸酶融合之受體胞外域(16)比較,受體胞外域融合蛋白之Ab。隨後,在FACS中,使用經編碼全長受體cDNA之表現質體瞬間轉染之293F細胞篩選陽性孔。將所選融合瘤單細胞選殖且在CELLine燒瓶(Integra,CA)中擴增。將融合瘤上清液與相同體積之1.5 M甘胺酸、3 M NaCl、1×PBS,pH 7.8混合,且與MabSelect樹脂一起翻滾。用結合緩衝液洗滌樹脂且用pH 2.7之0.1 M甘胺酸溶離。用2 M Tris中和之後,相對PBS透析mAb。
ELISA-執行夾層ELISA以量測總IgM、IgG及IgA以及flu-特異性免疫球蛋白(Ig)。含有已知量之Ig之標準人類血清(Bethyl)及人類AB血清係分別用作總Ig及flu-特異性Ig之標準。樣本中之Flu特異性Ab效價,單位係定義為展示相同光學密度之AB血清之稀釋因子。BAFF及BLyS之量係藉由ELISA套組(Bender MedSystem,CA)來量測。
RNA純化及基因分析-用RNeasy管柱(Qiagen)提取總RNA,且用2100 Bioanalyser(Agilent)來分析其。使用Illumina totalprep標記套組(Ambion)製備經生物素標記之cRNA目標,且將其與Sentrix Human6 BeadChip(46K轉錄物)雜交。該等微陣列係由連接於3 um珠粒之50聚體寡核苷酸探針組成,該等珠粒積存於矽晶圓之表面處經蝕刻之微孔中。用抗生蛋白鏈菌素-Cy3染色後,使用藉由Illumina(Beadstation 500X)製造之亞微米解析度掃描器使陣列表面成像。基因表現分析軟體程式,GeneSpring 7.1版(Agilent)係用以執行資料分析。
重組Flu M1及MART-1蛋白之表現及純化-PCR係用以擴增流感A/波多黎各/8/34/西奈山(H1N1)M1基因之ORF,同時併入起始密碼子遠端之Nhe I位點及終止密碼子遠端之Not I位點。將經消化片段選殖至pET28b(+)(Novagen)中,將M1 ORF置放於具有His6標記之框架內,因此編碼His.Flu M1蛋白。將編碼來自熱纖梭菌(C. thermocellum)之N-末端169殘基黏附因子域之pET28b(+)衍生物(未公開)插入Nco I與Nhe I位點之間,表現Coh.His。對表現黏附因子-Flex-hMART-1-PeptideA-His而言,將序列GACACCACCGAGGCCCGCCACCCCCACCCCCCCGTGACCACCCCCACCACCACCGACCGGAAGGGCACCACCGCCGAGGAGCTGGCCGGCATCGGCATCCTGACCGTGATCCTGGGCGGCAAGCGGACCAACAACAGCACCCCCACCAAGGGCGAATTCTGCAGATATCCATCACACTGGCGGCCG(SEQ ID NO. :1)(編碼DTTEARHPHPPVTTPTTDRKGTTAEELAGIGILTVILGGKRTNNSTPTKGEFCRYPSHWRP(SEQ ID NO.:2)-陰影殘基為免疫顯性HLA-A2-限制肽,且環繞肽之加下劃線殘基係來自MART-1)插入上述載體之Nhe I與Xho I位點之間。在大腸桿菌(E.coli)菌株BL21(DE3)(Novagen)或T7 Express(NEB)中表現蛋白質,在37℃下,在康黴素(kanamycin)抗性(40 μg/ml)選擇下,使其於LB中生長,且當添加120 mg/LIPTG時,以200轉/min搖動至中間對數期生長。3小時後,藉由離心收穫細胞且在-80℃下儲存。將各來自1 L醱酵物之大腸桿菌細胞再懸浮於30 ml具有0.1 ml蛋白酶抑制劑混合物II(Calbiochem,CA)之冰冷50 mM Tris、1 mM EDTA pH 8.0(緩衝液B)中。在冰上,在設定18(Fisher Sonic Dismembrator 60)下,將細胞經超聲波降解處理2×5 min,休眠期為5 min,且隨後,在4℃下,以17,000 r.p.m.(Sorvall SA-600)旋轉20 min。對His.Flu M1純化而言,使50 ml細胞溶胞物上清液溶離份通過5 ml Q瓊脂糖珠粒,且將6.25 ml 160 mM Tris、40 mM咪唑、4 M NaCl pH 7.9添加至所流過之Q瓊脂糖中。將其以4 ml/min加載於經Ni++裝填之5 ml HiTrap螯合HP管柱上。用20 mM NaPO4、300 mM NaCl pH 7.6(緩衝液D)洗滌管柱結合蛋白,接著用100 mM H3COONa pH 4.0再次洗滌。用100 mM H3COONa pH 4.0溶離結合蛋白。彙集峰溶離份且以4 ml/min加載於用100 mM H3COONa pH 5.5平衡之5 ml HiTrap S管柱上,且用平衡緩衝液洗滌,接著以於50 mM NaPO4 pH 5.5中之0-1 M NaCl之梯度溶離。彙集在約500 mM NaCl下溶離之峰溶離份。對Coh.Flu M1.HiS純化而言,如上溶解來自2 L培養物之細胞。離心後,將2.5 ml之Triton X114添加至上清液中,且在冰上培養5 min。在25℃下再培養5 min後,在25℃下,離心後自Triton X114分離上清液。重複提取且使上清液通過5 ml Q瓊脂糖珠粒,且將6.25 ml 160 mM Tris、40 mM咪唑、4 M NaCl pH 7.9添加至所流過之Q瓊脂糖中。隨後,藉由如上所述且用於緩衝液D中之0-500 mM咪唑溶離之Ni++螯合層析法來純化蛋白質。
抗LOX-1 mAb-本發明涵蓋下文所示對應於抗LOX-1單株抗體之特定胺基酸序列,該等抗體為治療或保護產品之理想組份(在(例如)人類化重組抗體中)。以下為在嵌合小鼠V區-人類C區重組抗體中之該等序列。該等小鼠V區可易'人類化',亦即,LOX-1組合區易由熟習此項技術者移植至人類V區框架序列上。此外,序列亦可在融合蛋白中表現,該等融合蛋白保存抗體功能性,但添加(例如)用於所要治療應用之抗原、細胞激素或毒素。
本發明包括V區序列及相關序列,其由熟習此項技術者修飾以例如增強對LOX-1之親和力,及/或整合至欲工程化至表現載體中之人類V區框架序列中,以引導可與抗原呈現細胞上之LOX-1結合之蛋白質形式之表現。此外,本發明中所揭示(或使用本文中所揭示之獨特生物學之相似方法及篩選所衍生)之其他mAbs可經由相似方式(最初經由PCR選殖及定序小鼠融合瘤V區)至編碼相似重組抗體(rAbs)之表現構築體中。此外,該等抗LOX-1 V區可由熟習此項技術者'人類化'(亦即,小鼠特異性組合序列移植至人類V區框架序列上)以使治療性rAb之可能免疫反應性最小。
工程化之重組抗LOX-1重組抗體-抗原融合蛋白(rAb.抗原)為活體外有效原型疫苗--表現載體可用多種蛋白質編碼序列例如框架內(in-frame)融合於H鏈編碼序列來建構。舉例而言,諸如流感HA5、流感M1、HIV gag或癌症抗原之免疫顯性肽之抗原或細胞激素隨後可表現為rAb.抗原或rAb.細胞激素融合蛋白,在本發明中,其可具有由使用抗LOX-1 V-區序列而直接將抗原或細胞激素(或毒素)帶至具有LOX-1之抗原呈現細胞之表面所衍生之實用性。此允許例如抗原之內化--有時與受體之活化相關且引發治療或保護作用(例如,經由引發有效免疫反應,或經由殺死靶向細胞)。基於此概念之一種示範性原型疫苗可使用一種H鏈載體,諸如rAB-pIRES2[m抗-LOX-1_15C4H-LV-hIgG4H-C-Flex-FluHA5-1-6xHis],其引導一種H鏈小鼠mAb V區(底線)-人類IgG4C區-Flu HA5-1(粗體)融合蛋白之合成。與類似輕鏈表現質體(編碼序列示於上文)之共同表現,產生多功能重組抗體(rAb),其結合LOX-1且將Flu HA5-1抗原傳遞至細胞表面用於DC活化、抗原內化、抗原加工、抗原呈現、及特異性抗Flu HA5-1 B及T細胞之培養及擴增。
(SEQ ID NO.:9)
同樣地,rAB-pIRES2[m抗-LOX-1_15C4H-LV-hIgG4H-C-錨定因子]編碼與錨定因子融合之抗LOX-1 H鏈(序列展示於下文)。錨定因子允許與黏附因子-抗原(coh.抗原)融合蛋白之強特異性非共價相互作用-提供將抗原傳遞至DC及其他抗原呈現細胞之替代方式。
(SEQ ID NO.:10)
(SEQ ID NO.:11)
關於重組抗體(rAb)及rAb.抗原之選殖及表現之方法嵌合小鼠/人類mAb之cDNA選殖及表現-總RNA係自融合瘤細胞(RNeasy套組,Qiagen)製備且用於cDNA合成及使用所供應之5'引子及基因特異性3'引子之PCR(SMART RACE套組,BD Biosciences):
選殖PCR產物(pCR2.1 TA套組,Invitrogen)且藉由DNA定序來表徵。使用小鼠H及L鏈V區cDNA之衍生序列,將特異性引子用於PCR擴增信號肽及V區,同時併入側接限制位點以用於選殖至編碼下游人類IgGK或IgG4H區之表現載體中。用於表現嵌合mVκ-hIgκ之載體係藉由擴增由Xho I及Not I位點側接之殘基401-731(gi|63101937|)且將其插入pIRES2-DsRed2(BD Biosciences)之Xho I-Not I間隔中來建立。PCR係用以擴增來自起始密碼子之mAb Vk區,將Nhe I或Spe I位點隨後CACC附接於編碼(例如gi|76779294|之殘基126)之區域,附接Xho I位點。隨後將PCR片段選殖至上述載體之Nhe I-Not I間隔中。用於嵌合mVκ-hIgκ之使用mSLAM引導子之載體係藉由將序列5'ctagttgctggctaatggaccccaaaggctccctttcctggagaatacttctgtttctctccctggcttttgagttgtcgtacggattaattaagggcccactcgag3'(SEQ ID NO.:17)插入上述載體之Nhe I-XhO I間隔中來建立。PCR係用以擴增預測成熟N-末端密碼子(使用SignalP 3.0 Server 定義)(Bendtsen,Nielsen等人2004)與mVk區(如上文所定義)之末端之間的間隔,同時附接5'tcgtacgga3'。將經BsiWI及Xho I消化之片段插入上述載體之相應位點中。對照hIgK序列對應於gi│49257887│殘基26-85及gi│21669402│殘基67-709。對照hIgG4H載體對應於具有S229P及L236E取代之gi│19684072│之殘基12-1473,其穩定二硫鍵且廢除殘餘FcR結合(Reddy,Kinney等人2000),插入pIRES2-DsRed2載體Bg1 II與 Not I位點之間,同時添加序列5'gctagctgattaattaa3'替代終止密碼子。PCR係用以擴增來自起始密碼子之mAb VH區,將CACC及Bg1 II位點依次附接於gi│19684072│之區域編碼殘基473。隨後將PCR片段選殖至上述載體之Bg1 II-Apa I間隔中。用於嵌合mVH-hIgG4序列之使用mSLAM引導子之載體係藉由將序列5'ctagttgctggctaatggaccccaaaggctccctttcctggagaatacttctgtttctctccctggcttttgagttgtcgtacggattaattaagggccc3'(SEQ ID NO.:18)插入上述載體之Nhe I-Apa I間隔中來建立。PCR係用以擴增預測成熟N-末端密碼子與mVH區之末端之間的間隔,同時附接5'tcgtacgga3'。將經Bsi WI及Apa I消化之片段插入上述載體之相應位點中。附錄2詳述用於該研究中之各種mVK及mVH區之核苷酸序列。
將在終止密碼子後由近端Nhe I位點及遠端Not I位點側接之各種抗原編碼序列插入H鏈載體之Nhe I-Pac I-Not I間隔中。Flu HA1-1係由具有近端5'gctagcgatacaacagaacctgcaacacctacaacacctgtaacaa3'序列(Nhe I位點接著編碼cipA黏附因子-黏附因子連接子殘基之序列)及遠端5'caccatcaccatcaccattgagcggccgc3'序列(編碼His6、終止密碼子及Not I位點)之流感A病毒(A/波多黎各/8/34(H1N1))血球凝集素gi|21693168|殘基82-1025(具有C982T改變)來編碼。Flu HA5-1係由結合有與Flu HA1-1相同之序列的gi|50296052|流感A病毒(A/越南/1203/2004(H5N1))血球凝集素殘基49-990來編碼。Doc係由具有近端Nhe I及遠端Not I位點之gi|40671| ce1D殘基1923-2150來編碼。PSA係由具有近端序列5'gctagcgatacaacagaacctgcaacacctacaacacctgtaacaacaccgacaacaacacttctagcgc3'(SEQ ID NO.: 19)(Nhe I位點及cipA間隔基)及遠端Not I位點之gi|34784812|前列腺特異性抗原殘基101-832來編碼。Flu M1-PEP係由5'gctagccccattctgagccccctgaccaaaggcattctgggctttgtgtttaccctgaccgtgcccagcgaacgcaagggtatacttggattcgttttcacacttacttaagcggccgc3'(SEQ ID NO.: 20)來編碼。此及所有其他肽編碼序列係經由互補合成DNA片段與選殖至Nhe I及Not I-限制性H鏈載體中或Nhe I-Xho I-限制性Coh.His載體中之可相容末端之混合物來產生。除限制位點需要併入或在CipA間隔基序列中之外,總使用較佳人類密碼子。
rAb表現構築體之產生水平係使用L鏈及H鏈構築體各約2.5 μg及上文所述之協定在5 ml瞬間轉染液中測試。上清液係藉由抗hIgG ELISA(AffiniPure山羊抗人類IgG(H+L),Jackson ImmunoResearch)來分析。在該協定之測試中,所分泌之rAb之產生係在各DNA濃度之約2倍範圍內,不依賴於H鏈及L鏈載體濃度(亦即,系統為DNA飽和的)。
本發明者在本文中證明,LOX-1,即LLR之一,就細胞(包括DC)活化而言,單獨或與其他細胞信號協作時係功能性的。LOX-1介導之細胞活化係藉由特殊抗LOX-1 mAb來誘導,且因此該等抗人類LOX-1 mAb將適用於開發對抗疾病之試劑。
本發明包括新穎抗人類LOX-1試劑及其發現為本發明及其應用之基礎之新穎生物學的用途。總之,開發新穎抗LOX-1單株抗體(mAb)且將其用以揭示先前未知之與見於抗原呈現細胞上之該細胞表面受體相關的生物學。該新穎生物學可高度預測抗LOX-1試劑之應用,該等抗LOX-1試劑活化該受體以用於不同治療及保護應用。呈現於下文之資料強烈支持初始預測且證明將本文中之發現簡化至臨床應用之路徑。
抵抗人類LOX-1之高親和力單株抗體之開發:產生受體胞外域.hIgG(人類IgG1Fc)及AP(人類胎盤鹼性磷酸酶)融合蛋白以分別用於小鼠免疫及篩選mAb。用於DCIR胞外域.IgG之表現構築體已在先前描述(16)且使用小鼠SLAM(mSLAM)信號肽來引導分泌(17)。用於DCIR胞外域.AP之表現載體亦使用PCR來產生,以擴增AP殘基133-1581(gb|BC009647|),同時添加近端框架向Xho I位點及遠端TGA終止密碼子及Not I位點。該Xho I-Not I片段置換上述DCIR胞外域.IgG載體中之IgG編碼序列。相同Ig及AP載體系列中之LOX-1胞外域構築體含有編碼(bp 224-874,gi|18490152|)之插入物。LOX-1融合蛋白係使用FreeStyleTM 293表現系統(Invitrogen),根據製造商之協定(1 mg總質體DNA,具有1.3 ml 293 Fectin試劑/轉染之L)來產生。對rAb產生而言,將相等量之編碼H及L鏈之載體共同轉染。將經轉染之細胞培養3天,收穫培養物上清液且添加新鮮培養基,且繼續培養2天。藉由過濾淨化所彙集之上清液。受體胞外域.hIgG係藉由HiTrap蛋白質A親和力層析,以由0.1 M甘胺酸pH 2.7之溶離來純化,且隨後相對PBS透析。同樣藉由使用HiTrap MabSelectTM管柱純化rAb(稍後所述之重組抗體)。藉由習知細胞融合技術產生小鼠mAb。簡言之,用20 μg之受體胞外域.hIgGFc融合蛋白與Ribi佐劑將6週大BALB/c小鼠腹膜內免疫,隨後用20 μg抗原加強10天及之後的15天。3個月後,在取出脾臟之前3天,再次加強小鼠。或者,在30-40天之時期內,每3至4天,用1-10 μg於Ribi佐劑中之抗原在足墊中注射小鼠。最終加強後3-4天,收穫引流淋巴結。使用習知技術將來自脾臟之B細胞或淋巴結細胞與SP2/O-Ag 14細胞融合(18)。ELISA係用以篩選單獨與融合搭配物比較,或相對與AP融合之受體胞外域(16),抵抗受體胞外域融合蛋白之融合瘤上清液。隨後,在FACS中,使用經編碼全長受體cDNA之表現質體瞬間轉染之293F細胞,篩選陽性孔。將所選融合瘤單細胞選殖,適應不含血清之培養基,且在CELLine燒瓶(Intergra)中擴增。將融合瘤上清液與相等體積之1.5 M甘胺酸、3 M NaCl、1×PBS,pH 7.8混合,且與MabSelect樹脂一起翻滾。用結合緩衝液洗滌樹脂且用pH 2.7之0.1 M甘胺酸溶離。用2 M Tris中和後,相對PBS透析mAb。
藉由直接ELISA表徵經純化之抗LOX-1單株抗體:下圖展示藉由ELISA測試若干抗LOX-1 mAb之相對親和力之實例(亦即,將LOX-1.Ig蛋白固定於微量滴定板表面上且在劑量滴定系列中測試抗體與LOX-1.Ig結合之能力(如藉由抗小鼠IgG.HRP結合試劑所偵測))。面板為(左邊)對LOX-1.Ig蛋白之mAb反應性;(右邊)對hIgGFc蛋白之mAb反應性,且(下方)對LOX-1.鹼性磷酸酶融合蛋白之mAb反應性。在後者之狀況下,mAb經培養板結合(經由抗小鼠IgG試劑)且結合溶液中之恆定量之LOX-1.AP。抗LOX-1 mAb以超越市售抗LOX-1 mAb之親和力特異性地與LOX-1胞外域反應。
活體內DC及活體外培養之DC均表現LOX-1:圖1展示LOX-1在來自正常供體之PBMC上之表現水平。如下文圖1a中所示,包括CD11c+ DC、CD14+單核細胞及CD19+B細胞之抗原呈現細胞均表現LOX-1。CD3+ T細胞不表現可偵測之表面LOX-1。LOX-1在活體外培養之DC及經純化之血液骨髓(mDC)上之表現水平係展示於圖1b中。IL-4及IFNDC均表現顯著水平之LOX-1。儘管mDC表現高水平之LOX-1,但pDC不表現LOX-1(未圖示),提示經由LOX-1操縱DC應引出獨特反應,因為該等DC子集具有不同之活體內功能。
經由LOX-1之信號傳輸活化DC且刺激DC以產生細胞激素及趨化因子:樹突狀細胞為一級免疫細胞,其視其活化而決定免疫反應,即誘導或耐受性之結果(19)。LOX-1在DC活化中之作用係未知的。吾人製造8種產生小鼠抗hLOX-1 mAb之不同純系,且吾人藉由量測DC表型及自DC分泌之細胞激素及趨化因子來測試個別mAb是否活化DC。圖2A中之資料展示,PAB1、4、5、8及10可活化DC,而其他抗LOX-1 mAb或對照mAb不活化DC(資料未圖示)。另外,儘管所有圖2中呈現之mAb可誘導DC成熟,但各mAb刺激DC以產生不同含量之細胞激素及趨化因子。
圖3展示,經由LOX-1之信號傳輸可導致DC之活化。IL-4DC係經對LOX-1有特異性之mAb刺激,且圖3a中之資料展示,經由LOX-1之信號可活化IL-4DC,導致CD86及HLA-DR之增加表現。LOX-1亦可活化IFNDC(未圖示)。為測試LOX-1是否可活體內活化DC,用抗LOX-1將純化mDC刺激24 h,且隨後,用抗CD86、CD80及HLA-DR(其為DC活化之標記)將細胞染色。如圖3b中所示,LOX-1亦可活化活體內衍生之mDC以表現增加含量之CD86、CD80及HLA-DR。後者資料尤其重要,因為其表示某些抗LOX-1 mAb對離體細胞(直接自血液分離)之直接生物學效應。
經由LOX-1之信號傳輸誘導DC之獨特活化:為更詳細表徵經由LOX-1之DC活化,執行微陣列基因表現分析。圖4展示,抗LOX-1 mAb刺激DC以向上或向下調節不同種類之基因,展示經由LOX-1之信號導致獨特類型之DC活化。當與經由DC-ASGPR及CLEC-6之信號傳輸(未圖示)比較時,資料揭示各細胞表面DC凝集素傳遞獨特信號以活化DC。因此,吾人預期經由不同信號活化之DC將產生不同免疫反應。
經由LOX-1之信號傳輸活化DC以分泌細胞激素及趨化因子:經LOX-1特異性mAb刺激之DC表現增加含量之多個基因,包括共同刺激分子以及趨化因子及細胞激素相關基因(圖5a及b)。活體外培養之IL-4DC及mDC當其經抗LOX-1 mAb刺激時,均產生顯著增加量之所分泌IL-12p40、MCP-1及IL-8。亦在經抗LOX-1刺激之DC之培養物上清液中觀察到增加含量之其他細胞激素及趨化因子,包括TNFa、IL-6、MIP-1a及IL-1b。LLR在TLR2及TLR4介導之免疫細胞活化中之可能貢獻已在先前描述(14,20)。
經由LOX-1之信號傳輸加強經由CD40 DC之信號傳輸:經由LOX-1之信號可與經由CD40之信號協同以用於增強DC之活化(圖5)。在CD40-CD40L互相作用期間之LOX-1接合導致活化標記CD83之顯著增加的細胞表面表現(圖6a)及IL-12p70及Il-12p40之增加的分泌(圖6b)。其展示LOX-1可用作活體內DC活化期間之共同刺激分子,且對經由LOX-1(諸如在此所述之彼等者之mAb,或天然或代用LOX-1配位體)活化之試劑之治療實用性而言具有廣泛涵義。總而言之,自圖1至圖6呈現之資料展示,經由LOX-1之信號傳輸可活化DC且LOX-1為用於活化DC之新穎共同刺激分子。
經由LOX-1刺激之DC誘導有效體液免疫反應:-DC藉由提供用於T依賴性及T非依賴性B細胞反應之信號(21-24)及藉由將抗原轉移至B細胞(25,26)而在體液免疫反應中起重要作用。除DC外,經由TLR9作為第三信號之信號傳輸對有效B細胞反應係必要的(27,28)。LOX-1可在TLR9配位體,即CpG存在下影響DC介導之體液免疫反應。用抗LOX-1 mAb刺激6天IL-4 DC,且隨後將純化B細胞共同培養。如圖6a中所示,與經對照mAb刺激之DC比較,經抗LOX-1 mAb活化之DC導致顯著增強之B細胞增殖(經由CFSE稀釋所見)及漿細胞分化(CD38+CD20-增加)。CD38+CD20-B細胞具有漿細胞之典型形態,但其不表現CD138。大多數增殖細胞不表現CCR2、CCR4、CCR6或CCR7。
所產生之總免疫球蛋白(Ig)之量藉由ELISA來量測(圖7b)。與圖7a中之資料一致,用抗LOX-1刺激之DC培養之B細胞導致總IgM之產生顯著增加。除總Ig增加外,藉由觸發LOX-1來活化之DC比經對照mAb刺激之DC更有效用於由B細胞產生流感病毒特異性IgM、IgG及IgA(圖7c),其展示LOX-1介導之DC活化有助於全部及抗原特異性體液免疫反應。
DC衍生之B淋巴細胞刺激物蛋白(BLyS,BAFF)及增殖誘導配位體(APRIL)為重要分子,DC可藉由其直接調節人類B細胞增殖及功能(29-32)。圖6d中之資料展示,經由LOX-1刺激之DC表現增加含量之細胞內APRIL以及所分泌APRIL,而非BLyS(未圖示)。量測BLyS及APRIL受體在混合培養物中B細胞上之表現水平,但不存在顯著改變(未圖示)。其藉由圖7e中之資料確認。在DC及B細胞共同培養期間,用可溶性受體-Fc融合蛋白阻斷BAFF受體(BAFFR)、TACI及BCMA之組合。當阻斷TACI或BCMA時,IgM及IgA產生顯著降低。當將BAFFR-Fc添加至培養物中,其未被觀察到,此展示自經抗LOX-1刺激之DC產生之APRIL在免疫球蛋白之增加產生中起重要作用。
上述發現對經由LOX-1特定活化之試劑之治療應用有重大意義,該等治療應用係例如作為疫苗接種中之佐劑或作為免疫受損個體之免疫系統刺激劑。又,該發現預測經由LOX-1阻斷天然或異常調節之活化可具有應用(例如,用於在移植背景或改善自體免疫疾病中引發耐受性)。
抗LOX-1 mAb活化B細胞:CD19+B細胞表現LOX-1(圖1及圖8a)且其預測B細胞上表現之LOX-1之作用。圖8b中之資料展示在B細胞上觸發LOX-1導致所分泌IL-8及MIP-1a之產生增加,提示LOX-1可直接有助於B細胞活化。除IL-8及MIP-1a外,當B細胞經抗LOX-1mAb刺激時,與對照mAb相比,亦觀察到IL-6及TNFa之稍微增加。圖8c展示經抗LOX-1 mAb活化之B細胞分泌增加量之總IgG、IgM及IgA。
經由接合LOX-1對B細胞之直接效應之上述發現增補上文對經由LOX-1或對LOX-1起作用之試劑所概述之治療應用範疇。
LOX-1在T細胞反應中之作用:經由LOX-1刺激之DC表現增加含量之共同刺激分子且產生增加量之細胞激素及趨化因子(圖1及3),此提示LOX-1有助於細胞免疫反應以及體液免疫反應。其係藉由混合淋巴細胞反應(MLR)來測試。純化之同種異體T細胞之增殖藉由經對LOX-1有特異性之mAb刺激之DC而顯著增強(圖9a)。經由LOX-1活化之DC亦比經對照mAb刺激之DC更有效預致敏Mart-1特異性CD8 T細胞(圖9b中之上方板)。更重要地,經由LOX-1之信號傳輸允許DC將Mart-1肽交叉預致敏至CD8 T細胞(圖9c中之下方板)。圖9b及9c中之右邊板分別展示用來自5種及4種不同正常供體之細胞產生之資料。其表明LOX-1在增強DC功能,產生改良預致敏及將抗原交叉預致敏至CD8 T細胞中起重要作用。抗LOX-1 mAb及抗原融合蛋白亦誘導比對照mAb融合蛋白更穩固之抗原特異性CD8 T細胞反應。用10或1 nM之具有Flu M1蛋白之mAb結合物加載IL-4DC,且將自體CD8+ T細胞共同培養7天。用抗CD8及Flu M1四聚體將細胞染色。圖9d中之資料展示,抗LOX-1融合蛋白誘導顯著增強之Flu M1特異性CD8 T細胞反應。
據發現,DC之LOX-1活化影響引導其以增加增殖之鄰近T細胞。此外,當抗原在該相互作用期間存在時,LOX-1活化之DC導致抗原特異性T細胞之增強擴增。此展示(例如)在疫苗背景下之LOX-1活化可引導抗原特異性原生T細胞之選擇性擴增-其連同上述LOX-1活化對B細胞之直接及間接效應一起明顯預測抗原特異性B細胞之擴增,及因此抗原特異性抗體之產生。抗LOX-1實用性之另一證明為當抗原經由抗LOX-1 mAb結合物直接集中於DC時,DC引導抗原特異性記憶CD8+細胞之擴增。
非人類靈長類動物中之活體內DC表現LOX-1-為測試非人類靈長類動物(獼猴)中之血液DC是否由抗人類LOX-1 mAb識別,用抗LOX-1 mAb及其他細胞標記、CD3、CD14、CD11c、CD27、CD56及CD16之抗體將猴PBMC染色。圖10中之資料展示,CD14及CD11c+細胞均經抗人類LOX-1 mAb染色。不同於CD14+及CD11c+細胞,CD3+、CD16+、CD27+及CD56+細胞不表現LOX-1。該資料證明某些抗人類LOX-1 mAb抵抗猴抗原呈現細胞之交叉反應性。其極大促進簡化欲實踐之本文中所述之本發明,因為猴可用作預想人類療法之功效及安全研究之有效模型。
圖11展示,典型rAb.抗原融合蛋白-包括抗LOX-1_15C4.PSA之還原SDS.PAGE分析,該融合蛋白能夠將前列腺特異性抗原(灰色突出)引導至抗原呈現細胞之表面,以達對抗前列腺癌症之疫苗接種之目的。
圖12及13直接證明抗LOX-1 rAb將連接抗原傳遞至具有LOX-1之細胞之表面的能力。
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當在申請專利範圍及/或本說明書中連同術語"包含"一起使用時,詞"一"之使用可意謂"一",但其亦與"一或多"、"至少一"及"一或一個以上"之含義一致。儘管本揭示案支持僅指示替代者及"及/或"之定義,但除非明確指示以僅指示替代者或替代者為互斥的,否則在申請專利範圍中之術語"或"之使用係用以意謂"及/或"。貫穿該申請案,術語"約"係用以指示:值包括欲用以確定值之裝置、方法之誤差的固有變化,或研究受檢者之間存在之變化。
如本說明書及申請專利範圍中所使用,詞"包含(comprising)"(及包含之任何形式,諸如"包含(comprise)"及"包含(comprises)"、"具有(having)"(及具有之任何形式,諸如"具有(have)"及"具有(has)")、"包括(including)"(及包括之任何形式,諸如"包括(includes)"及"包括(include)")或"含有(containing)"(及含有之任何形式,諸如"含有(contains)"及"含有(contain)")為包括性或可擴充的,且不排除額外,未陳述之要素素或方法步驟。
如本文中所使用之術語"或其組合"係指該術語前之所列項目之所有排列及組合。舉例而言,"A、B、C或其組合"欲包括以下至少一者:A、B、C、AB、AC、BC或ABC,且若在特定情況下次序為重要的,則亦包括BA、CA、CB、CBA、BCA、ACB、BAC或CAB。繼續該實例,明確包括的為,含有一或多個項目或術語之重複之組合,諸如BB、AAA、MB、BBC、AAABCCCC、CBBAAA、CABABB等等。熟習此項技術者將瞭解,除非自上下文可明白,否則通常對呈任何組合之項目或術語之數量不存在限制。
可根據本揭示案在無不當實驗下進行及執行本文中所揭示及主張之所有組合物及/或方法。雖然本發明之組合物及方法已根據較佳實施例來描述,但對熟習此項技術者顯而易見的為,在不脫離本發明之概念、主旨及範疇下,可對本文中所述之組合物及/或方法及方法之步驟或方法步驟之次序進行改變。對熟習此項技術者顯而易見之所有該等相似取代物及修改係視為在如藉由附加申請專利範圍所定義之本發明之主旨、範疇及概念內。
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<110> 美商貝勒研究協會
<120> 經由樹突狀細胞凝集素樣氧化型低密度脂蛋白受體-1(LOX-1)之人類抗原呈現細胞活化
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<140> 097106300
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圖1A、1B及1C。活體內及活體外培養之DC均表現LOX-1。圖1A:來自正常供體之PBMC經抗CD11c、CD14、CD19及具有抗LOX-1 mAb之CD3染色。閘控(gate)經個別抗體染色之細胞以量測LOX-1之表現水平。圖1B:來自正常供體之單核細胞係在GM-CSF存在下,用IL-4(IL-4DC)或IFNa(IFNDC)培養,且細胞經抗LOX-1 mAb染色。C:骨髓DC(Lin-HLA-DR+CD11c+CD123-)係藉由FACS分選器自血液純化,且用抗LOX-1 mAb染色;
圖1D展示在溶液中,在俘獲LOX-1胞外域中結合等級次序15C4>10F9>1G6>>市售抗LOX-1。15C4-10-1及15C4.1為2種來自初始15C4融合瘤之2個次純系抗體的獨立製劑;
圖2A及2B展示抗LOX-1 mAb活化DC。IFNDC係在用mAb之不同純系塗佈之培養板中培養18 h。圖2A:細胞經抗CD86染色。圖2B:分析培養物上清液以藉由Luminex量測細胞激素及趨化因子;
圖3A及3B展示抗LOX-1 mAb活化DC。圖3A:IL-4DC係經抗LOX-1刺激24 h,且隨後用抗CD86及HLA-DR將細胞染色。圖3B:骨髓DC係藉由FACS分選自血液純化,且用抗CD86、CD80及HLA-DR將細胞染色;
圖4展示基因表現概況,IL-4DC係經抗LOX-1或對照mAb刺激10 h。用RNeasy管柱(Qiagen)提取總RNA,且用2100 Bioanalyser(Agilent)來分析其。使用Illumina totalprep標記套組(Ambion)製備經生物素標記之cRNA目標,且將其與Sentrix Human6 BeadChip(46K轉錄物)雜交。該等微陣列係由連接於3 um珠粒上之50聚體寡核苷酸探針組成,該等珠粒積存於矽晶圓表面處之經蝕刻微孔中。用抗生蛋白鏈菌素-Cy3染色後,使用由Illumina(Beadstation 500X)製造之亞微米解析度掃描器使陣列表面成像。基因表現分析軟體程式,GeneSpring 7.1版(Agilent)係用以執行資料分析;
圖5A及5B展示,經抗LOX-1活化之DC產生增加量之細胞激素及趨化因子。如圖1A及1B中所述,分別將活體外培養之IL-4DC及純化mDC(1×105/200 ul)在經抗LOX-1 mAb(2 ug/孔)塗佈之培養板中培養18 h。分析培養物上清液以藉由Luminex量測細胞激素及趨化因子;
圖6A及6B展示,抗LOX-1抗體及CD40配位體協同以活化DC。IL-4DC(2×105/200 ul/孔)在經抗LOX-1塗佈之96孔培養板中,在存在或不存在可溶性CD40L(20 ng/ml)下培養18 h。亦測試對照mAb。18 h後,細胞經抗CD83染色,且分析培養物上清液以藉由Luminex量測細胞激素及趨化因子;
圖7A至7E展示,DC上表現之LOX-1有助於增強體液免疫反應。在經抗LOX-1或對照mAb塗佈之96孔培養板中,將6天GM/IL-4 DC,5×103/孔培養16-18 h,且隨後,在20個單位/ml IL-2及50 nM CpG存在下,將1×105個經CFSE染色之自體CD19+ B細胞共同培養。圖7A展示經螢光標記之抗體染色之細胞之6天染色。將CD3+及7-AAD+細胞閘控出(gated out)。CD38+及CFSE-細胞係藉由FACS分選器純化且執行吉姆沙染色(Giemsa staining)。圖7B展示第13天時,藉由夾層ELISA分析培養物上清液之總IgM。圖7C展示經5 moi之熱失活流感病毒(PR8)脈衝且用B細胞培養之DC。在第13天,分析培養物上清液之流感特異性免疫球蛋白(Ig)。圖7D展示來自白血球層之經CFSE標記之5×105個PBMC之結果,其在具有(下方板)或不具有(上方板)50 nM CpG下,在經mAb塗佈之培養板中培養。在第7天,用抗CD38將細胞染色。將CD3+及7-AAD+細胞閘控出。圖7E展示,在第13天,藉由ELISA分析來自PBMC培養物之培養物上清液,以用於量測總Ig。虛線為用對照抗體染色之細胞。細及粗線分別表示在經抗LOX-1或對照mAb塗佈之板中培養之細胞。資料為2個每次使用來自3種不同正常供體之細胞之獨立實驗的代表;
圖8A至8C展示,在B細胞上表現之LOX-1有助於B細胞活化及免疫球蛋白產生。圖8A展示,用抗CD19、抗CD3及抗LOX-1或對照mAb將來自白血球層之PBMC染色。閘控CD19+細胞且藉由流式細胞儀量測CD19+ B細胞上之分子之表現水平。圖8B展示CD19+ B細胞,其在經mAb塗佈之培養板中培養16-18 h,且隨後,藉由Luminex分析培養物上清液之細胞激素及趨化因子。圖8C展示,1×105個CD19+ B細胞在經mAb塗佈之培養板中培養13天。藉由ELISA量測總Ig水平。資料為2個使用來自3種不同正常供體之細胞之重複實驗的代表;
圖9A至9D展示,DC上表現之LOX-1有助於增強之細胞免疫反應。圖9A展示,5×103個6天GM/IL-4 DC在經抗LOX-1或對照mAb塗佈之培養板中培養16-18 h,且隨後,將經純化之同種異體T細胞共同培養。在收穫之前,用3[H]-胸苷,1 uCi/孔將細胞脈衝18 h。3[H]-胸苷攝取係藉由b-計數器來量測。圖9B及9C展示,6天GM/IL-4 DC(5×103個/孔)在經mAb塗佈之培養板中,在20 uM Mart-1肽(A)或27 ug/ml Mart-1(B)之重組融合蛋白存在下,培養16 h。將2×106個經純化之自體CD8 T細胞共同培養10天。在第2天,將20個單位/ml IL-2及10個單位/ml之IL-7添加至培養物中。用抗CD8及Mart-1-四聚體將細胞染色。圖9C展示來自白血球層之5×105個PBMC,其在經mAb塗佈之培養板中,用0.1 uM Flu M1肽培養1週。用抗CD8及Flu M1四聚體將細胞染色。D:將IL-4DC以10或1 nM之抗LOX-1-Flu M1或對照Ig-Flu M1融合蛋白來負載歷時2 h。將2×106個經純化之自體CD8 T細胞共同培養7天。用抗CD8及Flu M1特異性四聚體將細胞染色;
圖10展示,用抗LOX-1 mAb及細胞表面標記之抗體將來自非人靈長類動物(獼猴)之PBMC染色;
圖11展示,典型rAb.抗原融合蛋白-包括抗LOX-1.15C4.PSA之還原SDS.PAGE分析,該融合蛋白能夠將前列腺特異性抗原(灰色突出)引導至抗原呈現細胞之表面,以達成抵抗前列腺癌症之疫苗接種之目的;
圖12展示,抗LOX-1.Doc:Coh.Flu M1複合物將Flu M1傳遞至經LOX-1 cDNA轉染之CHO細胞之表面。在室溫下,用經生物素標記之Coh.Flu M1(2 ug/ml)將1 ug/ml(實心紅色曲線)之抗LOX-1.Doc rAb或對照hIgG4.Doc rAb(綠色曲線)培養1 hr。添加經轉染之CHO細胞且在冰上繼續培養20 min。隨後,洗滌細胞且用PE標記之抗生蛋白鏈菌素染色。隨後,分析細胞之PE螢光(X軸為強度)。抗LOX-1.Doc複合物相對未經轉染之CHO細胞之曲線圖係以黃色展示;及
圖13展示人類扁桃體之切片之抗LOX-1 mAb染色。紅色染色細胞為環繞生殖中心之區域中具有LOX-1之細胞之特定群體。用抗LOX-1 mAb染色之該及其他組織揭示,人體中之極特殊組織細胞表現LOX-1。該等方法可用以展示,經開發用於(例如)抗原靶向之mAb為特異性的,且具有LOX-1之細胞存在於體內-用於治療性抗LOX-1試劑之現成目標。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (14)
- 一種自哺乳動物細胞分泌之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分,且該免疫球蛋白與抗原結合,其中該免疫球蛋白將該抗原靶向抗原呈現細胞,其中該抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分包含源自抗LOX-1抗體15C4之輕鏈及重鏈之可變區域序列;其中源自該輕鏈之該可變區域序列包含DIVLTQSPASLAVSLGQRATISCKASQSVDYDGDSYMNWFQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNLESGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLNIHPVEEEDAATYYCQQSNEDPFTFGSGTKLE或其人類化版本;且其中源自該重鏈之該可變區域序列包含EIQLQQTGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYPFTDYIMVWVKQSHGKSLEWIGNISPYYGTTNYNLKFKGKATLTVDKSSSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARSPNWDGAWFAHWGQGALVTVSAAKTK或其人類化版本。
- 如請求項1之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分,其中該抗原特異性域包含全長抗體、抗體可變區域、Fab片段、Fab'片段、F(ab)2片段、Fv片段、Fabc片段及/或具有Fc域之部分的Fab片段。
- 如請求項1之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分,其中該抗原係病毒抗原。
- 如請求項3之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分,其中該病毒抗原係流感或HIV病毒抗原。
- 如請求項4之抗LOX-1免疫球蛋白或其部分,其中該抗原係源自gag、pol或env基因之HIV抗原。
- 一種疫苗,其包含經LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段活化之樹突狀細胞,其中該LOX-1特異性抗體或其片段包含源自抗LOX-1抗體15C4之輕鏈及重鏈之可變區域序列;其中源自該輕鏈之該可變區域序列包含DIVLTQSPASLAVSLGQRATISCKASQSVDYDGDSYMNWFQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNLESGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLNIHPVEEEDAATYYCQQSNEDPFTFGSGTKLE或其人類化版本;且其中源自該重鏈之該可變區域序列包含EIQLQQTGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYPFTDYIMVWVKQSHGKSLEWIGNISPYYGTTNYNLKFKGKATLTVDKSSSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARSPNWDGAWFAHWGQGALVTVSAAKTK或其人類化版本。
- 一種模組化rAb載體,其包含一個LOX-1特異性抗體結合域連接於一或多個包含黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之一半之抗原載體域,其中該LOX-1特異性抗體結合域包含源自抗LOX-1抗體15C4之輕鏈及重鏈之可變區域序列;其中源自該輕鏈之該可變區域序列包含DIVLTQSPASLAVSLGQRATISCKASQSVDYDGDSYMNWFQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNLESGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLNIHPVEEEDAATYYCQQSNEDPFTFGSGTKLE或其人類化版本;且 其中源自該重鏈之該可變區域序列包含EIQLQQTGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYPFTDYIMVWVKQSHGKSLEWIGNISPYYGTTNYNLKFKGKATLTVDKSSSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARSPNWDGAWFAHWGQGALVTVSAAKTK或其人類化版本。
- 如請求項7之模組化rAb載體,其中該LOX-1特異性抗體結合域包含一種具有該黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之一半之融合蛋白中的抗體之至少一部分。
- 如請求項7之模組化rAb載體,另外包含與抗原結合之該黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之互補一半,該抗原與該模組化rAb載體形成複合物。
- 如請求項7之模組化rAb載體,另外包含該黏附因子-錨定因子結合對之互補一半,其為一種具有抗原之融合蛋白。
- 如請求項7之模組化rAb載體,其中該LOX-1特異性抗體結合域包含全長抗體、抗體可變區域、Fab片段、Fab'片段、F(ab)2片段、Fv片段、Fabc片段及/或具有Fc域之部分的Fab片段。
- 如請求項9之模組化rAb載體,其中該抗原係病毒抗原。
- 如請求項12之模組化rAb載體,其中該病毒抗原係流感或HIV病毒抗原。
- 如請求項13之模組化rAb載體,其中該抗原係源自gag、pol或env基因之HIV抗原。
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