TWI388081B - 染料敏化太陽能電池及其製法 - Google Patents
染料敏化太陽能電池及其製法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI388081B TWI388081B TW098118343A TW98118343A TWI388081B TW I388081 B TWI388081 B TW I388081B TW 098118343 A TW098118343 A TW 098118343A TW 98118343 A TW98118343 A TW 98118343A TW I388081 B TWI388081 B TW I388081B
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- solar cell
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2009—Solid electrolytes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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Description
本發明係關於一種太陽能電池及其製法;尤其關於一種僅使用單個基板之染料敏化太陽能電池及其製法。
隨著科技與經濟的快速發展,能源的需求也大幅度的增加。現今使用量最大的石油、天然氣、煤等原料的存量不斷減少,因此必須仰賴其他新興能源來滿足日益增加的能源需求。太陽能因具有低污染性及容易取得等優點,為目前最被看好且最重要的新興能源來源之一。
二十世紀中,由美國貝爾實驗室首先研製出一種矽太陽能電池,其工作原理係在於利用半導體之光伏效應。雖然目前矽太陽能電池之光電轉化效率優於其他形式者,但由於製程複雜、成本高、材料要求嚴苛等缺點,因此在商業化量產上仍有所限制。
近年來,染料敏化太陽能電池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell,DSSC)由於具有價格低廉之優勢而被認為極具發展潛力,可望取代傳統矽太陽能電池,成為太陽能電池之研究重點。
一般而言,DSSC係包含提供電流流動通路的導電基板、作為電子傳輸層的半導體氧化物(如TiO2
)、敏化染料、傳輸電子與電洞的電解質、以及封裝材料。DSSC係利用形成於導電基板上之半導體奈米晶膜,在其表面吸附一敏化染料後,形成DSSC之工作電極。當敏化染料吸收太陽光後,其電子躍遷至激發態並迅速轉移至半導體奈米晶膜,電子隨後擴散至導電基板並經外電路轉移至對電極。因失去電子而成為氧化態之敏化染料則藉由電解質而還原,而氧化後之電解質則接受對電極之電子而還原成基態,從而完成電子的整個傳輸過程。
舉例言之,瑞士的M.Grtzel團隊發展一種DSSC,其係將TiO2
奈米結晶粒塗佈於導電基板氟摻雜氧化錫(fluorine-doped tin oxide,FTO)玻璃上,並利用TiO2
奈米粒多孔膜之孔隙結構,吸附釕錯合物(Ru-complexes,如N3、N719)敏化染料,隨後以鍍上鉑(Pt)的導電玻璃作為對電極。其中,係利用碘離子(I-
/I3 -
)溶液作為電解質,提供DSSC所需之氧化-還原反應。N3及N719的結構分別如下所示:
傳統製造DSSC之方法,包括將兩塊導電基板分別做成DSSC的工作電極與對電極,將該二電極貼合、封裝,隨後注入電解質,最後封孔完成DSSC等操作。特定言之,係先於一塊導電基板塗佈一層半導體奈米層,並經一燒結程序以固化該半導體奈米層後,將該覆有半導體奈米層之導電基板置入敏化染料溶液中,使得敏化染料吸附於半導體上而形成工作電極;另一塊導電基板則在真空或非真空狀態下透過合適手段於其上形成一層導電物質(如鉑、碳黑),作為對電極;隨後再將工作電極與對電極進行貼合、封裝等操作,最後再注入電解質並將注入口密封。
傳統上製造DSSC之方法,必須將兩塊基板分開處理,此將造成製程上的不連續。不僅在製作大面積DSSC時極為不便,亦會受限於基板的形狀及大小,且在後續的封裝貼合時也會因二基板的材料特性而有諸多不便。再者,受於製程限制,此種傳統製法必須使用兩塊基板,基板成本約達總成本的一半,因此減少基板之用量勢必可更提高DSSC的商業價值。
此外,為便於將電解質注入封裝完成之工作電極及對電極中並確保完全填滿空隙,傳統製造方法一般係使用液態電解質。目前常用之液態電解質係將以鹵素為主之I3 -
/I-
的氧化還原電對(oxidation-reduction pair)分散於溶劑(如:腈類、酯類、四氫呋喃(tetrahydrofuran)、二甲基甲醯胺(dimethylformamide,DMF)、及甲基吡咯酮(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,NMP))中後,再加上一些用於修飾半導體氧化物(如TiO2
)的添加劑(如:第三丁基吡啶(4-tert-butylpyridine,TBP)、N-甲基苯并咪唑(N-methylbenzimidazole,NMBI)、LiI、NaI)而獲得。此種液態電解質容易因鹵素的高活性以及溶劑本身的高揮發性,導致液態電解質滲透到電池外部,造成DSSC失效及環境的污染。
因此,本發明提供一種僅使用單個基板之染料敏化太陽能電池,其可利用層疊方式將各元件依序組裝起來,達到低成本且可連續生產的目的。
本發明之一目的在於提供一種染料敏化太陽能電池,包含:一第一電極,包含:一基板;一導電層;一半導體層;和一敏化染料;一電解質層,包含非流動性之電解質;以及一第二電極,包含一導電材料,其限制條件為不包含基板,其中該電解質層及該第二電極係依序形成於第一電極之上。
本發明之另一目的在於提供一種染料敏化太陽能電池之製造方法,包含:提供一第一電極;以及依序形成一電解質層及一第二電極於該第一電極之上,其中該電解質層包含非流動性之電解質;以及該第二電極包含一導電材料,且其限制條件為不包含基板。
為讓本發明之上述目的、技術特徵及優點能更明顯易懂,下文將以部分具體實施態樣進行詳細說明。
以下將具體地描述根據本發明之部分具體實施態樣,並配合所附圖式進行詳細說明;惟,在不背離本發明之精神下,本發明尚可以多種不同形式之態樣來實踐,不應將本發明保護範圍解釋為限於說明書所例示者。此外,為明確起見,圖式中可能誇示各元件及區域的尺寸,而未按照實際比例繪示。
本發明之染料敏化太陽能電池僅使用單個基板,能有效降低生產成本。參考第1圖,係顯示本發明染料敏化太陽能電池之一實施態樣,染料敏化太陽能電池1包含一第一電極12、一電解質層14、以及一第二電極16。第一電極12包含一基板121a、一導電層121b、一半導體層123、以及一敏化染料125。上述電解質層14及第二電極16係依序形成於第一電極12之上。
一般而言,表面鍍有導電層121b之基板121a稱為導電基板121,導電基板121之厚度通常端視最終太陽能電池產品之效能及應用而加以調整;其中,導電層121b之厚度為約300奈米至約1000奈米,較佳為約500奈米至約800奈米。
可用於本發明之基板121a之形狀及材料並無特殊限制,舉例言之,基板121a之形狀可以是一平面或具有規則或是不規則立體圖形,例如是三角形、四角形或多邊形,也可以是具有角度的弧形或橢圓形柱狀。基板121a之材料可選自以下群組:金屬、金屬合金、玻璃、塑膠、及其組合。當使用金屬時,基板121a可由選自以下群組之材料所構成:鐵、鋁、銅、鈦、金、前述金屬之合金及其組合;當使用塑膠時,基板121a可由選自以下群組之材料所構成:聚酯樹脂、聚丙烯酸酯樹脂、聚苯乙烯樹脂、聚烯烴樹脂、聚環烯烴樹脂、聚醯亞胺樹脂、聚碳酸酯樹脂、聚胺基甲酸酯樹脂、三醋酸纖維素(triacetyl cellulose,TAC)、聚乳酸(polylactic acid)及其組合。根據本發明之一較佳具體實施例,基板121a係由玻璃所構成。導電層121b之材料可選用透明導電氧化物(transparent conducting oxide,TCO),舉例言之,可選自以下群組:氟摻雜氧化錫(fluorine-doped tin oxide,FTO)、銻摻雜氧化錫(antimony-doped tin oxide,ATO)、鋁摻雜氧化鋅(aluminum-doped zinc oxide,AZO)、氧化銦錫(indium tin oxide,ITO)及其組合。根據本發明之一較佳具體實施例,導電層121b之材料為FTO。
半導體層123之材料可為任何合宜之半導體氧化物且通常呈孔隙結構,較佳係選用奈米級半導體氧化物。舉例言之,半導體層123之材料可選自以下群組:TiO2
、ZnO、SnO2
、In2
O3
、CdS、ZnS、CdSe、GaP、CdTe、MoSe2
、WSe2
、Nb2
O5
、WO3
、KTaO3
、ZrO2
、SrTiO3
、SiO2
及其組合,較佳係TiO2
、SnO2
或ZnO。於本發明之部分實施態樣中,半導體層123之材料係TiO2
。
半導體層123之厚度一般係約1微米至約50微米,較佳係約4微米至約20微米。當半導體層123之厚度過薄時(如小於約1微米),所製得之染料敏化太陽能電池1效能不佳,當半導體層123之厚度過厚(如大於約50微米),則容易發生脆裂的情形。根據本發明之一較佳具體實施例,半導體層123之厚度係約4微米至約10微米。
本發明染敏太陽能電池所使用之敏化染料125,其可為本發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者所熟知的任何敏化染料,舉例言之,敏化染料125可選自以下群組:方酸類、部花菁類(chlorophyll)、羅丹明類(rhodamine)、偶氮苯類、半菁類(cyanine)、噻吩類(thiophene)、金屬錯合物(如釕金屬錯合物)及其組合。於本發明之部分實施態樣中,係使用釕金屬錯合物N719作為敏化染料125。根據本發明,敏化染料125係吸附於半導體層123之材料表面,如第1圖所示。
於本發明中,電解質層14形成於該第一電極12之上,且具有約10-2
S/cm至約10-6
S/cm之導電度,以提供電池所需之效能。其中,導電度(K)之定義係如下所示:
K=G×L/A
就染料敏化太陽能電池而言,目前所用的電解質絕大部分都是液態電解質。但是液態電解質內的有機溶劑易揮發而造成電解質內配方改變,進而導致電池失效,甚至發生漏液現象而造成環境污染。鑒於此,本發明之電解質層14係包含非流動性之電解質,上述電解質包含一氧化還原對及一添加物。概言之,本發明包含非流動性之電解質之電解質層14可例如藉由以下方式形成:混合適當之添加物、氧化還原電對及溶劑或將適當之添加物加至液態電解質溶液中,改變溶液流動性,得到一非流動性之電解質溶液,接著將所得電解質溶液滴至於第一電極12上,並放置一段時間,使溶液慢慢滲透,待滲透完全後,進行乾燥步驟,抽乾部份或全部溶劑而製得。本發明之非流動性之電解質包含膠態電解質、固態電解質或其組合,較佳為固態電解質。
可用於本發明之膠態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添加物:比表面積至少約30m2
/g之填充物、分子量約1,000至約5,000,000之高分子及其組合。上述填充物之比表面積較佳約30m2
/g至約160 m2
/g;高分子分子量較佳係約500,000至約5,000,000。同時,添加物之含量以電解質總重計,係至少約3重量%,以不超過20重量%為宜,較佳係約3重量%至約10重量%。
可用於本發明之固態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添加物:比表面積至少約30m2
/g之填充物、分子量約500至約4,000,000之高分子及其組合,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係約至少50重量%。上述填充物之比表面積較佳約30 m2
/g至約160 m2
/g之填充物。較佳地,該添加物係分子量約500至約4,000,000之高分子且其含量以該電解質總重計係約60重量%至約95重量%。
可用於本發明之填充物可選自以下群組:TiO2
、ZnO、SnO2
、In2
O3
、CdS、ZnS、CdSe、GaP、CdTe、MoSe2
、WSe2
、Nb2
O5
、WO3
、KTaO3
、ZrO2
、SrTiO3
、SiO2
及其組合;較佳係選自TiO2
、ZnO、SnO2
、SiO2
及其組合。
可用於本發明之高分子可選自以下群組:聚醚類、聚丙烯腈、聚壓克力、聚吡啶、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚苯乙烯、聚對苯、聚噻吩、聚乙炔、聚3,4-乙基雙醚噻吩、3-異丁基-4-氧基-二十三酸苯甲基酯(3-sec-butyl-4-oxo-tricosanoic acid benzyl ester)、聚乙烯吡啶(polyvinylpyridine,PVP)、環丁碸(sulfolane)、聚醯胺枝狀高分子(poly(amidoamine)dendritic derivatives,PPDD)、螺環二芴(spiro-OMeTAD)、聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)(poly(N-vinylcarbazole),PVK)、聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))、聚環氧乙烷(poly(ethylene oxide))、聚二氟乙烯(poly(vinylidene fluoride)、聚醚型聚胺酯(polyether urethane)及其組合。根據本發明之一較佳具體實施例,高分子係為具式(I)之聚醚型聚胺酯:
其中R為經取代或未經取代之芳基或C3-6
環烷基;n為2至4之整數;m為6至50之整數,較佳為6至15之整數;以及k為2至4之整數。根據一較佳實施態樣,式(I)中之R為甲苯基,k為2,即,聚醚型聚胺酯具下式(I1
)之結構,
其中,n為2至4之整數且m為6至15之整數。
根據另一較佳實施態樣,聚醚型聚胺酯為聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯具下式(I2
)之結構。
本發明所使用之聚醚型聚胺酯,可由含羥基化合物與異氰酸酯聚合而形成,前述之異氰酸酯例如但不限於選自以下群組:甲苯二異氰酸酯(toluene diisocyanate,TDI)、二苯甲烷二異氰酸酯(methylenediphenylene diisocyanate,MDI)、異佛爾酮二異氰酸酯(isophoronediisocyanate,IPDI)、二環己烷亞甲基二異氰酸酯(dicyclohexanemethylene diisocyanate)、二甲苯二異氰酸酯(xylene diisocyanate)、氫化二甲苯二異氰酸酯(hydrogenated xylene diisocyanate)及其組合,較佳者為甲苯二異氰酸酯。前述之含羥基化合物為包括一個或多個羥基之化合物,或包括具有不同數目羥基化合物之混合物,例如選自由以下所組成之群:聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)、聚丙二醇(polypropyleneglycol,PPG)及聚丁二醇(polytetramethylene glycol,PTMG)。較佳者係聚乙二醇。
適用於染料敏化太陽能電池的氧化還原電對並無一定限制,只要氧化還原電對所產生的氧化還原能階可與染料的最高填電子能階(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital,HOMO)相匹配即可。例如I3 -
/I-
、Br-
/Br2
、SeCN-
/(SeCN)2
、或SCN-
/(SCN)2
。其中,由於碘離子的擴散速率較快,所以較佳氧化還原電對為I3 -
/I-
。
製備電解質層14所用之溶劑,可提供所形成電解質中離子傳遞的環境,亦可用於溶解添加物(如上述填充物及高分子)。可用於本發明中之溶劑通常可選自以下群組:腈類(如乙腈、甲氧基丙腈、戊腈)、酯類(如碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯)、四氫呋喃、二甲基甲醯胺、甲基吡咯酮及其組合。
本發明膠態電解質或固態電解質亦可視需要添加聚氧化乙烯(polyethylene oxide,PEO),聚氧化乙烯是一種線性結晶性之高分子,主鏈上有氧等陰電性大的元素可表現出極性鍵(polar bonding),可幫助解離。可用於本發明中之聚氧化乙烯,純度需達90%以上,平均分子量範圍為500,000至8,000,000,較佳之平均分子量在4,000,000至5,000,000範圍內者。
此外,本發明膠態電解質或固態電解質亦可視需要添加任何習知之添加劑,一般而言,係添加用以修飾奈米級之半導體氧化物相關性質以改善電池效率之添加劑。常用添加劑可選自以下群組:第三丁基吡啶(4-tert-butylpyridine,TBP)、N-甲基苯并咪唑(N-methyl-benzimidazole,MBI)、1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘鹽(1,2-Dimethyl-3-Propylimidazolium Iodide,DMP II)、碘化鋰(LiI)及碘化鈉(NaI)。當在電解質中加入小體積的碘化鋰或碘化鈉時,鋰離子(Li+
)或鈉離子(Na+
)會吸附半導體氧化物的表面,可縮短傳導帶電子在相鄰或不相鄰的半導體氧化物之間傳輸的阻力和距離,可改善電子在半導體氧化物表面的傳輸,提高太陽能電池的短路電流密度(JSC
),但在此同時,Li+
-e-
與電解質中I- 3
再結合的速率也快,使電壓(VOC
)減小。因此,藉由加入第三丁基吡啶(4-tert-butylpyridine,TBP)、1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘鹽或N-甲基苯并咪唑可提高染料的最低未填電子能階(Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital,LUMO)與半導體氧化物之傳導帶間的費米能階,增加電池的電壓。為考量電池各性質的表現,通常可以二種以上的添加劑合併使用。
本發明之第二電極16包含一導電材料,實質上為一導電材料層,其特徵為不包含基板。於本發明中,該第二電極16形成於該電解質層14之上,由於本發明之第二電極16不需額外使用一基板以為支撐及/或後續封裝用,因此,在製作大面積染料敏化太陽能電池時,能大幅減少電極所需之基板用量,節省製造成本。第二電極16之材料可為任何合宜之導電材料,可例如選自以下群組:金、鉑、金鉑合金、銀、鋁、碳及其化合物、透明導電氧化物、導電高分子及其組合。上述透明導電氧化物(transparent conducting oxide,TCO),舉例言之,可選自以下群組:氟摻雜氧化錫(fluorine-doped tin oxide,FTO)、銻摻雜氧化錫(antimony-doped tin oxide,ATO)、鋁摻雜氧化鋅(aluminum-doped zinc oxide,AZO)、氧化銦錫(indium tin oxide,ITO)及其組合。上述碳及其化合物係例如選自以下群組:奈米碳管、碳纖維、奈米碳角、碳黑、富勒烯(fullerene)及其組合。上述導電高分子係例如選自以下群組:聚苯胺(polyaniline,PAN)、聚吡咯(polypyrrole,PPY)、聚苯乙烯(poly-phenylene vinylene,PPV)、聚對苯(poly(p
-phenylene),PPP)、聚噻吩(polythiophene,PT)、聚乙炔(polyacetylene,PA)、聚3,4-乙基雙醚噻吩(poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene,PEDOT)及其組合。於本發明之部分實施態樣中,第二電極16之材料係使用鉑、PEDOT、PEDOT與奈米碳管之混合物、或PEDOT與富勒烯之混合物。
本發明之染料敏化太陽能電池,亦可視需要包含一保護膜,例如聚乙烯膜、熱縮膜或習知封裝材料,以阻隔水氣。
以往製備染料敏化太陽能電池之方法必須使用兩塊基板作為電極,且兩塊基板必須分開加工處理,造成製程上的不連續,本發明染料敏化太陽能電池僅使用單一基板,除大幅降低其製造成本外,由於可以層疊方式完成各元件之製備,故可連續操作,更具經濟效益。
本發明另關於一種上述染料敏化太陽能電池之製造方法,包含:
(a)提供一第一電極12;以及
(b)依序形成一電解質層14及一第二電極16於該第一電極之上,
本發明之第一電極12,包含一基板121a;一導電層121b;一半導體層123和一敏化染料125,可藉本發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者所習知的方法製備,其例如包含下列步驟:(1)於一基板121a上鍍一導電層121b,形成一導電基板121;(2)將奈米級半導體氧化物均勻塗覆於導電基板121上;(3)進行一固化步驟,例如在400℃至600℃下進行燒結,形成一半導體層123;(3)浸漬於敏化染料125溶液中,進行染料吸附。上述步驟(2)之塗覆方式,例如但不限於刮塗、網印、旋轉塗佈或噴塗。
上述太陽能電池製程中步驟(b)之依序形成係指於第一電極12之半導體層123與敏化染料125之上,塗覆一非流動性之電解質先形成一電解質層14,之後於電解質層14上形成第二電極16。形成第二電極16之方式例如在真空下進行一濺鍍(sputting)金屬(例如鉑)之程序;或是在非真空狀態下塗覆金屬前驅物(例如鉑前驅物)於電解質層14上並接著進行熱處理還原程序;又或是將導電高分子或導電高分子與碳黑材料之混合物先於溶劑中摻混後,塗抹在電解質層14上接著進行乾燥程序。
茲以下列具體實施態樣以進一步例示說明本發明。
實施例1
將TiO2
塗料HT(Eternal公司所生產,粒徑20奈米至50奈米,表面積80-120平方公尺/克)塗佈於一FTO玻璃上,厚度約5±1微米,進行一約500℃之燒結程序,以形成半導體層。
將上述覆有半導體層之FTO玻璃含浸於染料溶液N719(Solaronix公司生產)中進行染料吸附,歷時約12小時,製得染料敏化太陽能電池之工作電極(第一電極)。其中,N719所用之溶劑係正丙醇及乙腈,重量比為1:1。
待完成吸附程序並將所製得之工作電極清洗乾淨後,於其表面塗佈一含有35重量%聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯(分子量:2000至4000)、35重量%聚氧化乙烯(分子量:3,500,000至4,000,000)及I3 -
/I-
氧化還原電對之混合物的固態電解質組合物,待塗覆完成後抽乾電解質之溶劑成分,形成電解質層。
隨後以真空濺鍍的方式於電解質表面鍍覆鉑金屬,形成染料敏化太陽能電池之對電極(第二電極),製得本發明僅使用單一基板之染料敏化太陽能電池A。對染料敏化太陽能電池A進行電池效能測試並將結果記錄於表1。
實施例2
以與實施例1相同之方式製得染料敏化太陽能電池B,惟係使用導電高分子PEDOT作為對電極之材料。其中係將PEDOT塗覆於電解質層表面後,於真空環境及約50±10℃之溫度下固化,以形成對電極。對染料敏化太陽能電池B進行電池效能測試並將結果記錄於表1。
實施例3
以與實施例2相同之方式製得染料敏化太陽能電池C,惟係使用導電高分子PEDOT及富勒烯之混合物作為對電極之材料。其中以混合物之總重量計,PEDOT之含量約95重量%,富勒烯之含量約5重量%。對染料敏化太陽能電池C進行電池效能測試並將結果記錄於表1。
實施例4
以與實施例2相同之方式製得染料敏化太陽能電池D。惟係使用導電高分子PEDOT及奈米碳管之混合物作為對電極之材料,其中以混合物之總重量計,PEDOT之含量約95重量%,奈米碳管之含量約5重量%。對染料敏化太陽能電池D進行電池效能測試並將結果記錄於表1。
實施例5
以與實施例4相同之方式製得染料敏化太陽能電池E。惟以對電極材料之混合物之總重量計,PEDOT之含量約90重量%,奈米碳管之含量約10重量%。對染料敏化太陽能電池E進行電池效能測試並將結果記錄於表1。
電池效能測試
太陽能電池測試通常使用全美國平均照度AM 1.5(θ=48.2°)來代表地表上太陽光的平均照度(溫度25℃),其光強度約為100mW/cm2
。因此本次測試係使用光強度為100mW/cm2
之模擬太陽光光源(AM 1.5),針對具有上述實施例所製得之染料敏化太陽能電池進行測試,量測其電流及電壓,並將所得結果記錄於下表1。其中,AM 1.5係代表大氣質量(Air Mass)1.5,AM=1/cos(θ),θ代表相對垂直入射光偏離之角度。
a
開路電壓(open circuit photovoltage,Voc):太陽能電池外部電流斷路時所量到的電壓。
b
短路電流密度(short-circuit current density,Jsc):太陽能電池在負載為零時,輸出電流與元件面積相除之值。
c
填充因子(fill factor,FF):太陽能電池之操作功率輸出與理想功率輸出的比值,係代表太陽能電池性能優劣的一個重要參數。
综上所述,本發明之染料敏化太陽能電池,僅使用單一基板,能大幅降低製造成本,且於本發明中,染料敏化太陽能電池之製造方法係以層疊方式依序完成各元件之製備,故可連續操作,更具經濟效益。由表1之測試結果可證明本發明之染料敏化太陽能電池確可據以實施,具產業利用價值。
上述實施例僅為例示性說明本發明之原理及其功效,並闡述本發明之技術特徵,而非用於限制本發明之保護範疇。任何熟悉本技術者在不違背本發明之技術原理及精神下,可輕易完成之改變或安排,均屬本發明所主張之範圍。因此,本發明之權利保護範圍係如後附申請專利範圍所列。
1...染料敏化太陽能電池
12...第一電極
121...導電基板
121a...基板
121b...導電層
123...半導體層
125...敏化染料
16...第二電極
14...電解質層
第1圖所示係本發明染料敏化太陽能電池之一實施態樣。
1...染料敏化太陽能電池
12...第一電極
121...導電基板
121a...基板
121b...導電層
123...半導體層
125...敏化染料
16...第二電極
14...電解質層
Claims (10)
- 一種染料敏化太陽能電池,包含:一第一電極,包含:一基板;一導電層;一半導體層;和一敏化染料;一電解質層,包含一膠態電解質或一固態電解質,其中該膠態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添加物:聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯或聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯及比表面積至少約30m2 /g之填充物,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係至少約3重量%,或該固態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添加物:聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯或聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯及比表面積至少約30m2 /g之填充物、分子量約500至約4,000,000之高分子及其組合,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係至少約50重量%;以及一第二電極,包含一導電材料,其限制條件為不包含基板,其中該電解質層及該第二電極係依序形成於第一電極之上。
- 如請求項1之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該電解質之導電度為約10-2 S/cm至約10-6 S/cm。
- 如請求項1之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該膠態電解質之添加物係選自以下群組:比表面積約30m2 /g至約160m2 /g之填充物、分子量約500,000至約5,000,000之高分子及其組合,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係約3重量%至約10重量%。
- 如請求項1之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該固態電解質之添加物係分子量約500至約4,000,000之高分子且其含量以該電解質總重計係約60重量%至約95重量%。
- 如請求項1或3之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該填充物係選自以下群組:TiO2 、ZnO、SnO2 、In2 O3 、CdS、ZnS、CdSe、GaP、CdTe、MoSe2 、WSe2 、Nb2 O5 、WO3 、KTaO3 、ZrO2 、SrTiO3 、SiO2 及其組合。
- 如請求項5之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該填充物係選自以下群組:TiO2 、ZnO、SnO2 、SiO2 及其組合。
- 如請求項1或3之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該氧化還原電對係選自以下群組:I3 - /I- 、Br- /Br2 、SeCN- /(SeCN)2 、SCN- /(SCN)2 及其組合。
- 如請求項1之染料敏化太陽能電池,其中該導電材料係選自以下群組:金、鉑、金鉑合金、銀、鋁、碳及其化合物、透明導電氧化物、導電高分子及其組合。
- 一種染料敏化太陽能電池之製造方法,包含:提供一第一電極;以及依序形成一電解質層及一第二電極於該第一電極之上,其中該電解質層包含一膠態電解質或一固態電解質,其中該膠態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添加物:聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯或聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯及比表面積至少約30m2 /g之填充物,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係至少約3重量%,或該固態電解質包含一氧化還原對及一選自以下群組之添 加物:聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯或聚乙醚甲苯二胺酯及比表面積至少約30m2 /g之填充物、分子量約500至約4,000,000之高分子及其組合,且該添加物之含量以該電解質總重計係至少約50重量%;以及該第二電極包含一導電材料,且其限制條件為不包含基板。
- 如請求項9之染料敏化太陽能電池之製造方法,其中該第一電極包含一基板;一導電層;一半導體層和一敏化染料。
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US12/683,913 US20100307577A1 (en) | 2009-06-03 | 2010-01-07 | Dye-sensitized solar cell and method for manufacturing the same |
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