TW202340723A - 藉由藥劑點眼而導致之近視誘導模型 - Google Patents
藉由藥劑點眼而導致之近視誘導模型 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供一種方法,其係對針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段之有效性進行評價之方法,且包括:處置步驟,其係對與內質網壓力(endoplasmic reticulum stress)相關之訊號傳遞系統被活化之近視誘導模型動物實施上述物理或化學手段;測定步驟,其係自上述處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對實施了上述物理或化學手段之動物之與近視相關之生物標記進行測定;及判定步驟,其係於滿足以下判定基準之情形時,判定為上述物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。判定基準:所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到上述物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量。
Description
本發明係關於一種用以抑制近視進行或預防、治療近視(以下,簡稱為「近視治療」)之介入(投藥、光線治療、行為改變等)之有效性評價方法。進而詳細而言,本發明係關於一種活體內試驗方法,即,於實驗動物中藉由用特定之化合物使「與作為近視之原因之內質網壓力(endoplasmic reticulum stress)相關之訊號傳遞系統」活化來誘導近視,並藉由評價對該近視模型動物之介入相對於未介入(對照組)是否改善了與近視相關之生物標記,來評價該近視治療方法是否有效。
根據與近視及深度近視相關之最新研究,預測未來全球近視人口將顯著增加,且預測到2050年,近視者將上達約50億人,深度近視者將上達約10億人(參照非專利文獻1)。又,根據2019年慶應義塾大學醫學部之流行病學調查,結果顯示東京都內中學生727人中之近視患病率為94.9%,無論哪個年級均超過90%(參照非專利文獻2)。如此,「近視」係患病率極高之疾病,又,深度近視係可導致「視力喪失」之極嚴重之疾病,亟需有效之近視治療方法。
人類之眼睛於剛誕生時為遠視,於生長期(8歲前),由於前後方向之眼軸伸長而使光軸延長,故而遠視之程度會變小,若進入學齡期,則會成為適當之眼軸長而正視化。學界將其稱為「生理性眼軸伸長」,該生理性眼軸伸長若因某種原因而受到損害,則會因眼軸伸長不足而造成遠視,使小兒之生活品質(Quality of Life)顯著惡化。另一方面,學界將正視化後眼軸伸長仍未停止,8歲以後眼軸長過度伸長之情況稱為「病理性眼軸伸長」,此為小兒近視進行之主要因素,因此近視會於8歲以後之學齡期急遽進行,一旦伸長後,眼軸長無法復原(參照非專利文獻3)。
為了抑制小兒之近視進行,必須抑制該過度之眼軸伸長(病理性眼軸伸長),但若連生理性眼軸伸長亦抑制,則雖不會變為近視,但會造成遠視而本末倒置。因此,於適當之抑制小兒近視進行戰略中,必須使「抑制病理性眼軸伸長,同時不會抑制生理性眼軸伸長」這兩個相反之作用同時成立。因此,用以開發適合於評價對近視治療是否有效之近視誘導模型動物的研究正在進行中。
先前技術文獻
專利文獻
專利文獻1:國際公開第2018/164113號
專利文獻2:國際公開第2018/212152號
專利文獻3:日本特開2017-40940號公報
非專利文獻
非專利文獻1:Brien A Holden et. al., "Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia ando temporal trends from 2000 through 2050", Ophthalmology, Vol. 123, Number5, P. 1036-1042 (May2016).
非專利文獻2:「小中學生近視增加傾向之警鐘」,慶應義塾大學醫學部,2019年8月19日新聞稿(https://oklens.co.jp/new/2019/08/21/).
非專利文獻3:不二門尚,「日本眼科學會專業醫師制度生涯教育講座 總說54 防止小兒之近視進行」,日眼會志,117卷,4號,397頁~406頁(2013年4月10日).
非專利文獻4:Jiang, X., et. al., A highly efficient murine model of experimental myopia. Scientific reports 8, 2026, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20272-w(2018).
非專利文獻5:Mori, K., et. al., Oral crocetin administration suppressed refractive shift and axial elongation in a murine model of lens-induced myopia. Scientific reports 9, 295, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36576-w(2019).
非專利文獻6:Xiangtian Zbou, etal., The Development of the Refractive Status and Ocular Growth in C57BL6 Mice. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, December 2008, Vol. 49, No. 12.
非專利文獻7:「利用CL防止近視進行」MB OCULISTA No. 4: 67-74, 2013
非專利文獻8:「使用眼鏡抑制近視進行之嘗試與小兒近視進行之特徵」新眼科 33 (10): 1411-1417, 2016
[發明所欲解決之課題]
然而,近視發病之機制尚未得到充分解析,又,幾乎不存在用以評價近視治療成分、方法之穩定且已確立之試驗方法。又,於作為此種嚴重疾病之近視中,有效之近視治療方法仍較少。
另一方面,要求根據各種近視之態樣來探索各種介入方法,例如不僅因小兒中之一般之近視進行,亦因高齡者之近視進行而導致之深度近視化或失明,因此,強烈要求建立一種簡便、穩定且可無關幼年、成年、老年地引起近視之動物模型。
根據慶應義塾大學醫學部之研究,已提出一種強制性地讓實驗動物配戴較強之凹透鏡並誘導近視之方法。具體而言,使3週齡之雄性C57BL6J小鼠馴化後,於右眼(近視誘導眼)配戴-30屈光度(diopter,D)之凹透鏡,於左眼(對照眼)配戴0D之透鏡或僅配戴鏡框以作為對照組,進而飼養3週。
然而,於該透鏡誘導近視動物模型中,由於近視誘導需要3週,因此評價治療有效性時小鼠為6週齡。C57BL6小鼠之眼軸於3~6週齡期間亦隨著生長而伸長(參照非專利文獻6)。如此,於使用凹透鏡之方法中,需要使其長時間強制配戴特殊之動物用眼鏡之高度操作技術,又,所使用之小鼠限定於眼軸容易隨著生長而變化之幼年期(例:小鼠為3週齡)(參照專利文獻1)。
因此,本發明之目的在於提供一種對針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段(介入)之有效性進行評價之新方法。
[解決課題之技術手段]
本發明人等發現,於與小兒之近視進行(病理性眼軸伸長)相關之研究中,與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統與病理性眼軸伸長密切相關。又,本發明人等發現,若將已知為內質網壓力誘導物質之衣黴素(Tunicamycin)或毒胡蘿蔔素(Thapsigargin)投予至3週齡之小鼠,則相較於投予有PBS(磷酸鹽緩衝生理鹽水)之眼睛,眼軸長之伸長及折射度之下降發生顯著變化,可誘導近視(參照專利文獻1)。
本發明人等進一步進行研究,結果發現,藉由治療性介入可抑制藉由強制性地活化上述內質網壓力應答基因而導致之生物標記(例如,眼軸長、折射度)之變化,從而完成了本發明。
即,本發明提供以下(1)~(5)。
(1)
一種方法,其係對針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段之有效性進行評價者,且包括:
處置步驟,其係對與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統被活化之近視誘導模型動物實施上述物理或化學手段;
測定步驟,其係自上述處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對實施了物理或化學手段之動物之與近視相關之生物標記進行測定;及
判定步驟,其係於滿足以下判定基準之情形時,判定為上述物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。
判定基準:所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到上述物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量。
(2)
如(1)所記載之方法,其中,上述與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統為PERK路徑、ATF6路徑及IRE1路徑中之至少1種。
(3)
如(1)或(2)所記載之方法,其中,上述近視誘導模型動物為選自被誘導近視後之小鼠、大鼠、白色來亨雞、狗、及猴中之1種。
(4)
如(1)至(3)中任一項所記載之方法,其中,與近視相關之生物標記為選自眼軸長、折射度、脈絡膜厚、鞏膜厚、及鞏膜膠原蛋白纖維之粗度中之1種。
(5)
如(1)至(4)中任一項所記載之方法,其進而包括向動物之至少一隻眼睛投予近視誘導物質之誘導步驟,
被投予近視誘導物質之眼睛為近視治療效果之評價對象。
[發明之效果]
根據本發明之方法,相較於使用凹透鏡之方法,可更簡便且更短時間地製作近視誘導模型動物。又,藉由投予已驗證於透鏡誘導近視動物模型中抑制近視進行之苯丁酸(4-PBA),於經藥物誘導之近視誘導動物模型中亦可同樣地進行抑制,因此可用於評價針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段之有效性。又,由於可隨意變更近視誘導物質之投予量或投予次數,因此可隨意控制欲誘導之近視之程度。又,與於幼年期使用誘導近視之凹透鏡之模型動物不同,其不受動物年齡限制,亦可根據欲再現之病情來製作多樣化之近視誘導模型動物。
以下對本發明進行詳細說明。本發明並不限於以下實施方式及實驗例,於包含本發明之主旨之範圍內,包括各種變化例及應用例。
本發明之一實施方式係對針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段之有效性進行評價之方法。本實施方式之方法包括:處置步驟,其係對與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統被活化之近視誘導模型動物實施上述物理或化學手段;測定步驟,其係自上述處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對實施了物理或化學手段之動物之與近視相關之生物標記進行測定;及判定步驟,其係於滿足以下判定基準之情形時,判定為該物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。
判定基準:所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到上述物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量。
本實施方式之方法可進而包括向用以誘導近視之動物之至少一隻眼睛投予近視誘導物質之誘導步驟。又,本實施方式之方法可使用另外準備之近視誘導模型動物。
(與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化)
於本說明書中,「與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化」不僅指引起內質網壓力本身,亦指使PERK(PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)路徑、IRE1(Inositol requiring 1)路徑、及ATF6(Activating transcription factor 6)路徑中之至少1種活化。藉由投予使PERK路徑、IRE1路徑、及ATF6路徑中之至少1種活化之物質,可誘導內質網壓力。又,亦指使位於PERK路徑、IRE1路徑、及ATF6路徑中之任1種之下游之傳遞系統活化。
作為與小兒之近視進行(病理性眼軸伸長)相關之因子,對於內質網中之異常蛋白質即摺疊不全蛋白質產生反應之基因路徑與病理性眼軸伸長相關。內質網壓力由3個壓力感測器感知,為了使摺疊不全之蛋白質不過量地累積而向下游傳遞訊號。作為內質網壓力感測器,已知有:PERK路徑、IRE1路徑、ATF6路徑此3種路徑。已知於僅抑制PERK路徑或ATF6路徑中之任1種之情形時,會代償性地活化另一路徑。因此,認為對活體內之近視治療有效之手段進行評價之方法對開發近視治療手段有用。
PERK係內質網跨膜型激酶,作為與其訊號傳遞相關之因子,例如可例舉eIF2α(eukaryotic initiation factor 2α)、ATF4(Activating transcription factor 4)、CHOP(C/EBP homologous protein)、GADD34(growth arrest DNA and damage protein 34)等。
ATF6係屬於CREB/ATF家族之膜結合型轉錄因子,作為與其訊號傳遞相關之因子,例如可例舉BiP(Binding immunoglobulin protein,亦稱為「GRP78」)、Txndc12(thioredoxin domain containing 12,亦稱為「ERp18」)、S1P(site-1 protease)、S2P(site-2 protease)等。
IRE1係分佈於內質網膜之跨膜蛋白質,其響應於內質網壓力而活化。內質網分子伴護蛋白BiP與IRE1結合,藉由內質網壓力而分離,形成集合體。
1.近視誘導步驟
近視誘導步驟係向動物之至少一隻眼睛投予近視誘導物質,並對被投予之動物誘導近視之步驟。被投予近視誘導物質之眼睛被誘導出「由與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化而引起之近視」,成為評價近視之治療有效性之對象。於僅向一隻眼睛投予近視誘導物質之情形時,可將另一隻眼睛作為「對照眼」(Control)。又,於以向一隻眼睛投予以外之方法投予近視誘導物質之情形(例如,向雙眼投予或經口投予、投予至血管等)時,可將未投予近視誘導物質之另一個體用作「對照」(Control)。若於一隻眼睛中點眼過量之近視誘導物質,則可能會亦影響另一隻眼睛。於此種情形時,亦可將未投予近視誘導物質之另一個體用作「對照」(Control)。
(近視誘導物質)
近視誘導物質可使用公知之物質,例如為可使與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統活化之物質,可為使PERK路徑、ATF6路徑及IRE1路徑中之至少1種活化之物質。可使該等路徑活化之物質可為具有促效劑作用之物質(直接活化),亦可為抑制使該路徑失活之物質之物質(間接活化)。
作為近視誘導物質,可例舉使PERK路徑活化之物質(例如CCT020312,阿佐胺(Azoramide))、使ATF6路徑活化之物質(例如AA147)、使IRE1路徑活化之物質(例如APY29)等。又,亦可例舉使PERK路徑、ATF6路徑、或IRE1路徑之複數個同時活化之物質(例如衣黴素、毒胡蘿蔔素)、佈雷非德菌素A(Brefeldin A)、Salubrinal等。上述近視誘導物質可以單劑投予或混合2種以上來投予。為了使近視誘導效果更加確實,較佳為混合2種以上之近視誘導物質來投予。由於衣黴素及毒胡蘿蔔素可使該等3種路徑活化,因此可期待更強之近視誘導。
以下,示出了可誘導內質網壓力之物質之具體例。
使PERK路徑、IRE1路徑及ATF6路徑中之至少1種活化之物質例如可作為點眼劑進行投予。上述物質之投予量可為1~200 μg/mL,亦可為2~190 μg/mL、3~180 μg/mL、5~170 μg/mL、5~160 μg/mL、5~150 μg/mL、5~140 μg/mL、5~130 μg/mL、5~120 μg/mL、5~110 μg/mL、5~100 μg/mL、8~100 μg/mL或10~100 μg/mL。上述物質之投予量可為1~200 μM,亦可為2~190 μM、3~180 μM、5~170 μM、5~160 μM、5~150 μM、5~140 μM、5~130 μM、5~120 μM、5~110 μM、5~100 μM、8~100 μM或10~100 μM。
較佳為衣黴素藉由點眼投予至少1次50 μg/mL之量,可誘導由內質網壓力之誘導而引起之近視。又,毒胡蘿蔔素藉由點眼投予至少1次10 μM之量,可誘導由內質網壓力之誘導而引起之近視。CCT0 20312及AA147藉由點眼投予1次100 μM之量,可誘導由內質網壓力之誘導而引起之近視。
關於投予次數,每日可點眼投予1~3次,較佳為每日點眼投予1次。為了誘導近視,可於1週內重複進行每日1~3次之點眼投予。
近視誘導物質能夠以任意劑形進行投予,就作用於鞏膜等眼細胞之觀點而言,例如可作為注射劑或點眼劑進行投予,較佳為作為點眼劑進行投予。
於使用衣黴素作為點眼劑之情形時,例如可設為10~100 μg/mL,較佳為20~80 μg/mL,更佳為40~60 μg/mL。於使用毒胡蘿蔔素作為點眼劑之情形時,例如可設為1~100 μM,較佳為2~60 μM,更佳為5~30 μM。
藉由調整近視誘導物質之投予量、投予次數,亦可誘導更嚴重之近視。例如,若將衣黴素及毒胡蘿蔔素混合投予,則相較於分別單獨投予之情形,存在眼軸長變得更長之傾向。根據本實施方式之方法,亦可誘導所需之程度(例如,輕度、中度、重度)之近視,並評價對其之治療有效性。又,藉由誘導深度近視,亦可誘導由深度近視而引起之後眼部疾病(近視性黃斑退化、近視性脈絡膜視網膜萎縮、近視性脈絡膜新生血管等),並評價對其之治療有效性。
又,藉由調整近視誘導物質之投予量、投予次數,亦可誘導輕度且漸進之近視。一般認為成人期之近視為輕度且漸進進行之近視,亦可模擬此種近視病情。
為了僅對動物之一隻眼睛誘導近視,而將另一隻眼睛作為對照組,亦可將近視誘導物質經血流設為不會影響另一隻眼睛之濃度以下而局部投予至僅單眼,藉此來消除動物之個體差異。
又,人與動物之眼軸於生長期均容易變化,關於近視誘導,於其生長期更易於誘導。即,認為利用凹透鏡所進行之近視誘導於老齡小鼠中較為困難。另一方面,藉由調整近視誘導物質之投予量、投予次數,亦可對通常難以誘導近視之老齡小鼠誘導近視,亦可模擬特殊病情,如因高齡者之深度近視而引起之後眼部疾病。
於點眼劑中,除上述成分以外,還可摻合其他有效成分(藥理活性成分、生理活性成分等)。此種成分之種類並無特別限制,例如可例舉解充血成分、眼肌調節藥成分、消炎藥成分、收斂藥成分、抗組織胺藥成分、抗過敏藥成分、維生素類、胺基酸類、抗菌藥成分、醣類、高分子化合物或其衍生物、纖維素或其衍生物、局部麻醉藥成分等。
於點眼劑中,於不損害使與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統活化之效果之範圍內,可進一步根據其用途或形態,按照常規方法適當選擇各種成分或添加物,併用1種或2種以上而含有。作為該等成分或添加物,例如可例舉液劑等通常用於製備之載體、香料或清涼劑、防腐劑、殺菌劑或抗菌劑、pH調節劑、螯合劑、穩定劑、等滲劑、緩衝劑、增稠劑等各種添加劑。以下,雖例示點眼劑中所使用之代表性成分,但並不限於該等。
作為載體,例如可例舉水、含水乙醇等水性溶劑。再者,於各種成分難溶於水性溶劑之情形時,可使用助溶劑。作為助溶劑,例如可例舉聚氧乙烯氫化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇40硬脂酸酯(polyoxyl 40 stearate)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(povidone)、聚山梨醇酯80(polysorbate 80)等。
作為香料或清涼劑,例如可例舉萜烯類(具體而言,為大茴香腦、丁香油酚、樟腦、香葉草醇、桉樹腦、冰片、薄荷腦、檸檬烯、龍腦等。該等可為d體、l體或dl體中之任1種)、精油(茴香油、涼薄荷油、桂皮油、綠薄荷油、薄荷水、薄荷油、胡椒薄荷油、香柑油、桉葉油、玫瑰油等)等。
作為防腐劑、殺菌劑或抗菌劑,例如可例舉泊利氯銨(Polidronium chloride)、鹽酸烷基二胺基乙基甘胺酸(Alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride)、苯甲酸鈉、乙醇、氯化苄烷銨、苄索氯銨(Benzethonium chloride)、葡萄糖酸洛赫西定、氯丁醇、山梨酸、山梨酸鉀、去氫乙酸鈉、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丁酯、硫酸氧基喹啉、苯乙醇、苄醇、雙胍化合物(具體而言為聚六亞甲基雙胍或其鹽酸鹽等)、Glokill(Rhodia公司製造之商品名)等。
作為pH調節劑,例如可例舉鹽酸、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化鈣、氫氧化鎂、三乙醇胺、單乙醇胺、二異丙醇胺、硫酸、磷酸等。
作為螯合劑,例如可例舉抗壞血酸、依地酸四鈉、依地酸鈉、檸檬酸等。
作為穩定劑,例如可例舉依地酸鈉水合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚山梨醇酯80、二丁基羥基甲苯、胺丁三醇(Trometamol)、甲醛次硫酸氫鈉(雕白粉(Rongalite))、維生素E、焦亞硫酸鈉、單乙醇胺、單硬脂酸鋁、單硬脂酸甘油酯等。
作為等滲劑,例如可例舉氯化鉀、氯化鈉、濃甘油、葡萄糖、D-甘露醇等。
作為緩衝劑,例如可例舉檸檬酸鈉水合物、乙酸鈉水合物、碳酸氫鈉、胺丁三醇、硼酸、硼砂、磷酸氫鈉水合物、磷酸二氫鈉等。
作為增稠劑,例如可例舉羧基乙烯基聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇(部分皂化物)、羥乙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素(Hypromellose)、甲基纖維素、甘油等。
於本發明之點眼劑中,添加劑可於期待使與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統活化之效果,或於不妨礙其效果之範圍內進行摻合。其含量並無特別限定,相對於點眼劑總量較佳為0.001~1質量%左右。
點眼劑之pH只要設為3~10即可,就使用感之觀點而言,較佳為4~9,就使用感之觀點而言,更佳為5~8.5。
(近視誘導模型動物)
近視誘導模型動物並無特別限定,較佳為適合於評價對活體內之近視治療有效之物理或化學手段之目的之動物。又,於對人之近視治療有效之手段進行評價之情形時,較佳為使用於遺傳學上接近人類之動物種。作為近視誘導模型動物,例如可例舉小鼠、大鼠、倉鼠、豚鼠等嚙齒類、白色來亨雞雛雞(於日本亦稱為「雛雞」)等禽類、稻田魚等魚類、狗(例如,米格魯犬)、猴(例如恆河獼猴、食蟹獼猴)、松鼠(例如樹鼩)等哺乳類。
用以製作近視誘導模型之動物可根據欲評價之近視之狀態,自幼年期、成年期、老年期等中任意選擇。幼年期、成年期、老年期之區別取決於動物種之平均壽命,因此只要視目的適當選擇即可。例如,於對眼軸容易隨著生長而變化之幼年期之近視之治療有效性進行評價之情形時,只要使用幼年期之動物(例:3週齡之小鼠、5日齡之白色來亨雞)即可。
關於對動物誘導近視之開始時期,例如於製作假定適用於小兒之動物模型之情形時,較佳為使用幼齡動物。於C57BL6等小鼠中,自3週齡至6週齡會發生生理性眼軸伸長。因此,藉由自3週齡起誘導近視,除生理性眼軸伸長以外,還可促進過度之眼軸伸長,因此可產生病理性眼軸伸長。根據本發明,可於短時間內製作近視誘導動物模型,因此亦可評價待試驗之物理或化學手段對生理性眼軸伸長或病理性眼軸伸長造成之影響。又,於使用白色來亨雞作為動物之情形時,就製作假定適用於小兒之動物模型之觀點而言,例如較佳為使用5日齡之白色來亨雞雛雞。
(點眼劑之製造方法)
近視誘導用點眼劑可以本領域技術人員慣用或公知之方法來製備。例如,只要藉由使各成分分散於水等載體中後,有需要時添加助溶劑,並視需要加溫,使用均質攪拌機等使其均一化、溶解或乳化,並利用pH調整劑調整pH來製備即可。又,作為製劑之殺菌方法,可選擇電子束殺菌、高壓釜殺菌、過濾殺菌等方法。
2.處置步驟
處置步驟係對由內質網壓力之誘導而引起之近視誘導模型動物實施物理或化學手段之步驟。
(對近視治療有效之物理或化學手段)
於本說明書中,「物理或化學手段」只要係認為對活體內之近視治療有效之物理或化學手段即可,並無特別限定。例如,可例舉作為內質網壓力基因抑制成分之4-苯丁酸、牛磺熊去氧膽酸(Tauroursodeoxycholic acid)、Salubrinal、胍那苄(Guanabenz)、GSK2606414、GSK2656157、ISRIB、奈非那韋(Nelfinavir)、阿佐胺或牛蒡子苷元(Arctigenin)(參照專利文獻1)。又,例如可例舉EGR-1基因表現增強成分即番紅花酸(Crocetin)、或銀杏葉萃取物(參照專利文獻2)。
(物理手段)
作為物理手段,例如可照射具有特定波長之光(例如,紫色光360~400 nm)(參照專利文獻3)。就評價治療有效性之觀點而言,所照射之光之波長、照射時間、照射角度等可適當變更。又,亦可暴露太陽光(於室外活動)(參照非專利文獻「坪田實驗室股份有限公司年度報告2020,第2號」)。又,亦可使用角膜矯正隱形眼鏡或具有離軸像差修正功能之多焦點之隱形眼鏡或眼鏡(參照非專利文獻7~8)。
(化學手段)
作為化學手段,例如可投予包含化合物或高分子(例如,抗體)之製劑。化合物或高分子(例如,抗體)可藉由經口投予、經皮投予、點眼投予、滴鼻投予、注射(例如,皮下投予、靜脈內投予、腹腔內投予、肌內投予)等方法進行投予。較佳之投予形態為點眼投予、注射或經口攝取。
化學手段中所使用之製劑可為錠劑、散劑、膠囊劑等經口劑、貼附劑、貼劑、軟膏等經皮吸收製劑、點眼劑、滴鼻劑、注射劑。
除上述化合物或高分子(例如,抗體)以外,經口劑還可摻合其他有效成分(藥理活性成分、生理活性成分等)。此種成分之種類並無特別限制,例如可摻合賦形劑、潤滑劑、黏合劑、崩解劑等。又,亦可視需要使用防腐劑、抗氧化劑、著色劑、甜味劑等添加物。
作為賦形劑,例如可例舉D-山梨糖醇、甘露醇,木糖醇等糖醇、葡萄糖、白糖、乳糖、果糖等醣類、結晶纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉(Carmellose sodium)、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉、磷酸氫鈣、小麥澱粉、米澱粉、玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、糊精、β-環糊精、輕質無水矽酸、氧化鈦、矽酸鋁鎂(Magnesium aluminometasilicate)、滑石、高嶺土、橄欖油等。
作為黏合劑,例如可例舉甲基纖維素、乙基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素等纖維素衍生物、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇、丙烯酸系高分子、明膠、阿拉伯膠、聚三葡萄糖、α化澱粉、瓊脂、黃耆膠、海藻酸鈉、海藻酸丙二醇酯等。
作為崩解劑,例如可例舉澱粉、低取代羥丙基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈣、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉、羥丙基澱粉、部分α化澱粉等。
作為潤滑劑,例如可例舉硬脂酸、硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸鈣、聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯(polyoxyl stearate)、鯨蠟醇、滑石、氫化油、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、二甲基聚矽氧烷、蜂蠟、白蜂蠟等。
又,於點眼劑中,除上述化合物或高分子(例如,抗體)以外,還可摻合其他有效成分(藥理活性成分、生理活性成分等)。此種成分之種類並無特別限定,例如可例舉解充血成分、眼肌調節藥成分、消炎藥成分、收斂藥成分、抗組織胺藥成分、抗過敏藥成分、維生素類、胺基酸類、抗菌藥成分、醣類、高分子化合物或其衍生物、纖維素或其衍生物、局部麻醉藥成分等。
於化學手段中所使用之製劑中,於不損害本發明之效果之範圍內,可進一步根據其用途或形態,按照常規方法適當選擇各種成分或添加物,併用1種或2種以上而含有。作為該等成分或添加物,例如可例舉液劑等通常用於製備之載體、香料或清涼劑、防腐劑、殺菌劑或抗菌劑、pH調節劑、螯合劑、穩定劑、等滲劑、緩衝劑、增稠劑等各種添加劑。以下例示點眼劑中所使用之代表性成分,但並不限於該等。
作為載體,例如可例舉水、含水乙醇等水性溶劑。再者,於各種成分難溶於水性溶劑之情形時,可使用助溶劑。作為助溶劑,例如可例舉聚氧乙烯氫化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇40硬脂酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚山梨醇酯80等。
作為香料或清涼劑,例如可例舉萜烯類(具體而言,為大茴香腦、丁香油酚、樟腦、香葉草醇、桉樹腦、冰片、薄荷腦、檸檬烯、龍腦等。該等可為d體、l體或dl體中之任一種)、精油(茴香油、涼薄荷油、桂皮油、綠薄荷油、薄荷水、薄荷油、胡椒薄荷油、香柑油、桉葉油、玫瑰油等)等。
作為防腐劑、殺菌劑或抗菌劑,例如可例舉泊利氯銨、鹽酸烷基二胺基乙基甘胺酸、苯甲酸鈉、乙醇、氯化苄烷銨、苄索氯銨、葡萄糖酸洛赫西定、氯丁醇、山梨酸、山梨酸鉀、去氫乙酸鈉、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丁酯、硫酸氧基喹啉、苯乙醇、苄醇、雙胍化合物(具體而言為聚六亞甲基雙胍或其鹽酸鹽等)、Glokill(Rhodia公司製造之商品名)等。
作為pH調節劑,例如可例舉鹽酸、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化鈣、氫氧化鎂、三乙醇胺、單乙醇胺、二異丙醇胺、硫酸、磷酸等。
作為螯合劑,例如可例舉抗壞血酸、依地酸四鈉、依地酸鈉、檸檬酸等。
作為穩定劑,例如可例舉依地酸鈉水合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚山梨醇酯80、二丁基羥基甲苯、胺丁三醇、甲醛次硫酸氫鈉(雕白粉)、維生素E、焦亞硫酸鈉、單乙醇胺、單硬脂酸鋁、單硬脂酸甘油酯等。
作為等滲劑,例如可例舉氯化鉀、氯化鈉、濃甘油、葡萄糖、D-甘露醇等。
作為緩衝劑,例如可例舉檸檬酸鈉水合物、乙酸鈉水合物、碳酸氫鈉、胺丁三醇、硼酸、硼砂、磷酸氫鈉水合物、磷酸二氫鈉等。
作為增稠劑,例如可例舉羧基乙烯基聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇(部分皂化物)、羥乙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、甲基纖維素、甘油等。
於化學手段中所使用之製劑中,添加劑可於期待本發明之效果,或於不妨礙本發明之效果之範圍內進行摻合。該含量並無特別限定,相對於點眼劑總量較佳為0.001~1質量%左右。
點眼劑之pH只要設為3~10即可,就使用感之觀點而言,較佳為4~9,就使用感之觀點而言,更佳為5~8.5。
(化學手段中所使用之製劑之製造方法)
化學手段中所使用之製劑可以本領域技術人員慣用或公知之方法進行製備。例如,於為經口劑之情形時,可例示以下方法:將藉由對組成物進行混練,並使其通過篩網而成型之擠出造粒物粉碎並整粒;於向上述組成物中添加混練水並進行藉由立式造粒機而成型之攪拌造粒後,使用Comil進行粉碎、篩分;利用輪壓機(roller compactor)對上述製劑組成物進行壓縮後,使用輥式造粒機進行粉碎、篩分;及於攪拌造粒後,進行流動層乾燥。又,於為點眼劑之情形時,只要藉由使各成分分散於水等載體中後,有需要時添加助溶劑,並視需要進行加溫,使用均質攪拌機等使其均一化、溶解或乳化,並利用pH調整劑調整pH來製備即可。又,作為製劑之殺菌方法,可選擇電子束殺菌、高壓釜殺菌、過濾殺菌等方法。
(使用方法)
製劑之用法及用量可根據評價治療有效性之目的,於本領域技術常識之範圍內進行適當變更。於為點眼劑之情形時,例如,只要每日約1~6次,每次點眼約1~2滴即可,可持續1週。
3.測定步驟
測定步驟係自上述處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對實施了物理或化學手段之動物之眼軸長及折射度之至少1種進行測定之步驟。根據處置步驟,可能需要一定時間才能表現出近視治療效果。因此,自處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對處置後之動物之眼軸長及折射度之至少1種進行測定。
眼軸長係指自角膜頂點至視網膜之長度。若眼軸長伸長,則視網膜會遠離焦點,因此難以捕捉精確之影像。人類成人之眼軸長約為24 mm,深度近視患者之眼軸長超過27 mm。眼軸長之測定例如可使用頻譜域光干涉斷層攝影裝置SD-OCT(Spectral-domain OCT,裝置名稱:Envisu R4310,bioptigen Inc.製造)或B型掃描超音波檢查術(B-scan ultrasonography)進行測定。
折射度係指表示當視點移動時,以使焦點完美地聚焦於視網膜之方式變化之眼睛之折射力之數值,以D(折光度)這一單位來表示。D係由D=n/f(m)[式中,D表示折射度,n表示折射率(於空氣中n=1),f(m)表示焦點距離]算出。折射度可使用Autore fractometer或小鼠用折射計(Infrared photo refractor for mice,Tubingen大學Schaeffel教授製作)進行測定。
4.判定步驟
判定步驟係於滿足以下判定基準之情形時,判定為物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效之步驟。
判定基準:所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到上述物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量。
於本說明書中,「對活體內之近視治療有效」可依據與近視相關之生物標記之變化量進行評價。例如,可依據由近視誘導而產生之眼軸長之伸長及/或折射度之減少及/或脈絡膜之薄化及/或鞏膜之薄化是否被抑制來進行評價。更具體而言,於所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量之情形時,可判定為對活體內之近視治療有效。即,藉由對未受到物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)誘導近視,與近視相關之生物標記之值會發生變化(變化量1)。其後,藉由對近視誘導模型動物實施物理或化學手段,與近視相關之生物標記之值會進一步發生變化(變化量2)。於本實施方式之判定基準中,於將變化量1與變化量2之和之絕對值與變化量1之絕對值進行比較,且小於變化量1之絕對值之情形時,可判定為該物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。
若誘導內質網壓力,則相較於近視誘導前之該模型動物或未處置動物之眼睛,眼軸長伸長,折射度減少。於試驗之物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效之情形時,顯示已伸長之眼軸長恢復原狀,及/或已減少之折射度恢復原狀之舉動。於本說明書中,進行數次試驗,將近視誘導後之動物之眼軸長或折射度與處置步驟後測得之動物之眼軸長或折射度進行比較,當於統計上存在顯著之差時,可評價為該物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。處置步驟後測得之動物之眼軸長或折射度較佳為與近視誘導前之該模型動物或未處置動物之眼軸長或折射度為同等程度(例如,各平均值在±10%之範圍內)。
於一實施方式中,於滿足以下(a)及(b)之至少一者之情形時,可判定為該物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效。
(a)所測得之眼軸長之值小於基於未受到物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物之眼軸長而確定之閾值。
(b)所測得之折射度之值大於基於未受到物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物之眼軸長而確定之閾值。
於本說明書中,「閾值」係指成為用以判定實施了物理或化學手段之動物之眼軸長或折射度之變化之基準之值,並且係基於未受到物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物之眼軸長或折射度之值而確定之值。
閾值可為未實施物理或化學手段之近視誘導模型動物之眼軸長或折射度,亦可為於實施物理或化學手段前測得之眼軸長或折射度,於僅對一隻眼睛實施物理或化學手段之情形時,可為另一隻眼睛(未實施物理或化學手段之眼睛)之眼軸長或折射度。閾值之設定可由本領域技術人員任意選擇,但應考慮根據閾值,數值可包含個體間之變動、伴隨成長之變動等。應根據物理或化學手段之種類及/或方法來設定適當之閾值。
於以眼軸長之變化量進行判定之情形時,於實施了物理或化學手段之動物之眼軸長之變化量小於未實施物理或化學手段之動物之眼軸長之變化量之情形時,判定為對近視治療有效。藉由實施複數次評價並進行顯著差檢定,可評價眼軸長之差於統計上是否為顯著差。於顯著差檢定中採用一般之方法即可。
於以折射度之變化量進行判定之情形時,於實施了物理或化學手段之動物之折射度之變化量大於未實施物理或化學手段之動物之眼軸長之變化量之情形時,判定為對近視治療有效。藉由實施複數次評價並進行顯著差檢定,可評價折射度之差於統計上是否為顯著差。於顯著差檢定中採用一般之方法即可。
作為顯著差檢定,例如,若為兩組比較,則可使用Student之t檢定。若為多組比較,則可使用Dunnet、Tukey或Bonferoni等多重比較。每一種方法於p值未達0.05之情形時,均可判定為於統計學上顯著。
[實施例]
以下示出實驗結果,對本發明進行具體說明。
[實驗方法]
本實驗中之所有動物實驗均受到慶應義塾大學動物實驗委員會之承認,並遵守與慶應義塾大學動物實驗相關之設施準則、與眼科、視覺研究中之動物之使用相關之ARVO聲明、動物研究:與研究中之動物之使用相關之活體內實驗之報告(ARRIVE)準則。
(近視誘導幼齡小鼠之特徵)
1.小鼠中之藉由內質網壓力誘導劑點眼而導致之近視誘導模型
利用動物專用SD-OCT及折射計測定3週齡之C57BL6J雄性小鼠之眼軸長與折射度(點眼投予前之測定)。向3週齡之C57BL6J雄性小鼠之右眼點眼投予衣黴素溶液(濃度:50 μg/mL)或毒胡蘿蔔素溶液(濃度:10 μM)1次。左眼作為對照眼(Control),向左眼點眼等量含DMSO之PBS溶液來代替近視誘導物質。自投予起1週後,測定右眼之眼軸長與折射度,並算出其變化量。
衣黴素溶液或毒胡蘿蔔素溶液係使衣黴素或毒胡蘿蔔素以成為最終濃度之1000倍之濃度之方式溶解於二甲基亞碸(DMSO)中,並利用磷酸鹽緩衝生理鹽水(PBS)將其稀釋1000倍而製備。用作Control之含DMSO之PBS溶液係用PBS將DMSO稀釋1000倍而製備。
將結果示於圖1中。圖1(a)及(b)係表示藉由投予衣黴素而得之眼軸長及折射值之圖表,圖1(c)及(d)係表示藉由投予毒胡蘿蔔素而得之眼軸長及折射值之圖表。圖1中,「Tm」表示已點眼衣黴素溶液之組,「TG」表示已點眼毒胡蘿蔔素溶液之組,「DMSO」表示已點眼含DMSO之PBS溶液之組。若投予衣黴素,則眼軸長顯著地伸長,折射值顯著地下降。
利用動物專用SD-OCT及折射計測定3週齡之C57BL6J雄性小鼠之眼軸長與折射度(點眼投予前之測定)。向3週齡之C57BL6J雄性小鼠之右眼點眼投予CCT020312溶液、AA147溶液或CCT+AA溶液(濃度:100 μM),1日1次,持續1週。自投予起1週後,測定右眼之眼軸長與折射度,並算出其變化量。
CCT020312溶液或AA147溶液係使CCT020312或AA147以成為最終濃度之1000倍之濃度之方式溶解於DMSO中,並利用PBS將其稀釋1000倍而製備。CCT+AA溶液係使CCT020312及AA147以成為最終濃度之1000倍之濃度之方式溶解於DMSO中,並利用PBS將其稀釋1000倍而製備。用作Control之PBS溶液係用PBS將DMSO稀釋1000倍而製備。
將結果示於圖2中。圖2(a)~(c)係分別表示已點眼CCT020312之組(CCT)、已點眼AA147之組(AA)或已點眼CCT020312及AA147之組(CCT+AA)中之折射值之圖表。
若單獨投予CCT020312或AA147,則折射值顯著地下降。若將CCT020312及AA147混合投予,則相較於單獨投予任一種之情形,折射值均進一步顯著地變化,可確認到顯著之近視化。
2.對藉由內質網壓力之誘導而導致之近視誘導模型小鼠投予4-PBA
以與上述1.相同之方式,藉由單獨投予衣黴素或毒胡蘿蔔素來製作近視誘導動物模型。投予用PBS將DMSO稀釋1000倍製備而成之含DMSO之PBS溶液作為Control。自進行近視誘導之當天起,點眼4-PBA(4-苯丁酸)之2%PBS溶液,1日1次。
將結果示於圖3中。圖3(a)係表示關於自左至右已點眼含DMSO之PBS溶液之組(DMSO)、已點眼衣黴素之組(Tm)、點眼衣黴素後點眼4-PBA之組(Tm+4-PBA)、已點眼毒胡蘿蔔素之組(TG)、點眼毒胡蘿蔔素後點眼4-PBA之組(TG+4-PBA)之眼軸長之圖表。圖3(b)係表示關於自左至右已點眼含DMSO之PBS溶液之組(DMSO)、已點眼衣黴素之組(Tm)、點眼衣黴素後點眼4-PBA之組(Tm+4-PBA)、已點眼毒胡蘿蔔素之組(TG)、點眼毒胡蘿蔔素後點眼4-PBA之組(TG+4-PBA)之折射度之圖表。
如圖3所示,藉由投予衣黴素或毒胡蘿蔔素,眼軸長會顯著地伸長,並且折射度會顯著地減少。若對以此方式製作而成之近視誘導模型小鼠投予4-PBA,則眼軸長會顯著地縮短,並恢復至與未進行近視誘導之眼軸長同等程度。又,關於折射度,亦可觀察到同樣之變化。
3.白色來亨雞雛雞之藉由內質網壓力誘導劑點眼而導致之近視誘導模型
利用B型掃描超音波檢查術以及自動折射計(autorefractometer)測定5日齡之白色來亨雞雛雞之眼軸長與折射度(點眼投予前之測定)。向5日齡之白色來亨雞雛雞之雙眼點眼投予衣黴素溶液(50 μg/mL)1次。於對照組中點眼等量含DMSO之PBS溶液。衣黴素溶液及含DMSO之PBS溶液係以與上述相同之方式製備。自投予1週起後,用B型掃描超音波檢查術以及自動折射計測定眼軸長與折射度,並算出其變化量。
將結果示於圖4中。圖4係表示已點眼含DMSO之PBS溶液之組(DMSO)、已點眼衣黴素之組(Tm)之眼軸長之圖表。於白色來亨雞雛雞中,藉由衣黴素投予,亦可觀察到眼軸長之顯著伸長。
無
[圖1](a)及(b)係表示投予衣黴素後之眼軸長及折射值之圖表,(c)及(d)係表示投予毒胡蘿蔔素後之眼軸長及折射值之變化之圖表。
[圖2](a)係表示單獨投予CCT020312後之折射值之圖表,(b)係表示單獨投予AA147後之折射值之圖表,(c)係表示併用投予CCT020312及AA147後之折射值之圖表。
[圖3](a)係表示投予衣黴素或毒胡蘿蔔素與其後投予4-PBA後之眼軸長之圖表。(b)係表示投予衣黴素或毒胡蘿蔔素與其後投予4-PBA後之折射度之圖表。
[圖4]係表示點眼衣黴素後之眼軸長之圖表。
Claims (5)
- 一種對針對活體內之近視治療之物理或化學手段之有效性進行評價之方法,包括: 處置步驟,其係對與內質網壓力(endoplasmic reticulum stress)相關之訊號傳遞系統被活化之近視誘導模型動物實施上述物理或化學手段; 測定步驟,其係自上述處置步驟開始經過規定期間後,對實施了上述物理或化學手段之動物之與近視相關之生物標記進行測定;及 判定步驟,其係於滿足以下判定基準之情形時,判定為上述物理或化學手段對活體內之近視治療有效; 判定基準:所測得之與近視相關之生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量,小於未受到上述物理或化學手段之影響之近視誘導模型動物(對照組)中的該生物標記的相較於與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統之活化前之值之變化量。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中,上述與內質網壓力相關之訊號傳遞系統為PERK路徑、ATF6路徑及IRE1路徑中之至少1種。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中,上述近視誘導模型動物為選自被誘導近視後之小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、白色來亨雞、狗、及猴中之1種。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中,上述與近視相關之生物標記為選自眼軸長、折射度、脈絡膜厚、鞏膜厚、及鞏膜膠原蛋白纖維之粗度中之1種。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其進而包括向動物之至少一隻眼睛投予近視誘導物質之誘導步驟, 被投予近視誘導物質之眼睛為近視治療效果之評價對象。
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