TW202110430A - 大麻素調配物 - Google Patents
大麻素調配物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW202110430A TW202110430A TW109118089A TW109118089A TW202110430A TW 202110430 A TW202110430 A TW 202110430A TW 109118089 A TW109118089 A TW 109118089A TW 109118089 A TW109118089 A TW 109118089A TW 202110430 A TW202110430 A TW 202110430A
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- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- cannabinoids
- formulation containing
- containing particulate
- cbd
- formulation
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本發明係關於含有一或多種大麻素之醫藥調配物。較佳地,該調配物係一或多種大麻素在pH依賴性釋放聚合物中之分子分散液。較佳地,該調配物能夠靶遞送大麻素至消化系統之特定區域,諸如結腸或腸。
Description
本發明係關於含有一或多種大麻素之醫藥調配物。較佳地,該調配物係一或多種大麻素在pH依賴性釋放聚合物中之分子分散液。較佳地,該調配物能夠靶遞送大麻素至消化系統之特定區域,諸如結腸或腸。
大麻素係已知難溶於水中(小於1 μg/mL)之親油性物質。相反地且以實例說明之,大麻二酚(CBD)係可以36 mg/mL溶於乙醇及以60 mg/mL溶於極性溶劑二甲基亞碸(DMSO)。
大麻素在藥物中之當代用途已需要找到遞送此等難溶性化合物之更有效方法。除了水溶性差以外,亦已知大麻素具有有限的生物可利用性及在調配物中之差穩定性。
若要求以相對高劑量(至多2000 mg之每日量)及/或在具有挑戰性的患者組(例如年幼兒童)中,及/或針對於特定適應症提供大麻素,則此可建立進一步的挑戰。
當前市場上有四種市售大麻素調配物,此由於大麻素缺乏溶解性,因此使用醇基及/或油基賦形劑。此等為:屈大麻酚(dronabinol) (Marinol®),其係一種合成四氫大麻酚(THC),其係以芝麻油形式呈膠囊經口遞送;萘比隆(nabilone)(Cesamet®),其係合成大麻素及THC之類似物且係與聚維酮及玉米澱粉一起以膠囊形式經口遞送;納比西莫斯(nabiximols)(Sativex®)(一種大麻素之天然提取物),溶解於乙醇及丙二醇中,包含限定量之THC及大麻二酚(CBD),藉助於口腔黏膜噴霧呈液體遞送,及大麻二酚(Epidiolex®),其為包含植物衍生之純化CBD之口服調配物。CBD係在芝麻油中進行調配且進一步包含甜味劑蔗糖素、草莓香料及高達10% v/v之乙醇。
儘管針對於處方藥物中之最大允許乙醇濃度沒有明確FDA指導,但有文章(Ethanol in Liquid Preparations Intended for Children,Paediatrics: Official Journal of The American Academy of Paediatrics,1984: 73:405)建議在單劑量之含醇藥物後不應超過0.25 g/L(250 mg/L)之血醇濃度(BAC)。
此外,使用油基調配物通常會引起胃腸道副作用,諸如腹瀉,該副作用可係極嚴重,其可引起患者停止使用藥物。
已提出大麻素調配物之替代方法。
WO 2015/184127(Insys)揭示許多不同口服調配物,包括:無醇調配物,其中該大麻素係在聚乙二醇及丙二醇(視需要與水)之混合物中進行調配;包含醇之調配物;及包含脂質之調配物。在所揭示調配物各者中,大麻素係合成生成的(與天然提取的相反)大麻二酚。本說明書教示包括許多醫藥上可接受之賦形劑諸如抗氧化劑、甜味劑、增強劑、防腐劑、矯味劑及pH調節劑。
WO 2012/033478(Murty)揭示自乳化藥物遞送系統(SEDDS),其據說提供改良之大麻素之投與。SEDDS一般由填充液體或凝膠之硬或軟膠囊組成,該液體或凝膠係由親油性活性醫藥成分(API)、油(可溶解API)及表面活性劑組成。與胃流體接觸後,由於存在表面活性劑,SEDDS自發地乳化。然而,許多表面活性劑係基於脂質的且與GIT中之脂酶相互作用。此可導致脂質基表面活性劑乳化API以及油載劑之能力降低,兩者均降低生物可利用性。
脂質基調配物係根據脂質調配物分類系統(LFCS)進行分類,I型調配物係需要消化之油,II型調配物係水不溶性自乳化藥物遞送系統(SEDDS),III型系統係SEDDS或自微乳化藥物遞送系統(SMEDDS)或自奈米乳化藥物遞送系統(SNEDDS)(其包含一些水溶性表面活性劑及/或共溶劑(IIIA型)或較大比例之水溶性組分(IIIB型))。IV型類別代表主要包含親水性賦形劑表面活性劑及共溶劑之調配物之最新趨勢。
下表1係表格式脂質調配物分類系統概述,摘自US 2015/111939:
調配物含量(重量%)
脂質調配物分類系統之進一步描述亦可參見FABAD J. Pharm. Sci.
,第55至64頁,2013。
調配物中之賦形劑 | I型 | II型 | IIIA型 | IIIB型 | IV型 |
油:三酸甘油酯或經混合之單甘油酯及二甘油酯 | 100 | 40-80 | 40-80 | <20 | — |
水不溶性表面活性劑(HLB < 12) | — | 20-60 | — | — | 0-20 |
水不溶性表面活性劑(HLB > 12) | — | — | 20-40 | 20-50 | 30-80 |
親水性共溶劑 | — | — | 0-40 | 20-50 | 0-50 |
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (2014),40,783-792揭示調配水溶性差的藥物之一般原理。更具體言之,其論述苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)之調配物(具有1 mg/ml之溶解度(該溶解度比大麻二酚在水中之溶解度高1000倍)之藥物)。
其指出調配物中共溶劑之存在對藥物之穩定性至關重要,且進一步指出,共溶解力之最大局限性係大多數水混溶性共溶劑(其具有增加藥物溶解度之高潛力)之毒性。結論係該水溶性差的藥物之調配物代表對調配專家而言具有挑戰性之任務。
其教示微乳液係膠態分散液(為各向同性且具有低黏度之熱力學穩定系統)。該結構由脂質或水之微域組成,藉由表面活性劑及共表面活性劑分子之界面膜來穩定。其等分類為水包油型或油包水型乳液及液滴尺寸為小於150 nm。
其亦論述對S(M)EDDS之關注增加,S(M)EDDS係油、表面活性劑、共表面活性劑及藥物之各向同性混合物。據稱此等混合物之口服調配物之效力取決於許多調配物相關參數,包括:表面活性劑濃度、油/表面活性劑比、乳液之極性、液滴尺寸及電荷。另外,據稱味道在順應性中具有重要作用。
所開發的調配物均包含表面活性劑(Cremophor或Labrasol,20% w/w)、單獨油相(測試多種油,該等油為以下之專用形式:甘油單辛醯癸酸酯、辛酸/癸酸三酸甘油酯、丙二醇辛酸酯及丙二醇二辛酸酯/二癸酸酯,係通常在4% w/w下進行測試)及共表面活性劑(包括Transcutol、PEG 400、甘油、乙醇及丙二醇,通常係在介於20% w/w與35% w/w之間的濃度下)。
結論係苯巴比妥可容易地溶解在許多微乳液中,但油相之選擇極重要。
此項技術之另外大麻素調配物包括:
US2016/0213624描述藉由利用表面活性劑/乳化劑(諸如聚山梨醇酯80)乳化而製備大麻油而非大麻素本身之調配物。表面活性劑/乳化劑係以小於0.02% v/v的量使用。
US2016/0184258揭示SEDDS調配物,特別是III型調配物,其包含(例如)溶解在乙醇中之大麻提取物、油基-通常約35至65%、表面活性劑-通常約28至52%、及共溶劑-諸如乙醇,通常約7至9%。
International Journal of Pharmaceutics揭示使用Solutol作為表面活性劑在無需添加脂質、共表面活性劑或其他改性劑下用於非經腸投與之THC之非離子微乳液。所得的微乳液包含0.19% THC及2.52%(以wt計) Solutol。
Pharmacology,Biochemistry and Behaviour 2017,153,第69至75頁揭示濃度高達5 mg/ml THC之THC之Cremophor/鹽水(10/90)溶液。
CN103110582亦揭示一種含有大麻素之微乳液,其含有以下組分,以重量百分比計:(a)0.01重量%至30重量%大麻素;(b)0.01重量%至30重量%油相;(c)0.01重量%至60重量%表面活性劑;及;(d)0.01重量%至40重量%共表面活性劑。
「Cannabinoids delivery systems based on supramolecular inclusion complexes and polymeric nanocapsules for treatment of neuropathic pain」 (Fanny Astruc-Diaz,Université Claude Bernard)揭示用於遞送β-丁子香烯(caryophyllene)之在100 nm範圍內之聚合物奈米膠囊。該文獻錯誤地將β-丁子香烯描述為大麻素,然而,該化合物係倍半萜。
US 2012/231083(Carley等人)揭示包含合成THC之立即釋放及延遲釋放丸粒,一種此丸粒含有:(a)3.49% w/w屈大麻酚;(b)3.49% w/w月桂基硫酸鈉;(c)27.91% w/w Neusilin US2;(d)34.88% w/w Avicel PH101;(e)5.30% w/w乙基纖維素;(f)1.67% w/w二丁基癸二酸酯。
WO 2008/024490 (Theraquest Biosciences, Inc.)揭示多種不同組合物,其包含大麻素促效劑及類鴉片促效劑,包括由大麻二酚、納洛酮(naloxone)、Eudragit RSPO、Eudragit RLPO及硬脂醇組成者。
WO 2019/159174 (Icdpharma Ltd.)揭示包含一或多種大麻素之固體溶液組合物,其中當與體液接觸時,該固體溶液崩解或侵蝕或溶脹。
WO 2018/035030 (Corr-Jensen Inc.)揭示一種延長釋放脂溶性活性組合物,其可包含一系列不同活性劑諸如維生素、類胡蘿蔔素、多不飽和脂肪酸及大麻素。
顯然,需要具有呈患者友好型調配物之更具生物可利用性且可遞送足夠量之大麻素(大於0.5%,更佳仍至少1重量%)之口服調配物(與既不設計亦不真正適於口服遞送之注射劑相反)。
除在含有大麻素之口服調配物中使用乙醇或油基賦形劑存在的問題外,大麻素之強烈苦味提供在生產口服大麻素調配物時需要被克服之另一問題。
對於針對年幼兒童之兒童產品,由於年幼兒童難以吞嚥膠囊,因此希望具有較佳呈糖漿分配之低或無乙醇調配物。其等亦偏愛甜味產品,諸如糖漿,特別是在需要掩蓋活性劑味道之情況下。
亦已知大麻素可快速代謝,特別是在呈口服溶液遞送時。例如,大麻素大麻二酚(CBD)在體內快速降解成7-羥基大麻二酚(7-OH CBD),其然後於隨後降解成7-羧基大麻二酚(7-COOH CBD)。在癲癇之治療中,已知7-OH代謝產物係具有活性的但7-COOH代謝產物(其係最終代謝產物)係無活性的及因此自CBD迅速降解成7-COOH CBD係非所欲的並需要提供更多活性以成功治療患者。
因此,避免或減慢大麻素之代謝將使藥物產生更佳生物可利用性且將允許提供較低劑量之藥物。
具體而言,遞送藥物至結腸或腸已成為藥物遞送系統之理想標靶,但迄今為止尚未提供包含大麻素之挑戰性藥物之調配物。
結腸特異性藥物遞送之方法係利用與胃腸系統之一或多個態樣相互作用之賦形劑。另外,該調配物必須能夠抵抗胃內的消化。
本發明之一個目標係開發替代含大麻素調配物,其具有胃抗性且能夠遞送大麻素至腸或結腸區域。此類調配物必須提供大麻素活性劑之良好生物可利用性及穩定性以便在藥物開發中具有可行性。
在一個實施例中,本發明提供一種呈懸浮液之形式之調配物,該懸浮液包含微粒,該等微粒除能夠靶遞送至結腸或腸且避免在胃內消化之賦形劑外亦包含大麻素之活性劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供包含顆粒之調配物。該顆粒包含大麻素微粒但可用於生產替代劑型諸如錠劑、填充膠囊及散劑(sprinkle)。
根據本發明之第一態樣,提供含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其包含一或多種大麻素及pH依賴性釋放聚合物。
較佳地,該一或多種大麻素係選自由以下組成之群:大麻色原烯(cannabichromene)(CBC)、大麻色烯酸(cannabichromenic acid) (CBCV)、大麻二酚(cannabidiol) (CBD)、大麻二酚酸(CBDA)、次大麻二酚(cannabidivarin) (CBDV)、大麻萜酚(cannabigerol) (CBG)、大麻萜酚丙基變體(CBGV)、大麻環酚(cannabicyclol) (CBL)、大麻酚(cannabinol) (CBN)、大麻酚丙基變體(CBNV)、二羥基大麻酚(cannabitriol) (CBO)、四氫大麻酚(THC)、四氫大麻酚酸(THCA)、四氫次大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabivarin) (THCV)及四氫次大麻酚酸(THCVA)。
較佳地,該一或多種大麻素係純、分離或合成大麻素。
或者,該一或多種大麻素係呈植物藥物存在。
在本發明之另一態樣中,該一或多種大麻素係呈純化、分離或合成大麻素及植物藥物之混合物存在。
較佳地,pH依賴性釋放聚合物係選自由以下組成之群:甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸酯之共聚物、甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物(Eudragit)、甲基丙烯酸及丙烯酸乙酯之共聚物、乙酸琥珀酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCAS)、鄰苯二甲酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCP)、聚乙酸乙烯鄰苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)、甲基乙烯基醚及馬來酸酐之共聚物、乙酸鄰苯二甲酸纖維素(CAP)、乙酸丁酸纖維素(CAB)、乙酸偏苯三酸纖維素(CAT)、乙酸琥珀酸纖維素(CAS)、乙基纖維素、甲基纖維素、蟲膠、結蘭膠(gellan gum)、玉米蛋白(zein)、海藻酸及蠟。
更佳地,該pH依賴性釋放聚合物係HPMCAS或Eudragit。
更佳地,再該pH依賴性釋放聚合物係選自由以下組成之群:HPMCAS-L;HPMCAS-M;HPMCAS-H;Eudragit S100;Eudragit L100。
更佳地,該含有微粒大麻素之調配物進一步包含一或多種潤濕劑。
更佳地,該一或多種潤濕劑係選自由以下組成之群:泊洛沙姆(poloxamers);泊洛沙姆188;及碳酸鈉。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,該調配物進一步包含一或多種懸浮劑。
較佳地,該一或多種懸浮劑係選自由以下組成之群:聚山梨醇酯20;甘油;及黃原膠。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,該調配物進一步包含一或多種pH緩衝劑。
較佳地,該一或多種pH緩衝劑係選自由以下組成之群:檸檬酸;磷酸氫二鈉;氫氧化鈉;及磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,該調配物進一步包含一或多種防腐劑。
較佳地,該一或多種防腐劑係選自由以下組成之群:山梨酸鉀;及苯甲酸鈉。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,該調配物進一步包含一或多種抗氧化劑。
較佳地,該一或多種抗氧化劑係選自由以下組成之群:丁基化羥基甲苯;丁基化羥基苯甲醚;α-生育酚(維生素E);棕櫚酸抗壞血酸酯;抗壞血酸;抗壞血酸鈉;乙二胺基四乙酸;鹽酸半胱胺酸;檸檬酸;檸檬酸鈉;硫酸氫鈉;偏亞硫酸氫鈉;卵磷脂;沒食子酸丙酯;硫酸鈉;單硫甘油及其混合物。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,該調配物進一步包含一或多種溶劑。
較佳地,該一或多種溶劑係選自由以下組成之群:水;乙醇及丙酮。
較佳地,該一或多種大麻素係以基於醫藥調配物計約10至50重量%,較佳約10至30重量%,更佳約20至30重量%的量存在。
較佳地,該調配物係選自由黏膜黏著凝膠;錠劑;粉末;液體凝膠膠囊;固體膠囊;口服溶液;口服懸浮液;顆粒及擠出物組成之群之口服劑型。
在本發明之另一態樣中,該含有微粒大麻素之調配物係用於治療需要投與神經保護劑(neuroprotectant)或抗驚厥藥物之病狀。
較佳地,該調配物係用於治療癲癇發作。
更佳地,該調配物係用於治療卓飛(Dravet)症候群、雷葛氏(Lennox Gastaut)症候群、肌陣攣性發作、青少年型肌陣攣性癲癇、難治性癲癇、精神分裂症、青少年型痙攣、韋氏 (West)症候群、嬰兒型痙攣、難治性嬰兒型痙攣、結節性硬化症、腦腫瘤、神經性病變疼痛、大麻使用障礙、創傷後壓力症候群、焦慮、早期精神病、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)及自閉症。
在本發明之第二態樣中,提供一種製備根據前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物之方法,該方法包括噴霧乾燥該調配物。
在本發明之第三態樣中,提供一種製備根據前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物之方法,該方法包括:製備大麻素及pH依賴性釋放聚合物之混合物;生產中間粉末摻合物;透過熱熔擠出機加工中間粉末摻合物;將擠出物製粒;及研磨該等丸粒至250至500 μm。
較佳地,在製備大麻素及pH依賴性釋放聚合物之混合物之後,添加抗氧化劑及/或崩解劑。
在本發明之第四態樣中,提供治療個體之方法,該方法包括對個體投與含有微粒大麻素之調配物。
較佳地,該個體係人類。
定義
「大麻素」係化合物之群,包括內源性大麻素、植物性大麻素及彼等不是內源性大麻素或植物性大麻素者,後文稱為「合成大麻素」。
「內源性大麻素(Endocannabinoid)」係內源性大麻素(endogenous cannabinoid),其係CB1及CB2受體之高親和力配體。
「植物大麻素」係起源於自然界且可在大麻植物中找到之大麻素。植物大麻素可存在於包括植物性藥物之提取物中,可係分離的,或可合成再現。
「合成大麻素」係彼等能夠與大麻素受體(CB1及/或CB2)相互作用但內源性上未發現或在大麻植物中未發現之化合物。實例包括WIN 55212及利莫那班(rimonabant)。
「經分離之植物大麻素」係自大麻植物提取且經純化至此種所有另外組分(諸如二級及次要大麻素及非大麻素流份)均已被移除之程度者。
「合成大麻素」係藉由化學合成生產者。該術語包括藉由例如形成其醫藥上可接受之鹽或藉由增加一或多個基團至大麻素分子以使該分子失活直至其在體內代謝而產生大麻素之前藥之方法來修飾經分離之植物大麻素。
「實質上純」大麻素係定義為以大於95%(w/w)純度存在之大麻素。更佳地,大於96%(w/w)至97%(w/w)至98%(w/w)至99%(w/w)及更高。
「高度純化」大麻素係定義為已自大麻植物提取且經純化至與大麻素共提取之其他大麻素及非大麻素組分已被實質上移除之程度從而使高度純化之大麻素為大於或等於95%(w/w)純度之大麻素。
「植物性藥物」或「BDS」在the Guidance for Industry Botanical Drug Products Draft Guidance,2000年8月,US Department of Health and Human Services,Food and Drug Administration Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research中定義為:「自一或多種植物、藻類或微觀真菌衍生之藥物。其係藉由一或多種以下製程自植物性原料製備:粉碎、水煎、壓榨、水提取、乙醇提取或其他類似製程」。
植物性藥物不包括自天然來源衍生之高度純化或化學修飾之物質。因此,在大麻之情況下,自大麻植物衍生之BDS不包括高度純化之大麻素。
術語「微粒(microparticle/microparticulate)」係指尺寸在1 µm至1000 µm之間之顆粒。就本發明而言,除一或多種大麻素外,微粒亦包含活性劑諸如大麻素。活性醫藥成分
本發明之一個目標係提供改良之含有大麻素之調配物。
有許多已知大麻素及根據本發明之調配物包含選自由以下組成之群之至少一種大麻素:大麻色原烯(CBC)、大麻色烯酸(CBCV)、大麻二酚(CBD)、大麻二酚酸(CBDA)、次大麻二酚(CBDV)、大麻二酚-C1(CBD-C1)(亦稱為大麻二苔黑酚(cannabidiorcol))、大麻二酚-C4(CBD-C4)(亦稱為正-大麻二酚)、大麻二酚-C6(CBD-C6)、大麻萜酚(CBG)、大麻萜酚丙基變體(CBGV)、大麻環酚(CBL)、大麻酚(CBN)、大麻酚丙基變體(CBNV)、二羥基大麻酚(CBO)、四氫大麻酚(THC)、四氫大麻酚酸(THCA)、四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及四氫次大麻酚酸(THCVA)。該清單並不詳盡且僅詳細說明在本申請案中識別的大麻素以供參考。迄今,已識別超過100種不同大麻素且此等大麻素可分為以下不同組:植物大麻素;內源性大麻素;及合成大麻素。
根據本發明之調配物亦可包含選自彼等揭示於Handbook of Cannabis,Roger Pertwee,第1章,第3至15頁中者之至少一種大麻素。
較佳地,該調配物包含一或多種大麻素,其較佳係選自由大麻二酚(CBD)或次大麻二酚(CBDV)、四氫大麻酚(THC)、四氫次大麻酚(THCV)、大麻萜酚(CBG)及大麻二酚酸(CBDA)或其組合組成之群。較佳地,該調配物包含大麻二酚(CBD)及/或次大麻二酚(CBDV)。
在另一實施例中,較佳地,該調配物包含至少兩種大麻素。較佳地,此等大麻素係選自由大麻二酚(CBD)、四氫大麻酚(THC)、四氫次大麻酚(THCV)、大麻萜酚(CBG)及大麻二酚酸(CBDA)組成之群。
較佳地,該一或多種大麻素係以基於總組合物計約0.1至30(w/v%),較佳約5至15(% w/v)的量存在。
較佳地,該一或多種大麻素係合成形式或自其天然來源高度純化形式(例如,植物衍生之再結晶形式)。當使用高度純化來源時,將其純化以使得該一或多種大麻素以總提取物之大於95%,更佳98%(w/w)存在。
在另一實施例中,該一或多種大麻素係呈復雜混合物或呈植物性藥物(BDS)存在。當呈諸如混合物存在時,除與主要大麻素共提取之所有其他大麻素及非大麻素組分外,存在主要大麻素。THC BDS及CBD BDS已在專利申請案WO 2007/083098中進行表徵,該案係全文併入本文中。
在另一實施例中,該調配物包含呈高度純化(>98%)或合成形式存在之大麻素與呈復雜混合物或BDS存在之大麻素之混合物。
口服藥物調配物中大麻素之單位劑量可在0.001至350 mg/mL,較佳0.1至35 mg/mL,更佳1至20 mg/mL之範圍內。賦形劑
為生產包含大麻素之微粒聚合物,以下賦形劑重要。 pH 依賴性釋放聚合物:
本發明之pH依賴性釋放聚合物係用於使活性劑能夠在pH 6(腸)或pH 7(結腸)之pH而不是在酸性pH(諸如在胃中發生)釋放。可使用的適宜聚合物包括:聚甲基丙烯酸酯衍生物(諸如甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸酯之共聚物、甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物或甲基丙烯酸及丙烯酸乙酯之共聚物);羥丙甲纖維素(hypromellose)衍生物(諸如乙酸琥珀酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCAS)及鄰苯二甲酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCP));聚乙酸乙烯酯衍生物(諸如聚乙酸乙烯鄰苯二甲酸酯(PVAP));聚乙烯基醚衍生物(諸如甲基乙烯基醚及馬來酸酐之共聚物);纖維素衍生物(諸如乙酸鄰苯二甲酸纖維素(CAP)、乙酸對苯二甲酸纖維素、乙酸間苯二甲酸纖維素、乙酸丁酸纖維素(CAB)、乙酸偏苯三酸纖維素(CAT)、乙酸琥珀酸纖維素(CAS)、乙基纖維素、甲基纖維素);蟲膠、結蘭膠、玉米蛋白、海藻酸、蠟及其混合物。
較佳係聚合物HPMCAS,及甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物。甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物已知為商標名稱Eudragit®。已知Eudragit之兩種形式:L100及S100。L100係兩種化合物之1:1比例之共聚物,及S100另外包含0.3%月桂基硫酸鈉。乙酸琥珀酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素 (HPMCAS)
HPMCAS係含有乙醯基及琥珀醯基之纖維素衍生之聚合物。其係腸溶聚合物,在介於5.5與 6.5之間之pH範圍內溶解,取決於聚合物中發現的乙醯基與琥珀醯基之比例。
其被廣泛用於難溶性藥物之溶解度增強劑,當HPMCAS與API一起調配為固體分散液時,發生溶解度增加。
三種等級之HPMCAS係可用的;HPMCAS-L、HPMCAS-M及HPMCAS-H,此等聚合物分別在pH 5.5、6.0及6.5溶解。
HPMCAS經選作適宜載劑,因其調節可接受性、可用毒理學數據、其與大麻素具有共同溶劑、其多功能性,及最重要為聚合物溶解之pH。Eudragit L100( 甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物 (1:1))
Eudragit L100係包含1:1比例之甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物。甲基丙烯酸與甲基丙烯酸甲酯之比例控制聚合物溶解之pH。Eudragit L100經設計以在6.0及更高之pH下釋放。
其最常見係被分散在水性基質中而被噴塗至錠劑或膠囊上以製備腸溶膜衣。當與API一起調配為固體分散液時,其亦可用作水溶性差的藥物之溶解度增強劑。
Eudragit L100經選作適宜載劑,此係因其調節可接受性、可用毒理學數據、其與大麻素具有共同溶劑、其多功能性,及最重要為聚合物溶解之pH。Eudragit S100( 甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物 (1:2))
Eudragit L100係包含1:2比例之甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物。Eudragit S100經設計以在7.0及更高之pH下釋放。
其最常見係被分散在水性基質中而被噴塗至錠劑或膠囊上以製備結腸膜衣。當與API一起調配為固體分散液時,其亦可用作水溶性差的藥物之溶解度增強劑。
Eudragit S100經選作適宜載劑,此係因其調節可接受性、可用毒理學數據、其與大麻素具有共同溶劑、其多功能性,及最重要為聚合物溶解之pH。 潤濕劑: 泊洛沙姆 188
泊洛沙姆188係具有多官能度之兩性共聚物。其可用作助溶劑、乳化劑及亦可用作固體分散液調配物之潤濕劑。泊洛沙姆188具有29之HLB值,意指其係高度親水的。
泊洛沙姆188經選作潛在潤濕劑,此乃因其可對水合性質具有積極影響,其先前在大麻素調配物中之使用已顯示低程度之不相容性,及因為其調節可接受性。其他潤濕劑
其他潤濕劑(諸如彼等列於以下者)可與泊洛沙姆P188互換。此等潤濕劑包括:泊洛沙姆;聚山梨醇酯80;碳酸鈉;聚乙二醇(PEG,Mw 1500至20,000);親水性膠體,諸如阿拉伯膠(acacia)、藻酸鹽、甲基纖維素;醇;及甘油。 懸浮劑: 聚山梨醇酯 20( 吐溫 (Tween)20)
吐溫20係具有多官能度之非離子表面活性劑。其係藉由山梨糖醇之乙氧基化形成。顧名思義,乙氧基化製程使賦形劑具有20個重複單元。此等重複單元包含聚乙二醇。吐溫20能夠充當乳化劑、潤濕劑亦及助溶劑。吐溫20具有16.7之HLB值,意指其係親水性表面活性劑。甘油
甘油係無色且無味之黏性液體。其在食品及醫藥工業中廣泛用作甜味劑及保濕劑。黃原膠
黃原膠通常係用作食品添加劑及在醫藥工業中用作增加液體至黏度之試劑。 抗氧化劑: α 生育酚
α生育酚係維生素E之衍生物。其通常係用作醫藥調配物中之抗氧化劑。
α生育酚由於其調節可接受性而被選作潛在抗氧化劑,其已經證實在限制其他大麻素調配物中之氧化方面係有效的,其優點在於其已經天然存在於大麻植物中及其與其他大麻素具有共同溶劑。丁基化羥基甲苯 (BHT)
BHT係通常用於醫藥調配物中之結晶抗氧化劑。
BHT經選作潛在抗氧化劑,此乃因其調節可接受性及其與大麻素具有共同溶劑。丁基化羥基苯甲醚 (BHA)
BHA係通常用於醫藥調配物中之結晶抗氧化劑。
BHA經選作潛在抗氧化劑,此乃因其調節可接受性及其與大麻素具有共同溶劑。 pH 緩衝劑: 氫氧化鈉
氫氧化鈉係通常用作pH調整劑之鹼。其列於FDA非活性成分數據庫上,用於口服醫藥調配物之最大濃度為8%。氫氧化鈉溶液之pH為13,使其成為強鹼。氫氧化鈉經選作賦形劑,此乃因其改變溶液之pH之能力。乙二胺四乙酸鈣二鈉 (EDTA)
EDTA通常係用作醫藥調配物中之螯合劑。螯合劑「清除」自由基,因此增強醫藥調配物之穩定性。
EDTA經選作潛在螯合劑,此乃因其調節可接受性亦及先前已證實其提高大麻素基調配物(亦即口服水溶液及靜脈內溶液)之穩定性。磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水 (PBS)
PBS係包含氯化鈉、氯化鉀、磷酸二鈉及磷酸一鉀之緩衝溶液。PBS之pH為7.4。選擇PBS是因為其改變及緩衝溶液之pH之能力;其亦常用於生物學研究中及其組分具有良好調節可接受性。 溶劑: 水
由於幾種不同原因,水經選作用於Eudragit基調配物之共溶劑。文獻表明添加水至系統導致形成更多球形微球體(Jablan & Jug,2015。)。球形微球體之優點係其流動性更佳及若懸浮,則其等不容易聚集。其亦提供將水溶性添加劑併入至系統中之選項。最後,水係非毒性的。丙酮
丙酮經選作用於基於HPMCAS之調配物之溶劑。丙酮僅能夠形成HPMCAS之懸浮液;然而,其確實具有明顯優點。丙酮具有56℃之低沸點,意指將殘餘丙酮量降低至可接受之值極簡單。再者,其具有可接受之毒理學特性,且其落在FDA 1至3級溶劑分類系統之外。
纖維素聚合物很難溶解產生溶液,具有更大毒性之溶劑(諸如DMSO)可溶解HPMCAS,然而,當必須將溶劑濃度降低至可接受程度時,就會出現麻煩。乙醇
乙醇經選作用於Eudragit基調配物之共溶劑。乙醇能夠完全溶解L100,但僅形成S100之懸浮液。添加水至S100乙醇懸浮液,得到澄清溶液。
乙醇具有78℃之低沸點,意指將殘餘乙醇量降低至可接受之值極簡單。再者,其具有可接受之毒理學特性,且其落在FDA 1至3級溶劑分類系統之外。實例 1 :較佳調配物
較佳地,根據本發明之微粒大麻素調配物能夠最小化大麻素代謝。
聚合物微球體具有藉由兩種不同機制降低代謝之潛力,首先文獻表明,在正確粒度(介於5至10 μM之間)下,聚合物微球體可以整個顆粒被腸細胞壁吞噬,因此保護包裹的藥物不受降解酵素影響。
其次,控制釋放聚合物可用於將包埋的藥物遞送至GI道之不同部分,諸如結腸;此進而可改變所捕獲的大麻素之代謝概況。
以下代表可用於製備大麻素微球體之根據本發明之較佳調配物。其中,該活性劑係呈大麻二酚提供,然而,該等微球體可使用任何天然或合成大麻素、其鹽或前藥生產。
20% CBD HPMCAS-L 5% P188微球體
● CBD 20 (% w/w)
● HPMCAS-L 74.8 (% w/w)
● Kolliphor P188 5 (% w/w)
● α生育酚 0.2 (% w/w)
15% HPMCAS-M 5% P188微球體
● CBD 15 (%w/w)
● HPMCAS-M 79.8 (% w/w)
● Kolliphor P188 5 (%w/w)
● α生育酚 0.2 (% w/w)
20% CBD L100微球體
● CBD 20 (%w/w)
● Eudragit L100 78.28 (% w/w)
● 鈣二鈉EDTA 1.52 (% w/w)
● α生育酚 0.2 (% w/w)
15% CBD S100 5% P188微球體
● CBD 15 (%w/w)
● Eudragit L100 78.28 (%w/w)
● Kolliphor P188 5 (%w/w)
● 氫氧化鈉 1.52 (% w/w)
● α生育酚 0.2 (% w/w)
15% CBD S100 20% P188微球體
● CBD 15 (%w/w)
● Eudragit L100 63.28 (%w/w)
● Kolliphor P188 20 (%w/w)
● 氫氧化鈉 1.52 (% w/w)
● α生育酚 0.2 (% w/w)
如以上所述,以15%及20%之濃度添加大麻素以產生微球體,然而,可使用0.1%至30%大麻素之濃度。大麻素之濃度將取決於所使用的大麻素及意欲使用調配物治療之治療性適應症。
下表2至6說明適於結腸或腸溶釋放之實例調配物。其中以上所述的大麻素微球體已經調配以產生懸浮液。用於此等實例調配物中之大麻素為大麻二酚(CBD)或高度純化之CBD及CBD BDS之組合,其中,除存在於BDS中之其他次要大麻素及非大麻素外,調配物中存在主要大麻素(亦即CBD及THC)之混合物。顯然,其他大麻素或經純化的及BDS之組合可用於製備結腸或腸溶釋放調配物。表 2 : 30 mg/mL CBD 腸溶釋放 (ER) 懸浮液之實例調配物
表 3 : 25 mg/mL CBD 結腸釋放 (CR) 懸浮液 5% P188 之實例調配物
表 4 : 25 mg/mL CBD 結腸釋放 (CR) 懸浮液 20% P188 之實例調配物
表 5 : 24 mg/mL CBD 0.6mg/mL THC 腸溶釋放 (ER) 懸浮液之實例調配物
表 6 : 20 mg/mL CBD 0.5 mg/mL THC 結腸釋放 (CR) 懸浮液之實例調配物
投與方法
組分 | 組合物 (% w/w) | 組合物 (mg/mL) |
大麻二酚(CBD) | 3 | 30.00 |
AQOAT HPMCAS-L | 11.22 | 112.20 |
Kolliphor P188 | 0.75 | 7.50 |
α-生育酚 | 0.03 | 0.30 |
甘油 | 20 | 200.00 |
黃原膠 | 0.2 | 2.00 |
檸檬酸 | 0.25 | 2.50 |
磷酸氫二鈉 | 0.12 | 1.20 |
山梨酸鉀 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
苯甲酸鈉 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
抗壞血酸 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
水 | 補足至100% | 補足至100% |
組分 | 組合物 (% w/w) | 組合物 (mg/mL) |
大麻二酚(CBD) | 2.50 | 25.00 |
Eudragit S100 | 13.00 | 130.00 |
Kolliphor P188 | 0.75 | 7.50 |
α-生育酚 | 0.03 | 0.30 |
氫氧化鈉 | 0.25 | 2.50 |
甘油 | 20.00 | 200.00 |
黃原膠 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
檸檬酸 | 1 | 10.00 |
磷酸氫二鈉 | 0.48 | 4.80 |
山梨酸鉀 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
苯甲酸鈉 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
抗壞血酸 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
水 | 補足至100% | 補足至100% |
組分 | 組合物 (% w/w) | 組合物 (mg/mL) |
大麻二酚(CBD) | 2.50 | 25.00 |
Eudragit S100 | 10.75 | 107.50 |
Kolliphor P188 | 3 | 30 |
α-生育酚 | 0.03 | 0.30 |
氫氧化鈉 | 0.25 | 2.50 |
甘油 | 20.00 | 200.00 |
黃原膠 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
檸檬酸 | 1 | 10.00 |
磷酸氫二鈉 | 0.48 | 4.80 |
山梨酸鉀 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
苯甲酸鈉 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
抗壞血酸 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
水 | 補足至100% | 補足至100% |
組分 | 組合物 (% w/w) | 組合物 (mg/mL) |
CBD純 | 1 | 10.00 |
CBD BDS | 2 | 20.00 |
AQOAT HPMCAS-L | 11.22 | 112.2 |
Kolliphor P188 | 0.75 | 7.50 |
α-生育酚 | 0.03 | 0.30 |
甘油 | 20 | 200.00 |
黃原膠 | 0.2 | 2.00 |
檸檬酸 | 0.25 | 2.50 |
磷酸氫二鈉 | 0.12 | 1.20 |
山梨酸鉀 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
苯甲酸鈉 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
抗壞血酸 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
水 | 補足至100% | 補足至100% |
組分 | 組合物(% w/w) | 組合物(mg/mL) |
CBD純 | 0.825 | 8.25 |
CBD BDS | 1.665 | 16.67 |
Eudragit S100 | 13.00 | 130.00 |
Kolliphor P188 | 0.75 | 7.50 |
α-生育酚 | 0.03 | 0.30 |
氫氧化鈉 | 0.25 | 2.5 |
甘油 | 20.00 | 200.00 |
黃原膠 | 0.20 | 2.00 |
檸檬酸 | 1 | 10.00 |
磷酸氫二鈉 | 0.48 | 4.80 |
山梨酸鉀 | 0.10 | 1 |
苯甲酸鈉 | 0.10 | 1 |
抗壞血酸 | 0.20 | 2 |
水 | 補足至100% | 補足至100% |
如以上在表2至5中所述的較佳調配物係適於作為藥物投與。調配物可採用不同投與模式,此等包括口服溶液、口服懸浮液、包含顆粒之調配物、包含與食品混合之散劑之調配物、壓縮錠劑、黏膜黏著凝膠、錠劑、粉末、液體凝膠膠囊、固體粉末填充膠囊、擠出物、鼻噴霧或可注射調配物。
當呈懸浮液或口服溶液提供時,該調配物將視需要用注射器分配在瓶中,從而可基於大麻素含量(以mg計)/患者體重(以kg計)對患者提供準確劑量。
另外,本發明之調配物可以替代方式(諸如噴霧、飲料)或呈小體積(諸如30 mL)溶液(該溶液係在吞嚥前投與患者)製備。
隨後的實例描述本發明之調配物之開發,該等調配物係包含大麻素微球體之調配物。設計此類調配物以在腸(腸溶)中或在結腸中釋放其活性劑。已知在體內迅速代謝成無活性代謝產物之大麻素之腸溶或結腸遞送提供新穎且出人意料之有效藥物遞送方式。實例 2 :產生腸溶釋放及結腸釋放微粒調配物之賦形劑之選擇 藥物水合研究
評定藥物自聚合物基質釋放之活體外實驗對於確保自活體內微粒達成藥物釋放極重要。
使用溶劑澆鑄法製造包含API、聚合物及潤濕劑(若適用)之聚合物膜。
然後將製得的膜在pH 7.0緩衝劑中水合並評定藥物自聚合物膜之釋放。
在藥物水合期間評定五種不同聚合物:Eudragit L100;Eudragit S100;HPMCAS-L;HPMCAS-M及HPMCAS-H。
亦評定兩種不同潤濕劑,泊洛沙姆188及吐溫20。
實驗結果指示除Eudragit L100聚合物外,需要潤濕劑以幫助所有聚合物之藥物釋放。此外,發現泊洛沙姆188係比吐溫20更有效之潤濕劑。
一旦水合,膜形成渾濁乳液。在不同藥物及潤濕劑濃度下,藥物自HPMCAS-H聚合物之釋放很差。
確定以下藥物及潤濕劑濃度並進行進一步開發:
● 20% CBD;HPMCAS-L;5% P188
● 15% CBD;HPMCAS-M;5% P188
● 20% CBD;Eudragit L100
● 15% CBD;Eudragit S100;20% P188
藉由將潤濕劑包含於4種聚合物中3種聚合物之聚合物基質中,存在可在與胃pH一致之pH值下發生藥物釋放之風險。胃之pH為約4.0。
因此,在pH為4.0之緩衝劑中測試在以上藥物及濕潤劑濃度下之膜之水合。對於所有所測試的聚合物系統,在該pH下之藥物釋放係小於0.5%,顯示包含P188作為潤濕劑並不改變聚合物基質應釋放藥物之pH,如下表7中所顯示。表 7 :在預期及胃 pH 下之藥物釋放百分比
抗氧化劑篩選
調配物 | 在預期 pH 下之藥物釋放 % | 在胃 pH 下之藥物釋放 % |
20% CBD;HPMCAS-L;5% P188 | 96 | 0 |
15% CBD;HPMCAS-M;5% P188 | 93 | 0 |
20% CBD;Eudragit L100 | 96 | 0.3 |
20% CBD;Eudragit S100;20% P188 | 95 | 0 |
由於已觀察到正在形成大麻素CBE-1,因此必需包含抗氧化劑至CBD/聚合物系統中。CBE I係CBD之氧化衍生之降解物,其進而會進一步降解成CBE II。
篩選3種不同抗氧化劑,其等均在0.2% w/w之濃度下:
● α-生育酚
● 丁基化羥基甲苯
● 丁基化羥基苯甲醚
此等係包含在4種不同聚合物基質中,每種基質具有15%之標稱CBD藥物負載量:
● HPMCAS-L
● HPMCAS-M
● Eudragit L100
● Eudragit S100
製造樣品並在40℃/75%RH下儲藏28天。
結果指示,對於HPMCAS-L及HPMCAS-M而言,均需要抗氧化劑,因為添加抗氧化劑亦顯著減少樣品中形成之未知降解物的數量。
含有Eudragit L100及Eudragit S100之樣品表現不同於基於HPMCAS之樣品。在研究過程中,添加抗氧化劑可將CBE I及CBE II之濃度降低至低於定量濃度,然而無論是否存在抗氧化劑,均在樣品中發現大量THC。抗氧化劑對THC之形成沒有影響。此乃因CBD降解成THC係酸性機制而不是氧化機制。
從此等實驗可結論,所有四種聚合物系統均將受益於抗氧化劑之添加。實例 3 :製造腸溶釋放及結腸釋放微粒調配物之方法
已開發製造腸溶釋放及結腸釋放微粒調配物之兩種替代方法。首先,噴霧乾燥提供細粉,該細粉可經進一步調配成懸浮液或錠劑,及其次熱熔擠出製程產生顆粒,其可用作添加劑或撒劑。以下更詳細地描述此兩種製程。 噴霧乾燥
確定是否可噴霧乾燥包含HPMCAS-L(表2)及Eudragit S100 (表4)之含有CBD之調配物以形成乾燥粉末。兩種聚合物經噴霧乾燥為15%之標稱藥物濃度。
使用以下條件將HPMCAS-L與CBD一起噴霧乾燥:
● 藥物濃度:15%
● 固體濃度:5%
● 入口溫度:85℃
● 出口溫度:55℃
● 抽氣器:75%
● 泵:5%
● 溶劑:丙酮
使用以下條件將Eudragit S100與CBD一起噴霧乾燥:
● 藥物濃度:15%
● 固體濃度:3%
● 入口溫度:100℃
● 出口溫度:62℃
● 抽氣器:100%
● 泵:5%
● 溶劑:乙醇:水 50:50比
以上條件產生用於所測試的兩種聚合物之經噴霧乾燥之粉末,顯示可產生包含HPMCAS及CBD,及Eudragit S100及CBD之經噴霧乾燥之粉末。
由於HPMCAS不同等級之間的化學相似性,HPMCAS-L之陽性結果將指示其他等級之陽性結果。Eudragit S100及 Eudragit L100亦具有相似化學結構,此將指示將CBD與L100一起噴霧乾燥將得到陽性結果。
較佳係以下配置噴霧乾燥器:
● 具有0.7 mm噴嘴口之兩個流體噴嘴
● 乾燥氣體:氮氣
● 負壓模式
● 改用高效旋風分離器替代標準旋風分離器
● 附接廢物收集使用之長乾燥腔室HPMCAS 聚合物
HPMCAS-L及HPMCAS-M之噴霧乾燥係可互換的及因此相同製程可用於HPMCAS-L及HPMCAS-M。
丙酮經選作用於噴霧乾燥之溶劑,此乃因其可溶解大麻素及HPMCAS之能力。此外,由於其毒性有限,其係FDA III型溶劑。在丙酮中,HPMCAS溶解以形成精細懸浮液。Eudragit 聚合物
乙醇及0.5% w/w EDTA溶液之混合物經選作用於Eudragit L100聚合物之噴霧乾燥之溶劑混合物。選擇乙醇,此乃因其係大麻素及Eudragit L100之適宜溶劑。由於其毒性有限,其亦係FDA III型溶劑。需要EDTA,此乃因其有助於穩定最終CBD L100聚合物系統。乙醇及EDTA溶液可完全混溶。溶劑混合物包含80:20比例之乙醇與EDTA溶液。可進行進一步最佳化以進一步增加乙醇含量,較高的乙醇含量係有利的,因其比水易揮發。
由於以上陳述的原因,乙醇及0.1M氫氧化鈉之混合物經選作用於Eudragit S100聚合物之噴霧乾燥之溶劑混合物。0.1M NaOH係針對於S100聚合物系統選擇的穩定劑。經噴霧乾燥之調配物之施用
然後,可進一步調配在以上實驗中產生的所得的經噴霧乾燥之粉末以提供醫藥上可接受之調配物。
可將經噴霧乾燥之粉末與溶劑(諸如水或甘油)混合以產生可呈溶液經口投與之懸浮液。經噴霧乾燥之粉末可替代地被壓縮成填充於膠囊中之錠劑以被患者吞嚥。熱熔擠出
提供投與本發明之微粒調配物之替代方式。使用熱熔擠出技術,產生微粒顆粒。此類顆粒可作為散劑用作食品添加劑。此類劑量選項對年輕患者及彼等可能難以吞嚥錠劑的患者有益。
熱熔擠出係使用熱量及壓力以熔化聚合物及活性劑之製程。其不含溶劑且可增加活性劑之溶解度及生物可利用性。
製程如下:
將聚合物及大麻素混合在一起。在該階段之後,可視需要添加抗氧化劑及/或崩解劑。混合摻合物以形成中間粉末摻合物,然後,藉由熱熔擠出機加工該中間粉末摻合物。然後丸化擠出物且進一步研磨至所需尺寸。較佳係500 µm/250 µm之丸粒尺寸。
測試熱熔擠出產生之散劑之樣品以確定其等將在其預期pH下而不是在胃pH下釋放及所測試的所有調配物在預期pH下釋放其活性劑之93至96%。無調配物在胃pH下釋放任何活性劑。
在12週時間內測試熱熔擠出之聚合物之穩定性及在該段時間內CBD相關降解物沒有顯著增加,粒度亦無任何變化。實例 4 :腸溶釋放及結腸釋放微粒調配物之穩定性
將藉由噴霧乾燥製備且進一步調配為懸浮液之兩種不同調配物進行短期穩定性研究,如下表8中所述。表 8 :用於穩定性測試之調配物及儲藏條件
編號 | 具有含有以下之微粒之調配物: | 時間點(天) | 儲藏條件 |
1 | 30 mg/mL CBD;HPMCAS-L | 0、7、21、42 | 5℃/25℃/30℃ |
2 | 25 mg/mL CBD;Eudragit S100,20% P188 | 0、7、21、42 | 25℃/40℃ |
3 | 25 mg/mL CBD,Eudragit S100,5% P188 | 0、7、21、42 | 40℃ 75% RH |
4 | 24 mg/mL CBD 0.6 mg/mL THC HPMCAS-L | 0, 7, 28 | 5℃/30℃ |
在各個時間點進行測試以確定以下:外觀;大麻素檢定;差示掃描量熱法(DSC)及藉由乾燥分散法測定粒度。
就調配物編號4而言,該調配物含有高度純化之CBD及CBD BDS之混合物。為確定該調配物之穩定性,確定調配物中主要大麻素(亦即CBD及THC)及降解產物之濃度。
以下表9至12證實從穩定性研究獲得之資料。表 9 : 30 mg/mL HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之穩定性研究結果
表 10 :具有 20% p188 懸浮液之 25mg/mL CBD S100 之穩定性研究結果
表 11 :具有 5% p188 懸浮液之 25mg/mL CBD S100 之穩定性研究結果
表 12 : 24 mg/mL CBD 0.6mg/mL THC HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之穩定性研究結果
活性劑 % | ||||
時間點 | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | |
CBD | 初始時 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
1週 | 97.5 | 98.4 | 97.4 | |
3週 | 100.9 | 99.1 | 98.9 | |
6週 | 101.5 | 101.8 | 101.0 | |
CBD-C4 | 初始時 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
1週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
3週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
6週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
CBDV | 初始時 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
1週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
3週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
6週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
RRT 0.54 | 初始時 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1週 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
3週 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
6週 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
RRT 0.52 | 初始時 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1週 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
3週 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
6週 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
活性劑 % | |||
時間點 ( 週 ) | 25 ℃ | 40 ℃ | |
CBD | 0 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
1 | 102.40 | 97.74 | |
3 | 105.94 | 106.88 | |
6 | 105.64 | 105.15 | |
CBD-C4 | 0 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
1 | 0.31 | 0.30 | |
3 | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
6 | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
CBDV | 0 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
1 | 0.33 | 0.31 | |
3 | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
6 | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
THC | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | |
3 | 0 | 0 | |
6 | 0 | 0 |
活性劑 % | ||
時間點 ( 週 ) | 40 ℃ | |
CBD | 0 | 100.00 |
1 | 101.09 | |
3 | 99.35 | |
6 | 100.13 | |
CBD-C4 | 0 | 0.30 |
1 | 0.29 | |
3 | 0.31 | |
6 | 0.32 | |
CBDV | 0 | 0.32 |
1 | 0.33 | |
3 | 0.32 | |
6 | 0.33 | |
THC | 0 | 0.00 |
1 | 0.00 | |
3 | 0.00 | |
6 | <BLQ | |
CBD-C1 | 0 | 0.05 |
1 | 0.04 | |
3 | 0.05 | |
6 | 0.04 |
活性劑 % | |||
檢定 | 時間點 ( 週 ) | 5 ℃ | 30 ℃ 65% RH |
CBD | 初始時 | 104.6 | 104.6 |
2週 | 105.8 | 105.3 | |
4週 | 106.6 | 106.7 | |
THC | 初始時 | 99.2 | 99.2 |
2週 | 101.3 | 101.0 | |
4週 | 102.0 | 102.2 | |
CBE I | 初始時 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
2週 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
4週 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
CBD-C4 | 初始時 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
2週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
4週 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
CBG | 初始時 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
2週 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
4週 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
CBN | 初始時 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
2週 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
4週 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
CBC | 初始時 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
2週 | 2.9 | 2.9 | |
4週 | 2.9 | 2.9 | |
OH-CBD | 初始時 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
2週 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
4週 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
CBDV | 初始時 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
2週 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
4週 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
表9至12中呈現的結果證實在加速條件下的1個月時間內,降解物沒有大的增加或CBD的量沒有減少。
總言之,包含大麻素微粒及聚合物之調配物係穩定的且允許6個月之存放期。實例 5 :腸溶釋放及結腸釋放微粒調配物之粒度
測試來自如以上實例4中所述的短期穩定性研究之不同調配物以測量微粒之粒度。
就描述於表15中之調配物而言,該調配物含有高度純化之CBD及CBD BDS之混合物。I
以下表13至15描述此等資料。表 13 : 30 mg/mL HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之粒度
表 14 : 25 mg/mL CBD S100 懸浮液之粒度
表 15 : 24 mg/mL CBD 0.6 mg/mL THC HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之粒度
D10 (μm) | D50 (μm) | D90 (μm) | |||||||
時間點 ( 週 ) | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ |
0 | 3.03 | 3.03 | 3.03 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 21.3 |
1 | 3.09 | 3.31 | 3.02 | 7.34 | 9.17 | 6.26 | 42.5 | 20.7 | 14.2 |
3 | 2.94 | 3.04 | 3.16 | 6.16 | 6.33 | 6.2 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 14.4 |
6 | 3.12 | 3.21 | 3.33 | 7.42 | 6.89 | 7.08 | 33.7 | 22.7 | 87.4 |
D10 (μm) | D50 (μm) | D90 (μm) | ||||
時間點 ( 週 ) | 25 ℃ | 40 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 40 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 40 ℃ |
0 | 3.72 | 3.72 | 9.33 | 9.33 | 20.1 | 20.1 |
1 | 3.79 | 4.01 | 9.04 | 10.9 | 21.7 | 48.4 |
3 | 3.80 | 3.80 | 8.75 | 9.81 | 18.6 | 36.7 |
6 | 3.83 | 3.49 | 8.87 | 9.64 | 18.5 | 23.9 |
D10 (μm) | D50 (μm) | D90 (μm) | |
時間點 ( 週 ) | 25 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 25 ℃ |
0 | 4.10 | 11.1 | 29.1 |
1 | 4.01 | 10.3 | 24.7 |
4 | 3.92 | 10.4 | 26.6 |
可看出,在穩定性研究過程中,含有大麻素之微粒調配物之粒度沒有明顯變化,意指在調配物之儲藏期間,粒度不會有任何降低。實例 6 :結腸釋放微粒調配物之生物可利用性
為確定詳述於實例1中之結腸釋放(CR)調配物是否能夠提供適宜生物可利用性,進行使用大鼠之PK研究。
將此等調配物與I型油基調配物進行比較。
就I型油基調配物而言,所使用的活性劑為CBD,及利用兩種不同活性劑;單獨CBD或THC及CBD之組合測試結腸釋放及腸溶釋放調配物。
該研究之設計係在口服投與大鼠後測量CBD及THC及其代謝產物(羥基-CBD、羧基-CBD、羥基-THC及羧基-THC)之血漿藥物動力學。
每組雄性han Wistar大鼠(n=3)在給藥前禁食且在給藥後4小時進食。
採樣時間為:給藥後0、1、2、4、8、12及24 h。藉由利用反相液相層析與串聯質譜偵測之蛋白質沉澱來進行CBD、THC及其各自代謝產物之確定。CBD之LLOQ為1 ng/mL及所有代謝產物具有0.5 ng/mL之LLOQ。
人類等效劑量(HED)可使用下式估算:
HED=動物劑量(mg/kg)乘以動物Km
大鼠之Km為6及人類之Km為37。
人類Km |
因此,對於人類而言,大鼠中之10 mg/kg劑量相當於約1.6 mg/kg之人類劑量。
表16詳述所測試的不同調配物之生物可利用性及圖1詳述CBD之非活性代謝產物(7-COOH CBD)之AUC。從圖中可看出,在CBD微粒懸浮液及含有高純度之CBD及CBD BDS之混合物之懸浮液中均存在一個結果,該結果係離群值,表明7-COOH CBD之實際濃度比記錄於表中之平均AUC低得多。表 16 :生物可利用性之估算 ( 使用 AUC(0-t) 資料 )
分析物 | 比例 | 分析物 | 比例 | |||||||||
AUC 0-t (H/ng/ml/mg) | CBD | OH-CBD | COOH-CBD | CBD | OH-CBD | COOH-CBD | THC | OH-THC | COOH-THC | THC | OH-THC | COOH-THC |
I型(油基) | 386 | 61.4 | 290 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.75 | ||||||
CR (CBD) | 338 | 53.8 | 146 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.43 | ||||||
CR (純CBD + CBD BDS) | 187 | 27.6 | 164 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 1470 | 148 | 218 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
結果證實與I型油基調配物相比,結腸釋放及腸溶釋放調配物中非活性羧基-CBD代謝產物的量顯著減少。此係極有益的,因為此意指可投與較低劑量之活性劑以實現相同效應。實例 7 :較佳調配物之長期穩定性
將含有高度純化之CBD及CBD BDS之混合物含在HPMCAS-L中之懸浮液用於長期穩定性研究,如表17中所顯示。為確定該調配物之穩定性,確定調配物中主要大麻素(亦即CBD及THC)及降解產物之濃度。表 17 :用於穩定性測試之調配物及儲藏條件
具有含有以下之微粒之調配物: | 時間點(天) | 儲藏條件 |
25 mg/mL CBD 0.6 mg/mL THC;HPMCAS-L | 0、3、6、12、24 | 5℃/25℃/30℃ |
在各個時間點進行測試以確定以下:外觀;大麻素檢定;及藉由乾燥分散法測定之粒度。
以下表18證實從穩定性研究獲得之資料。表 18 : 25 mg/mL CBD 0.6 mg/mL THC HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之穩定性研究結果
活性劑 % | ||||
時間點 | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | |
CBD | 初始時 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
3週 | 100.06 | 101.44 | 101.42 | |
6週 | 98.12 | 96.15 | 96.34 | |
12週 | 99.96 | 98.56 | 98.96 | |
24週 | 99.32 | 98.29 | 97.53 | |
THC | 初始時 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
3週 | 98.19 | 99.74 | 99.83 | |
6週 | 98.36 | 97.93 | 97.50 | |
12週 | 100.34 | 99.14 | 99.57 | |
24週 | 101.12 | 100.17 | 98.62 | |
CBE I | 初始時 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
3週 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
6週 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.31 | |
12週 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
24週 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.30 | |
OH-CBD | 初始時 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
3週 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.55 | |
6週 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.51 | |
12週 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.56 | |
24週 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.59 | |
CBN | 初始時 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
3週 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
6週 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
12週 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
24週 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
呈現於表18中之結果證實在不同溫度下的6個月時間內,降解物(CBE-1、OH-CBD、CBN)沒有顯著增加或主要大麻素CBD或THC的量沒有減少。
總言之,包含大麻素微粒及聚合物之調配物係穩定的且允許至少6個月之存放期。實例 8 :長期研究之粒度
測試來自如以上實例7中所述的長期穩定性研究之調配物以測量微粒之粒度。
下表19描述該資料。表 19 : 純 CBD + CBD BDS (25 mg/mL CBD 0.6 mg/mL THC) HPMCAS-L 懸浮液之粒度
D10 (μm) | D50 (μm) | D90 (μm) | |||||||
時間點 ( 週 ) | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | 5 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ |
0 | 3.25 | 3.35 | 3.35 | 7.24 | 7.24 | 7.24 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 |
3 | 3.65 | 3.22 | 3.11 | 8.25 | 6.98 | 6.50 | 18.6 | 16.8 | 15.7 |
6 | 3.67 | 3.24 | 3.06 | 8.37 | 6.94 | 6.37 | 18.2 | 17.3 | 15.5 |
12 | 3.77 | 3.25 | 3.09 | 8.71 | 6.87 | 6.20 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 14.1 |
24 | 3.61 | 3.19 | 3.06 | 7.99 | 6.61 | 6.22 | 17.0 | 15.9 | 15.2 |
可看出,在穩定性研究過程中,含有大麻素之微粒調配物之粒度沒有明顯變化,意指在調配物之長期儲藏期間,粒度不會有任何降低。
圖1係描繪生物可利用性研究之7-COOH CBD代謝產物之曲線下面積(AUC)的圖。
Claims (28)
- 一種含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其包含一或多種大麻素及pH依賴性釋放聚合物。
- 如請求項1之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種大麻素係選自由以下組成之群:大麻色原烯(cannabichromene)(CBC)、大麻色烯酸(cannabichromenic acid)(CBCV)、大麻二酚(cannabidiol)(CBD)、大麻二酚酸(CBDA)、次大麻二酚(cannabidivarin)(CBDV)、大麻萜酚(cannabigerol)(CBG)、大麻萜酚丙基變體(CBGV)、大麻環酚(cannabicyclol) (CBL)、大麻酚(cannabinol)(CBN)、大麻酚丙基變體(CBNV)、二羥基大麻酚(cannabitriol)(CBO)、四氫大麻酚(THC)、四氫大麻酚酸(THCA)、四氫次大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabivarin)(THCV)及四氫次大麻酚酸(THCVA)。
- 如請求項1之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該pH依賴性釋放聚合物係選自由以下組成之群:甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸酯之共聚物、甲基丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸甲酯之共聚物(Eudragit)、甲基丙烯酸及丙烯酸乙酯之共聚物、乙酸琥珀酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCAS)、鄰苯二甲酸羥基丙基甲基纖維素(HPMCP)、聚乙酸乙烯鄰苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)、甲基乙烯基醚及馬來酸酐之共聚物、乙酸鄰苯二甲酸纖維素(CAP)、乙酸丁酸纖維素(CAB)、乙酸偏苯三酸纖維素(CAT)、乙酸琥珀酸纖維素(CAS)、乙基纖維素、甲基纖維素、蟲膠、結蘭膠(gellan gum)、玉米蛋白(zein)、海藻酸及蠟。
- 如請求項3之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該pH依賴性釋放聚合物係HPMCAS或Eudragit。
- 如請求項4之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該pH依賴性釋放聚合物係選自由以下組成之群:HPMCAS-L;HPMCAS-M;HPMCAS-H;Eudragit S100;Eudragit L100。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種潤濕劑。
- 如請求項6之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種潤濕劑係選自由以下組成之群:泊洛沙姆(poloxamers);泊洛沙姆188;及碳酸鈉。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種懸浮劑。
- 如請求項8之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種懸浮劑係選自由以下組成之群:聚山梨醇酯20;甘油;及黃原膠。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種pH緩衝劑。
- 如請求項10之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種pH緩衝劑係選自由以下組成之群:檸檬酸;磷酸氫二鈉;氫氧化鈉;及磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種防腐劑。
- 如請求項12之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種防腐劑係選自由以下組成之群:山梨酸鉀;及苯甲酸鈉。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種抗氧化劑。
- 如請求項14之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種抗氧化劑係選自由以下組成之群:丁基化羥基甲苯;丁基化羥基苯甲醚;α-生育酚(維生素E);棕櫚酸抗壞血酸酯;抗壞血酸;抗壞血酸鈉;乙二胺基四乙酸;鹽酸半胱胺酸;檸檬酸;檸檬酸鈉;硫酸氫鈉;偏亞硫酸氫鈉;卵磷脂;沒食子酸丙酯;硫酸鈉;單硫甘油及其混合物。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其進一步包含一或多種溶劑。
- 如請求項16之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種溶劑係選自由以下組成之群:水;乙醇及丙酮。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該一或多種大麻素係以基於該醫藥調配物計約10至50重量%,較佳約10至30重量%,更佳約20至30重量%的量存在。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其中該調配物係選自由以下組成之群之口服劑型:黏膜黏著凝膠;錠劑;粉末;液體凝膠膠囊;固體膠囊;口服溶液;口服懸浮液;顆粒;及擠出物。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其係用於治療需要投與神經保護劑(neuroprotectant)或抗驚厥藥物之病狀。
- 如請求項20使用之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其係用於治療癲癇發作。
- 如請求項20使用之含有微粒大麻素之調配物,其係用於治療卓飛(Dravet)症候群、雷葛氏(Lennox Gastaut)症候群、肌陣攣性發作、青少年型肌陣攣性癲癇、難治性癲癇、精神分裂症、青少年型痙攣、韋氏 (West)症候群、嬰兒型痙攣、難治性嬰兒型痙攣、結節性硬化症、腦腫瘤、神經性病變疼痛(neuropathic pain)、大麻使用障礙、創傷後壓力症候群、焦慮、早期精神病、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)及自閉症。
- 一種製備如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物之方法,該方法包括噴霧乾燥該調配物。
- 一種製備如前述請求項中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物之方法,該方法包括: i)製備大麻素及pH依賴性釋放聚合物之混合物; ii)生產中間粉末摻合物; iii)經由熱熔擠出機加工該中間粉末摻合物 iv)將該等擠出物製粒;及 v)研磨該等丸粒至250至500 µm。
- 如請求項24之方法,其中抗氧化劑係在步驟(i)之後添加。
- 如請求項24之方法,其中崩解劑係在步驟(i)之後添加。
- 一種治療個體之方法,該方法包括對該個體投與如請求項1至19中任一項之含有微粒大麻素之調配物。
- 如請求項27之方法,其中該個體係人類。
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WO2018035030A1 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2018-02-22 | Corr-Jensen Inc. | Time release fat-soluble actives |
WO2018132893A1 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2018-07-26 | CannTab Therapeutics Limited | Immediate release cannabidiol formulations |
AU2018233582B2 (en) | 2017-03-16 | 2022-04-07 | CannTab Therapeutics, Limited | Modified release multi-layer tablet cannabinoid formulations |
BR112020006841A2 (pt) | 2017-10-05 | 2020-10-06 | Receptor Holdings, Inc. | formulações de canabinoide sintéticas e à base de planta com ação prolongada e início rápido |
WO2019082171A1 (en) | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-02 | Alvit Pharma | ORAL CANNABINOID COMPOSITIONS HAVING ENHANCED BIOAVAILABILITY |
WO2019159174A1 (en) * | 2018-02-16 | 2019-08-22 | Icdpharma Ltd. | Colonic delivery of cannabinoids in solid solution compositions |
-
2019
- 2019-05-31 GB GB1907786.6A patent/GB2584341B/en active Active
-
2020
- 2020-05-28 EP EP20731538.3A patent/EP3976004A1/en active Pending
- 2020-05-28 US US17/615,422 patent/US20220233495A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2020-05-28 BR BR112021022692A patent/BR112021022692A2/pt unknown
- 2020-05-28 JP JP2021570995A patent/JP7554778B2/ja active Active
- 2020-05-28 CA CA3141987A patent/CA3141987A1/en active Pending
- 2020-05-28 WO PCT/GB2020/051290 patent/WO2020240184A1/en unknown
- 2020-05-28 KR KR1020217042619A patent/KR20220016147A/ko unknown
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- 2020-05-29 TW TW109118089A patent/TW202110430A/zh unknown
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2021
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IL288423A (en) | 2022-01-01 |
JP2022534763A (ja) | 2022-08-03 |
BR112021022692A2 (pt) | 2021-12-28 |
WO2020240184A1 (en) | 2020-12-03 |
GB2584341A (en) | 2020-12-02 |
AU2020282638A1 (en) | 2021-12-23 |
JP7554778B2 (ja) | 2024-09-20 |
KR20220016147A (ko) | 2022-02-08 |
MX2021014428A (es) | 2022-01-06 |
GB2584341B (en) | 2023-03-01 |
CA3141987A1 (en) | 2020-12-03 |
US20220233495A1 (en) | 2022-07-28 |
GB201907786D0 (en) | 2019-07-17 |
EP3976004A1 (en) | 2022-04-06 |
CN113939283A (zh) | 2022-01-14 |
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