TW202019445A - 嵌合抗原受體療法t細胞擴增動力學及其用途 - Google Patents
嵌合抗原受體療法t細胞擴增動力學及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供治療惡性病之方法,其包括投與有效劑量之嵌合抗原受體遺傳修飾之T細胞免疫療法,及製造此等免疫療法之方法。本發明之一些態樣係關於依據患者投藥前的屬性水準來確定患者對T細胞免疫療法之客觀反應的方法。
Description
人類癌症就其本質而言包含經歷基因轉化或表觀遺傳轉化變為異常癌細胞之正常細胞。藉此,癌細胞開始表現出不同於由正常細胞表現之蛋白質及其他抗原。身體的先天性免疫系統可使用此等異常腫瘤抗原來特異性靶向及殺滅癌細胞。然而,癌細胞採用各種機制來防止免疫細胞(諸如T及B淋巴球)成功地靶向癌細胞。
人類T細胞療法依賴於經增濃或經修飾之人類T細胞來靶向及殺滅患者之癌細胞。為了增強T細胞靶向及殺滅特定癌細胞之能力,已研發出工程改造T細胞以表現構築體之方法,該等構築體將T細胞導向特定目標癌細胞。包含能夠與特定腫瘤抗原相互作用之結合域的嵌合抗原受體(CAR)允許T細胞靶向及殺滅表現特定腫瘤抗原之癌細胞。
需理解CAR陽性T細胞之屬性(例如擴增動力學)如何與臨床結果相關。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含:(a)製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體;(b)量測群體之T細胞擴增能力;及(c)依據群體之T細胞擴增能力製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞以用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
在一些實施例中,在製造過程期間量測T細胞擴增能力。
在一些實施例中,藉由量測倍增時間測定T細胞擴增能力。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間在約1-4.7天、約1.8-4.7天、約1-1.5天之間或小於約1.5天。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間為約1.3天、約1.5天或約1.8天。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種製造經工程改造之T細胞之方法,其包含:(a)在IL-2存在下擴增經工程改造之T細胞,其中經工程改造之T細胞包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR);(b)在擴增過程期間量測群體之倍增時間;(c)在擴增之後採集經工程改造之T細胞;及(d)依據經工程改造之T細胞之倍增時間製備有效劑量的經工程改造之T細胞。
在一些實施例中,經工程改造之T細胞在IL-2存在下擴增約2-7天。
在一些實施例中,藉由測定在擴增開始時及在採集經工程改造之T細胞時的總活細胞之數目來量測倍增時間。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病之方法,其包含:(a)量測包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體中一或多種屬性之水準;(b)相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準測定患者對用該等經工程改造之T細胞治療的反應;及(c)向患者投與治療有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞。
在一些實施例中,一或多種屬性為倍增時間或T細胞表型。
在一些實施例中,藉由CCR7及CD45RA雙陽性細胞之百分比來確定T細胞表型。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間在約1-4.7天、約1.8-4.7天、約1-1.5天之間或小於約1.5天。
在一些實施例中,嵌合抗原受體靶向腫瘤抗原。
在一些實施例中,嵌合抗原受體靶向選自以下各者之腫瘤抗原:腫瘤相關表面抗原(諸如5T4)、α胎蛋白(AFP)、B7-1 (CD80)、B7-2 (CD86)、BCMA、B-人類絨毛膜激性腺素、CA-125、癌胚抗原(CEA)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、CD123、CD133、CD138、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD23、CD24、CD25、CD30、CD33、CD34、CD4、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD8、CLL-1、c-Met、CMV特異性抗原、CS-1、CSPG4、CTLA-4、DLL3、雙唾液酸神經節苷脂GD2、乳腺管上皮黏蛋白、EBV特異性抗原、EGFR變異體III (EGFRvIII)、ELF2M、內皮因子、肝配蛋白B2、表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)、上皮細胞黏附分子(EpCAM)、上皮腫瘤抗原、ErbB2 (HER2/neu)、纖維母細胞相關蛋白(fap)、FLT3、葉酸結合蛋白、GD2、GD3、神經膠質瘤相關抗原、醣神經鞘脂質、gp36、HBV特異性抗原、HCV特異性抗原、HER1-HER2、HER2-HER3組合、HERV-K、高分子量黑素瘤相關抗原(HMW-MAA)、HIV-1包膜醣蛋白gp41、HPV特異性抗原、人類端粒酶逆轉錄酶、IGFI受體、IGF-II、IL-11Rα、IL-13R-a2、流感病毒特異性抗原;CD38、胰島素生長因子(IGFl)-l、腸道羧基酯酶、κ鏈、LAGA-la、λ鏈、拉沙病毒特異性抗原、凝集素反應性AFP、譜系特異性或組織特異性抗原(諸如CD3)、MAGE、MAGE-A1、主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、呈現腫瘤特異性肽抗原決定基之主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、M-CSF、黑素瘤相關抗原、間皮素、MN-CA IX、MUC-1、mut hsp70-2、突變p53、突變ras、嗜中性白血球彈性蛋白酶、NKG2D、Nkp30、NY-ESO-1、p53、PAP、前列腺酶、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)、前列腺癌腫瘤抗原1 (PCTA-1)、前列腺特異性抗原蛋白、STEAP1、STEAP2、PSMA、RAGE-1、ROR1、RU1、RU2 (AS)、表面黏附分子、存活及端粒酶、TAG-72、纖維結合蛋白之額外域A (EDA)及額外域B (EDB)以及肌腱蛋白C之Al域 (TnC Al)、甲狀腺球蛋白、腫瘤基質抗原、血管內皮生長因子受體2 (VEGFR2)、病毒特異性表面抗原(諸如HIV特異性抗原(諸如HIV gpl20))以及此等表面抗原之任何衍生物或變異體。
在一些實施例中,惡性病為實體腫瘤、肉瘤、癌瘤、淋巴瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、霍奇金氏病(Hodgkin's Disease)、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、原發性縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤(PMBC)、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、經轉化濾泡性淋巴瘤、脾邊緣區淋巴瘤(SMZL)、慢性或急性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、急性淋巴母細胞白血病(ALL) (包括非T細胞ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)、T細胞淋巴瘤、B細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「BALL」)中之一或多者、T細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「TALL」)、急性淋巴性白血病(ALL)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、B細胞前淋巴球性白血病、母細胞性漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤、毛細胞白血病、小細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤或大細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤、惡性淋巴增生病狀、MALT淋巴瘤、套細胞淋巴瘤、邊緣區淋巴瘤、骨髓發育不良及骨髓發育不良症候群、漿母細胞淋巴瘤、漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、華氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia)、漿細胞增生性病症(例如無症狀骨髓瘤(鬱積型多發性骨髓瘤或頑固性骨髓瘤))、意義不明單株伽瑪球蛋白症(monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance,MGUS)、漿細胞瘤(例如漿細胞惡液質、孤立性骨髓瘤、孤立性漿細胞瘤、髓外漿細胞瘤及多發性漿細胞瘤)、全身性澱粉樣輕鏈澱粉樣變性病、POEMS症候群(亦稱為克羅-富克斯症候群(Crow-Fukase syndrome)、高槻病(Takatsuki disease)及PEP症候群)或其組合。
在一些實施例中,治療有效劑量在75至200×106
個經工程改造之T細胞之間。
在一些實施例中,在投與經工程改造之T細胞後約1個月、約3個月、約6個月、約9個月或約12個月內量測反應。
在一些實施例中,在投與經工程改造之T細胞之前量測一或多種屬性。
在一些實施例中,經工程改造之T細胞為自體或同種異體T細胞。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種製造或測定經工程改造之T細胞群體之品質的方法,其包含:(a)製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體;(b)量測群體之一或多種屬性之水準;及(c)相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準確定群體是否適用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含:(a)製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體;(b)量測群體之一或多種屬性之水準;及(c)相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞以用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含:(a)量測細胞群體中之一或多種表型標記物的量;及(b)依據一或多種表型標記物之所量測量來製備有效劑量的經工程改造之T細胞以用於治療有需要之患者的癌症。
在一些實施例中,一種表型標記物為CCR7或CD45RA。
在一些實施例中,T細胞群體係獲自血球分離術材料。
在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含工程改造T細胞群體以表現CAR。
相關申請案之交叉參考
本申請案主張2018年8月2日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/713,994號及2018年11月6日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/756,391號之優先權,該等申請案中之每一者以全文引用之方式併入本文中。序列表
本申請案含有序列表,該序列表已以ASCII格式以電子版提交且以全文引用之方式併入本文中。該ASCII複本創建於2019年7月22日,命名為K-1066_P2F_SL.txt且大小為8千位元組。
本發明部分地依據以下之意外發現:經工程改造之CAR T細胞的輸注前屬性(例如T細胞適應性)可與臨床功效及毒性相關。在一些實施例中,藉由活體內CAR T細胞擴增速率量測經工程改造之CAR T細胞的T細胞適應性。另外,本發明提供自患者量測的免疫因子之治療前特徵,該等治療前特徵可與臨床功效及毒性相關。定義
為了使本發明更容易理解,首先在下文對某些術語進行定義。以下術語及其他術語之額外定義闡述於本說明書全文中。
除非上下文另外明確指示,否則如本說明書及所附申請專利範圍中所用,單數形式「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」包括複數個指示物。
除非明確陳述或自上下文顯而易見,否則如本文所用,術語「或」應理解為包括性的且涵蓋「或」與「及」。
本文所用之術語「及/或」應視為兩種指定特徵或組分中之每一者具有或不具有另一者之特定揭示內容。因此,諸如本文中之「A及/或B」之片語中所用之術語「及/或」意欲包括A及B;A或B;A (單獨);及B (單獨)。同樣,諸如「A、B及/或C」之片語中所用之術語「及/或」意欲涵蓋以下態樣中之每一者:A、B及C;A、B或C;A或C;A或B;B或C;A及C;A及B;B及C;A (單獨);B (單獨);及C (單獨)。
如本文所用,術語「例如」及「亦即」僅作為舉例使用,而不意欲進行限制,且不應視為僅提及本說明書中明確列舉之彼等條目。
術語「或更多個」、「至少」、「大於」及例如「至少一個」之其類似術語應理解為包括(但不限於)至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19 20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、100、101、102、103、104、105、106、107、108、109、110、111、112、113、114、115、116、117、118、119、120、121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、136、137、138、139、140、141、142、143、144、145、146、147、148、149或150、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000或大於所述值。亦包括任何更大的數目或其間的分數。
相反,術語「不大於」包括小於所述值之各值。舉例而言,「不大於100個核苷酸」包括100、99、98、97、96、95、94、93、92、91、90、89、88、87、86、85、84、83、82、81、80、79、78、77、76、75、74、73、72、71、70、69、68、67、66、65、64、63、62、61、60、59、58、57、56、55、54、53、52、51、50、49、48、47、46、45、44、43、42、41、40、39、38、37、36、35、34、33、32、31、30、29、28、27、26、25、24、23、22、21、20、19、18、17、16、15、14、13、12、11、10、9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2、1及0個核苷酸。亦包括任何更小的數目或其間的分數。
術語「複數個」、「至少兩個」、「兩個或更多個」、「至少第二個」及其類似術語應理解為包括(但不限於)至少2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、100、101、102、103、104、105、106、107、108、109、110、111、112、113、114、115、116、117、118、119、120、121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、136、137、138、139、140、141、142、143、144、145、146、147、148、149或150、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000個或更多個。亦包括任何更大的數目或其間的分數。
貫穿本說明書,措詞「包含(comprising)」或諸如「包含(comprises/comprising)」之變體應理解為暗示包括所陳述之要素、整數或步驟或要素、整數或步驟之群組,但不排除任何其他要素、整數或步驟或要素、整數或步驟之群組。應瞭解,每當本文中用語言「包含」描述態樣時,亦提供用術語「由……組成」及/或「基本上由……組成」所描述之另外的類似態樣。
除非特定陳述或自上下文顯而易見,否則如本文所用,術語「約」係指在如一般熟習此項技術者所測定之特定值或組成的可接受誤差範圍內的值或組成,其將部分地取決於如何量測或測定值或組成,亦即量測系統之限制。舉例而言,「約」或「大致」可意謂根據此項技術之實踐在一個或大於一個標準差內。「約」或「大致」可意謂至多10% (亦即±10%)之範圍。因此,「約」可理解為在大於或小於所述值之10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%、0.01%或0.001%內。舉例而言,約5 mg可包括4.5 mg與5.5 mg之間的任何量。此外,尤其在生物系統或方法方面,該等術語可意謂值之至多一個數量級或至多5倍。當於本發明中提供特定值或組成時,除非另外說明,否則「約」或「大致」之含義應假定為在特定值或組成之可接受誤差範圍內。
如本文中所描述,除非另外指明,否則任何濃度範圍、百分比範圍、比率範圍或整數範圍應理解為包括在所述範圍內之任何整數值及(在合適時)其分數(諸如整數之十分之一及百分之一)。
本文所用之單元、前綴及符號係使用其國際單位系統(SI)所接受之形式來提供。數值範圍包括定義範圍之數字。
除非另外定義,否則本文所用之所有技術及科學術語均具有與本發明相關領域之一般技術者通常所理解之含義相同的含義。舉例而言,Juo, 「The Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology」, 第2版, (2001), CRC Press;「The Dictionary of Cell & Molecular Biology」第5版, (2013), Academic Press;及「The Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology」, Cammack等人編, 第2版, (2006), Oxford University Press為熟習此項技術者提供本發明中所用之許多術語的通用辭典。
「投與」係指使用熟習此項技術者已知之各種方法及遞送系統中之任一者將試劑物理引入至個體中。本文所揭示之調配物的例示性投與途徑包括靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、腹膜內、脊柱或其他非經腸投與途徑,例如藉由注射或輸注。本文所揭示之組合物的例示性投與途徑包括靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、腹膜內、脊柱或其他非經腸投與途徑,例如藉由注射或輸注。如本文所用,片語「非經腸投與」意謂除經腸及局部投與之外的投與模式,通常藉由注射且包括(但不限於)靜脈內、腹膜內、肌肉內、動脈內、鞘內、淋巴管內、病灶內、囊內、眶內、心內、皮內、經氣管、皮下、表皮下、關節內、囊下、蛛膜下、脊柱內、硬膜外及胸骨內注射及輸注以及活體內電穿孔。在一些實施例中,調配物經由非腸外途徑(例如經口)投與。其他非腸外途徑包括局部、表皮或經黏膜投與途徑,例如鼻內、經陰道、經直腸、舌下或局部。投與亦可進行(例如)一次、複數次及/或歷經一或多個延長時段。
術語「抗體」 (Ab)包括(但不限於)特異性結合至抗原之糖蛋白免疫球蛋白。一般而言,抗體可包含藉由二硫鍵互連之至少兩個重(H)鏈及兩個輕(L)鏈,或其抗原結合分子。各H鏈包含重鏈可變區(本文中縮寫為VH)及重鏈恆定區。重鏈恆定區包含三個恆定域CH1、CH2及CH3。各輕鏈包含輕鏈可變區(本文中縮寫為VL)及輕鏈恆定區。輕鏈恆定區包含一個恆定域CL。VH及VL區可進一步再分成高變區,稱為互補決定區(CDR),穿插有稱為構架區(FR)之更保守的區。各VH及VL包含三個CDR及四個FR,其自胺基端至羧基端以如下次序排列:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3及FR4。重鏈及輕鏈之可變區含有與抗原相互作用之結合域。Ab之恆定區可介導免疫球蛋白與宿主組織或因子,包括免疫系統之各種細胞(例如效應細胞)及經典補體系統之第一組分(C1q)的結合。
抗體可包括例如單株抗體、以重組方式產生之抗體、單特異性抗體、多特異性抗體(包括雙特異性抗體)、人類抗體、經工程改造之抗體、人類化抗體、嵌合抗體、免疫球蛋白、合成抗體、包含兩個重鏈及兩個輕鏈分子之四聚抗體、抗體輕鏈單體、抗體重鏈單體、抗體輕鏈二聚體、抗體重鏈二聚體、抗體輕鏈-抗體重鏈對、胞內抗體、抗體融合物(在本文中有時稱為「抗體結合物」)、異結合抗體、單域抗體、單價抗體、單鏈抗體或單鏈Fvs (scFv)、駱駝化抗體、親和抗體、Fab片段、F(ab')2片段、二硫鍵連接之Fvs (sdFv)、抗個體基因型(抗Id)抗體(包括例如抗抗Id抗體)、微型抗體、域抗體、合成抗體(在本文中有時稱為「抗體模擬物」)及以上任一者之抗原結合片段。在一些實施例中,本文中所描述之抗體係指多株抗體群體。
「抗原結合分子」、「抗原結合部分」或「抗體片段」係指包含抗體之抗原結合部分(例如CDR)的任何分子,該分子來源於該抗體。抗原結合分子可包括抗原互補決定區(CDR)。抗體片段之實例包括(但不限於) Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2及Fv片段、dAb、線抗體、scFv抗體以及由抗原結合分子形成之多特異性抗體。肽體(亦即包含肽結合域之Fc融合分子)為適合抗原結合分子之另一實例。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子結合至腫瘤細胞上之抗原。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子結合至涉及過度增生性疾病之細胞上之抗原或結合至病毒性或細菌性抗原。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子結合至CD19。在其他實施例中,抗原結合分子為特異性結合至抗原之抗體片段,包括其一或多個互補決定區(CDR)。在其他實施例中,抗原結合分子為單鏈可變片段(scFv)。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子包含高親和性多聚體或由高親和性多聚體組成。
「抗原」係指引起免疫反應或能夠由抗體或抗原結合分子結合之任何分子。免疫反應可涉及抗體產生或特定免疫勝任細胞之活化的任一者或兩者。熟習此項技術者將容易瞭解,任何大分子,包括實際上所有蛋白質或肽均可充當抗原。抗原可內源性表現,亦即由基因組DNA表現,或可以重組方式表現。抗原可對某一組織,諸如癌細胞具有特異性,或其可廣泛表現。另外,較大分子之片段可充當抗原。在一些實施例中,抗原為腫瘤抗原。
術語「中和」係指抗原結合分子、scFv、抗體或其片段結合至配位體且預防或降低彼配位體之生物效應。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子、scFv、抗體或其片段直接阻斷配位體上之結合位點或另外經由間接手段(諸如配位體中之結構或能量改變)改變配位體之結合能力。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子、scFv、抗體或其片段防止其所結合至之蛋白質執行生物功能。
術語「自體」係指任何來源於相同個體的物質,該物質隨後經重新引入至該個體。舉例而言,本文中所描述之經工程改造之自體細胞療法(eACT™)方法涉及自患者採集淋巴球,其接著經工程改造以表現例如CAR構築體,且接著投回相同患者。
術語「同種異體」係指來源於一個體,接著引入至相同物種之另一個體(例如同種異體T細胞移植)的任何物質。
術語「轉導」及「經轉導」係指藉以經由病毒載體將外源DNA引入至細胞中之方法(參見Jones等人, 「Genetics: principles and analysis,」 Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publ. (1998))。在一些實施例中,載體為反轉錄病毒載體、DNA載體、RNA載體、腺病毒載體、桿狀病毒載體、艾伯斯坦巴爾病毒載體(Epstein Barr viral vector)、乳多泡病毒載體、牛痘病毒載體、單純疱疹病毒載體、腺病毒相關載體、慢病毒載體或其任何組合。
「癌症」係指特徵為異常細胞在體內不受控生長之廣泛的各種疾病之群體。不受調控之細胞分裂及生長使得形成侵入鄰近組織且亦可經由淋巴系統或血流轉移至身體之遠端部分的惡性病。「癌症」或「癌症組織」可包括腫瘤。可藉由本文中所揭示之方法治療之癌症的實例包括(但不限於)免疫系統之癌症,包括淋巴瘤、白血病、骨髓瘤及其他白血球惡性病。在一些實施例中,本文所揭示之方法可用於減小來源於(例如)以下各者之腫瘤的腫瘤大小:骨癌、胰臟癌、皮膚癌、頭部或頸部之癌症、皮膚或眼內惡性黑素瘤、子宮癌、卵巢癌、直腸癌、肛門區癌、胃癌、睪丸癌、子宮癌、輸卵管癌、子宮內膜癌、子宮頸癌、陰道癌、外陰癌、多發性骨髓瘤、霍奇金氏病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、原發性縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤(PMBC)、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、經轉化濾泡性淋巴瘤、脾邊緣區淋巴瘤(SMZL)、食道癌、小腸癌、內分泌系統癌、甲狀腺癌、副甲狀腺癌、腎上腺癌、軟組織肉瘤、尿道癌、陰莖癌、 慢性或急性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、急性淋巴母細胞白血病(ALL) (包括非T細胞ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)、兒童實體腫瘤、淋巴球性淋巴瘤、膀胱癌、腎臟或輸尿管之癌症、腎盂之癌瘤、中樞神經系統(CNS)贅瘤、原發性CNS淋巴瘤、腫瘤血管生成、脊髓腫瘤、腦幹神經膠質瘤、垂體腺瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、表皮樣癌症、鱗狀細胞癌、T細胞淋巴瘤、環境誘導之癌症(包括由石棉誘導之癌症)、其他B細胞惡性病及該等癌症之組合。在一些實施例中,癌症為多發性骨髓瘤。特定癌症可對化學或輻射療法有反應,或癌症可為難治癒的。難治癒之癌症係指手術干預不可改善之癌症,且癌症起初對化學或輻射療法無反應或癌症隨時間推移變得無反應。
如本文所用,「抗腫瘤效應」係指可呈現為以下各者之生物效應:腫瘤體積減小、腫瘤細胞數目減少、腫瘤細胞增生降低、轉移灶數目減少、總體或無進展存活期延長、預期壽命延長或與腫瘤相關之各種生理學症狀改善。抗腫瘤效應亦可指預防出現腫瘤,例如疫苗。
如本文所用,「細胞介素」係指回應於與特異性抗原接觸而由一種細胞釋放之非抗體蛋白質,其中細胞介素與第二細胞相互作用以介導第二細胞中之反應。如本文所用,「細胞介素」意指由一種細胞群體釋放的作為細胞間介體作用於另一細胞之蛋白質。細胞介素可由細胞內源性表現或向個體投與。細胞介素可由免疫細胞釋放以傳播免疫反應,免疫細胞包括巨噬細胞、B細胞、T細胞及肥大細胞。細胞介素可在受體細胞中誘導各種反應。細胞介素可包括體內恆定細胞介素、趨化細胞素、促炎性細胞介素、效應子及急性期蛋白質。舉例而言,體內恆定細胞介素(包括介白素(IL) 7及IL-15)促進免疫細胞存活及增殖,且促炎性細胞介素可促進發炎反應。體內恆定細胞介素之實例包括(但不限於) IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12p40、IL-12p70、IL-15及干擾素(IFN) γ。促炎性細胞介素之實例包括(但不限於) IL-1a、IL-1b、IL-6、IL-13、IL-17a、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、TNF-β、纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF) 2、粒細胞巨噬細胞群落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、可溶性細胞間黏附分子1 (sICAM-1)、可溶性血管黏附分子1 (sVCAM-1)、血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)、VEGF-C、VEGF-D及胎盤生長因子(PLGF)。效應子之實例包括(但不限於)顆粒酶A、顆粒酶B、可溶性Fas配位體(sFasL)及穿孔蛋白。急性期蛋白質之實例包括(但不限於) C反應蛋白(CRP)及血清澱粉樣蛋白A (SAA)。
「趨化細胞素」為一種細胞介素,其介導細胞趨化性或方向性移動。趨化細胞素之實例包括(但不限於) IL-8、IL-16、伊紅趨素、伊紅趨素3、巨噬細胞衍生之趨化細胞素(MDC或CCL22)、單核球趨化性蛋白質1 (MCP-1或CCL2)、MCP-4、巨噬細胞發炎性蛋白質1α (MIP-1α、MIP-1a)、MIP-1β (MIP-1b)、γ誘導蛋白質10 (IP-10)及胸腺及活化調節之趨化細胞素(TARC或CCL17)。
如本文所用,「嵌合受體」係指能夠識別特定分子的經工程改造之表面表現的分子。包含能夠與特定腫瘤抗原相互作用之結合域的嵌合抗原受體(CAR)及經工程改造之T細胞受體(TCR)允許T細胞靶向及殺滅表現特定腫瘤抗原之癌細胞。
治療劑,例如經工程改造之CAR T細胞之「治療有效量」、「有效劑量」,「有效量」或「治療有效劑量」為在單獨或與另一治療劑組合使用時可以保護個體免於疾病發作或促進疾病消退(由疾病症狀之嚴重度降低、疾病之無症狀期之頻率及持續時間延長來證明)或防止因疾病病痛造成之損傷或殘疾時的任何量。此類術語可互換使用。治療劑促進疾病消退之能力可使用熟習此項技術者已知的多種方法評估,諸如在臨床試驗期間的人類個體中、在預測人體內功效的動物模型系統中、或藉由在活體外分析法中分析試劑活性來評估。
如本文所用,術語「淋巴球」包括自然殺手(NK)細胞、T細胞或B細胞。NK細胞為代表固有免疫系統之主要組分的一種類型之細胞毒性(細胞之毒性)淋巴球。NK細胞抑制腫瘤及感染病毒之細胞。其經由細胞凋亡或計劃性細胞死亡之過程來運作。稱其等為「自然殺手」係因為其等不需要激活即可殺滅細胞。T細胞在細胞介導之免疫力(不涉及抗體)中扮演主要作用。其T細胞受體(TCR)本身與其他淋巴球類型區分。胸腺(免疫系統之特化器官)主要負責T細胞成熟。存在六種類型之T細胞,亦即:輔助T細胞(例如CD4+細胞)、細胞毒性T細胞(亦稱為TC、細胞毒性T淋巴球、CTL、T殺手細胞、細胞溶解T細胞、CD8+ T細胞或殺手T細胞)、記憶T細胞((i)記憶TSCM幹細胞,如:初始細胞,為CD45RO-、CCR7+、CD45RA+、CD62L+ (L選擇素)、CD27+、CD28+及IL-7Rα+,但其亦表現大量CD95、IL-2Rβ、CXCR3及LFA-1,且展示記憶細胞之獨特的許多功能屬性;(ii)中樞記憶TCM細胞表現L選擇素及CCR7,其分泌IL-2,但不分泌IFNγ或IL-4,及(iii)然而,效應記憶TEM細胞不表現L選擇素或CCR7,但產生效應細胞介素,如IFNγ及IL-4)、調節T細胞(Treg、抑制T細胞或CD4+CD25+調節T細胞)、自然殺手T細胞(NKT)及γδT細胞。另一方面,B細胞在體液免疫(涉及抗體)中扮演主要作用。其製造抗體及抗原,且執行抗原呈現細胞(APC)之作用,且在被抗原交互作用激活之後轉變成記憶B細胞。在哺乳動物中,未成熟之B細胞在骨髓中形成,B細胞即因此骨髓來源而得名。
術語「經基因工程改造」或「經工程改造」係指修飾細胞基因組之方法,包括(但不限於)刪除編碼或非編碼區或其一部分,或插入編碼區或其一部分。在一些實施例中,經修飾之細胞為淋巴球,例如T細胞,其可獲自患者或供體。細胞可經修飾,以表現外源構築體,諸如嵌合抗原受體(CAR)或T細胞受體(TCR),其併入至細胞之基因組中。
「免疫反應」係指免疫系統之細胞(例如T淋巴球、B淋巴球、自然殺手(NK)細胞、巨噬細胞、嗜酸性球、肥大細胞、樹突狀細胞及嗜中性球)及由此等細胞中之任一者或肝臟產生之可溶性大分子(包括Ab、細胞介素及補體)的作用,其引起選擇性靶向、結合至、損傷、破壞入侵病原體及/或自脊椎動物的身體消除、感染病原體之細胞或組織、癌性或其他異常細胞,或在自體免疫或病理性發炎的情況下,以上述方式作用於正常人類細胞或組織。
術語「免疫療法」係指藉由包含誘導、提高、抑制或以其他方式改善免疫反應之方法來治療罹患疾病或處於感染疾病或遭受疾病復發之風險下的個體。免疫療法之實例包括(但不限於) T細胞療法。T細胞療法可包括授受T細胞療法、腫瘤浸潤性淋巴球(TIL)免疫療法、自體細胞療法、經工程改造之自體細胞療法(eACT™)及同種異體T細胞移植。然而,熟習此項技術者將認識到,本文中所揭示之調節方法將增強任何移植T細胞療法之效力。T細胞療法之實例描述於美國專利公開案第2014/0154228號及第2002/0006409號、美國專利第7,741,465號、美國專利第6,319,494號、美國專利第5,728,388號及國際公開案第WO 2008/081035號中。
免疫療法之T細胞可來自此項技術中已知之任何來源。舉例而言,T細胞可自造血幹細胞群體活體外分化,或T細胞可獲自個體。T細胞可獲自例如外周血液單核細胞(PBMC)、骨髓、淋巴結組織、臍帶血、胸腺組織、來自感染部位之組織、腹水、肋膜積液、脾組織及腫瘤。另外,T細胞可來源於一或多種此項技術中可獲得之T細胞株。T細胞亦可使用任何數目的熟習此項技術者已知之技術(諸如FICOLL™分離法及/或血球分離術)獲自自個體收集之血液單元。分離用於T細胞療法之T細胞的額外方法揭示於美國專利公開案第2013/0287748號中,其以全文引用的方式併入本文中。
術語「經工程改造之自體細胞療法」或「eACT™」亦稱為授受細胞轉移,其係藉由其收集患者自身之T細胞,且隨後在基因上改變該等T細胞以識別及靶向表現於一或多種特異性腫瘤細胞或惡性病之細胞表面上之一或多種抗原的方法。T細胞可經工程改造以表現例如嵌合抗原受體(CAR)。CAR陽性(+) T細胞經工程改造以表現對特定腫瘤抗原具有特異性之細胞外單鏈可變片段(scFv),該特定腫瘤抗原連接至包含至少一個共刺激域及至少一個活化域之細胞內信號傳導部分。CAR scFv可經設計以靶向例如CD19,其為由B細胞譜系中之細胞表現的跨膜蛋白,B細胞譜系包括所有正常B細胞及B細胞惡性病,包括但不限於未另外指定之彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、原發性縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤、高級B細胞淋巴瘤及由濾泡性淋巴瘤、NHL、CLL及非T細胞ALL引起之DLBCL。實例CAR T細胞療法及構築體描述於美國專利公開案第2013/0287748號、第2014/0227237號、第2014/0099309號及第2014/0050708號中,且此等參考案以全文引用之方式併入。
如本文所用,「患者」包括罹患癌症(例如淋巴瘤或白血病)之任何人類。術語「個體」及「患者」在本文中可互換使用。
如本文所用,術語「活體外細胞」係指離體培養之任何細胞。特定言之,活體外細胞可包括T細胞。
術語「肽」、「多肽」及「蛋白質」可互換使用,且係指包含由肽鍵共價連接之胺基酸殘基的化合物。蛋白質或肽含有至少兩個胺基酸,且不限制可包含蛋白質或肽之序列的最大胺基酸數目。多肽包括包含藉由肽鍵彼此接合之兩個或大於兩個胺基酸的任何肽或蛋白質。如本文所用,該術語係指短鏈(其在此項技術中通常亦稱為例如肽、寡肽及寡聚物)及指較長鏈(其在此項技術中一般稱為蛋白質,其中存在多種類型)。「多肽」尤其包括例如生物學上活性片段、實質上同源多肽、寡肽、均二聚體、雜二聚體、多肽變異體、經修飾多肽、衍生物、類似物、融合蛋白。多肽包括天然肽、重組型肽、合成肽或其組合。
如本文所用,「刺激」係指由刺激分子與其同源配位體之結合誘導之主要反應,其中結合介導信號轉導事件。「刺激分子」為T細胞上之分子,例如與在抗原呈現細胞上存在之同源刺激配位體特異性結合之T細胞受體(TCR)/CD3複合物。「刺激配位體」為一種配位體,其若存在於抗原呈現細胞(例如APC、樹突狀細胞、B細胞及其類似物)上,則可與T細胞上之刺激分子特異性結合,由此藉由T細胞介導主要反應,包括(但不限於)活化、起始免疫反應、增殖及其類似反應。刺激配位體包括(但不限於)抗CD3抗體、負載有肽之MHC I類分子、超促效劑抗CD2抗體及超促效劑抗CD28抗體。
如本文所用,「共刺激信號」係指與諸如TCR/CD3接合之初級信號組合引起T細胞反應之信號,該T細胞反應諸如(但不限於)關鍵分子之增殖及/或上調或下調。
如本文所用,「共刺激配位體」包括特異性結合T細胞上之同源共刺激分子之抗原呈現細胞上之分子。共刺激配位體之結合提供介導T細胞反應之信號,該T細胞反應包括(但不限於)增殖、活化、分化及其類似反應。共刺激配位體誘導除初級信號以外由刺激分子,例如由T細胞受體(TCR)/CD3複合物與負載有肽之主要組織相容複合物(MHC)分子的結合提供之信號。共刺激配位體可包括(但不限於) 3/TR6、4-1BB配位體、結合Toll配位體受體之促效劑或抗體、B7-1 (CD80)、B7-2 (CD86)、CD30配位體、CD40、CD7、CD70、CD83、疱疹病毒侵入介體(HVEM)、人類白血球抗原G (HLA-G)、ILT4、免疫球蛋白樣轉錄物(ILT) 3、誘導性共刺激配位體(ICOS-L)、細胞間黏著分子(ICAM)、特異性結合B7-H3之配位體、淋巴毒素β受體、I類MHC鏈相關蛋白質A (MICA)、I類MHC鏈相關蛋白質B (MICB)、OX40配位體、PD-L2或程序性死亡(PD) L1。在某些實施例中,共刺激配位體包括(但不限於)特異性結合存在於T細胞上之共刺激分子的抗體,諸如(但不限於) 4-1BB、B7-H3、CD2、CD27、CD28、CD30、CD40、CD7、ICOS、特異性結合CD83之配位體、淋巴球功能相關抗原1 (LFA-1)、自然殺手細胞受體C (NKG2C)、OX40、PD-1或腫瘤壞死因子超家族成員14 (TNFSF14或LIGHT)。
「共刺激分子」為T細胞上之同源結合搭配物,其與共刺激配位體特異性結合,由此藉由T細胞介導共刺激反應,諸如(但不限於)增殖。共刺激分子包括(但不限於) 4-1BB/CD137、B7-H3、BAFFR、BLAME (SLAMF8)、BTLA、CD33、CD45、CD100 (SEMA4D)、CD103、CD134、CD137、CD154、CD16、CD160 (BY55)、CD18、CD19、CD19a、CD2、CD22、CD247、CD27、CD276 (B7-H3)、CD28、CD29、CD3 (α;β;δ;ε;γ;ζ)、CD30、CD37、CD4、CD4、CD40、CD49a、CD49D、CD49f、CD5、CD64、CD69、CD7、CD80、CD83配位體、CD84、CD86、CD8α、CD8β、CD9、CD96 (Tactile)、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD11d、CDS、CEACAM1、CRT AM、DAP-10、DNAM1 (CD226)、Fcγ受體、GADS、GITR、HVEM (LIGHTR)、IA4、ICAM-1、ICOS、Igα (CD79a)、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ、IL7Rα、整合素、ITGA4、ITGA6、ITGAD、ITGAE、ITGAL、ITGAM、ITGAX、ITGB2、ITGB7、ITGBl、KIRDS2、LAT、LFA-1、LIGHT (腫瘤壞死因子超家族成員14;TNFSF14)、LTBR、Ly9 (CD229)、淋巴球功能相關抗原1 (LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)、MHC I類分子、NKG2C、NKG2D、NKp30、NKp44、NKp46、NKp80 (KLRF1)、OX40、PAG/Cbp、PD-1、PSGL1、SELPLG (CD162)、信號傳導淋巴球性活化分子、SLAM (SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3)、SLAMF4 (CD244;2B4)、SLAMF6 (NTB-A;Lyl08)、SLAMF7、SLP-76、TNF、TNFr、TNFR2、Toll配位體受體、TRANCE/RANKL、VLA1或VLA-6或其片段、截斷或組合。
術語「減少(reducing)」及「降低(decreasing)」在本文中可互換使用且指示任何小於原始值之變化。「減少」及「降低」為相對術語,需要在量測前及量測後之間進行比較。「減少」及「降低」包括完全耗盡。
個體之「治療(treatment/treating)」係指對個體進行的任何類型之介入或過程,或向個體投與活性劑,其目標為逆轉、緩解、改善、抑制、減緩或預防症狀、併發症或病狀之發作、進展、發展、嚴重程度或復發,或逆轉、緩解、改善、抑制、減緩或預防疾病相關之生物化學指標。在一些實施例中,「治療」包括部分緩解。在另一實施例中,「治療」包括完全緩解。
如本文所用,術語「多官能性T細胞」係指每個細胞共分泌至少兩種來自預先指定之小組的蛋白質之細胞伴隨著所產生之各蛋白質之量(亦即所分泌之蛋白質數目在何強度下之組合)。在一些實施例中,測定各可評估的經工程改造之T細胞群體的單一細胞官能概況。概況可分類為效應因子(顆粒酶B、IFN-γ、MIP-1α、穿孔蛋白、TNF-α、TNF-β)、刺激性(GM-CSF、IL-2、IL-5、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-12、IL-15、IL-21)、調節性(IL-4、IL-10、IL-13、IL-22、TGF-β1、sCD137、sCD40L)、化學吸引性(CCL-11、IP-10、MIP-1β、RANTES)及發炎性(IL-1b、IL-6、IL-17A、IL-17F、MCP-1、MCP-4)群體。在一些實施例中,各細胞之官能概況使得能夠計算其他度量值,包括根據細胞多官能性之各樣品之分類(亦即多少百分比之細胞分泌多種細胞介素對比非分泌或單官能性細胞),及藉由官能群組之樣品之分類(亦即樣品中由細胞分泌哪些單官能及多官能群組,及其頻率)。
在以下分章節中更詳細地描述本發明之各種態樣。 治療前屬性
自患者樣品量測的經工程改造之細胞(T細胞屬性)及患者免疫因子之治療前屬性可用於評估臨床結果之機率,該等臨床結果包括反應及毒性。與臨床結果相關之屬性為腫瘤相關參數(例如腫瘤負荷、作為低氧/細胞死亡標記物之血清LDH、與腫瘤負荷相關之發炎性標記物及骨髓細胞活性)、T細胞屬性(例如T細胞適應性,官能性,尤其T1相關IFNg產生,及輸注之CD8 T細胞總數)及在早期時間點藉由血液中之峰值CAR T細胞含量量測之CAR T細胞植入。
自T細胞屬性及患者治療前屬性外推之資訊可用於確定、改進或製備適用於治療惡性病(例如癌症)之治療有效劑量。此外,一些T細胞屬性及患者治療前屬性可用於確定患者是否將在用經工程改造之嵌合抗原受體(CAR)免疫療法治療後產生不良事件(例如神經毒性(NT)、細胞介素釋放症候群(CRS))。因此,可確定有效不良事件管理策略(例如依據一或多種屬性之量測水準,投與托西利單抗(tocilizumab)、皮質類固醇療法或用於預防毒性之抗癲癇藥品)。
在一些實施例中,治療前屬性為包含一或多種嵌合抗原受體的經工程改造之T細胞之屬性。在一些實施例中,治療前屬性為T細胞轉導率、主要T細胞表型、CAR T細胞及T細胞亞群之數目、CAR T細胞之適應性、T細胞官能性、T細胞多官能性、分化CAR+CD8+ T細胞之數目。
在一些實施例中,治療前屬性係自獲自患者之樣品(例如腦脊髓液(CSF)、血液、血清或組織活檢體)量測。在一些實施例中,一或多種治療前屬性為腫瘤負荷、IL-6含量或LDH含量。T 細胞 適應性
T細胞適應性係細胞快速擴增之能力。在經工程改造之T細胞之情形下,T細胞適應性為治療前經工程改造之T細胞群體擴增之快速程度的量度。如本文所描述,T細胞適應性為與臨床結果相關的經工程改造之T細胞之屬性。在一些實施例中,藉由倍增時間或擴增速率來量測T細胞適應性。下文出示以製造過程期間量測之T細胞群體倍增時間(DT)來推算T細胞「適應性」之實例。
使用重組型IL-2驅動多株T細胞擴增至達成目標劑量。DT愈短,經工程改造之T細胞適應性愈高。可使用下式計算擴增速率。擴增速率 =ln(2)/ 倍增時間
在上文所描述之情況下,擴增速率以「比率/天」或「/天」為單位提供。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病之方法,其包含量測包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體中的倍增時間(DT)。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據與參考水準相比之所量測倍增時間來確定患者是否將對嵌合抗原受體治療起反應。在一些實施例中,在製造過程期間量測倍增時間。在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準為1.5天。在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準為2天。在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準為2.5天。在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準為約1天、約1.1天、約1.2天、約1.3天、約1.4天、約1.5天、約1.6天、約1.7天、約1.8天、約1.9天、約2天、約2.1天、約2.2天、約2.3天、約2.4天、約2.5天、約2.6天、約2.7天、約2.8天、約2.9天、約3天、約3.1天、約3.2天、約3.3天、約3.4天、約3.5天、約3.6天、約3.7天、約3.8天、約3.9天、約4天、約4.1天、約4.2天、約4.3天、約4.4天、約4.5天、約4.6天、約4.7天、約4.8天、約4.9天、約5天、約6天或約7天。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準小於約1天、約1.1天、約1.2天、約1.3天、約1.4天、約1.5天、約1.6天、約1.7天、約1.8天、約1.9天、約2天、約2.1天、約2.2天、約2.3天、約2.4天、約2.5天、約2.6天、約2.7天、約2.8天、約2.9天、約3天、約3.1天、約3.2天、約3.3天、約3.4天、約3.5天、約3.6天、約3.7天、約3.8天、約3.9天、約4天、約4.1天、約4.2天、約4.3天、約4.4天、約4.5天、約4.6天、約4.7天、約4.8天、約4.9天、約5天、約6天或約7天。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間之參考水準超過約1天、約1.1天、約1.2天、約1.3天、約1.4天、約1.5天、約1.6天、約1.7天、約1.8天、約1.9天、約2天、約2.1天、約2.2天、約2.3天、約2.4天、約2.5天、約2.6天、約2.7天、約2.8天、約2.9天、約3天、約3.1天、約3.2天、約3.3天、約3.4天、約3.5天、約3.6天、約3.7天、約3.8天、約3.9天、約4天、約4.1天、約4.2天、約4.3天、約4.4天、約4.5天、約4.6天、約4.7天、約4.8天、約4.9天、約5天、約6天或約7天。
在一些實施例中,倍增時間(DT)大於約1.5天、約1.6天、約1.7天、約1.8天、約1.9天或約2天的經工程改造之T細胞引起初次治療失敗。在一些實施例中,倍增時間(DT)小於約1.2天、1.3天、1.4天、1.5天、約1.6天、約1.7天、約1.8天、約1.9天或約2天的經工程改造之CAR T細胞在具有高腫瘤負荷之患者中引起客觀反應。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病之方法,其包含量測包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體之擴增速率。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據與參考水準相比之所量測擴增速率確定患者是否可對嵌合抗原受體治療起反應。在一些實施例中,在製造過程期間量測擴增速率。在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準為0.4/天、0.45/天或0.5/天。在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準為0.3/天、0.35/天或0.4/天。在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準為0.28/天。在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準為約0.7/天、約0.65/天、約0.6/天、約0.55/天、約0.5/天、約0.45/天、約0.4/天、約0.35/天、約0.3/天、約0.25/天、約0.2/天、約0.15/天或約0.1/天。
在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準小於約0.7/天、約0.65/天、約0.6/天、約0.55/天、約0.5/天、約0.45/天、約0.4/天、約0.35/天、約0.3/天、約0.25/天、約0.2/天、約0.15/天或約0.1/天。
在一些實施例中,擴增速率之參考水準大於約0.7/天、約0.65/天、約0.6/天、約0.55/天、約0.5/天、約0.45/天、約0.4/天、約0.35/天、約0.3/天、約0.25/天、約0.2/天、約0.15/天或約0.1/天。
在一些實施例中,擴增速率小於約0.45/天、約0.44/天、約0.43/天、約0.42/天、約0.41/天、約0.40/天、約0.39/天、約0.38/天、約0.37/天、約0.36/天或約0.35/天的經工程改造之T細胞引起初次治療失效。在一些實施例中,擴增速率大於約0.45/天、約0.44/天、約0.43/天、約0.42/天、約0.41/天、約0.40/天、約0.39/天、約0.38/天、約0.37/天、約0.36/天或約0.35/天的經工程改造之CAR T細胞在具有高腫瘤負荷之患者中引起客觀反應。T 細胞 表型
在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病之方法,其包含量測獲自患者(例如血球分離術材料)之T細胞群體中之T細胞表型。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據所量測的特定T細胞類型之百分比來確定患者是否將對嵌合抗原受體治療起反應。在一些實施例中,在工程改造細胞以表現嵌合抗原受體(CAR) (例如血球分離術材料)之前量測T細胞表型。在一些實施例中,在工程改造細胞以表現嵌合抗原受體(CAR) (例如包含CAR之經工程改造之T細胞)之後量測T細胞表型。
如本文所述,製造起始物質(血球分離術)中之T細胞表型可與T細胞適應性(DT)相關。Tn樣及Tcm細胞 (CCR7+細胞)之總百分比與DT反向相關。Tem (CCR7- CD45RA-)細胞之百分比與DT直接相關。因此,在一些實施例中,治療前屬性為Tn樣及Tcm細胞之百分比。在一些實施例中,藉由CCR7+細胞之百分比測定Tn樣及Tcm細胞之百分比。在一些實施例中,藉由流式細胞測量術量測CCR7+細胞之百分比。
在一些實施例中,治療前屬性為Tem (CCR7- CD45RA-)細胞之百分比。在一些實施例中,藉由CCR7- CD45RA-細胞之百分比測定Tem細胞之百分比。在一些實施例中,藉由流式細胞測量術量測CCR7- CD45RA-細胞之百分比。T1 官能性
經工程改造之T細胞之特徵可在於其免疫功能特徵。本發明之方法提供離體細胞介素產生之量測水準。在一些實施例中,細胞介素係選自由以下組成之群:IFNg、TNFa、IL-12、MIP1β、MIP1α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5及IL-13。在一些實施例中,藉由Th1細胞介素之含量量測T細胞官能性。
在一些實施例中,Th1細胞介素係選自由IFNg、TNFa及IL-12組成之群。在一些實施例中,藉由IFNg產生量量測T細胞官能性。在一些實施例中,過量T細胞IFNγ (治療前屬性)及治療後T1活性為可用於確定患者是否將產生不良事件(例如神經毒性)之屬性。在一些實施例中,藉由在投與經工程改造之CAR T細胞之前共培養來量測由經工程改造之CAR T細胞產生的IFNγ含量。
在一些實施例中,具有較少共培養IFNg之經工程改造之CAR T細胞引起陽性臨床功效結果及降低之3+級神經毒性。在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病的方法,其包含量測由包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體產生之IFNg含量。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據與參考含量相比之所量測IFNg含量來確定患者是否將對嵌合抗原受體治療起反應。在一些實施例中,參考含量小於約1 ng/ml、約2 ng/ml、約3 ng/ml、約4 ng/ml、約5 ng/ml、約6 ng/ml、約7 ng/ml或約8 ng/ml。
在一些實施例中,具有過量IFNg產量的經工程改造之CAR T細胞展示3+級神經毒性比率快速升高及客觀反應率降低。在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病的方法,其包含量測由包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體產生之IFNg含量。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據與參考含量相比之所量測IFNg含量來確定患者是否將對嵌合抗原受體治療產生不良事件。在一些實施例中,參考含量大於約5 ng/ml、約6 ng/ml、約7 ng/ml或約8 ng/ml、約9 ng/ml、約10 ng/ml或約11 ng/ml。
如本文所述,在CAR T細胞輸注後血清中IFNγ之早期升高與3+級毒性之比率存在直接關聯。在一些實施例中,量測在CAR T細胞輸注後血清中之IFNγ之升高值(第1天/第0天倍數變化)。在一些實施例中,第1天/第0天血清IFNγ倍數變化超過約25,引起3+級神經毒性。在一些實施例中,第1天/第0天血清IFNγ倍數變化超過約30、約35、約40、約45或約50,引起3+級神經毒性。
在CAR T細胞輸注後血清中IFNγ相關之CXCL10 (IP-10)升高的早期升高與3+級毒性之比率存在直接關聯。在一些實施例中,量測在CAR T細胞輸注後血清中IFNγ相關CXCL10 (IP-10)之升高(第1天/第0天倍數變化)。在一些實施例中,第1天/第0天血清IFNγ相關之CXCL10 (IP-10)倍數變化超過約2.5,引起3+級神經毒性。在一些實施例中,第1天/第0天血清IFNγ相關之CXCL10 (IP-10)倍數變化超過約3.0、約3.5、約4.0、約4.5或約5.0,引起3+級神經毒性。腫瘤負荷
腫瘤相關參數(例如腫瘤負荷、作為低氧/細胞死亡標記物之血清LDH、與腫瘤負荷相關之發炎性標記物及骨髓細胞活性)可與臨床結果相關。在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種治療患者之惡性病之方法,其包含在投與嵌合抗原受體治療之前量測患者之腫瘤負荷。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含依據與參考含量相比之腫瘤負荷含量來確定患者是否將對嵌合抗原受體治療起反應。在一些實施例中,參考含量小於約1,000 mm2
、約2,000 mm2
、約3,000 mm2
、約4,000 mm2
。
如本文所述,腫瘤負荷愈高,在達成OR之個體治療後1年內的復發機率愈高,且3+級神經毒性機率愈高。在一些實施例中,若治療前腫瘤負荷大於約4,000 mm2
、約5,000 mm2
、約6,000 mm2
、約7,000 mm2
或約8,000 mm2
,則腫瘤負荷可用於評估有反應之患者之復發機率。量測反應
在一些實施例中,本文所描述之方法可向個體提供臨床益處。在一些實施例中,至少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%或95%之患者達成臨床益處。臨床益處可為客觀反應或持久臨床反應,定義為在15.6個月之中值隨訪時間下之持續反應。在一些實施例中,藉由在投與經工程改造之CAR T細胞後約1天、約2天、約3天、約4天、約5天、約6天或約7天時之隨訪來測定反應、血液中CAR T細胞之含量或免疫相關因子。在一些實施例中,藉由在投與經工程改造之CAR T細胞後約1週、約2週、約3週或約4週時之隨訪來測定反應、血液中CAR T細胞之含量或免疫相關因子。在一些實施例中,藉由在投與經工程改造之CAR T細胞後約1月、約2月、約3月、約4月、約5月、約6月、約7月、約8月、約9月、約10月、約11月、約12月、約13月、約14月、約15月、約16月、約17月、約18月、約19月、約20月、約21月、約22月、約23月或約24月時之隨訪來測定反應、血液中CAR T細胞之含量及/或免疫相關因子。在一些實施例中,藉由在投與經工程改造之CAR T細胞後約1年、約1.5年、約2年、約2.5年、約3年、約4年或約5年時之隨訪來測定反應、血液中CAR T細胞之含量及/或免疫相關因子。
在一些實施例中,根據經修訂的惡性淋巴瘤之IWG反應標準(IWG Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma) (Cheson, 2007)測定且藉由惡性淋巴瘤之IWG反應標準(Cheson等人Journal of Clinical Oncology
32, 第27期(2014年9月) 3059-3067)測定客觀反應(OR)。評估反應持續時間。評估由研究者根據盧加諾反應分類標準(Lugano Response Classification Criteria)評估的無進展存活期(PFS)。嵌合抗原受體
嵌合抗原受體(CAR或CAR-T)為經基因工程改造之受體。此等經工程改造之受體可插入至免疫細胞中且由免疫細胞表現,該等免疫細胞包括根據此項技術中已知之技術的T細胞。在CAR之情況下,單個受體可經程式化以識別特定抗原,及當結合至抗原時活化免疫細胞以攻擊及除滅帶有抗原之細胞。當此等抗原存在於腫瘤細胞上時,表現CAR之免疫細胞可靶向及殺滅腫瘤細胞。嵌合抗原受體可併入共刺激(信號傳導)域以提高其效力。參見美國專利第7,741,465號及第6,319,494號,以及Krause等人及Finney等人(同前文獻), Song等人, Blood 119:696-706 (2012);Kalos等人, Sci. Transl. Med. 3:95 (2011);Porter等人, N. Engl. J. Med. 365:725-33 (2011)及Gross等人, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 56:59-83 (2016)。
在一些實施例中,包括經截斷鉸鏈域(「THD」)之共刺激域進一步包含免疫球蛋白家族成員中之一些或全部,諸如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA、IgD、IgE、IgM或其片段。
在一些實施例中,THD來源於人類完全鉸鏈域(「CHD」)。在其他實施例中,THD來源於共刺激蛋白質之嚙齒動物、鼠類或靈長類(例如非人類靈長類) CHD。在一些實施例中,THD來源於共刺激蛋白質之嵌合CHD。
本發明之CAR之共刺激域可進一步包含跨膜域及/或細胞內信號傳導域。跨膜域可與CAR之細胞外域融合。共刺激域可類似地融合至CAR之細胞內域。在一些實施例中,使用與CAR之域中之一者天然相關的跨膜域。在一些情況下,跨膜域可經選擇或由胺基酸取代修飾以避免此類域結合至相同或不同表面膜蛋白之跨膜域,以使與其他受體複合物之成員的相互作用降至最低。跨膜域可來源於天然來源或合成來源。在來源為天然的時,域可來源於任何膜結合蛋白或跨膜蛋白。在本發明中特別適用的跨膜區可來源於(亦即包含) 4-1BB/CD137、活化NK細胞受體、免疫球蛋白、B7-H3、BAFFR、BLAME (SLAMF8)、BTLA、CD100 (SEMA4D)、CD103、CD160 (BY55)、CD18、CD19、CD19a、CD2、CD247、CD27、CD276 (B7-H3)、CD28、CD29、CD3δ、CD3ε、CD3γ、CD3ζ、CD30、CD4、CD40、CD49a、CD49D、CD49f、CD69、CD7、CD84、CD8、CD8α、CD8β、CD96 (Tactile)、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD11d、CDS、CEACAM1、CRT AM、細胞介素受體、DAP-10、DNAM1 (CD226)、Fcγ受體、GADS、GITR、HVEM (LIGHTR)、IA4、ICAM-1、Igα (CD79a)、IL-2Rβ、IL-2Rγ、IL-7Rα、誘導性T細胞共刺激因子(ICOS)、整合素、ITGA4、ITGA6、ITGAD、ITGAE、ITGAL、ITGAM、ITGAX、ITGB2、ITGB7、ITGBl、KIRDS2、LAT、LFA-1、特異性結合CD83之配位體、LIGHT、LTBR、Ly9 (CD229)、淋巴球功能相關抗原1 (LFA-1;CD11a/CD18)、MHC 1類分子、NKG2C、NKG2D、NKp30、NKp44、NKp46、NKp80 (KLRF1)、OX-40、PAG/Cbp、程式性死亡-1 (PD-1)、PSGL1、SELPLG (CD162)、信號傳導淋巴球性活化分子(SLAM蛋白質)、SLAM (SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3)、SLAMF4 (CD244;2B4)、SLAMF6 (NTB-A;Lyl08)、SLAMF7、SLP-76、TNF受體蛋白質、TNFR2、TNFSF14、Toll配位體受體、TRANCE/RANKL、VLA1或VLA-6或其片段、截斷或組合。
視情況而言,短連接子可在CAR之任何或一些細胞外、跨膜及細胞內域之間形成鍵聯。在一些實施例中,連接子可來源於甘胺酸-甘胺酸-甘胺酸-甘胺酸-絲胺酸(SEQ ID NO: 2) (G4S)n或GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG (SEQ ID NO: 1)之重複序列。在一些實施例中,連接子包含3-20個胺基酸及與GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG (SEQ ID NO: 1)至少80%、81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%一致之胺基酸序列。
本文中所描述之連接子亦可用作肽標籤。連接子肽序列可具有任何合適長度以連接一或多種相關蛋白質,且較佳經設計以具有足夠可撓性,以容許其所連接之一或兩個肽能夠適當摺疊及/或具有適當功能及/或活性。因此,連接子肽可具有之長度不超過10個、不超過11個、不超過12個、不超過13個、不超過14個、不超過15個、不超過16個、不超過17個、不超過18個、不超過19個或不超過20個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子肽包含之長度為至少3個、至少4個、至少5個、至少6個、至少7個、至少8個、至少9個、至少10個、至少11個、至少12個、至少13個、至少14個、至少15個、至少16個、至少17個、至少18個、至少19個或至少20個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含至少7個且不超過20個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過19個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過18個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過17個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過16個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過15個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過14個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過13個胺基酸、至少7個且不超過12個胺基酸、或至少7個且不超過11個胺基酸。在某些實施例中,連接子包含15-17個胺基酸,且在特定實施例中,包含16個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含10-20個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含14-19個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含15-17個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含15-16個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含16個胺基酸。在一些實施例中,連接子包含3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20個胺基酸。
在一些實施例中,使用間隔域。在一些實施例中,間隔域來源於CD4、CD8a、CD8b、CD28、CD28T、4-1BB或本文中所描述之其他分子。在一些實施例中,間隔域可包括化學誘導之二聚物,以控制添加小分子時的表現。在一些實施例中,不使用間隔物。
本發明之經工程改造之T細胞的細胞內(信號傳導)域可向活化域提供信號傳導,該活化域隨後活化免疫細胞之至少一種正常效應功能。例如:T細胞之效應功能可為細胞溶解活性或輔助活性,包括分泌細胞介素。
在某些實施例中,合適之細胞內信號傳導域包括(亦即包含)但不限於4-1BB/CD137、活化NK細胞受體、免疫球蛋白、B7-H3、BAFFR、BLAME (SLAMF8)、BTLA、CD100 (SEMA4D)、CD103、CD160 (BY55)、CD18、CD19、CD19a、CD2、CD247、CD27、CD276 (B7-H3)、CD28、CD29、CD3δ、CD3ε、CD3γ、CD30、CD4、CD40、CD49a、CD49D、CD49f、CD69、CD7、CD84、CD8、CD8α、CD8β、CD96 (Tactile)、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD11d、CDS、CEACAM1、CRT AM、細胞介素受體、DAP-10、DNAM1 (CD226)、Fcγ受體、GADS、GITR、HVEM (LIGHTR)、IA4、ICAM-1、Igα (CD79a)、IL-2Rβ、IL-2Rγ、IL-7Rα、誘導性T細胞共刺激因子(ICOS)、整合素、ITGA4、ITGA6、ITGAD、ITGAE、ITGAL、ITGAM、ITGAX、ITGB2、ITGB7、ITGBl、KIRDS2、LAT、特異性結合CD83之配位體、LIGHT、LTBR、Ly9 (CD229)、Lyl08)、淋巴球功能相關抗原-1 (LFA-1;CD11a/CD18)、MHC 1類分子、NKG2C、NKG2D、NKp30、NKp44、NKp46、NKp80 (KLRF1)、OX-40、PAG/Cbp、程式性死亡-1 (PD-1)、PSGL1、SELPLG (CD162)、信號傳導淋巴球性活化分子 (SLAM蛋白質)、SLAM (SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3)、SLAMF4 (CD244;2B4)、SLAMF6 (NTB-A、SLAMF7、SLP-76、TNF受體蛋白質、TNFR2、TNFSF14、Toll配位體受體、TRANCE/RANKL、VLA1或VLA-6或其片段、截斷或組合。抗原結合分子
適合之CAR可藉由併入與所靶向抗原相互作用之抗原結合分子而結合至抗原(諸如細胞表面抗原)。在一些實施例中,抗原結合分子為其抗體片段,例如一或多個單鏈抗體片段(「scFv」)。scFv為具有連接在一起的抗體之重鏈及輕鏈可變區的單鏈抗體片段。參見美國專利第7,741,465號及第6,319,494號,以及Eshhar等人, Cancer Immunol Immunotherapy (1997) 45: 131-136。scFv保留親本抗體與目標抗原特異性相互作用之能力。scFv適用於嵌合抗原受體,此係由於其可經工程改造以連同其他CAR組分一起表現為單鏈之部分。同上,亦參見Krause等人, J. Exp. Med., 第188卷, 第4期, 1998 (619-626);Finney等人,Journal of Immunology
, 1998, 161: 2791-2797。應瞭解,抗原結合分子通常含於CAR之細胞外部分內,以使得其能夠識別且結合至相關抗原。對多於一個相關目標具有特異性之雙特異性及多特異性CAR涵蓋在本發明之範疇內。
在一些實施例中,聚核苷酸編碼包含本發明THD及特異性結合至目標抗原之抗原結合分子的CAR。在一些實施例中,目標抗原為腫瘤抗原。在一些實施例中,抗原係選自腫瘤相關表面抗原(諸如5T4)、α胎蛋白(AFP)、B7-1 (CD80)、B7-2 (CD86)、BCMA、B-人類絨毛膜激性腺素、CA-125、癌胚抗原(CEA)、CD123、CD133、CD138、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD23、CD24、CD25、CD30、 CD33、CD34、CD4、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD8、CLL-1、c-Met、CMV特異性抗原、CS-1、CSPG4、CTLA-4、DLL3、雙唾液酸神經節苷脂GD2、導管-上皮黏蛋白、EBV特異性抗原、EGFR變異體III (EGFRvIII)、ELF2M、內皮因子、肝配蛋白B2、表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)、上皮細胞黏附分子(EpCAM)、上皮腫瘤抗原、ErbB2 (HER2/neu)、纖維母細胞相關蛋白(fap)、FLT3、葉酸結合蛋白、GD2、GD3、神經膠瘤相關抗原、鞘醣脂、gp36、HBV特異性抗原、HCV特異性抗原、HER1-HER2、HER2-HER3組合、HERV-K、高分子量黑素瘤相關抗原(HMW-MAA)、HIV-1包膜醣蛋白gp41、HPV特異性抗原、人類端粒酶逆轉錄酶、IGFI受體、IGF-II、IL-11Rα、IL-13R-a2、流感病毒特異性抗原;CD38、胰島素生長因子(IGFl)-l、腸羧酯酶、κ鏈、LAGA-la、λ鏈、拉沙病毒特異性抗原、凝集素反應性AFP、諸如CD3之譜系特異性或組織特異性抗原、MAGE、MAGE-A1、主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、呈現腫瘤特異性肽抗原決定基之主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、M-CSF、 黑素瘤相關抗原、間皮素、MN-CA IX、MUC-1、mut hsp70-2、突變p53、突變ras、嗜中性白血球彈性蛋白酶、NKG2D、Nkp30、NY-ESO-1、p53、PAP、前列腺酶、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)、前列腺癌瘤腫瘤抗原1 (PCTA-1)、前列腺特異性抗原蛋白質、STEAP1、STEAP2、PSMA、RAGE-1、ROR1、RU1、RU2 (AS)、表面黏附分子、存活及端粒酶、TAG-72、纖維結合蛋白之額外域A (EDA)及額外域B (EDB)及肌腱蛋白C之Al域(TnC Al)、甲狀腺球蛋白、腫瘤基質抗原、血管內皮生長因子受體2 (VEGFR2)、病毒特異性表面抗原(諸如HIV特異性抗原(諸如HIV gpl20))以及此等表面抗原之任何衍生物或變異體。經工程改造之 T 細胞及用途
本發明之細胞可經由獲自個體之T細胞獲取。T細胞可獲自例如外周血液單核細胞、骨髓、淋巴結組織、臍帶血、胸腺組織、來自感染部位之組織、腹水、肋膜積液、脾組織及腫瘤。另外,T細胞可來源於此項技術中可獲得之一或多種T細胞株。T細胞亦可使用熟習此項技術者已知的任何數目之技術(諸如FICOLL™分離法及/或血球分離術)獲自自個體收集之血液單元。在一些實施例中,藉由血球分離術收集之細胞可經洗滌以移除血漿部分,且置於合適的緩衝液或培養基中用於後續處理。在一些實施例中,用PBS洗滌細胞。如將瞭解,可諸如藉由使用半自動流通式離心機(例如CobeTM
2991細胞處理器、Baxter CytoMateTM
或其類似物)來使用洗滌步驟。在一些實施例中,使經洗滌細胞再懸浮於一或多種生物相容緩衝液或具有或不具有緩衝液之其他生理鹽水溶液中。在一些實施例中,移除血球分離術樣品之非所要組分。用於T細胞療法之分離T細胞之額外方法揭示於美國專利公開案第2013/0287748號中,該公開案以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
在一些實施例中,藉由例如使用經PERCOLLTM
梯度之離心裂解紅血球及消耗單核球,而自PBMC分離T細胞。在一些實施例中,藉由此項技術中已知之陽性或陰性選擇技術進一步分離特定T細胞子群,諸如CD4+、CD8+、CD28+、CD45RA+及CD45RO+ T細胞。舉例而言,藉由陰性選擇增濃T細胞群體可使用針對陰性選擇之細胞所特有之表面標記物的抗體之組合來實現。在一些實施例中,可使用經由陰性磁性免疫黏附或流式細胞測量術進行的細胞分選及/或選擇,其使用針對存在於經陰性選擇之細胞上之細胞表面標記物的單株抗體混合物。舉例而言,為藉由陰性選擇增濃CD4+細胞,單株抗體混合物通常包括CD8、CD11b、CD14、CD16、CD20及HLA-DR之抗體。在一些實施例中,使用流式細胞測量術及細胞分選來分離用於本發明中之相關細胞群體。
在一些實施例中,PBMC直接用於使用如本文中所述之方法利用免疫細胞(諸如CAR)遺傳修飾。在一些實施例中,在分離PBMC之後,進一步分離T淋巴球,且在遺傳修飾及/或擴增之前或之後,將細胞毒性與輔助T淋巴球分選為原始、記憶及效應T細胞亞群。
在一些實施例中,CD8+細胞藉由識別與此等類型之CD8+細胞中之各者相關之細胞表面抗原而進一步分選為原始、中樞記憶及效應細胞。在一些實施例中,中樞記憶T細胞之表型標記物之表現包括CCR7、CD3、CD28、CD45RO、CD62L及CD127之表現以及顆粒酶B之陰性表現。在一些實施例中,中樞記憶T細胞為CD8+、CD45RO+及CD62L+ T細胞。在一些實施例中,效應T細胞對於CCR7、CD28、CD62L及CD127為陰性的且對於顆粒酶B及穿孔蛋白為陽性的。在一些實施例中,CD4+ T細胞進一步分選成亞群。舉例而言,CD4+ T輔助細胞可藉由識別具有細胞表面抗原之細胞群體而分選成原始、中樞記憶及效應細胞。
在一些實施例中,免疫細胞(例如T細胞)在使用已知方法分離之後經遺傳修飾,或免疫細胞在經遺傳修飾之前活體外活化及擴增(或在先驅細胞之情況下分化)。在另一實施例中,免疫細胞(例如T細胞)經本文所述之嵌合抗原受體遺傳修飾(例如經包含一或多種編碼CAR之核苷酸序列之病毒載體轉導)且接著活體外活化及/或擴增。用於活化及擴增T細胞之方法在此項技術中已知且描述於例如美國專利第6,905,874號;第6,867,041號;及第6,797,514號;及PCT公開案第WO 2012/079000號中,其內容以全文引用的方式併入本文中。一般而言,此類方法包括使PBMC或經分離之T細胞與刺激劑及共刺激劑(諸如抗CD3及抗CD28抗體,通常附著於珠粒或其他表面)在具有合適細胞介素(諸如IL-2)之培養基中接觸。附著於相同珠粒之抗CD3及抗CD28抗體充當「替代」抗原呈現細胞(APC)。一個實例為Dynabeads®系統,一種用於人類T細胞之生理性活化的CD3/CD28活化劑/刺激劑系統。在其他實施例中,使用諸如美國專利第6,040,177號及第5,827,642號及PCT公開案第WO 2012/129514號中所述之彼等方法之方法,用飼養細胞及合適抗體及細胞介素將T細胞活化且刺激以增殖,該等文獻之內容以全文引用的方式併入本文中。
在一些實施例中,T細胞係獲自供體個體。在一些實施例中,供體個體為罹患癌症或腫瘤之人類患者。在一些實施例中,供體個體為未罹患癌症或腫瘤之人類患者。
在一些實施例中,組合物包含經工程改造之T細胞,該等經工程改造之T細胞包含醫藥學上可接受之載劑、稀釋劑、增溶劑、乳化劑、防腐劑及/或佐劑。在一些實施例中,組合物包含賦形劑。
在一些實施例中,組合物經選擇以用於非經腸遞送、吸入或經由消化道(諸如經口)遞送。此類醫藥學上可接受之組合物的製備在熟習此項技術者的能力內。在一些實施例中,緩衝劑用於將組合物維持在生理pH值或略低之pH值下,通常在約5至約8之pH值範圍內。在一些實施例中,當涵蓋非經腸投與時,組合物呈無熱原非經腸可接受之水溶液形式,包含在醫藥學上可接受之媒劑中具有或不具有額外治療劑的本文中所描述之組合物。在一些實施例中,用於非經腸注射之媒劑為無菌蒸餾水,其中具有或不具有至少一種額外治療劑之本文中所描述之組合物經調配為恰當保藏之無菌等張溶液。在一些實施例中,製備涉及所要分子與聚合化合物(諸如聚乳酸或聚乙醇酸)、珠粒或脂質體一起調配,該等聚合化合物、珠粒或脂質體可提供隨後經由積存注射遞送之產物的受控或持續釋放。在一些實施例中,可植入藥物遞送裝置用於引入所要分子。
在一些實施例中,治療有需要之個體之癌症的方法包含T細胞療法。在一些實施例中,本文中所揭示之T細胞療法為經工程改造之自體細胞療法(eACT™)。根據此實施例,該方法可包括自患者收集血球。經分離之血球(例如T細胞)可隨後經工程改造以表現本文所揭示之CAR。在一特定實施例中,向患者投與CAR T細胞。在一些實施例中,CAR T細胞治療患者之腫瘤或癌症。在一些實施例中,CAR T細胞減小腫瘤或癌症之大小。
在一些實施例中,用於T細胞療法中之供體T細胞獲自患者(例如用於自體T細胞療法)。在其他實施例中,用於T細胞療法中之供體T細胞獲自非患者之個體。
在一些實施例中,以治療有效量投與經工程改造之T細胞。舉例而言,經工程改造之T細胞之治療有效量可為至少約104
個細胞、至少約105
個細胞、至少約106
個細胞、至少約107
個細胞、至少約108
個細胞、至少約109
個細胞或至少約1010
個細胞。在另一實施例中,T細胞之治療有效量為約104
個細胞、約105
個細胞、約106
個細胞、約107
個細胞或約108
個細胞。在一些實施例中,T細胞之治療有效量為約2×106
個細胞/公斤、約3×106
個細胞/公斤、約4×106
個細胞/公斤、約5×106
個細胞/公斤、約6×106
個細胞/公斤、約7×106
個細胞/公斤、約8×106
個細胞/公斤、約9×106
個細胞/公斤、約1×107
個細胞/公斤、約2×107
個細胞/公斤、約3×107
個細胞/公斤、約4×107
個細胞/公斤、約5×107
個細胞/公斤、約6×107
個細胞/公斤、約7×107
個細胞/公斤、約8×107
個細胞/公斤或約9×107
個細胞/公斤。
在一些實施例中,經工程改造之活T細胞的治療有效量在每公斤體重約1×106
與約2×106
個經工程改造之活T細胞之間,最大劑量至多約1×108
個經工程改造之活T細胞。 治療方法
本文中所揭示之方法可用於治療個體之癌症,減小腫瘤大小,殺滅腫瘤細胞,預防腫瘤細胞增殖,預防腫瘤生長,消除患者之腫瘤,預防腫瘤復發,預防腫瘤轉移,誘導患者之緩解,或其任何組合。在一些實施例中,該等方法誘發完全反應。在其他實施例中,該等方法誘發部分反應。
可治療之癌症包括並未血管化、尚未實質上血管化或血管化之腫瘤。癌症亦可包括實體或非實體腫瘤。在一些實施例中,癌症為血液癌。在一些實施例中,癌症具有白血球。在其他實施例中,癌症具有漿細胞。在一些實施例中,癌症為白血病、淋巴瘤或骨髓瘤。在一些實施例中,癌症為急性淋巴母細胞白血病(ALL) (包括非T細胞ALL)、急性淋巴性白血病(ALL)、及噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症(HLH)、B細胞前淋巴球性白血病、B細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「BALL」)、母細胞性漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、慢性或急性肉芽腫性疾病、慢性或急性白血病、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、毛細胞白血病、噬血細胞性症候群、巨噬細胞活化症候群(MAS)、霍奇金氏病、大細胞肉芽腫、白血球黏著缺乏症、惡性淋巴增生病、MALT淋巴瘤、套細胞淋巴瘤邊緣區淋巴瘤、意義不明單株伽瑪球蛋白症(MGUS)、多發性骨髓瘤、骨髓發育不良及骨髓發育不良症候群(MDS)、包括但不限於急性骨髓性白血病(AML)之骨髓疾病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、漿細胞增生性病症(例如無症狀骨髓瘤(鬱積型多發性骨髓瘤或頑固性骨髓瘤))、漿母細胞淋巴瘤、漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、漿細胞瘤(例如漿細胞惡液質;孤立性骨髓瘤;孤立性漿細胞瘤;髓外漿細胞瘤;及多發性漿細胞瘤)、POEMS症候群(克羅-富克斯症候群;高槻病;PEP症候群)、原發性縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤(PMBC)、小細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤或大細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤、脾邊緣區淋巴瘤(SMZL)、全身性澱粉樣輕鏈澱粉樣變性病、T細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「TALL」)、T細胞淋巴瘤、轉化型濾泡性淋巴瘤、華氏巨球蛋白血症或其組合。
在一些實施例中,癌症為骨髓瘤。在一些實施例中,癌症為多發性骨髓瘤。在一些實施例中,癌症為白血病。在一些實施例中,癌症為急性骨髓性白血病。
在一些實施例中,該等方法進一步包含投與化學治療劑。在一些實施例中,所選化學治療劑為淋巴球耗乏(預調理)化學治療劑。有利預調理治療方案連同相關的有利生物標記描述於美國臨時專利申請案62/262,143及62/167,750中,其以全文引用之方式併入本文中。此等描述例如調理需要T細胞療法之患者之方法,其包含向該患者投與指定有利劑量之環磷醯胺(在200毫克/平方公尺/天與2000毫克/平方公尺/天之間)及指定劑量之氟達拉賓(fludarabine)(在20毫克/平方公尺/天與900毫克/平方公尺/天之間)。一種此類給藥方案涉及治療患者,包含在向患者投與治療有效量之經工程改造之T細胞之前,每天向患者投與約500毫克/平方公尺/天之環磷醯胺及約60毫克/平方公尺/天之氟達拉賓,持續三天。
在一些實施例中,以各自可有效地治療個體之疾病或病狀的量投與抗原結合分子、經轉導(或以其他方式工程改造)細胞(諸如CAR)及化學治療劑。
在一些實施例中,包含CAR表現免疫效應細胞之本文中所揭示之組合物可與任何數目的化學治療劑一起投與。化學治療劑之實例包括:烷基化劑,諸如噻替派(thiotepa)及環磷醯胺(CYTOXANTM
);磺酸烷基酯,諸如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)及哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮丙啶,諸如苯唑多巴(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、米特多巴(meturedopa)及尤利多巴(uredopa); 乙烯亞胺及甲基三聚氰胺,其包括六甲蜜胺、三乙烯三聚氰胺、三伸乙基磷醯胺、三伸乙基硫代磷醯胺及三羥甲基三聚氰胺; 氮芥,諸如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、氯磷醯胺、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺、甲基二(氯乙基)胺、甲基二(氯乙基)胺氧化鹽酸鹽、美法侖(melphalan)、新恩比興(novembichin)、膽固醇對苯乙酸氮芥(phenesterine)、潑尼氮芥(prednimustine)、曲洛磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥; 亞硝基脲(nitrosureas),諸如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲黴素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)、雷莫司汀(ranimustine);抗生素,諸如阿克拉黴素(aclacinomysins)、放線菌素(actinomycin)、安麯黴素(authramycin)、偶氮絲胺酸(azaserine)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、放線菌素C (cactinomycin)、卡奇黴素(calicheamicin)、卡拉比辛(carabicin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、嗜癌菌素(carzinophilin)、色黴素(chromomycin)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮基-5-側氧基-L-正白胺酸、小紅莓(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、麻西羅黴素(marcellomycin)、絲裂黴素(mitomycin)、黴酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、諾拉黴素(nogalamycin)、橄欖黴素(olivomycin)、培洛黴素(peplomycin)、潑非黴素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤黴素(puromycin)、三鐵阿黴素(quelamycin)、羅多比星(rodorubicin)、鏈黑黴素(streptonigrin)、鏈脲菌素(streptozocin)、殺結核菌素(tubercidin)、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、淨司他丁(zinostatin)、左柔比星(zorubicin); 抗代謝物,諸如甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)及5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);葉酸類似物,諸如迪諾特寧(denopterin)、甲胺喋呤、蝶羅呤(pteropterin)、曲美沙特(trimetrexate);嘌呤類似物,諸如氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、6-巰基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鳥嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶類似物,諸如安西他濱(ancitabine)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷、二去氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依諾他濱(enocitabine)、氟尿苷、5-FU;雄激素,諸如卡魯睪酮(calusterone)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、環硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睾內酯(testolactone); 抗腎上腺,諸如胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);葉酸補充劑,諸如亞葉酸;醋葡醛內酯;醛磷醯胺糖苷;胺基乙醯丙酸;安吖啶(amsacrine);貝斯布西(bestrabucil);比山群(bisantrene);艾達曲克(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);地美可辛(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);艾福米辛(elformithine);依利醋銨(elliptinium acetate);依託格魯(etoglucid);硝酸鎵;羥基脲;磨菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼達明(lonidamine);丙脒腙;米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌達醇(mopidamol);二胺硝吖啶;噴司他汀(pentostatin);苯來美特(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);鬼臼酸;2-乙基醯肼;丙卡巴肼;多醣K (PSK);雷佐生(razoxane);西索菲蘭(sizofiran); 螺旋鍺;細交鏈孢菌酮酸;三亞胺醌;2,2',2''-三氯三乙胺;尿烷;長春地辛(vindesine);達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露醇氮芥;二溴甘露醇;二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);加西托星(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(arabinoside) (「Ara-C」);環磷醯胺;噻替派(thiotepa);類紫杉醇(taxoid),例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel) (TAXOLTM
,Bristol-Myers Squibb)及多西他賽(doxetaxel) (TAXOTERE®,Rhone-Poulenc Rorer);苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他濱(gemcitabine);6-硫代鳥嘌呤;巰基嘌呤;甲胺喋呤;鉑類似物,諸如順鉑及卡鉑;長春鹼(vinblastine);鉑;依託泊苷(etoposide) (VP-16);異環磷醯胺;絲裂黴素C;米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);長春新鹼(vincristine);長春瑞濱(vinorelbine);溫諾平(navelbine);諾安托(novantrone);替尼泊苷(teniposide);柔紅黴素(daunomycin);胺基喋呤;截瘤達(xeloda);伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate);CPT-11;拓樸異構酶抑制劑RFS2000;二氟甲基鳥胺酸(DMFO);視黃酸衍生物,諸如TargretinTM
(貝瑟羅汀(bexarotene))、PanretinTM
(亞利崔托寜(alitretinoin));ONTAKTM
(地尼白介素(denileukin diftitox));埃斯黴素(esperamicin);卡培他濱(capecitabine);以上中之任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物。在一些實施例中,本文所揭示之包含CAR表現免疫效應細胞的組合物可結合用以調節或抑制腫瘤上之激素作用之抗激素劑投與,該抗激素劑為諸如抗雌激素劑,包括例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、芳香酶抑制4(5)-咪唑、4-羥基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛昔芬(keoxifene)、LY117018、奧那司酮(onapristone)及托瑞米芬(toremifene) (法樂通(Fareston));及抗雄激素劑,諸如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼魯胺(nilutamide)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、亮丙立德(leuprolide)及戈舍瑞林(goserelin);及以上任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物。合適時亦投與化學治療劑之組合,包括(但不限於) CHOP,亦即環磷醯胺(Cytoxan®)、小紅莓(羥基小紅莓)、長春新鹼(Oncovin®)及潑尼松(Prednisone)。
在一些實施例中,在投與經工程改造之細胞或核酸的同時或之後一週內投與化學治療劑。在其他實施例中,在投與經工程改造之細胞或核酸之後1至4週或1週至1個月、1週至2個月、1週至3個月、1週至6個月、1週至9個月或1週至12個月投與化學治療劑。在一些實施例中,在投與細胞或核酸之前至少1個月投與化學治療劑。在一些實施例中,該方法進一步包含投與兩種或更多種化學治療劑。
多種額外治療劑可與本文中所描述之組合物一起使用。舉例而言,潛在適用的額外治療劑包括PD-1抑制劑,諸如納武單抗(nivolumab) (OPDIVO®)、匹博利單抗(pembrolizumab) (KEYTRUDA®)、皮立珠單抗(pidilizumab) (CureTech)及阿特珠單抗(atezolizumab) (Roche)。
適用於與本文揭示之組合物及方法組合之額外治療劑包括(但不限於)依魯替尼(ibrutinib) (IMBRUVICA®)、奧伐木單抗(ofatumumab) (ARZERRA®)、利妥昔單抗(rituximab) (RITUXAN®)、貝伐單抗(bevacizumab) (AVASTIN®)、曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab) (HERCEPTIN®)、曲妥珠單抗恩他新(trastuzumab emtansine) (KADCYLA®)、伊馬替尼(imatinib) (GLEEVEC®)、西妥昔單抗(cetuximab) (ERBITUX®)、帕尼單抗(panitumumab) (VECTIBIX®)、卡托莫西單抗(catumaxomab)、異貝莫單抗(ibritumomab)、奧伐木單抗(ofatumumab)、托西莫單抗(tositumomab)、貝倫妥單抗(brentuximab)、阿侖珠單抗(alemtuzumab)、吉妥珠單抗(gemtuzumab)、埃羅替尼(erlotinib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、阿法替尼(afatinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、來那替尼(neratinib)、阿西替尼(axitinib)、馬賽替尼(masitinib)、帕佐泮尼(pazopanib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、妥賽蘭尼(toceranib)、來他替尼(lestaurtinib)、阿西替尼(axitinib)、西地蘭尼(cediranib)、樂伐替尼(lenvatinib)、尼達尼布(nintedanib)、帕佐泮尼(pazopanib)、瑞戈非尼(regorafenib)、司馬沙尼(semaxanib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、替沃紮尼(tivozanib)、妥賽蘭尼(toceranib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、恩曲替尼(entrectinib)、卡博替尼(cabozantinib)、伊馬替尼(imatinib)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)、尼羅替尼(nilotinib)、普納替尼(ponatinib)、拉多替尼(radotinib)、伯舒替尼(bosutinib)、來他替尼(lestaurtinib)、盧佐替尼(ruxolitinib)、帕瑞替尼(pacritinib)、考比替尼(cobimetinib)、司美替尼(selumetinib)、曲美替尼(trametinib)、畢尼替尼(binimetinib)、艾樂替尼(alectinib)、色瑞替尼(ceritinib)、克卓替尼(crizotinib)、阿柏西普(aflibercept)、脂肪肽(adipotide)、地尼白介素、mTOR抑制劑(諸如依維莫司(Everolimus)及替西羅莫司(Temsirolimus))、刺蝟抑制劑(諸如索尼蒂吉伯(sonidegib)及維莫德吉(vismodegib))及CDK抑制劑(諸如CDK抑制劑(帕泊昔布(palbociclib)))。
在一些實施例中,包含經工程改造之CAR T細胞之組合物與消炎劑一起投與。消炎劑或藥物可包括(但不限於)類固醇及糖皮質激素(包括倍他米松(betamethasone)、布地奈德(budesonide)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、乙酸氫化可體松(hydrocortisone acetate)、氫化可體松、氫化可體松、甲基潑尼龍(methylprednisolone)、潑尼龍(prednisolone)、潑尼松、曲安西龍(triamcinolone)),非類固醇消炎藥(NSAIDS),包括阿司匹林(aspirin)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、甲胺喋呤、柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine)、來氟米特(leflunomide)、抗TNF藥物、環磷醯胺及黴酚酸酯(mycophenolate)。例示性NSAID包括布洛芬、萘普生、萘普生鈉、Cox-2抑制劑及唾液酸化物(sialylate)。例示性鎮痛劑包括乙醯胺苯酚、羥考酮(oxycodone)、鹽酸丙氧芬(proporxyphene hydrochloride)之曲馬多(tramadol)。例示性糖皮質激素包括可體松(cortisone)、地塞米松、氫化可體松、甲基潑尼龍、潑尼龍或潑尼松。例示性生物反應修飾劑包括針對細胞表面標記物之分子(例如CD4、CD5等)、細胞介素抑制劑,諸如TNF拮抗劑(例如依那西普(etanercept) (ENBREL®)、阿達木單抗(adalimumab) (HUMIRA®)及英利昔單抗(infliximab) (REMICADE®)、趨化細胞素抑制劑及黏附分子抑制劑。生物反應修飾劑包括單株抗體以及分子之重組形式。例示性DMARD包括硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、環磷醯胺、環孢靈(cyclosporine)、甲胺喋呤、青黴胺(penicillamine)、來氟米特、柳氮磺胺吡啶、羥基氯奎(hydroxychloroquine)、金製劑(Gold) (經口(金諾芬(auranofin))及肌肉內)及二甲胺四環素(minocycline)。
在一些實施例中,本文中所描述之組合物與細胞介素一起投與。細胞介素之實例為淋巴介質、單核球激素及傳統多肽激素。細胞介素中包括生長激素,諸如人類生長激素、N-甲硫胺醯基人類生長激素及牛類生長激素;副甲狀腺激素;甲狀腺素;胰島素;胰島素原;鬆弛素;鬆弛素原;醣蛋白激素,諸如濾泡刺激激素(FSH)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)及促黃體激素(LH);肝生長因子(HGF);纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF);促乳素;胎盤催乳激素;苗勒氏抑制物質(mullerian-inhibiting substance);小鼠促性腺激素相關肽;抑制素;活化素;血管內皮生長因子;整合素;血小板生成素(TPO);神經生長因子(NGF),諸如NGF-β;血小板生長因子;轉型生長因子(TGF),諸如TGF-α及TGF-β;胰島素樣生長因子-I及胰島素樣生長因子-II;紅血球生成素(EPO,Epogen®
,Procrit®
);骨性誘導因子;干擾素,諸如干擾素-α、干擾素-β及干擾素-γ;群落刺激因子(CSF),諸如巨噬細胞-CSF (M-CSF);粒細胞-巨噬細胞-CSF (GM-CSF);及粒細胞-CSF (G-CSF);介白素(IL),諸如IL-1、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12;IL-15、腫瘤壞死因子,諸如TNF-α或TNF-β;及其他多肽因子,包括LIF及kit配位體(KL)。如本文所用,術語細胞介素包括來自天然來源或來自重組細胞培養物之蛋白質及天然序列細胞介素之生物學上的活性等效物。 監測
在一些實施例中,投與嵌合受體T細胞免疫療法在經認證之醫療保健機構進行。
在一些實施例中,本文所揭示之方法包含輸注後在經認證之醫療保健機構至少每天監測患者之CRS及神經毒性之病徵及症狀持續7天。
在一些實施例中,在輸注之後指示患者留在經認證之醫療保健機構附近持續至少4週。嚴重不良反應之預防或管理
在一些實施例中,本發明提供依據一或多種屬性之水準來預防不良反應之發展或降低不良反應之嚴重程度的方法。就此而言,所揭示之方法可包含投與「預防有效量」之托西利單抗、皮質類固醇療法或用於預防毒性之抗癲癇藥品。藥理學及/或生理學效應可為預防性的,亦即該效應完全或部分預防疾病或其症狀。「預防有效量」可指在劑量下且在所需時間段內有效實現所要預防結果(例如預防不良反應發作)之量。
在一些實施例中,該方法包含管理不良反應。在一些實施例中,不良反應選自由以下組成之群:細胞介素釋放症候群(CRS)、神經毒性、過敏反應、嚴重感染、細胞減少症及低伽瑪球蛋白血症。
在一些實施例中,不良反應之病徵及症狀選自由發燒、低血壓、心搏過速、低氧及發冷組成之群,包括心律不整(包括心房震顫及心室心搏過速)、心跳驟停、心臟衰竭、腎功能衰竭、毛細管滲漏症候群、低血壓、低氧、器官毒性、噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症/巨噬細胞活化症候群(HLH/MAS)、癲癇、腦病、頭痛、痙攣症、眩暈、失語症、譫妄、失眠焦慮症、全身性過敏反應、發熱性嗜中性球減少症、血小板減少症、嗜中性白血球減少症及貧血症。細胞介素釋放症候群 (CRS)
在一些實施例中,該方法包含預防或降低嵌合受體治療中CRS之嚴重程度。在一些實施例中,經工程改造之CAR T細胞在投與患者之後去活化。
在一些實施例中,該方法包含依據臨床表現識別CRS。在一些實施例中,該方法包含評估且治療發燒、低氧及低血壓之其他病因。應利用連續心臟遙測術及脈動式測氧法監測經受≥2級CRS (例如低血壓、對流體無反應或需要補充氧合作用之低氧)之患者。在一些實施例中,對於經受嚴重CRS之患者,考慮執行心動回聲圖以評估心臟功能。對於嚴重或危及生命之CRS,可考慮加護支持療法。
在一些實施例中,該方法包含輸注後在經認證之醫療保健機構至少每天監測患者之CRS病徵及症狀且持續7天。在一些實施例中,該方法包含輸注後監測患者之CRS病徵或症狀持續4週。在一些實施例中,該方法包含建議患者在任何時候出現CRS之病徵或症狀時應立即尋求醫療照顧。在一些實施例中,該方法包含如CRS之第一病徵所指示,用支持護理、托西利單抗或托西利單抗與皮質類固醇進行治療。神經毒性 (NT)
在一些實施例中,該方法包含監測患者之神經毒性病徵或症狀。在一些實施例中,該方法包含排除神經症狀之其他病因。應利用連續心臟遙測術及脈動式測氧法監測經受≥2級神經毒性之患者。對於嚴重或危及生命的神經毒性,提供加護支持療法。
在一些實施例中,該方法包含輸注後在經認證之醫療保健機構至少每天監測患者之神經毒性病徵及症狀持續7天。在一些實施例中,該方法包含輸注後監測患者之神經毒性病徵或症狀持續4週。繼發性惡性病
在一些實施例中,用針對CD19之遺傳修飾自體T細胞免疫療法治療之患者可能罹患繼發性惡性病。在某些實施例中,用針對CD19之遺傳修飾自體T細胞免疫療法治療之患者可能罹患繼發性惡性病。在一些實施例中,該方法包含終身監測繼發性惡性病。
本說明書中所提及之所有公開案、專利及專利申請案均以引用的方式併入本文中,其引用程度如特定及單獨地指示各單獨公開案、專利或專利申請案以引用的方式併入一般。然而,本文中參考文獻之引用不應視為承認此類參考文獻為本發明之先前技術。若以引用的方式併入之參考文獻中提供之定義或術語中之任一者與本文提供之術語及論述程度不同,則以本發明術語及定義為準。
藉由以下實例進一步說明本發明,該等實例不應視作進一步限制。所有本申請案中所引用之參考文獻之內容均明確以引用的方式併入本文中。實例 實例 1 : 輸注前 T 細胞 擴增動力學可能與 CAR T 細胞 擴增及臨床結果相關
在此研究中,檢驗客觀反應率(ORR)及CAR T細胞含量(0至28天之峰值及曲線下面積[AUC0-28])之產物細胞群體倍增時間(DT),其為產物T細胞擴增動力學之量度。在製造之第3天與最終日之間量測之DT取決於在補充重組介白素(IL)-2之培養基中培育期間細胞增殖率及死亡率。藉由流式細胞測量術評估T細胞表型。使用邏輯回歸(P值)及逐對斯皮爾曼分析(rs
值)來評估相關性且使用四分位數分析條形圖及邏輯回歸預測機率曲線來可視化。
用西卡思羅(axicabtagene ciloleucel)、自體抗CD19嵌合抗原受體(CAR) T細胞療法治療之患者展現較短產物細胞群體DT且具有較高ORR (P=0.025)。具有最低產物DT四分位數(DT≤1.33天)之患者具有100% ORR。具有最高產物DT四分位數(DT≥1.79天)之患者具有73% ORR。DT亦與輸注後之較大CAR T細胞擴增相關或有關(峰值CAR T細胞含量,rs
= -0.27;AUC0-28d,rs
= -0.29;四分位數分析)。在十七個無反應者中,十二個展現DT>1.5天。達成最短DT及最大CAR T細胞擴增或ORR不需1:1之特定CD4/CD8 T細胞比率。
如在補充有IL-2之培養基存在下製造期間藉由DT所量測,輸注前產物T細胞擴增動力學可與所治療患者中之ORR及活體內CAR T細胞擴增相關或有關。縮短之產物DT可限制活體內CAR T細胞擴增。與產物DT相關之指數(T細胞適應性之組分)可適合於預測臨床效能及經由最佳化製造及/或利用組合方法最佳化CAR T細胞療法。實例 2 :製造嵌合抗原受體 (CAR) T 細胞 療法
在製造過程開始時,增濃血球分離術材料之T細胞。藉由在IL-2存在下用抗CD3單株抗體(OKT3)刺激2天來活化T細胞。藉由反轉錄病毒轉導來轉導經活化之T細胞以引入CAR基因。為實現所要劑量之CAR陽性細胞,經轉導T細胞在介白素2 (IL-2)存在下擴增4-6天。在經轉導T細胞與含有重組IL-2之培養基一起生長時,自第3天至製造過程結束量測T細胞倍增時間。CAR陽性T細胞之治療前擴增動力學由如下倍增時間表徵:
藉由流式細胞測量術評估主要T細胞表型。在治療前利用奈米串(nanostring)及預先指定之免疫標誌21 (Immunosign21)指數評估腫瘤免疫微環境。使用惡性淋巴瘤之國際工作組反應標準(International Working Group Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma) (Cheson BD, 等人J Clin Oncol.
2007;25:579-586. Neelapu SS, Locke FL, 等人N Engl J Med.
2017;377:2531-2544)評估客觀反應率(ORR) (CR+PR)。如所描述(Neelapu SS, Locke FL, 等人N Engl J Med.
2017;377:2531-2544. Neelapu SS, Locke FL, 等人 ASH 2017. 摘要編號578)在血液中使用聚合酶連鎖反應量測血液CAR T細胞含量(0至28天之峰值及曲線下面積[AUC0-28
])
使用逐對斯皮爾曼分析(rs
值)及具有標稱P
值<0.05 (未對多重性進行調節) (將其視為統計學上顯著的)之邏輯回歸來評估相關性。使用四分位數分析條形圖及邏輯回歸預測機率曲線來可視化相關性。在表1中所示之分析中包括來自用西卡思羅治療之91名患者的在用西卡思羅治療前所量測之CAR陽性T細胞倍增時間。
表1:治療前量測之CAR陽性T細胞產物之倍增時間及結果
用具有縮短之倍增時間的CAR陽性T細胞產物治療的患者具有增加之ORR (P
=0.025;圖1A及圖1B)。倍增時間≤1.33天(Q1)之患者具有100% ORR,且倍增時間≥1.79天(Q3)之患者具有<75% ORR (圖1A)。對治療無反應之患者之71% (12/17)具有超過1.5天之產物倍增時間。藉由四分位數分析(圖2A)及藉由邏輯回歸建模(圖2B),圖2A及圖2B展示在製造過程期間培養物之持續反應(≥1年)及培養物之倍增時間。圖3A及3B藉由四分位數分析(圖3A)及藉由邏輯回歸建模(圖3B)展示≥3級神經事件、百分比及培養物之倍增時間。
藉由四分位數分析(圖4A)及簡單線性回歸(圖4B),結果表明活體內增加之CAR T細胞植入可與縮短之倍增時間相關。圖4C及4D藉由四分位數分析(圖4C)及簡單線性回歸(4D)展示與倍增時間相關之AUC0-28
。AUC0-28
在倍增時間延長之情況下減少(斯皮爾曼分析,rs
= -0.29;SLR,P
=0.06)。如圖5A及5B中所示,結果表明輸注前量測之培養物中的倍增時間可分別與CCR7+ CD45RA+及CCR7+之百分比相關。圖5C及5D藉由簡單線性回歸展示對CAR陽性T細胞產物中之倍增時間及CCR7+ CD45RA- T細胞之百分比(圖5C)或CD4:CD8比率(圖5D)之分析。
綜合而言,研究展示固有T細胞適應性及經量測之預治療可與CAR T細胞產物之活體內擴增及臨床結果相關。定量為在製造過程期間在多株刺激下之細胞群體倍增時間的產物T細胞擴增之速率可能與治療後量測之CAR T細胞擴增相關。研究亦展示產物T細胞倍增時間(DT)及經量測之預治療可與臨床客觀反應相關。治療失敗可與治療前量測具有>1.5天的倍增時間之產物相關。在治療前量測之產物T細胞擴增速率可與產物細胞中之CCR7 CD45RA雙陽性細胞之百分比相關。產物中CCR7+ T細胞及CCR7+ CD45RA+初始T細胞之含量增加可與培養物中擴增速率增加及倍增時間縮短相關。與產物T細胞適應性有關之指數(包含T細胞擴增動力學)可適用於表徵CAR T細胞產物及指導最佳化治療模式。
圖1A及1B展示客觀反應率(objective response rate,ORR)與較短倍增時間相關。圖1A展示藉由四分位數分析顯示與較短倍增時間相關之ORR的條形圖。圖1B藉由邏輯回歸使用建模展示與較短倍增時間相關之ORR。
圖2A及2B藉由四分位數分析(圖2A)及藉由邏輯回歸建模(圖2B)展示培養物之持續反應(≥1年)及培養物之倍增時間(doubling time,DT)。
圖3A及3B藉由四分位數分析(圖3A)及藉由邏輯回歸建模(圖3B)展示≥3級神經事件及培養物中之倍增時間(DT)。
圖4A及4B藉由四分位數分析(圖4A)及簡單線性回歸(圖4B)展示活體內增加之CAR T細胞植入可與較短倍增時間(DT)相關。圖4C及4D藉由四分位數分析(圖4C)及簡單線性回歸(圖4D)展示AUC0-28
可與倍增時間相關。AUC0-28
在倍增時間較長之情況下更低(斯皮爾曼分析(Spearman analysis),rs
= -0.29;SLR,P
=0.06)。
圖5A至5D藉由簡單線性回歸展示,輸注前量測的培養物之倍增時間可與產物中之CCR7+ CD45RA+細胞(圖5A)、CCR7+細胞(圖5B)之百分比相關,但不與CCR7+ CD45RA- T細胞(圖5C)或CD4:CD8比率(圖5D)相關。
Claims (20)
- 一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含: (a) 製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體; (b) 量測該群體之T細胞擴增能力;及 (c) 依據該群體之T細胞擴增能力來製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞,以用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中在該製造過程期間量測T細胞擴增能力。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中藉由量測倍增時間來測定T細胞擴增能力。
- 如請求項3之方法,其中該倍增時間在約1-4.7天、約1.8-4.7天、約1-1.5天之間,小於約1.3天或小於約1.5天。
- 一種製造經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含 (a) 在IL-2存在下擴增經工程改造之T細胞,其中經工程改造之T細胞包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR); (b) 在該擴增過程期間量測群體之倍增時間; (c) 在擴增之後採集經工程改造之T細胞;及 (d) 依據經工程改造之T細胞之倍增時間,製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞。
- 如請求項5之方法,其中經工程改造之T細胞在IL-2存在下擴增約2-7天。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中藉由在擴增開始時及在採集經工程改造之T細胞時測定的總活細胞之數目來量測該倍增時間。
- 一種治療患者之惡性病的方法,其包含: (a) 量測包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體中一或多種屬性之水準; (b) 相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準測定患者對使用該等經工程改造之T細胞治療的反應;及 (c) 向該患者投與治療有效劑量之該等經工程改造之T細胞。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中該一或多種屬性為倍增時間或T細胞表型。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中藉由CCR7及CD45RA雙陽性細胞之百分比來確定該T細胞表型。
- 如請求項10之方法,其中該倍增時間在約1-4.7天、約1.8-4.7天、約1-1.5天之間或小於約1.5天。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該嵌合抗原受體靶向腫瘤抗原。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該嵌合抗原受體靶向選自以下各者之腫瘤抗原:諸如5T4之腫瘤相關表面抗原、α胎蛋白(AFP)、B7-1 (CD80)、B7-2 (CD86)、BCMA、B-人類絨毛膜激性腺素、CA-125、癌胚抗原(CEA)、CD123、CD133、CD138、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD23、CD24、CD25、CD30、CD33、CD34、CD4、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD8、CLL-1、c-Met、CMV特異性抗原、CS-1、CSPG4、CTLA-4、DLL3、雙唾液酸神經節苷脂GD2、乳腺管上皮黏蛋白、EBV特異性抗原、EGFR變異體III (EGFRvIII)、ELF2M、內皮因子(endoglin)、肝配蛋白(ephrin)B2、表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)、上皮細胞黏附分子(EpCAM)、上皮腫瘤抗原、ErbB2 (HER2/neu)、纖維母細胞相關蛋白(fap)、FLT3、葉酸結合蛋白、GD2、GD3、神經膠質瘤相關抗原、醣神經鞘脂質、gp36、HBV特異性抗原、HCV特異性抗原、HER1-HER2、HER2-HER3組合、HERV-K、高分子量黑素瘤相關抗原(HMW-MAA)、HIV-1包膜醣蛋白gp41、HPV特異性抗原、人類端粒酶逆轉錄酶、IGFI受體、IGF-II、IL-11Rα、IL-13R-a2、流感病毒特異性抗原;CD38、胰島素生長因子(IGFl)-l、腸道羧基酯酶、κ鏈、LAGA-la、λ鏈、拉沙病毒(Lassa Virus)特異性抗原、凝集素反應性AFP、諸如CD3之譜系特異性或組織特異性抗原、MAGE、MAGE-A1、主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、呈現腫瘤特異性肽抗原決定基之主要組織相容複合體(MHC)分子、M-CSF、黑素瘤相關抗原、間皮素、MN-CA IX、MUC-1、mut hsp70-2、突變p53、突變ras、嗜中性白血球彈性蛋白酶、NKG2D、Nkp30、NY-ESO-1、p53、PAP、前列腺酶、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)、前列腺癌腫瘤抗原1 (PCTA-1)、前列腺特異性抗原蛋白、STEAP1、STEAP2、PSMA、RAGE-1、ROR1、RU1、RU2 (AS)、表面黏附分子、存活素(survivin)及端粒酶(telomerase)、TAG-72、纖維結合蛋白之額外域A (extra domain A(EDA))及額外域B (extra domain B(EDB))以及肌腱蛋白C(tenascin C)之Al域 (TnC Al)、甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin)、腫瘤基質抗原、血管內皮生長因子受體2 (VEGFR2)、諸如HIV特異性抗原(諸如HIV gpl20)之病毒特異性表面抗原、及此等表面抗原之任何衍生物或變異體。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該惡性病為實體腫瘤、肉瘤、癌瘤、淋巴瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、霍奇金氏病(Hodgkin's Disease)、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)、原發性縱隔大B細胞淋巴瘤(PMBC)、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、經轉化濾泡性淋巴瘤、脾邊緣區淋巴瘤(SMZL)、慢性或急性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、急性淋巴母細胞白血病(ALL) (包括非T細胞ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)、T細胞淋巴瘤、B細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「BALL」)中之一或多者、T細胞急性淋巴性白血病(「TALL」)、急性淋巴性白血病(ALL)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、B細胞前淋巴球性白血病、母細胞性漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤、毛細胞白血病、小細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤或大細胞濾泡性淋巴瘤、惡性淋巴增生病狀、MALT淋巴瘤、套細胞淋巴瘤、邊緣區淋巴瘤、骨髓發育不良及骨髓發育不良症候群、漿母細胞淋巴瘤、漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞贅瘤、華氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia)、漿細胞增生性病症(例如無症狀骨髓瘤(鬱積型多發性骨髓瘤或頑固性骨髓瘤))、意義不明單株伽瑪球蛋白症(monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance,MGUS)、漿細胞瘤(例如漿細胞惡液質、孤立性骨髓瘤、孤立性漿細胞瘤、髓外漿細胞瘤及多發性漿細胞瘤)、全身性澱粉樣輕鏈澱粉樣變性病、POEMS症候群(亦稱為克羅-富克斯症候群(Crow-Fukase syndrome)、高槻病(Takatsuki disease)及PEP症候群)或其組合。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該治療有效劑量在75至200×106 個經工程改造之T細胞之間。
- 一種製造或測定經工程改造之T細胞群體之品質的方法,其包括: (a) 製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造的T細胞群體; (b) 量測該群體之一或多種屬性之水準;及 (c) 相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準測定該群體是否適用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
- 一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包括: (a) 製備包含嵌合抗原受體(CAR)之經工程改造之T細胞群體; (b) 量測該群體之一或多種屬性之水準;及 (c) 相較於參考水準,依據一或多種屬性之量測水準製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞以用於治療有需要之患者的惡性病。
- 一種製造有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞的方法,其包含: (a) 量測細胞群體中之一或多種表型標記物的量;及 (b) 依據該一或多種表型標記物之所量測的量來製備有效劑量之經工程改造之T細胞,以用於治療有需要之患者的癌症。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該一或多種表型標記物為CCR7或CD45RA。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其進一步包含工程改造該T細胞群體,以表現CAR。
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CA3107938C (en) | 2024-04-30 |
JP2024016200A (ja) | 2024-02-06 |
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