TW202005667A - Hsp90-靶向共軛體及其調合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本發明已設計出活性劑經由連接基附接至靶向部分(例如至少一個HSP90結合部分)而成之共軛體。此共軛體可提供改良的活性劑時間空間遞送(temporospatial delivery)、改良的生物分佈和在腫瘤中的滲透、及/或降低的毒性。本發明提供製造共軛體的方法及其調合物。本發明亦提供投予該調合物至有需要之個體以例如治療或預防癌症之方法。
Description
本發明是關於靶向熱休克蛋白質(包含熱休克蛋白質90(heat shock protein 90, HSP90)之分子的用途,例如用於治療癌症。
熱休克蛋白質90(HSP90)是分子伴護蛋白(molecular chaperone),其對於維持許多客戶蛋白質(client protein)的穩定性和功能是重要的。它被認為是抗癌藥物開發的主要治療標的。
本申請案提供一種共軛體,其包括藉由連接基而耦合至HSP90靶向部分的活性劑以及包括此共軛體的醫藥組成物。本申請案亦提供製造與使用此共軛體的方法。
申請人已經設計出包括活性劑的HSP90靶向共軛體。此靶向可例如增進在部位(site)之活性劑的量並且降低活性劑對個體的毒性。本發明之HSP90靶向共軛體具有深入且快速的腫瘤穿透(tumor penetration)。HSP90靶向共軛體的高積累和長保留時間使得能夠使用細胞毒性和非細胞毒性有效負載(payload),例如放射性核種(radionuclide)、化學治療劑、激酶抑制劑或免疫腫瘤學調節劑。
如本文所使用,「毒性」是指物質或組成物對細胞、組織生物或細胞環境有害或有毒的能力。低毒性是指物質或組成物對細胞、組織生物或細胞環境有害或有毒的能力降低。此降低的或低毒性可相對於標準測量、相對於治療或是相對於沒有治療。
可進一步測量相對於個體體重減輕的毒性,其中體重減輕超過體重的15%、超過20%或超過30%表示毒性。亦可測量其他毒性指標,例如患者表現指標,包含嗜睡和一般的不適。嗜中性球減少症或血小板減少症亦可為毒性的指標。
毒性的藥理學指標包含升高的AST/ ALT程度、神經毒性、腎損傷、GI損害等等。
此外,與單獨的活性劑的毒性相比,預測含有與活性劑連接的HSP90靶向部分的共軛體對不過量表現HSP90的細胞之毒性會降低。在不承諾任何特定理論的情況下,申請人認為此特徵是由於相對於腫瘤細胞,共軛的活性劑保留在正常細胞中的能力降低。
在一些實施例中,活性劑與靶向部分當連接至共軛體中時具有協同效果。共軛體的功效優於單獨的活性劑和/或靶向部分。
在一些實施例中,當藉由可斷裂的連接基與靶向部分連接時,活性劑的效力降低。在靶位置(例如腫瘤位置)斷裂連接基後,釋放活性劑並恢復完全效力。
本發明之目的是提供用於時間空間藥物遞送(temporospatial drug delivery)之改良的化合物、組成物、以及調合物。
本發明之另一目的是提供製造用於時間空間藥物遞送(temporospatial drug delivery)之改良的化合物、組成物、以及調合物的方法。
本發明之另一目的是提供對於有需要的個體投予該改良之化合物、組成物與調合物的方法。
I. 共軛體
共軛體包含藉由連接基(linker)附接至靶向部分(例如可與HSP90結合的分子)的活性劑或其前藥。共軛體可為單一活性劑與單一靶向部分之間的共軛體,例如具有結構X-Y-Z的共軛體,其中X為靶向部分,Y為連接基,以及Z為活性劑。
在一些實施例中,共軛體含有超過一個靶向部分,超過一個連接基,超過一個活性劑,或其任何組合。共軛體可具有一些靶向部分、連接基、以及活性劑。共軛體可具有結構X-Y-Z-Y-X、(X-Y)n
-Z、X-(Y-Z)n
、Xn
-Y-Z、X-Y-Zn
、(X-Y-Z)n
、(X-Y-Z-Y)n
-Z,其中X為靶向部分,Y為連接基,Z為活性劑,以及n為1與50之間的整數,2與20之間的整數,例如1與5之間的整數。每次出現的X、Y和Z可以相同或不同,例如共軛體可含有超過一種靶向部分,超過一種連接基,和/或超過一種活性劑。
共軛體可含有超過一種靶向部分附接至單一活性劑。例如,共軛體可包含具有多個靶向部分的活性劑,每個靶向部分經由不同的連接基而附接。共軛體可具有結構X-Y-Z-Y-X,其中每一個X可為相同或不同的靶向部分,每一個Y可為相同或不同的連接基,以及Z為活性劑。
共軛體可含有超過一種活性劑附接至單一靶向部分。例如,共軛體可包含具有多個活性劑的靶向部分,每一個活性劑經由不同連接基而附接。共軛體可具有結構Z-Y-X-Y-Z,其中X為靶向部分,每一個Y可為相同或不同的連接基,以及每一個Z可為相同或不同的活性劑。
A. 活性劑
本文所述之共軛體含有至少一種活性劑(第一活性劑)。共軛體可含有超過一種活性劑,其可與第一活性劑相同或是不同。活性劑可為治療劑、預防劑、診斷劑或營養劑。本領域已知各種活性劑以及它們或其類似物與衍生物可用於本文所述的共軛體中。活性劑可為蛋白質或胜肽、小分子、核酸或核酸分子,脂質、糖、醣脂、醣蛋白質、脂蛋白質或其組合。在一些實施例中,活性劑為抗原、佐劑、放射性活性劑、顯影劑(例如,螢光部分)或多核苷酸。在一些實施例中,活性劑為有機金屬化合物或放射性活性元素。活性劑具有用於共價連接至連接基的化學官能基團,或者為了共價連接至連接基之目的而被修飾為類似物或衍生物。
在一些實施例中,共軛體的活性劑包括從約1%至約10%、約或10%至約20%、或約20%至約30%、或約30%至約40%、或約40%至約50%、或約50%至約60%、或約60%至約70%、或約70%至約80%、或約80%至約90%、或約90%至約99%的預定莫耳重量比例,使得共軛體的成分之莫耳重量比例總合為100%。共軛體的活性劑的量亦可用靶向配體(targeting ligand)的比例表示。例如,本揭示提供活性劑與配體的比例為約10:1、9:1、8:1、7:1、6:1、5:1、4:1、3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5、1:6、1:7、1:8、1:9、或1:10。
放射性活性劑
在一些實施例中,活性劑Z為放射性活性劑或是會與放射性核種(radionuclide)(例如放射性同位素)結合的化學部分,例如金屬螯合基團。各種放射性核種具有可用於治療和/或診斷目的之發射性質,包括α、β、γ、以及Auger發射。例如,活性劑Z可包括放射性同位素,例如Y-90、Y-86、I-131、Re-186、Re-188、Y-90、Bi-212、At-211、Zr-89、Sr-89、Ho-166、Sm-153、Cu-67、Cu-64、Lu-177、Ac-225、Pb-203、Bi-213、Th-227、Pb-212、Ra-223、P-32、Sc-47、Br-77、Rh-105、Pd-103、Ag-111、Pr-142、Pm-149、Gd-159、Ir-194與Pt-199。
在一些實施例中,活性劑包括影像探針,例如放射性標示(例如,放射性同位素)。用於影像之放射性同位素的非限制實例包含I-124、I-131、In-111、Re-186、Re-188、Y-90、Bi-212、At-211、Sr-89、Ho-166、Sm-153、Cu-60、Cu-67、Cu-64、Lu-177、Ac-225、Bi-213、Th-227、Pb-212、Ra-223、P-32、Sc-47、Br-76、Br-77、Rh-105、Pd-103、Ag-111、Pr-142、Pm-149、Gd-159、In-111、Ir-194、Pt-199、Tc-99m、Co-57、Ga-66、Ga-67、Ga-68、Kr-81m、Rb-82、Sr-92、Tl-201、Y-86、Zr-89、C-11、N-13、O-15與F-18。
在一些實施例中,活性劑Z包括放射性活性劑、螯合劑、或是與螯合劑連接的放射性活性劑。包括與螯合劑連接的放射性活性劑(例如,放射性同位素)的共軛體是與單獨的螯合劑或與非放射性同位素連接的螯合劑的共軛體之放射性類似物。
螯合劑可為金屬螯合劑,其會與包含金屬核種(metallic nuclide)的金屬結合。螯合劑亦可為附接至非金屬活性劑的部分。螯合劑可為非環狀或巨環狀(macrocyclic)的。螯合劑的非限制實例包含1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, DOTA);DOTA衍生物:DO3A;二伸乙三胺-N,N,N’,N”,N”
-五乙酸(diethylenetriamine-N,N,N’,N”,N”-
pentaacetic acid, DTPA);DTPA衍生物:2-(p-SCN-Bz)-6-甲基-DTPA、CHX-A”-DTPA、以及DTPA的環酐(cyclic anhydride of DTPA, CA-DTPA);1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷-1,4-7-三乙酸(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-7-triacetic acid, NOTA);NOTA衍生物(例如,BCNOTA、p-NCS-Bz-NOTA、BCNOT);6-肼基菸鹼醯胺(6-hydrazinonicotinamide, HYNIC);乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA);N
,N
’-伸乙基-二-L
-半胱胺酸(N
,N
’-ethylene-di-L
-cysteine);N
,N
’-雙(2,2-二甲基-2-巰乙基)乙二胺-N
,N
’-二乙酸(N
,N
’-bis(2,2-dimethyl-2-mercaptoethyl)ethylenediamine-N
,N
’-diacetic acid)(6SS);1-(4-羧基甲氧基苄基)-N-N’
-雙[(2-巰-2,2-二甲基)乙基]-1,2-二乙胺-N,N’
-二乙酸(1-(4-carboxymethoxybenzyl)-N-N’
-bis[(2-mercapto-2,2-dimethyl) ethyl]-1,2-ethylenediamine-N,N’
-diacetic acid) (B6SS);去鐵胺(Deferoxamine, DFO);1,1,1-三(胺基甲基)乙烷(1,1,1-tris (aminomethyl)ethane, TAME);三(胺基甲基)乙烷-N,N,N’,N’,N”,N”
-六乙酸(TAME Hex);O-羥基苄基亞胺二乙酸(O-
hydroxybenzyl iminodiacetic acid);1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷(1,4,7-triazacyclononane, TACN);1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane(cyclen));1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷-1-丁二酸-4,7-二乙酸(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-succinic acid-4,7-diacetic acid, NODASA);1-(1-羧基-3-羧基丙基)-4,7-雙-(羧基甲基)-1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷(1-(1-carboxy-3-carboxypropyl) -4,7-bis-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, NODAGA);1,4,7-三(2-巰乙基)-1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷 (triazacylclonane-TM);1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷-N,N’,N”-三(亞甲基膦)酸(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N’,N”-tris(methylenephosphonic) acid, NOTP);1,4,8,11-四氮雜環十四烷-N,N’,N”,N’”-四乙酸(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N’,N”,N’”-tetraacetic acid; TETA);1,4,7,10,13-五氮雜環十五烷-N,N’,N”,N’”,N””-五乙酸(1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane-N,N’,N”,N’”,N””-pentaacetic acid, PEPA);1,4,7,10,13,16-六氮雜環十六烷-N,N’,N”,N’”,N””,N’””-六乙酸(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclohexadecane- N,N’,N”,N’”,N””,N’””-hexaacetic acid, HEHA);1,4,7,10-四(胺甲醯基甲基)-1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷(1,4,7,10-tetrakis (carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, TCMC);以及其衍生物或類似物。
在一些實施例中,螯合劑為聚胺基羧酸系(polyaminocarboxylate)劑,例如乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)、二伸乙三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA)、1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-N,N’,N”,N’”-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylcododecane-N,N’,N”,N’”-tetraacetic acid, DOTA)、或其衍生物。它們可與例如Fe、In、Ga、Zr、Y、Bi、Pb或Ac等金屬配位。
在一些實施例中,螯合劑為巨環狀劑:1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷-N,N’,N”-三乙酸(NOTA)、1,4,8,11-四氮雜環十四烷-N,N’,N”,N’’’-四乙酸(TETA)、1,4,7,10,13-五氮雜環十五烷-N,N’,N”,N’”’,N””-五乙酸(PEPA)、1,4,7,10,13,16-六氮雜環十六烷-N,N’,N”,N’”,N””,N’””-六乙酸(HEHA)、或其衍生物。
在一些實施例中,本揭露的共軛體包括DOTA、DOTAGA或其任何衍生物/類似物作為螯合劑。Eisenwiener et al.,Bioorg Med Chem Lett.
, vol.10(18):2133 (2000)(其內容全文併入本文作為參考)揭露的任何螯合劑可作為螯合劑,例如1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸、α-(2-羧基乙基)(DOTAGA)或1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-1,4,7-三乙酸、10-(1,2-二羧基乙基) (DOTASA)。
共軛體含有附接至活性劑與靶向部分的一或多種連接基。連接基Y結合至一或多種活性劑與一或多種靶向部分以形成共軛體。連接基Y藉由獨立選自酯鍵、二硫、醯胺、醯腙(acylhydrazone)、醚、胺基甲酸酯(carbamate)、碳酸酯、磺醯胺、烷基、芳基、雜芳基、硫醚和脲的官能基團而附接至靶向部分X與活性劑Z。或是可藉由例如諸如硫醇和馬來醯亞胺、疊氮化物和炔烴之間的共軛所提供之基團而將連接基附接至靶向配體或活性藥物。連接基可獨立選自於由烷基、環烷基、雜環基、芳基和雜芳基所組成的群組,其中烷基、環烷基、雜環基、芳基和雜芳基中的每一個任選地被一或多個基團取代,該一或多個基團各自獨立地選自鹵素、氰基、硝基、羥基、羧基、胺基甲醯基、醚、烷氧基、芳氧基、胺基、醯胺基、胺基甲酸酯基、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、芳烷基、環烷基、雜芳基、雜環基,其中羧基、胺基甲醯基、醚、烷氧基、芳氧基、胺基、醯胺基、胺基甲酸酯基、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、芳烷基、環烷基、雜芳基、或雜環基中的每一個任選地被一或多個基團取代,該一或多個基團獨立地選自鹵素、氰基、硝基、羥基、羧基、胺基甲醯基、醚、烷氧基、芳氧基、胺基、醯胺基、胺基甲酸酯基、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、芳烷基、環烷基、雜芳基、雜環基。
在一些實施例中,連接基包括可斷裂的功能,其是可斷裂的。可斷裂的功能可為在體內可水解的,或是可經設計為酵素水解的,例如藉由Cathepsin B。「可斷裂的」連接基,如本文所用,是指可物理性或化學性斷裂的任何連接子。物理性斷裂的實例可為藉由光、放射性活性發射或熱而可斷裂,而化學性斷裂的實例包含藉由氧化還原反應的斷裂、水解、pH依賴性斷裂或藉由酵素斷裂。例如,可斷裂的功能可為二硫鍵或是胺基甲酸酯鍵。
在一些實施例中,連接基的烷基鏈可任選地被選自-O-、-C(=O)-、-NR、-O-C(=O)-NR-、-S-、-S-S-的一或多個原子或基團中斷。連接基可為選自丁二酸、戊二酸或氧化二乙酸(diglycolic acid)的二羧酸酯(dicarboxylate)衍生物。在一些實施例中,連接子Y可為X’-R1
-Y’-R2
-Z’,以及共軛體可為根據式Ia的化合物:
其中X為上述定義的靶向部分;Z為活性劑;X’、R1
、Y’、R2
與Z’如本文所定義的。
X’不存在或獨立地選自羰基、醯胺、脲、胺基、酯、芳基、芳基羰基、芳氧基、芳基胺基、一個或多個天然或非天然胺基酸、硫代或丁二醯亞胺基(succinimido);R1
和R2
不存在或由烷基、經取代的烷基、芳基、經取代的芳基、聚乙二醇(2-30單元)組成;Y’不存在、經取代或未經取代的1,2-二胺基乙烷、聚乙二醇(2-30單元)或醯胺;Z’不存在或獨立地選自羰基、醯胺、脲、胺基、酯、芳基、芳基羰基、芳氧基、芳基胺基、硫代或丁二醯亞胺基。在一些實施例中,連接基可允許一個活性劑分子連接至二個或更多個配體,或是一個配體連接至二個或更多個活性劑分子。
式Ia中的A為間隔單元(spacer unit),不存在或是獨立地選自以下的取代基。對於每一個取代基,虛線代表取代基位置具有X、Z或其他獨立地選自A的單元,其中該X、Z或A可附接至取代基的任一側上:
其中z=0-40,R為H或任選地經取代之烷基,以及R’為在天然或非天然胺基酸中發現的任何側鏈。
式Ic中的C為含有三個至六個功能基團之分支單元,該三個至六個功能基團用於共價附接至間隔單元、配體或活性藥物,選自胺、羧酸、硫醇、或丁二醯亞胺,包含諸如離胺酸、2,3-二胺基丙酸、2,4-二胺基丁酸、穀胺酸、天冬胺酸和半胱胺酸之胺基酸。
B. HSP90靶向部分
本文所述之靶向配體(亦稱為靶向部分)包含可結合一種或多種HSP90蛋白質的任何分子。此靶向配體可為胜肽、抗體模擬物、核酸(例如適體(aptamer))、多肽(例如抗體)、醣蛋白質、小分子、碳水化合物或脂質。
靶向部分X可為任何HSP90結合部分,例如但不限於天然化合物(例如格爾德黴素(geldanamycin)與根赤殼菌素(radicicol))以及合成的化合物例如格爾德黴素類似物17-AAG(亦即17-丙烯基胺基格爾德黴素(17-allylaminogeldanamycin))、嘌呤-支架(purine-scaffold) HSP90抑制劑系列,其包含PU24FC1(He H., et al,J. Med. Chem.
, vol.49:381(2006),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、BIIB021 (Lundgren K., et al,Mol. Cancer Ther.
, vol.8 (4):921 (2009),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、4,5-二芳基吡唑(Cheung K. M., et al,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett
., vol.15:3338 (2005),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、3-芳基,4-羧醯胺吡唑(Brough P. A., et al,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
, vol.15: 5197 (2005),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、4,5-二芳基異㗁唑(Brough P. A., et al,J. Med. Chem.
, vol. 51:196 (2008),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、3,4-二芳基吡唑間苯二酚衍生物(Dymock B. W., et al,J. Med. Chem.
, vol. 48:4212 (2005),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、噻吩并[2,3-d]嘧啶(VERNALIS等人的WO2005034950,其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、Giannini等人的EP2655345中之式I的芳基三唑衍生物(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、或HSP90結合配體或其衍生物/類似物之任何其他實例。
在一些實施例中,HSP90結合部分可為含有三個雜原子的雜環衍生物。MATULIS等人的WO2009134110 (其內容全文併入本案作為參考)揭露4,5-二芳基噻二唑(4,5-diaryl thiadiazole),其顯示良好的HSP90結合親合性。即使它們具有相當適度的細胞生長抑制,但它們仍可在本發明之共軛體中作為HSP90結合部分。另一類氮雜-雜環加成物(adduct),即三唑衍生物或其類似物,可作為本發明之共軛體中的HSP90結合部分。例如,1,2,4-三唑支架已被大量記錄為具有HSP90抑制性質。BURLISON等人(Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp.)的WO2009139916(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)揭露三環1,2,4-三唑衍生物在高莫耳濃度抑制HSP90。WO2009139916中揭露的任何三環1,2,4-三唑衍生物或其衍生物/類似物可作為本發明之共軛體中的HSP90結合部分。WO 2010017479與WO 2010017545 (Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp.)(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)中揭露的任何三取代的1,2,4-三唑衍生物或其衍生物/類似物可作為本發明之共軛體中的HSP90結合部分。在另一實施例中,WO2006055760 (Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp.) (其內容全文併入本案作為參考)中揭露的含有三唑酮(triazolone)HSP90抑制劑稱為ganetespib(先前稱為STA-9090,或為其高溶解度的磷酸鹽前藥STA-1474)或其衍生物/類似物可作為本發明之共軛體中的HSP90結合部分。
WO2013158644、WO2015038649、WO2015066053、WO2015116774、WO2015134464、WO2015143004、WO2015184246(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)中揭露的任何HSP90配體或HSP90抑制劑、或它們的衍生物/類似物可作為本發明之共軛體中的HSP90結合部分,例如:
式I,其中R1可為烷基、芳基、鹵化物、羧醯胺(carboxamide)或磺醯胺(sulfonamide);R2可為烷基、環烷基、芳基或雜芳基,其中當R2為6員芳基或雜芳基時,R2相對於三唑環上的連接點在3-和4-位置被取代,連接基L經其而附接;並且R3可為SH、OH、-CONHR4、芳基或雜芳基,其中當R3為6員芳基或雜芳基時,R3在3或4位置被取代;
式II,其中R1可為烷基、芳基、鹵素、羧醯胺基、磺醯胺基;以及R2可為任選地經取代之烷基、環烷基、芳基或雜芳基。此化合物之實例包含5-(2,4-二羥基-5-異丙基苯基)-N-(2-嗎啉基乙基)-4-(4-(嗎啉基甲基)苯基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-羧醯胺以及5-(2,4-二羥基-5-異丙基苯基)-4-(4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)苯基)-N-(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-羧醯胺;
式III,其中X、Y與Z可獨立地為CH、N、O或S (具有適當的取代並且滿足相應原子的價數和環的芳香性);R1可為烷基、芳基、鹵化物、羧醯胺基或磺醯胺基;R2可為經取代的烷基、環烷基、芳基或雜芳基,其中連接基L直接連接或連接至這些環上的延伸取代;R3可為SH、OH、NR4R5以及-CONHR6,效應部分可連接至其;R4與R5可獨立地為H、烷基、芳基、或雜芳基;以及R6可為烷基、芳基、或雜芳基,具有最少一個可與效應部分連接的官能基團;或是
式IV,其中R1可為烷基、芳基、鹵素、羧醯胺基或磺醯胺基;R2與R3為獨立地C1-C5烴基,其任選地以羥基、鹵素、C1-C2烷氧基、胺基、單-與二-C1-C2烷基胺基中的一個或更多個取代;5-至12-員芳基或雜芳基;或是R2與R3與它們所附接的氮原子一起形成4-至8-員單環雜環基,其中最多5個環成員是選自O、N與S。此等化合物的實例包含AT-13387。
HSP90靶向部分可為Ganetespib、Luminespib (AUY-922,NVP-AUY922)、Debio-0932、MPC-3100、Onalespib (AT-13387)、SNX-2112、17-胺基-格爾德黴素-氫醌、PU-H71、或其衍生物/類似物。
HSP90靶向部分可為SNX5422(PF-04929113)或是US 8080556(Pfizer)、WO2008096218(Pfizer)、WO2006117669 (Pfizer)、WO2008059368(Pfizer)、WO2008053319(Pfizer)、WO2006117669(Pfizer)、EP1885701(Novartis)、EP1776110 (Novartis)、EP2572709(Novartis)、WO2012131413 (Debiopharm)、或WO2012131468(Debiopharm)(其各自全文併入本案作為參考)中揭露的任何其他HSP90抑制劑。
HSP90靶向部分亦可為PU-H71(其是HSP90抑制劑,其為124
I放射性標示用於PET顯影),或其衍生物/類似物。
在一些實施例中,靶向部分包括顯影探針,例如放射性標示(例如放射性同位素)。放射性同位素的非限制實例包含I-131、Re-186、Re-188、Y-90、Bi-212、At-211、Sr-89、Ho-166、Sm-153、Cu-67、Cu-64、Lu-177、Ac-225、Bi-213、Th-227、Pb-212、Ra-223、P-32、Sc-47、Br-77、Rh-105、Pd-103、Ag-111、Pr-142、Pm-149、Gd-159、Ir-194、Pt-199、Tc-99m、Co-57、Ga-67、Kr-81m、Rb-82、Sr-92、Tl-201、C-11、N-13、O-15與F-18。
在一些實施例中,本揭露的共軛體包括超過一個靶向部分。例如,共軛體可包括2、3、4或5個HSP90靶向部分。
細胞外HSP90 (eHSP90)
在正常的細胞中,當細胞在環境壓力(例如熱、藥物、細胞介素、UV與/或γ射線)下時會發生HSP90的分泌。細胞外的HSP90(extracellular HSP90,eHSP90)的主要功能是藉由在受損害組織的邊緣處促進細胞遷移進入受損害區域而幫助組織修復。然而,在腫瘤中,持續活化的致癌基因即使沒有任何環境壓力也會引發HSP90分泌。腫瘤eHSP90α分泌的Hsp90在侵襲和轉移過程中促進腫瘤和腫瘤基質細胞的遷移。HSP90α的細胞外促進功能取決於HSP90表面的115-胺基酸片段(F-5)(Li et al.,Int Rev Cell Mol Biol.
, vol. 303:203-235(2013),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)。已顯示eHSP90存在於腫瘤細胞的表面上並且還能夠被內部化(internalized)(Crowe et al.,ACS Chem. Biol.
, vol. 12:1047-1055 (2017))。因此,腫瘤細胞中eHSP90的表面表現代表針對健康細胞選擇性地引導治療腫瘤的標的。因此,eHSP90 (特別是eHSP90α)可為治療腫瘤的良好標的。
在一些實施例中,靶向部分選擇性結合至eHSP90。在一些實施例中,靶向部分結合至eHSP90的F-5區域。
在一些實施例中,靶向部分具有低細胞滲透性並且較佳為結合至細胞表面eHSP90。在一些實施例中,靶向部分為細胞不可滲透的並且只結合至eHSP90。在一些實施例中,包括靶向部分的共軛體具有低細胞滲透性或是為細胞不可滲透的。
在一些實施例中,靶向部分包括HS-23、HS-131(揭露於Crowe et al.,ACS Chem. Biol.
, vol.12:1047-1055 (2017),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)或DMAG-N-oxide (17-AAG之細胞不可滲透的,揭露於Tsutsumi et al.,Oncogene
, vol. 27(17):2478-2487 (2008),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)、或其類似物/衍生物,結構如下所示。
在一些實施例中,共軛體的靶向部分以預定莫耳重量比例從約0.1 %至約10%、或約1%至約10%、或約10%至約20%、或約20%至約30%、或約30%至約40%、或約40%至約50%、或約50%至約60%、或約60%至約70%、或約70%至約80%、或約80%至約90%、或約90%至約99%存在,使得共軛體之成分的莫耳重量比例總和為100%。共軛體的靶向部分之量亦可用活性劑的比例表示,例如,配體與活性劑的比例為約10:1、9:1、8:1、7:1、6:1、5:1、4:1、3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5、1:6、1:7、1:8、1:9、或1:10。共軛體的非限制實例
在一些實例中,共軛體包括HSP90靶向部分,例如ganetespib類似物或衍生物(例如TM1、TM2、TM3、TM4、TM5或TM8),以及放射性活性劑的螯合劑。放射性活性劑可包括任何放射性同位素,例如鎦177 (Lu177或177
Lu)。共軛體中的鎦同位素177(177
Lu)使共軛體具有放射性活性。螯合劑可為DOTA。
在一些實施例中,共軛體包括HSP90靶向部分,例如ganetespib類似物或衍生物(例如TM1、TM2、TM3、TM4、TM5或TM8),其以連接基而附接至放射性活性劑的螯合劑。連接基可包括由至少一個胺基酸或其類似物(例如2個胺基酸或其類似物、3個胺基酸或其類似物、4個胺基酸或其類似物、或5個胺基酸或其類似物)所製成的間隔。胺基酸或其類似物可為D胺基酸。胺基酸或其類似物可為陰離子的(例如DGlu)、陽離子的(例如DLys)、或未帶電荷的(例如Sar,其中Sar=N-甲基甘胺酸)。間隔可選自由DGlu-DGlu-DLys、DLys-DLys-DGlu、DGlu-DGlu-DGlu、DLys-DLys-DLys、Sar-DLys-Sar、Sar-Sar-Sar、和Sar-DGlu-Sar所組成的群組。不願受任何理論束縛,間隔影響共軛體的生物分佈並且可減少共軛體的肝臟攝取。無論間隔上存在什麼電荷,都維持HSP90結合親和力。
在一實施例中,共軛體為化合物2(或共軛體2),其包括TM5作為靶向部分,DGlu-DGlu-DGlu作為間隔,DOTA作為螯合劑,以及鎦原子:
其中Lu是指175
Lu並且可替換為177
Lu以提供共軛體的放射性活性類似物。
在一實施例中,共軛體包括2個HSP90靶向部分。共軛體可為化合物9(或共軛體9),其包括二個TM5部分並且包括DOTAGA衍生物作為螯合劑。
其中Lu是指175
Lu並且可替換為177
Lu以提供共軛體的放射性活性類似物。
共軛體2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10中的鎦(Lu)可替換為Lu177 (177
Lu)或任何其他的放射性同位素,以提供共軛體的放射性活性類似物。D. 藥物動力學調節單元 (Pharmacokinetic Modulating Unit )
本發明之共軛體可進一步包括至少一種外部連接基,其連接至反應基團,該反應基團與蛋白質或工程蛋白質或其衍生物/類似物/模擬物上的功能基團反應,或是包括連接至藥物動力調節單元(pharmacokinetic modulating unit, PMU)的至少一種外部連接基。連接共軛體與反應基團或藥物動力調節單元的外部連接基可為可斷裂的連接基,其允許共軛體的釋放。因此,視需要可將共軛體與蛋白質或藥物動力學調節單元分開。
WO2017/197241(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)中所揭露的任何反應基團可附接至本揭露的共軛體。
在一些實施例中,共軛體包括附接至其活性劑之結合蛋白質的反應基團。在一些實施例中,共軛體包括附接至其靶向部分之結合蛋白質的反應基團。在一些實施例中,共軛體包括附接至其連接基之結合蛋白質的反應基團。反應接團可逆地或不可逆地結合至蛋白質。蛋白質可為天然存在的蛋白質,例如血清蛋白質或血漿蛋白質,或是其片段。特定的實例包含Fc新生受體(Fc neonatal receptor, FcRn)、結合甲狀腺素的蛋白質、轉甲狀腺素(transthyretin)、α1-酸醣蛋白質(α1-acid glycoprotein, AAG)、運鐵蛋白(transferrin)、纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen)、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、α-2-巨球蛋白、脂蛋白、或其片段。反應基團可經由共價鍵或非共價反應(例如氫鍵、離子鍵、凡得瓦爾交互作用以及疏水鍵而結合至此蛋白質。
在一些實施例中,結合蛋白質的反應基團可經由非共價交互作用而結合至血清蛋白質。例如,反應基團可為飽和脂肪酸,其以弱親和力(10-4
至10-5
M)結合至白蛋白。此脂肪酸的非限制實例可包含十四酸(myristic acid) (具有14個碳原子的脂肪酸)與十六酸(palmitic acid)(具有16個碳原子的脂肪酸)。反應基團的非限制實例包含萘醯基磺醯胺(naphthalene acylsulfonamide)基、二苯基環己醇磷酸酯基、6-(4-(4-碘苯基)丁醯胺基)己酸酯基(‘Albu’-tag)、具有DICLPRWGCLW核心序列的一系列胜肽,其包含SA21(具有18個胺基酸Ac-RLIEDICLPRWGCLWEDD-NH2
的環狀胜肽),由Dennis et al. inJ. Biol. Chem.
, vol. 277:35035 (2002)所揭露,其內容全文併入本案作為參考。
在一些實施例中,結合蛋白質的反應基團可包括結合任何胜肽-脂肪酸白蛋白的配體,揭露於Zorzi et al.,Nature Communications,
vol. 8:16092, (2017)中,其內容全文併入本案作為參考。這些結合胜肽-脂肪酸白蛋白的配體包括經由胺基酸側鏈而連接至短胜肽(例如七肽(heptapeptide))的脂肪酸。脂肪酸可經由羧基連接至短胜肽而至離胺酸的側鏈。脂肪酸以微莫耳範圍內的親和力與白蛋白結合,短肽藉由與白蛋白形成額外的接觸來增強親和力。胜肽-脂肪酸配體可具有以下的一般結構:,
其中X=任何胺基酸(例如Gly或Ser),K=Lys,n=12(十四酸),14(十六酸),或16(十八酸)。
在一些實施例中,可使用US 9670482(Bicycle Therapeutics)(其內容全文併入本案作為參考)中揭露的任何結合白蛋白的官能基團作為本申請案中之結合蛋白質的反應基團。在一些實施例中,結合蛋白質的反應基團包括茀(fluorene ring)環並且非共價地與/或可逆地結合至白蛋白。結合蛋白質的反應基團包括茀基甲氧基羰基(fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, FMOC)基團作為非限制實例。任選地,結合蛋白質的反應基團包括附接至FMOC的至少一個胺基酸,例如Lys、Trp、Gly或Phe。例如,小分子可包括Fmoc-Lys-、Fmoc-Gly-、Fmoc-Phe-、Fmoc-GGSGD-、Fmoc-FGGGD-、Fmoc-FGSGD-、Fmoc-WGSGD-、Fmoc-WGGGA、或Fmoc-Trp-GGG。
在一實施例中,共軛體包括反應基團,其非共價地結合至白蛋白。結合至白蛋白為可逆的。共軛體可包括TM5作為HSP90靶向部分以及DOTAGA作為螯合劑。共軛體可為化合物10(或共軛體10)。共軛體10中的鎦(Lu) 可被Lu177(177
Lu)或任何其他放射性同位素取代提供共軛體的放射性活性類似物。
II. 調合物
在一些實施例中,將組成物投予至人類、人類患者或個體。為了本揭露之目的,「活性成分」一詞通常是指如本文所述之共軛體。
雖然本文所提供之醫藥組成物的說明主要是關於適合投予至人類的醫藥組成物,然而該技藝之技術人士將可理解此組成物通常適合用於投予任何其他動物,例如投予至非人類動物,例如非人類哺乳類。適合投予至人類的醫藥組成物之改質以使組成物適於投予至各種動物是很好理解的,並且具有通常技術之獸醫藥理學家可僅用普通的(若有)實驗來設計和/或進行這種改質。考慮投予藥物組成物的個體包含但不限於人和/或其他靈長類動物;哺乳動物,包含商業上相關的哺乳動物,如牛、豬、馬、綿羊、貓、狗、鼠和/或大鼠;以及/或鳥,包含商業上相關的鳥類,如家禽、雞、鴨、鵝和/或火雞。
可藉由藥理學領域中任何已知的或以後開發的任何方法製備本文所述之醫藥組成物的調合物。通常,此製備方法包含使活性成分與賦形劑與/或一或多種其他輔助成分結合的步驟,而後,若必要且/或需要,將產物分成、成形和/或包裝成所需的單劑量或多劑量單位。
根據本發明之醫藥組成物可作為單一單位劑量和/或作為多個單一單位劑量大量製備、包裝和/或銷售。如本文所用,「單位劑量」是包括預定量活性成分的離散量的醫藥組成物。活性成分的量通常等於投予個體的活性成分的劑量和/或此劑量的方便部分,例如此劑量的一半或三分之一。
根據本發明之藥物組成物中活性成分、醫藥上可接受的賦形劑和/或任何其他成分的相對量將依所治療的個體之身份、大小和/或狀況而變化,並且進一步取決於組成物的投予途徑。例如,組成物可包括在0.1%與100%之間,例如在0.5與50%之間、在1-30%之間、在5-80%之間、至少80% (w/w)的活性成分。
可使用一或多種賦形劑調合本發明之共軛體以:(1)增加穩定性;(2)允許持續或延遲釋放(例如,來自單馬來醯亞胺的貯庫調合物);(3)改變生物分佈(例如,將單馬來醯亞胺化合物靶向特定組織或細胞類型);(4)改變體內單馬來醯亞胺化合物的釋放概況(release profile)。賦形劑的非限制實例包含任何與所有的溶劑、分散介質、稀釋劑、或其他液體載體、分散或懸浮酸、表面活性劑、等張劑、增稠劑或乳化劑與防腐劑。本發明之賦形劑亦包含但不限於類脂質(lipidoid)、脂質體、脂質奈米顆粒、聚合物、脂質複合物,核-殼奈米顆粒、胜肽、蛋白質、透明質酸酶、奈米顆粒模擬物及其組合。據此,本發明之調合物可包含一或多種賦形劑,各自的量一起增加單馬來醯亞胺化合物的穩定性。賦形劑
醫藥組成物可附加地包括醫藥可接受的賦形劑,其如本文所使用,包含任何與其他的溶劑、分散介質、稀釋劑、或其他脂質載體、分散或懸浮酸、表面活性劑、等張劑、增稠劑或乳化劑、防腐劑、固體黏合劑、潤滑劑等,適合於所需的特定劑型。Remington’s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2006;其內容全文併入本案作為參考)揭露用於調合醫藥組成物的各種賦形劑及其製備的已知技術。除非任何習知的賦形劑介質與物質或其衍生物不相容,例如藉由產生任何不希望有的生物效應或以有害方式與醫藥組成物的任何其他成分相互作用,否則其用途皆被認為是在本發明的範圍內。
在一些實施例中,醫藥尚可接受的賦形劑為至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%、或100%純。在一些實施例中,賦形劑被核准用於人類和獸醫用途。在一些實施例中,賦形劑是由美國食品藥物管理局核准。在一些實施例中,賦形劑為醫藥等級。在一些實施例中,賦形劑符合美國藥典(United States Pharmacopoeia, USP)、歐洲藥典(European Pharmacopoeia, EP)、英國藥典與/或國際藥典的標準。
製造醫藥組成物所使用的醫藥上可接受的賦形劑包含但不限於惰性稀釋劑、分散劑和/或造粒劑、表面活性劑和/或乳化劑、崩解劑、黏合劑、防腐劑、緩衝劑、潤滑劑和/或油。此賦形劑可任選地包含於醫藥組成物中。
例示的稀釋劑包含但不限於碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉、磷酸鈣、磷酸二鈣、硫酸鈣、磷酸氫鈣、磷酸鈉、乳糖、蔗糖、纖維素、微晶纖維素、高嶺土、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、肌醇、氯化鈉、乾澱粉、玉米澱粉、糖粉等、以及/或其組合。
例示的造粒和/或分散劑包含但不限於馬鈴薯澱粉、玉米澱粉、木薯澱粉、羥基乙酸澱粉鈉(sodium starch glycolate)、黏土、海藻酸、瓜爾膠(guar gum)、柑橘果肉、洋菜、皂土(bentonite)、纖維素和木製品、天然海綿、陽離子交換樹脂、碳酸鈣、矽酸鹽、碳酸鈉、交聯聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)(交聯聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(crospovidone))、羧甲基澱粉鈉(羥基乙酸澱粉鈉)、羧甲基纖維素、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉(交聯羧甲基纖維素(croscarmellose))、甲基纖維素、預膠化澱粉(澱粉1500)、微晶澱粉、水不溶性澱粉、羧甲基纖維素鈣、矽酸鎂鋁(VEEGUM®)、十二烷基硫酸鈉、四級銨化合物等、和/或其組合。
例示的表面活性劑和/或乳化劑包含但不限於天然乳化劑(例如金合歡膠(acacia)、洋菜、海藻酸、海藻酸鈉、黃蓍膠(tragacanth)、軟骨泥(chondrux)、膽固醇、黃原膠(xanthan)、果膠、明膠、蛋黃、酪蛋白、羊毛脂、膽固醇、蠟和卵磷脂)、膠質黏土(colloidal clay)(例如皂土(bentonite)[矽酸鋁]和VEEGUM®[矽酸鎂鋁])、長鏈胺基酸衍生物、高分子量醇(例如十八醇、十六醇、油醇、三乙酸甘油酯單硬脂酸酯(triacetin monostearate)、乙二醇二硬脂酸酯、單硬脂酸甘油酯、丙二醇單硬脂酸酯、聚乙烯醇)、卡波姆(carbomer)(例如羧基聚亞甲基(carboxy polymethylene)、聚丙烯酸,丙烯酸聚合物和羧乙烯基聚合物)、角叉菜膠(carrageenan)、纖維素衍生物(例如羧甲基纖維素鈉、粉狀纖維素、羥甲基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、甲基纖維素)、去水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(sorbitan fatty acid ester)(例如聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐單月桂酸酯[TWEEN®20]、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐[TWEEN®60]、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐單油酸酯[TWEEN®80]、山梨醇酐單棕櫚酸酯[SPAN®40]、山梨醇酐單硬脂酸酯[SPAN®60]、山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯[SPAN®65],單油酸甘油酯、山梨醇酐單油酸酯[SPAN®80])、聚氧乙烯酯(例如聚氧乙烯單硬脂酸酯[MYRJ®45]、聚氧乙烯氫化蓖麻油、聚乙氧基化蓖麻油、聚甲醛硬脂酸酯、以及Kolliphor ® (SOLUTOL®))、蔗醣脂肪酸酯、聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯(例如CREMOPHOR®)、聚氧乙烯醚(例如聚氧乙烯十二烷基醚[BRIJ®30])、聚(乙烯基-吡咯烷酮)、二乙二醇單月桂酸酯、三乙醇胺油酸酯、油酸鈉、油酸鉀、油酸乙酯、油酸、月桂酸乙酯、十二烷基硫酸鈉、PLUORINC®F 68、POLOXAMER®188、溴化十六烷基三甲基銨(cetrimonium bromide)、氯化十六烷基吡啶(cetylpyridinium chloride)、羥基氯苯胺(benzalkonium chloride)、琥珀酸辛酯磺酸鈉(docusate sodium)、和/或其組合。
例示的黏合劑包含但不限於澱粉(例如玉米澱粉和澱粉漿);明膠;糖(例如蔗糖、葡萄糖、右旋糖、糊精、糖蜜(molasses)、乳糖、乳糖醇、甘露醇);天然與合成的膠(例如金合歡膠(acacia)、海藻酸鈉、愛爾蘭苔蘚萃取物、潘瓦爾(panwar)膠、甘地膠、洋車前子果殼 的膠漿(mucilage of isapol husks)、羧甲基纖維素、甲基纖維素、乙基纖維素、羥乙基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、微晶纖維素、乙酸纖維素、聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)、矽酸鎂鋁(Veegum®)和落葉松阿拉伯半乳聚醣(larch arabogalactan));藻酸鹽;聚氧化乙烯(polyethylene oxide);聚乙二醇;無機鈣鹽;矽酸;聚甲基丙烯酸酯;蠟;水;醇等等;及其組合。
例示的防腐劑可包含但不限於抗氧化劑、螯合劑、抗微生物防腐劑、抗真菌防腐劑、醇防腐劑、酸防腐劑、與/或其他防腐劑。例示的抗氧化劑包含但不限於α生育酚、抗壞血酸、棕櫚酸棕櫚酸酯、丁基化羥基苯甲醚、丁基化羥基甲苯、單硫代甘油、偏亞硫酸氫鉀、丙酸、沒食子酸丙酯(propyl gallate)、抗壞血酸鈉、亞硫酸氫鈉、偏亞硫酸氫鈉和/或亞硫酸鈉。例示的螯合劑包含乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、檸檬酸單水合物、乙二胺四乙酸二鈉、乙二胺四乙酸二鉀、乙二胺四乙酸、反丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、磷酸、乙二胺四乙酸鈉、酒石酸和/或乙二胺四乙酸三鈉。例示的抗微生物防腐劑包含但不限於羥基氯苯胺(benzalkonium chloride)、氯化本索寧(benzethonium chloride)、苯甲醇、溴硝醇(bronopol)、溴化十六基三甲銨(cetrimide)、氯化十六烷基吡啶(cetylpyridinium chloride)、氯己定(chlorhexidine)、氯丁醇、氯甲酚、氯二甲酚、甲酚、乙醇、甘油、雙辛氫啶(hexetidine)、咪唑啶脲(imidurea)、酚、苯氧基乙醇、苯乙醇、硝酸苯汞(phenylmercuric nitrate)、丙二醇和/或乙汞硫苯甲酸鈉(thimerosal)。例示的抗真菌防腐劑包含但不限於對羥基苯甲酸丁酯、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯、苯甲酸、羥基苯甲酸、苯甲酸鉀、山梨酸鉀、苯甲酸鈉、丙酸鈉和/或山梨酸。例示的醇防腐劑包含但不限於乙醇、聚乙二醇、酚、酚類化合物、雙酚、氯丁醇、羥基苯甲酸酯和/或苯乙醇。例示的酸防腐劑包含但不限於維生素A、維生素C、維生素E、β-胡蘿蔔素、檸檬酸、乙酸、脫氫乙酸、抗壞血酸、山梨酸和/或植酸(phytic acid)。其他的防腐劑包含但不限於生育酚、生育酚乙酸酯、甲磺酸去鐵胺(deteroxime mesylate)、溴化十六基三甲銨(cetrimide)、丁基化羥基苯甲醚(butylated hydroxyanisol, BHA)、丁基化羥基甲苯(butylated hydroxytoluened, BHT)、乙二胺、十二烷基硫酸鈉(sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS)、十二烷基醚硫酸鈉(sodium lauryl ether sulfate, SLES)、亞硫酸氫鈉、偏亞硫酸氫鈉、亞硫酸鉀、偏亞硫酸氫鉀、GLYDANT PLUS®、PHENONIP®、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、GERMALL®115、GERMABEN®II、NEOLONE™、KATHON™、和/或EUXYL®。
例示的緩衝劑包含但不限於檸檬酸鹽緩衝溶液、乙酸鹽緩衝溶液、磷酸鹽緩衝溶液、氯化銨、碳酸鈣、氯化鈣、檸檬酸鈣、葡乳醛酸鈣(calcium glubionate)、葡庚糖酸鈣(calcium gluceptate)、葡萄糖酸鈣、D-葡萄糖酸、甘油磷酸鈣、乳酸鈣、丙酸、乙醯丙酸鈣(calcium levulinate)、戊酸、磷酸氫鈣、磷酸、磷酸三鈣、磷酸氫鈣、乙酸鉀、氯化鉀、葡萄糖酸鉀、鉀混合物、磷酸氫二鉀、磷酸二氫鉀、磷酸鉀混合物、乙酸鈉、碳酸氫鈉、氯化鈉、檸檬酸鈉、乳酸鈉、磷酸氫二鈉、磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸鈉混合物、胺基丁三醇(tromethamine)、氫氧化鎂、氫氧化鋁、海藻酸、無熱原水、等張鹽水、林格氏溶液、乙醇等等、以及/或其組合。
例示的潤滑劑包含但不限於硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸、二氧化矽、滑石、麥芽、甘油基山梨酸酯(glyceryl behanate)、氫化植物油、聚乙二醇、苯甲酸鈉、乙酸鈉、氯化鈉、白胺酸、十二烷基硫酸鎂、十二烷基硫酸鈉等等、及其組合。
例示的油包含但不限於杏仁果、杏仁子、酪梨、巴巴蘇、佛手柑、黑當前種子(black current seed)、琉璃苣、杜松(cade)、黃金菊、油菜、葛縷、卡瑙巴(carnauba)、蓖麻、肉桂、可可脂、椰子、鱈魚肝、咖啡、玉米,棉籽、鴯鶓(emu)、桉樹、桉樹、月見草、魚、亞麻籽、香葉、葫蘆、葡萄籽、榛果、牛膝草、異丙基肉荳蔻酸、荷荷巴油、石栗果、醒目薰衣草(lavandin)、薰衣草、檸檬、山鷄椒、澳洲堅果(macadamia nut)、錦葵、芒果種子、meadowfoam種子、水貂、肉荳蔻、橄欖、柳橙、橙鯛(orange roughy)、棕櫚、棕仁、桃仁、花生、罌粟籽、南瓜籽、油菜籽、米糠、迷迭香、紅花、檀香、油茶、香草(savoury)、沙棘、芝麻,乳木果油、矽膠、大豆、向日葵、茶樹、薊、山茶(tsubaki)、香根草、核桃和小麥胚芽油。例示的油包含但不限於硬脂酸丁酯、辛酸甘油三酯、癸酸甘油三酯、環聚二甲基矽氧烷、癸二酸二乙酯、聚二甲基矽氧烷360(dimethicone 360)、肉荳蔻酸異丙酯、礦物油、辛基十二烷醇、油醇、聚矽氧油(silicone oil)和/或其組合。
根據調合物設計師的判斷,可在組成物中存在賦形劑,例如可可脂和栓劑蠟、著色劑、包衣劑、甜味劑、調味劑和/或芳香劑。投予
可藉由任何導致治療有效結果的途徑投予本發明之共軛體。這些包含但不限於腸內、胃腸道、硬膜外、口服、穿皮、硬膜外(硬膜外)、腦內(進入大腦)、腦室內(進入腦室)、表皮(應用於皮膚)、皮內(進入皮膚本身)、皮下(皮膚下)、鼻腔給藥(經由鼻子)、靜脈內(進入靜脈注射)、動脈內(進入動脈)、肌內(進入肌肉)、心內(進入心臟)、骨內輸注(進入骨髓)、鞘內(進入脊髓管)、腹膜內(輸注或注入腹膜)、膀胱內輸注、玻璃體內(經由眼睛)、海綿體內注射(進入陰莖根部)、陰道內投予、子宮內、羊膜外投予、穿皮(經由完整皮膚擴散全身分佈)、穿黏膜(經由黏膜擴散)、吹氣(鼻吸)、舌下、陰唇下、灌腸、滴眼液(至結膜上)、或滴耳液。在特定實施例中,可用允許組成物穿過血腦屏障、血管屏障或其他上皮屏障的方式投予組成物。
本文所述之調合物在醫藥載體中含有有效量的共軛體,適於投予至有需要的個體。可腸胃外投予(例如,藉由注射或輸注)調合物。可用任何方式投予調合物或其變體,包括腸內、局部(例如,眼睛)、或經由肺部投予。在一些實施例中,局部投予調合物。
A. 腸胃外的調合物(Parenteral Formulations)
可用溶液、懸浮液或乳液的形式配製共軛體用於腸胃外遞送,例如注射或輸注。可將調合物以全身、區域或直接地投予至待治療的器官或組織。
可用本技藝已知的技術將腸胃外調合物製備成水性組成物。典型地,這些組成物可製備成可注射的調合物,例如溶液或懸浮液;在注射前加入重構培養基時適合用於製備溶液或懸浮液的固體形式;乳液,例如油包水(water-in-oil,w/o)乳液、水包油(oil-in-water,o/w)乳液、及其微乳液、脂質體或乳液體(emulsome)。
載體可為溶劑或分散介質,其含有例如水、乙醇、一或多種多醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液體聚乙二醇)、油,例如蔬菜油(例如花生油、玉米油、芝麻油等等)、及其組合。例如,藉由使用諸如卵磷脂的包衣(coating),藉由在分散的情況下維持所需的顆粒尺寸和/或藉由使用界面活性劑,可維持適當的流動性。在一些情況下,包括等張劑,例如,一種或多種糖、氯化鈉或本技藝中已知的其他合適的試劑。
可在與一種或多種醫藥上可接受的賦形劑適當地混合之水或其他溶劑或分散介質中製備共軛體的溶液和分散液,該賦形劑包含但不限於界面活性劑、分散劑、乳化劑、pH調節劑及其組合。
合適的界面活性劑可為陰離子的、陽離子的、兩性或非離子表面活性劑。合適的陰離子界面活性劑包含但不限於含有羧酸鹽、磺酸鹽和硫酸鹽離子的那些。陰離子界面活性劑的實例包含長鏈烷基磺酸鈉、鉀、銨以及諸如十二烷基苯磺酸鈉等烷基芳基磺酸鹽;二烷基磺基琥珀酸二烷基酯,如十二烷基苯磺酸鈉;二烷基磺基琥珀酸鈉,如雙-(2-乙基硫氧基)-磺基琥珀酸鈉(sodium bis-(2-ethylthioxyl)-sulfosuccinate);以及烷基硫酸鹽,例如十二烷基硫酸鈉。陽離子界面活性劑包含但不限於三級銨化合物,例如羥基氯苯胺(benzalkonium chloride)、氯化本索寧(benzethonium chloride)、溴化十六烷基三甲基銨( cetrimonium bromide)、硬脂基二甲基苄基氯化銨(stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride)、聚氧乙烯和椰子胺。非離子界面活性劑的實例包含乙二醇單硬脂酸酯、丙二醇肉荳蔻酸酯、單硬脂酸甘油酯、硬脂酸甘油酯、聚甘油-4-油酸酯,去水山梨糖醇醯化物(sorbitan acylate)、蔗糖醯化物、PEG-150月桂酸酯、PEG-400單月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯單月桂酸酯、聚山梨醇酯、聚氧乙烯辛基苯基醚、PEG-1000十六烷基醚、聚氧乙烯十三烷基醚、聚丙二醇丁醚、Poloxamer® 401、硬脂醯單異丙醇醯胺(stearoyl monoisopropanolamide)和聚氧乙烯氫化牛脂醯胺(polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide)。兩性界面活性劑的實例包含N-十二烷基-β-丙氨酸鈉,N-十二烷基-β-亞胺基二丙酸鈉、肉荳蔻兩性乙酸鹽(myristoamphoacetate)、十二烷基甜菜鹼(lauryl betaine)和十二烷基磺基甜菜鹼(lauryl sulfobetaine)。
調合物可含有防腐劑以防止微生物的生長。合適的防腐劑包含但不限於對羥基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、酚、山梨酸和乙汞硫苯甲酸鈉(thimerosal)。調合物亦可含有抗氧化劑以防止活性劑的降解。
典型地將調合物緩衝至pH為3-8,用於在重構時進行腸胃外投予。合適的緩衝液包含但不限於磷酸緩衝液、乙酸緩衝液、以及檸檬酸緩衝液。如果使用10%蔗糖或5%右旋糖,可不需要緩衝液。
水溶性聚合物通常用於腸胃外投予的調合物中。合適的水溶性聚合物包含但不限於聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、葡聚醣、羧甲基纖維素和聚乙二醇。
可藉由將所需量的共軛體在適當溶劑或分散介質中與一或多種上述賦形劑合併,接著視需要藉由過濾滅菌,而製備無菌可注射溶液。通常,藉由將各種滅菌的共軛體併入至含有基礎分散介質(basic dispersion medium)的滅菌載體與上述所需的其他成分中而製備分散液。
用於腸胃外投予的醫藥調合物可為滅菌水溶液的形式或由一種或多種聚合物-藥物共軛體形成的共軛體之懸浮液形式。可接受的溶劑包含例如水,林格氏溶液(Ringer’s solution)、磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(PBS)和等張氯化鈉溶液。調合物亦可為無毒的、腸胃外可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑如1,3-丁二醇中的無菌溶液、懸浮液或乳液。
在一些例子中,調合物以液體形式分配或包裝。或者,用於腸胃外投予的調合劑可包裝為固體,例如藉由凍乾合適的液體調合物而獲得。在投予前,可用合適的載體或稀釋劑重建固體。
可用維持適於眼部投予的pH所需之有效量的緩衝液以緩衝用於腸胃外給投予的溶液、懸浮液或乳液。合適的緩衝劑是本技藝之技術人士熟知的,有用的緩衝劑之一些實例為乙酸鹽、硼酸鹽、碳酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽和磷酸鹽緩衝劑。
用於腸胃投予的溶液、懸浮液或乳液亦可含有一種或多種張力劑以調節調合物的等張範圍。合適的張力劑是本技藝熟知的,一些實例包含甘油、蔗糖、右旋糖、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、氯化鈉和其他電解質。
用於腸胃外投予的溶液、懸浮液或乳液亦可含有一種或多種防腐劑以防止眼科製劑的細菌污染。合適的防腐劑是該技藝中已知的,並且包含聚六亞甲基雙胍(polyhexamethylenebiguanidine, PHMB)、羥基氯苯胺(benzalkonium chloride, BAK)、穩定的氧氯複合物(也稱為Purite®)、乙酸苯汞、氯丁醇、山梨酸、氯己定(chlorhexidine)、苯甲醇(benzyl alcohol)、對羥基苯甲酸酯、乙汞硫苯甲酸鈉(thimerosal)、及其混合物。
用於腸胃外給藥投予的溶液、懸浮液或乳液亦可含有該技藝已知的一種或多種賦形劑,例如分散劑、潤濕劑和懸浮劑。
B. 黏膜局部調合物
共軛體可經調配用於局部投予至黏膜表面。適合用於局部投予之劑量形式包含乳膏、軟膏、藥膏、噴霧劑、凝膠、乳劑、乳液、液體和透皮貼劑。調合物可經調配用於經黏膜跨上皮或經內皮投予。組成物包含一種或多種化學滲透促進劑、膜滲透劑、膜運輸劑、潤膚劑、界面活性劑、穩定劑及其組合。在一些實施例中,共軛體可被投予為液體調合物,例如溶液或懸浮液、半固體調合物,例如乳劑或軟膏,或固體調合物。在一些實施例中,共軛體可經調配成為液體,包含溶液和懸浮液,例如滴眼劑或作為半固體調合物,至黏膜,例如眼睛或陰道或直腸。
「界面活性劑」為表面-活性劑,其降低表面張力,藉以增加產品的乳化、起泡、分散、擴展和潤濕性質。合適的非離子界面活性劑包含乳化蠟、單油酸甘油酯(glyceryl monooleate)、聚氧乙烯烷基醚、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚山梨醇酯、去水山梨糖醇酯(sorbitan ester)、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、環糊精、單硬脂酸甘油酯、泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)、聚維酮(povidone)及其組合。在一些實施例中,非離子界面活性劑是硬脂醇。
「乳化劑」為表面活性物質,其促進一種液體在另一種液體中的懸浮並且促進油和水的穩定混合物或乳液之形成。常見的乳化劑為:金屬皂、一些動植物油和各種極性化合物。合適的乳化劑包含阿拉伯膠、陰離子乳化蠟、硬脂酸鈣、卡波姆(carbomer)、十六十八醇(cetostearyl alcohol)、十六醇(cetyl alcohol)、膽固醇、二乙醇胺、棕櫚酸硬脂酸乙二醇酯(ethylene glycol palmitostearate)、單硬脂酸甘油酯、單油酸甘油酯、羥基丙基纖維素、羥基丙基甲基纖維素(hypromellose)、羊毛脂(lanolin)、含水化合物(hydrous)、羊毛脂醇(lanolin alcohol)、卵磷脂、中鏈三酸甘油酯、甲基纖維素、礦物油和羊毛脂醇、磷酸二氫鈉、單乙醇胺、非離子乳化蠟、油酸、泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)、泊洛沙姆、聚氧乙烯烷基醚,聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物,聚氧乙烯去水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯(polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester)、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯(polyoxyethylene stearate)、海藻酸丙二醇酯(propylene glycol alginate)、自乳化單硬脂酸甘油酯、檸檬酸鈉脫水物、十二烷基硫酸鈉、脫水山梨糖醇酯、硬脂酸、向日葵油、黃蓍膠(tragacanth)、三乙醇胺、黃原膠(xanthan gum)及其組合。在一實施例中,乳化劑為硬脂酸甘油酯。
合適種類的滲透促進劑在該技藝中為已知的,並且包含但不限於脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸、脂肪醇醚、胺基酸、磷脂、卵磷脂、膽酸鹽、酶、胺和醯胺、複合劑(脂質體、環糊精、改質纖維素和二醯亞胺)、巨環化合物,如巨環內酯、酮、以及酸酐與環脲、界面活性劑、N-甲基吡咯烷酮及其衍生物、DMSO和相關化合物、離子化合物、氮酮和相關化合物、以及溶劑,如醇類、酮類、醯胺類、多元醇類(如乙二醇)。這些類的實例是本技藝已知的。劑量
本發明提供包括將如本文所述之共軛體投予至有需要之個體的方法。可使用有效預防或治療或成像疾病、病症和/或狀態(例如,與工作記憶缺陷相關的疾病、病症和/或狀態)的任何量和任何投予途徑,將如本文所述的共軛體投予至個體。實際所需的量將一個體而變化,取決於個體的物種、年齡、以及一般狀態、疾病的嚴重性、特定組成物、投予的模式、活性模式等等。
根據本發明之組成物通常以劑量單位形式調配,以便於投予和劑量均勻。然而,應理解可由主治醫師在合理的醫學判斷範圍內決定本發明之組成物的每日總劑量。任何特定患者的特定治療有效、預防有效或適當的成像劑量水平將取決於多種因素,包含所治療的病症和病症的嚴重程度;所使用之特定化合物的活性;所使用之特定組成物;患者的年齡、體重、一般健康、性別和飲食;投予的時間、投予的途徑、以及所使用之特定化合物的排泄率;治療期間;與所使用之特定化合物組合或巧合使用的藥物;以及醫學技藝中眾所周知的因子。
在一些實施例中,可用足以每天一次或多次遞送約0.0001 mg/kg至約100 mg/kg、從約0.001 mg/kg至約0.05 mg/kg、從約0.005 mg/kg至約0.05 mg/kg、從約0.001 mg/kg至約0.005 mg/kg、從約0.05 mg/kg至約0.5 mg/kg、從約0.01 mg/kg至約50 mg/kg、從約0.1 mg/kg至約40 mg/kg、從約0.5 mg/kg至約30 mg/kg、從約0.01 mg/kg至約10 mg/kg、從約0.1 mg/kg至約10 mg/kg、或從約1 mg/kg至約25 mg/kg、從約25 mg/kg至約50 mg/kg、從約50 mg/kg至約100 mg/kg、從約100 mg/kg至約125 mg/kg、從約125 mg/kg至約150 mg/kg、從約150 mg/至約175 mg/kg、從約175 mg/kg至約200 mg/kg、從約200 mg/kg至約250 mg/kg之個體體重的劑量水平投予根據本發明之組成物,以獲得所需的治療、診斷、預防或成像效果。可一天三次、一天兩次、一天一次、隔天一次、每三天一次、每週一次、每兩週一次、每三週一次或每四週一次遞送所需劑量。在一些實施例中,可使用多次投予(例如,二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、十一、十二、十三、十四、或更多投予)遞送所需劑量。當使用多次投予時,可使用分次劑量(split dose)方案,例如本文所述的那些。
共軛體在醫藥組成物中的濃度可為在約0.01 mg/mL至約50 mg/mL之間、在約0.1 mg/mL至約25 mg/mL之間、在約0.5 mg/mL至約10 mg/mL之間、或在約1 mg/mL至約5 mg/mL之間。
如本文所用,「分次劑量」是將單個單位劑量(single unit dose)或每日總劑量分成兩個或更多個劑量,例如,單次劑量的二次或更多次投予。如本文所用,「單個單位劑量」是以一個劑量/一次/單一途徑/單一接觸點(即單次投予事件)中投予的任何治療劑量。如本文所用,「每日總劑量(total daily dose)」是24小時內給出或規定的量。它可被投予為單個單位劑量。劑量形式
本文所述之醫藥組成物可經調配成為本文所述之劑量形式,例如局部、鼻內、氣管內或可注射的(例如,靜脈內、眼內、玻璃體內、肌肉內、心內、腹膜內和皮下)。
液體劑量形式
用於腸胃外投予的液體劑量形式包含但不限於醫藥上可接受的乳液、微乳液、溶液、懸浮液、糖漿和/或酏劑(elixir)。除了活性成分之外,液體劑量形式可包括該技藝常用的惰性稀釋劑,其包含但不限於水或其它溶劑,增溶劑和乳化劑,如乙醇、異丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲醯胺、油(特別是棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄欖油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油,四氫呋喃甲醇(tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol)、聚乙二醇和脫水山梨糖醇的脂肪酸酯、及其混合物。在用於腸胃外投予的一些實施例中,組成物可與增溶劑(例如CREMOPHOR®、醇、油、改質油、甘油、聚山梨醇酯、環糊精、聚合物和/或其組合)混合。
注射劑(injectable)
可注射的製劑(例如無菌可注射水性或油性懸浮液,並且可以包括合適的分散劑,潤濕劑和/或懸浮劑)可根據已知技藝而調配,並且可包含合適的分散劑、濕潤劑、與/或懸浮劑。無菌可注射製劑可為在無毒的腸胃外可接受的稀釋劑和/或溶劑(例如在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液)中的無菌可注射溶液、懸浮液和/或乳液。可使用的可接受的載體和溶劑包含但不限於水、林格氏溶液、U.S.P、以及等張氯化鈉溶液。無菌的固定油通常用作溶劑或懸浮介質。為此目的,可使用任何溫和的固定油,包含合成的甘油單酯或甘油二酯。脂肪酸(例如油酸)可用於製備注射劑。
可將可注射的調合物滅菌,例如,藉由經細菌截留過濾器過濾,和/或藉由併入無菌固體組成物形式的滅菌劑,其可在使用之前先溶解或分散在無菌水或其它無菌可注射介質中。
為了延長活性成分的效果,可能需要減緩皮下或肌內注射之活性成分的吸收。這可以藉由使用水溶性差的結晶或無定形材料的液體懸浮液來實現。而後,化合物的吸收速率取決於其溶解速率,而溶解速率可取決於晶體大小和晶形。或者,可藉由將化合物溶解或懸浮在油性載體中來實現胃腸外投予的化合物之延遲吸收。藉由在生物可降解的聚合物(例如聚丙交酯-聚乙交酯(polylactide-polyglycolide))中形成化合物的微囊基質(microencapsule matrices)來製備可注射的儲庫形式。取決於化合物與聚合物的比例和所使用之特定聚合物的本質,可控制化合物釋放的速率。其他生物可降解的聚合物之實例包含但不限於聚(原酸酯)(poly(orthoesters))和聚(酸酐)(poly(anhydrides))。可藉由將化合物包埋在與身體組織相容的脂質體或微乳液中來製備儲庫可注射的調合物。
肺部的(Pulmonary)
可用於肺部遞送的本文所述之調合物亦可用於醫藥組成物的鼻內遞送。適合鼻內投予的另一種調合物可為包含活性成分並且具有約0.2 µm至500 µm之平均顆粒的粗粉。可用鼻吸的方式投予此種調合物,亦即藉由鼻腔通道從靠近鼻子的粉末容器中快速吸入。
適合鼻腔投予的調合物可例如包括從少至約0.1%(w/w)且高達100%(w/w)的活性成分,並且可包括一種或多種另外的本文所述之成分。可將醫藥組成物製備、包裝和/或銷售於適合口腔投予的調合物中。此調合物可為例如使用習知方法製成的片劑和/或錠劑的形式,並且可例如含有約0.1%至20%(w/w)的活性成分,其中餘量(balance)可包括口服可溶和/或可降解的組成物,以及任選的一種或多種本文所述之其他成分。或者,適合用於口腔投予的調合物可包括粉末和/或煙霧化(aerosolized)和/或霧化(atomized)溶液和/或包括活性成分的懸浮液。此粉末化、煙霧化和/或霧化的調合霧當分散時可具有從約0.1 nm至約200 nm範圍之平均顆粒和/或液滴尺寸,並且可進一步包括一種或多種本文所述之任何其他成分。
可在例如Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st ed, Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 2005(其全文併入本案作為參考)中找到調合物和/或醫藥劑中的一般考慮因素。
包衣(coating)或殼
片劑、糖衣錠(dragee)、膠囊、丸劑和顆粒劑的固體劑型可以用包衣和殼製備,例如腸溶包衣(enteric coating)和醫藥調配技藝中廣為人知的其它包衣。它們可任選地包括乳濁劑(opacifying agent)並且可為僅在腸道的某一部分或任選地以延遲的方式釋放活性成分的組成物。可使用的包埋組成物之實例包含聚合物質與蠟。類似類型的固體組成物可用作軟和硬填充明膠膠囊中的填充劑,使用諸如乳糖或奶糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇等賦形劑。
VI. 使用共軛體的方法
如果適當,可投予本文所述之共軛體以治療任何過度增生疾病、代謝疾病、感染疾病、或癌症。可藉由注射、口服或局部投予調合物,通常投予至黏膜表面(肺、鼻、口、頰、舌下、陰道、直腸)或眼(眼內或經眼)。
在各種實施例中,提供治療具有癌症之個體的方法,其中該方法包括投予治療有效量的如本文所述之共軛體、其鹽形式至具有癌症、懷疑患有癌症、或具有癌症傾向的個體。根據本發明,癌症包括以不受控制的細胞增生(例如過度增生)為特徵的任何疾病或病(malady)。癌症可由腫瘤定性,例如固體腫瘤或任何贅瘤(neoplasm)。
在一些實施例中,癌症為固體腫瘤。大的藥物分子在固體腫瘤中的滲透有限。大的藥物分子之滲透慢。在另一方面,小分子(例如本發明之共軛體)可快速且更深入地滲透固體腫瘤。關於藥物的滲透深度,儘管具有更持久的藥物動力學,但較大的分子滲透較少。小分子(例如本發明的共軛體)滲透較深。Dreher等人(Dreher et al.,JNCI,
vol. 98(5):335 (2006),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)研究不同大小的葡聚醣滲透到腫瘤異種移植物(xenograft)中。
在一實施例中,本發明的共軛體從腫瘤的血管表面到達固體腫瘤中至少約25 µm、約30 µm、約35 µm、約40 µm、約45 µm、約50 µm、約75 µm、約100 µm、約150 µm、約200 µm、約250 µm、約300 µm、約400 µm、約500 µm、約600 µm、約700 µm、約800 µm、約900 µm、約1000 µm、約1100 µm、約1200 µm、約1300 µm、約1400 µm或約1500 µm。零距離定義為腫瘤的血管表面,並且每個大於零的距離定義為在三維中測量到最近的血管表面的距離。
在另一實施例中,本發明的共軛體滲透至腫瘤的核心。如本文所用,腫瘤的「核心」是指腫瘤的中心區域。從腫瘤的核心區域的任何部分到腫瘤的血管表面之距離是腫瘤長度或寬度的約30%至約50%。從腫瘤的核心區域的任何部分到腫瘤中心點之距離小於腫瘤長度或寬度的約20%。腫瘤的核心區域大致是腫瘤的中心1/3。
在另一實施例中,本發明的共軛體滲透至固體腫瘤的中間。如本文所述,腫瘤的「中間」是指腫瘤的中間區域。從腫瘤的中間區域的任何部分到腫瘤的血管表面之距離是腫瘤長度或寬度的約15%至約30%。從腫瘤的中間區域的任何部分到腫瘤的中心點之距離小於腫瘤長度或寬度的約20%至約35%。腫瘤的中間區域大致是腫瘤的中心1/3與腫瘤的外部1/3之間。
在一些實施例中,個體可沒有用共軛體治療的適應症。在一些實施例中,方法包含癌症細胞的用途,包含但不限於哺乳動物的癌症細胞。在一些例子中,哺乳動物的癌症細胞為人類癌症細胞。
在一些實施例中,已經發現本教示的共軛體抑制癌症和/或腫瘤生長。它們亦可減少,包含細胞增生、侵襲和/或轉移,藉以使它們可用於治療癌症。
在一些實施例中,本教示的共軛體可用以防止腫瘤或癌症的生長,並且/或防止腫瘤或癌症的轉移。在一些實施例中,本教示的組成物可用以縮小或破壞癌症。
在一些實施例中,本文所提供的共軛體可用於抑制癌症細胞的增生。在一些實施例中,本文所提供的共軛體可用於抑制細胞增生,例如抑制細胞增生速率、防止細胞增生、和/或誘發細胞死亡。通常,本文所述之共軛體可抑制癌症細胞的細胞增生,或是抑制增生和/或誘發癌症細胞的細胞死亡。在一些實施例中,與未處理的細胞相比,在用本發明的共軛體處理後,細胞增生降低至少約25%、約50%、約75%、或約90%。在一些實施例中,與未處理的細胞相比,在用本發明的共軛體處理後,細胞週期停滯標記物磷酸化組蛋白H3(PH3或PHH3)增加至少約50%、約75%、約100%、約200%、約400%或約600%。在一些實施例中,與未處理的細胞相比,在用本發明的共軛體處理後,細胞凋亡標記物切割的半胱天冬酶-3(caspase-3,CC3)增加至少50%、約75%、約100%、約200%、約400 %或約600%。
再者,在一些實施例中,無論是在多種類型的腫瘤中以尺寸(重量、表面積或體積)的淨值或隨時間的速率而測量,本發明的共軛體對於抑制腫瘤生長是有效的。
在一些實施例中,在用本發明的共軛體處理後,腫瘤的尺寸減少約60%或更多。在一些實施例中,藉由重量、和/或面積以及/或體積的測量,腫瘤的尺寸減少至少約20%、至少約30%、至少約40%、至少約50%、至少約60%、至少約70%、至少約80%、至少約90%、至少約95%、至少約96%、至少約97%、至少約98%、至少約99%、至少約100%。
可由本教示之方法治療的癌症通常發生在哺乳動物中。哺乳動物包含例如人類、非人類靈長類、狗、貓、大鼠、小鼠、兔、雪貂、豚鼠、馬、豬、綿羊、山羊和牛。在各種實施例中,癌症包含但不限於聽神經瘤、急性白血病、急性淋巴細胞白血病、急性髓細胞白血病(單核細胞、成髓細胞、腺癌、血管肉瘤、星形細胞瘤、髓單核細胞和前髓細胞)、急性T細胞白血病、基底細胞癌、膽管癌、膀胱癌、腦癌、乳癌、支氣管癌、子宮頸癌、軟骨肉瘤、脊索瘤(chordoma)、絨毛膜癌、慢性白血病、慢性淋巴細胞白血病、慢性髓細胞(粒細胞)白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、結腸癌、結直腸癌、顱咽管瘤、囊腺癌(cystadenocarcinoma)、瀰漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤(Burkitt’s lymphoma)、異常增生性改變(發育不良和化生(metaplasias))、胚胎癌、子宮內膜癌、內皮肉瘤、室管膜瘤(ependymoma)、上皮癌、紅白血病(erythroleukemia)、食道癌、雌激素受體陽性乳癌、原發性血小板增多症(essential thrombocythemia)、尤文氏瘤(Ewing’s tumor)、纖維肉瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤、生殖細胞睪丸癌、神經膠質瘤、重鏈疾病、血管母細胞瘤、肝癌、肝細胞癌、激素不敏感性前列腺癌、平滑肌肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、肺癌、淋巴管內皮細胞瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、淋巴母細胞白血病、淋巴瘤(霍奇金和非霍奇金)、膀胱、乳房、結腸、肺、卵巢、胰臟、前列腺、皮膚和子宮的惡性腫瘤和過度增殖性病症、T細胞或B細胞來源的淋巴惡性腫瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤、髓質癌(medullary carcinoma)、神經管胚細胞瘤(medulloblastoma)、黑色素瘤、腦脊髓膜瘤(meningioma)、間皮瘤(mesothelioma)、多發性骨髓瘤、骨髓癌(myeloma)、黏液肉瘤、神經母細胞瘤、非小細胞肺癌、寡樹突神經膠細胞瘤、口腔癌、骨原性肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰臟癌、乳頭狀腺癌(papillary adenocarcinomas)、乳頭狀癌、松果體瘤(pinealoma)、真性紅血球增生症(polycythemia vera)、前列腺癌、直腸癌、腎細胞癌、視網膜母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、肉瘤、皮脂腺癌、精原細胞瘤、皮膚癌、小細胞肺癌、固體腫瘤(癌和肉瘤)、小細胞肺癌、胃癌、鱗狀細胞癌、滑液膜瘤、汗腺癌、甲狀腺癌、瓦爾登斯特倫巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)、睪丸腫瘤、子宮癌和腎母細胞瘤。其他的癌症包含原發癌、轉移癌、口咽癌、下咽癌、肝癌、膽囊癌、膽管癌、小腸癌、泌尿道癌、腎癌、尿路上皮癌(urothelium)、女性生殖道癌、子宮癌、妊娠滋養細胞疾病(gestational trophoblastic disease)、男性生殖道癌、精囊癌、睪丸癌、生殖細胞腫瘤、內分泌腺瘤、甲狀腺癌,腎上腺癌、腦垂體癌、血管瘤、骨和軟組織的肉瘤、卡波西氏瘤、神經癌、眼癌、腦膜癌、神經膠質母細胞瘤、神經瘤、神經母細胞瘤、神經鞘瘤(Schwannomas)、由造血系統惡性腫瘤引起的固體腫瘤,如白血病、轉移性黑素瘤、復發性或持續性卵巢上皮癌、輸卵管癌、原發性腹膜癌、胃腸道間質瘤、結直腸癌、胃癌、黑色素瘤,多形性神經膠質母細胞瘤、非鱗狀非小細胞肺癌、惡性神經膠質瘤、上皮性卵巢癌、原發性腹膜漿液性癌、轉移性肝癌、神經內分泌癌、難治性惡性腫瘤、三陰性乳癌、HER2-擴增的乳癌、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、膽道、肝細胞癌、頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌(squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, SCCHN)、非髓質甲狀腺癌(non-medullary thyroid carcinoma)、復發性多形性神經膠質母細胞瘤、第1型神經纖維瘤病、中樞神經系統癌、脂肪肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、黏膜黑色素瘤、肢/端黑色素瘤、副神經節瘤、嗜鉻細胞瘤、晚期轉移癌、固體腫瘤、三陰性乳癌、結直腸癌、肉瘤、黑色素瘤、腎癌、子宮內膜癌、甲狀腺癌、橫紋肌肉瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、卵巢癌、神經膠質母細胞瘤、胃腸道間質瘤,套細胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma)以及難治性惡性腫瘤。
在一實施例中,本文所述之共軛體或含有本文所述之共軛體的調合物是用以治療小細胞肺癌。約12%-15%的肺癌患者具有小細胞肺癌。轉移性小細胞肺癌的存活率很低。診斷後五年的存活率低於5%。美國小細胞肺癌的發病率約為26K-30K。
在一些實施例中,本文所述之共軛體或含有本文所述之共軛體的調合物是用以治療具有表現或過度表現HSP90之腫瘤的患者。
本發明的共軛體的特徵是對生物體具有相對低的毒性,同時維持抑制功效,例如減緩或阻止腫瘤生長。如本文所用,「毒性」是指物質或組成物對細胞、組織生物或細胞環境有害或有毒的能力。低毒性是指物質或組成物對細胞、組織生物或細胞環境有害或有毒的能力降低。此降低或低毒性可相對於標準測量、相對於治療或相對於沒有治療。例如,本發明的共軛體可具有比單獨投予的活性劑部分Z更低的毒性。對於包括DM1的共軛體,它們的毒性低於單獨投予DM1。
相對於個體的體重減輕,可進一步測量毒性,其中體重減輕超過體重的15%、超過20%或超過30%表示毒性。亦可測量其他毒性指標,例如患者表現指標,包括嗜睡和全身不適。嗜中性球減少症(Neutropenia)、血小板減少症、白血球(WBC)計數、全血細胞(complete blood cell, CBC)計數也可為毒性的指標。毒性的藥理學指標包括升高的胺基轉移酶(AST/ALT)水平、神經毒性、腎損傷、GI損傷等。在一實施例中,本發明的共軛體不會造成個體之體重的顯著改變。在用本發明的共軛體處理後,個體的體重減輕小於約30%、約20%、約15%、約10%或約5%。在另一實施例中,本發明的共軛體不會造成個體之AST/ALT水平的顯著增加。在用本發明的共軛體處理後,個體的AST或ALT水平增加少於約30%、約20%、約15%、約10%或約5%。在另一實施例中,在用本發明的共軛體處理後,本發明的共軛體不會造成個體之CBC或WBC計數的顯著增加。在用本發明的共軛體處理後,個體之CBC或WBC水平減少為小於約30%、約20%、約15%、約10%或約5%。
組合治療(Combination Therapies)
在一些實施例中,本發明的共軛體結合至少一種其他的活性劑。活性劑可為任何合適的藥物。可同時、順序或任何順序,投予共軛體與至少一種其他的活性劑。共軛體和至少一種其他的活性劑可用不同的劑量、不同的投予頻率或經由不同途徑投予,無論哪種是合適的。
在一些實施例中,該其他的活性劑影響本發明的共軛體之分佈(亦即組織分佈。例如,放射性活性劑可能在腎臟中累積,並可能對腎臟和周圍器官造成潛在的放射性毒性問題。該其他的活性劑可能降低腎累積或是保留時間。較佳地,共軛體的腎臟更新減少,而共軛體的腫瘤攝取不受影響。腎臟和周圍器官受到保而不降低共軛體的功效。在一非限制實例中,本發明的共軛體可與少一種胺基酸或其類似物組合而投予。該胺基酸或其類似物可為正電鹼性胺基酸,例如離胺酸(D-離胺酸或D-離胺酸)或精胺酸、或其組合。在另一非限制實例中,本發明的共軛體可與結合至HSP90的活性劑(例如HSP90抑制劑)組合而投予。可使用「HSP90靶向部分」部分中討論的任何配體,例如甘納斯匹(ganetespib)或其衍生物/類似物。在另一非限制實例中,本發明的共軛體可與麩胺酸鈉(monosodium glutamate,MSG)或麩胺酸組合而投予。在另一非限制實例,本發明的共軛體可與氨磷汀(amifostine)(Ethyol,WR-2721)、含牛明膠的溶液Gelofusine或白蛋白片段組合而投予。白蛋白片段可具有在3與50 kDa之間的分子量。
其他的活性劑亦可選自本文所述的任何活性劑,例如用於治療癌症的藥物。其亦可為癌症症狀緩解藥物。症狀緩解藥物的非限制實例包含:奧曲肽(octreotide)或蘭雷歐肽(lanreotide);干擾素、塞浦希他定(cypoheptadine)或任何其他的抗組織胺。在一些實施例中,本發明之共軛體和其他活性劑不具有藥物-藥物干擾。在一實施例中,本發明之共軛體不會抑制細胞色素P450(CYP)同工異構酶(isozyme)。CYP同工異構酶可包含CYP3A4 Midazolam、CYP3A4 Testosterone、CYP2C9、CYP2D6、CYP1A2、CYP2C8、CYP2B6、和CYP2C19。其他的活性劑可與本發明之共軛體同時投予。
在另一實例中,本發明之共軛體可與中等劑量的化學治療劑組合,例如絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、長春鹼(vinblastine)和順鉑(請見Ellis et al.,Br J Cancer
, vol.71(2): 366-370 (1995),其內容全文併入本案作為參考)。
在另一實例中,患者可先接受醫藥有效劑量之未共軛(unconjugated)活性劑,然後接受醫藥有效劑量之包括相同活性劑的共軛體。
本文所述之共軛體或含有本文所述之共軛體的調合物可用於將治療劑、預防劑或診斷劑選擇性組織遞送給有需要的個體或患者。例如,本發明之共軛體用於將放射性活性劑遞送至選擇性組織。這些組織可為腫瘤組織。可調整劑量方案以提供最佳之所需反應(例如,治療或預防反應)。例如,可投予單次推注(single bolus),可隨時間投予幾個分開的劑量,或者可按照治療情況的緊急程度依比例減少或增加劑量。本文所使用的劑量單位形式是指適合作為待治療之哺乳動物個體的單位劑量的物理上離散的單位;每個單元含有經計算可產生所需之治療劑的預定量的活性化合物。
V. 套組與裝置(Kits and Devices)
本發明提供各種方便和/或有效實施本發明方法的套組和裝置。通常,套組將包括足夠量和/或數量的成分以允許使用者進行個體的多次治療和/或進行多次實驗。
在一實施例中,本發明提供體外或體內抑制腫瘤細胞生長的套組,其包括本發明之共軛體或本發明之共軛體的組合,任選地與任何其他活性劑組合。
套組進一步包括包裝和說明書以及/或遞送劑,以形成調合物組成物。遞送劑可包括鹽水、緩衝溶液或本文所揭露之任何遞送劑。可改變每種成分的量以使得能夠獲得一致的、可再現的更高濃度的鹽水或簡單的緩衝調合物。亦可改變成分,以在一段時間內和/或在各種條件下增加共軛體在緩衝溶液中的穩定性。
本發明提供可合併本發明之共軛體的裝置。這些裝置含有穩定的調合物,可立即遞送至有需要的個體,例如人類患者。在一些實施例中,該個體具有癌症。
裝置的非限制實例包含幫浦、導管、針、透皮貼劑(transdermal patch)、加壓嗅覺遞送裝置、離子電滲療法裝置(iontophoresis device)、多層微流體裝置。根據單次、多次或分次劑量方案,該裝置可用於遞送本發明之共軛體。該裝置可用於跨越生物組織、皮內、皮下或肌肉內遞送本發明之共軛體。
VI. 定義
如本文所使用,術語「化合物」是指包含所示結構的所有立體異構物、幾何異構物、互變異構物和同位素。在本申請案中,化合物與共軛體互換使用。因此,如本文所使用,共軛體亦指包含所示結構的所有立體異構物、幾何異構物、互變異構物和同位素。
本文所述之化合物可為不對稱的(例如,具有具有一個或多個立構中心(stereocenter))。除非另有說明,否則所有立體異構體,例如鏡像異構物和非鏡像異構物都是預期的。可用光學活性或外消旋形式分離含有不對稱取代之碳原子的本揭露之化合物。關於如何由光學活性原料製備光學活性形式的方法是本技藝已知的,例如藉由拆分外消旋混合物或藉由立體選擇性合成。烯烴、C=N雙鍵以及類似物的許多幾何異構物異可存在於本文所述之化合物中,並且所有這些穩定的異構物皆包含在本揭露中。本揭露之化合物的順式和反式幾何異構物經描述且可被分離作為異構物的混合物或作為分離的異構形式。
本揭露的化合物亦包含互變異構形式。互變異構形式由單鍵與相鄰雙鍵的交換與質子的伴隨遷移而產生。互變異構形式包含質子性互變異構物,其是具有相同經驗式和總電荷的異構質子化狀態。質子互變異構物的實例包含酮-烯醇對、醯胺-亞胺酸對、內醯胺-內醯亞胺對(lactim pair)、醯胺-亞胺酸對、烯胺-亞胺對和環狀形式,其中質子可佔據雜環系統的二個或多個位置,例如1H-和3H-咪唑、1H-、2H-和4H-1,2,4-三唑、1H-和2H-異吲哚、以及1H-和-2H-吡唑。互變異構形式可藉由適當的取代而處於平衡或空間鎖定成一種形式。
本揭露的化合物亦包含在中間物或最終化合物中存在的原子的所有同位素。「同位素」是指具有相同原子數但因核中不同數量的中子而產生質量數不同的原子。例如,氫的同位素包含氚和氘。
本揭露的化合物與鹽可與溶劑或水分子組合而製備,以藉由常規方法形成溶劑化物和水合物。
如本文所使用,術語「個體」或「患者」是指可投予共軛體的任何生物體,例如用於實驗、治療、診斷和/或預防目的。典型的個體包含動物(例如,哺乳動物、例如小鼠、大鼠、兔、豚鼠、牛、豬、綿羊、馬、狗、貓、倉鼠、羊駝、非人靈長類動物和人)。
如本文所使用,術語「治療」或「預防」可包含預防動物發生疾病、病症或狀態,該動物可能易患有該疾病、病症和/或狀態但尚未被診斷為具有該疾病、病症或狀態;抑制疾病、病症或狀態,例如阻止其進展;以及緩解該疾病、病症、或狀態,例如造成該疾病、病症和/或狀態的消退。治療疾病、病症或狀態可包含改善特定疾病、病症或狀態中的至少一種症狀,即使潛在的病理生理學不受影響,例如藉由投予鎮痛劑來治療個體的疼痛,即使此藥劑無法治療疼痛的原因。
如本文所使用,「標的(target)」應指靶向建構體(construct)結合的部位。標的可在體內或是體外。在一些實施例中,標的可為在白血病或腫瘤中發現的癌細胞(例如,腦、肺(小細胞和非小細胞)、卵巢、前列腺、乳房和結腸以及其他癌和肉瘤的腫瘤)。在其他實施例中,標的可指靶向部分或配體結合的分子結構,例如半抗原(hapten)、表位、受體、dsDNA片段、碳水化合物或酶。標的可為組織的類型,例如神經元組織、腸組織、胰臟組織、肝臟、腎臟、前列腺、卵巢、肺、骨髓或乳房組織。
可作為方法或共軛體之標的「標的細胞」通常是動物細胞,例如哺乳動物細胞。本發明之方法可用以在體外(亦即在細胞培養中)或在體內(其中細胞形成動物組織的部分或是存在於動物組織中)修飾活細胞的功能。因此,標的細胞可包含例如血液、淋巴組織、消化道內襯的細胞,例如口腔和咽部黏膜,形成小腸絨毛的細胞、襯在大腸的細胞、襯在動物的呼吸系統(鼻腔通路/肺部)的細胞(可藉由吸入本發明而接觸)、真皮/表皮細胞、陰道和直腸細胞、內臟器官細胞,包含胎盤的細胞和所謂的血液/腦屏障等等。通常,標的細胞表現至少一種HSP90。在一些實施例中,標的細胞可為表現HSP90且受到本文所述之共軛體靶向的細胞,並且接近受到棟軛體之活性劑釋出所影響的細胞。例如,表現與腫瘤接近的HSP90的血管可為標的,而在部位釋放的活性劑將影響腫瘤。
術語「治療效果」是本技藝公認的並且是指動物(特別是哺乳動物,更特別是人)由藥理學活性物質引起的的局部或全身作用。因此,該術語是指旨在用於疾病、病症或狀態之診斷、治癒、減輕、治療或預防以增強動物(例如人)所需的身體或精神發展和狀態之任何物質。
術語「調節」是本技藝公認的且是指反應的上調節(亦即活化或刺激)、下調節(亦即抑制或壓抑)、或二者結合或分開。通常將調節與可在治療實體內部或外部的基線或參考進行比較。
如本文所使用,「腸胃外投予」是指藉由除了經由消化道(腸道)的任何方法或非侵入局部途徑之外的投予。例如,腸胃外投予可包含藉由靜脈內、皮內、腹膜內、胸膜內、氣管內、骨内、腦內、鞘內、肌肉內、皮下、下結膜、藉由注射和藉由輸注而投予至患者。
如本文所使用,「局部投予」是指非侵入性投予至皮膚、孔(orifice)或黏膜。局部投予可局部遞送,亦即治療劑可在遞送區域內提供局部效果而無需全身暴露或具有最小的全身暴露。一些局部調合物可提供全身效果,例如經由個體之血流中的吸收。局部投予可包含但不限於皮膚和透皮投予、口腔投予、鼻內投予、陰道內投予、膀胱內投予、眼睛投予和直腸投予。
如本文所使用,「腸內投予」是指經由胃腸道吸收投予。腸內投予可包含口服和舌下投予、胃投予或直腸投予。
如本文所使用,「肺投予」是指藉由吸入或氣管內投予而進入肺部。如本文所使用,「吸入」是指攝入空氣至肺泡。可經由嘴或鼻子而發生空氣的攝入。
如本文中可互換使用的術語「足夠的」和「有效的」是指實現一種或多種期望結果所需的量(例如,質量、體積、劑量、濃度和/或時間期間)。「治療有效量」是實現可測量的改善或預防至少一種症狀或特定狀態或病症所需的最小濃度,以實現預期壽命之可測量的增加,或通常改善患者的生活品質。因此,治療有效量取決於特定的生物活性分子和待治療的特定狀態或病症。許多活性劑(例如抗體)的治療有效量是該技藝中已知的。本文所述之化合物與組成物的治療有效量,例如用於治療特定疾病,可藉由本技藝之技術人士(例如醫生)熟練掌握的技術來確定。
如本文中可互換使用的術語「生物活性劑」和「活性劑」包含但不限於在體內局部或全身起作用的生理學或藥理學活性物質。生物活性劑是用於治療的物質(例如,治療劑)、預防(例如,預防劑)、診斷(例如,診斷劑)、治癒或減輕疾病或病、影響身體結構或功能的物質、或前藥,它們在置於預定的生理環境中後變得具有生物活性或更具活性。
術語「前藥」是指包含小有機分子、胜肽、核酸或蛋白質的試劑,其在體外和/或體內轉化為生物活性形式。前藥可為有用的,因為在一些情況下,它們可能比親體化合物(parent compound)(活性化合物)更容易投予。例如,前藥可藉由口服投予而為生物可利用的,而親體化合物則不是。相較於親本藥物,前藥在醫藥組成物中亦可具有改善的溶解性。前藥亦可比親本藥物較不具毒性。前藥可藉由包含酶促過程和代謝水解的各種機制轉化為親本藥物。Harper, N. J.(1962)Drug Latentiation in Jucker, ed.Progress in Drug Research
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如本文所使用,術語「生物可相容的」是指與通常對接受者無毒並且不會對接受者造成任何顯著不利影響的任何代謝物或其降解產物的材料。一般而言,生物可相容的材料是當投予患者時不引起顯著的發炎或免疫反應的材料。
如本文所使用,術語「生物可降解的」通常是指在生理條件下會降解或侵蝕的材料,可被個體代謝、消除或排泄的較小單元或化學種類。降解時間是組成物和形態的函數。降解時間可從幾小時到幾週。
如本文所使用,術語「醫藥上可接受的」是指根據美國食品和藥物管理局等機構的指導原則,在合理的醫學判斷範圍內適合用於與人類與動物之組織接觸而沒有過多的毒性、刺激、過敏反應、或其他與合理的利益/風險比率相稱的問題或併發症之化合物、材料、組成物和/或劑量形式。如本文所使用,術語「醫藥上可接受的載體」是指便於在體內遞送組成物之醫藥調合物的所有成分。醫藥上可接受的載體包含但不限於稀釋劑、防腐劑、黏合劑、潤滑劑、崩解劑、膨脹劑、填充劑、穩定劑及其組合。
如本文所使用,術語「分子量」通常是指材料的質量或是平均質量。如果是聚合物或寡聚物,則分子量可指本體聚合物(bulk polymer)之相對平均鏈長或相對鏈質量。實務上,可以用各種方式估計或定性聚合物和寡聚物的分子量,包含凝膠滲透色層分析法(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)或毛細黏度測定法。GPC分子量記錄為重量平均分子量(Mw
),相對於數量平均分子量(Mn
)。毛細黏度測定法提供分子量的估計值,作為使用特定濃度、溫度和溶劑條件的稀釋聚合物溶液而測定的固有黏度(inherent viscosity)。
如本文所使用,術語「小分子」通常是指分子量小於2000 g/mol、小於1500 g/mol、小於1000 g/mol、小於800 g/mol、或小於500 g/mol的有機分子。小分子是非聚合的和/或非寡聚的。
如本文所使用,術語「親水性的」是指具有強極性基團的物質,易與水交互作用。
如本文所使用,術語「輸水性」是指缺乏對水的親和力的物質;傾向於排斥且不吸水以及不溶於水或與水混合。
如本文所使用,術語「親脂性的」是指對於脂質具有親和力的化合物。
如本文所使用,術語「兩親的」是指結合親水和親脂(疏水)性質的分子。本文所使用的「兩親材料」是指含有疏水或更疏水的寡聚物或聚合物(例如生物可降解的寡聚物或聚合物)和親水或更親水的寡聚物或聚合物之材料。
如本文所使用,術語「靶向部分」是指與特定區域(locale)結合或定位的部分。該部分可為例如蛋白質、核酸、核酸類似物、碳水化合物或小分子。該區域可為組織、特定細胞類型、或次細胞隔室(subcellular compartment)。在一些實施例中,靶向部分可專一性結合至所選擇的分子。
如本文所使用,術語「反應性耦合基團」是指可與第二官能基團反應以形成共價鍵的任何化學官能基。反應性耦合基團的選擇在本技藝技術人士的能力範圍內。反應性耦合基團的實例可包含一級胺(-NH2
)和胺反應性連接基團如異硫氰酸酯、異氰酸酯、醯基疊氮化物、NHS酯、磺醯氯、醛、乙二醛(glyoxal)、環氧化物、環氧乙烷、碳酸酯、芳基鹵化物、亞胺酸酯(imidoester)、碳二亞胺(carbodiimide)、酸酐和氟苯基酯(fluorophenyl ester)。其中大多數藉由醯化或烷基化與胺共軛(conjugate)。反應性耦合基團的實例可包含醛(-COH)和醛反應性連接基團如醯肼(hydrazide)、烷氧基胺和一級胺。反應性耦合基團的實例可包含硫醇基(-SH)和硫氫基反應性基團(sulfhydryl reactive group)如馬來醯亞胺、鹵代乙醯基和吡啶基二硫化物。反應性耦合基團的實例可包含光反應性耦合基團,例如芳基疊氮化物或二氮吮(diazirine)。耦合反應可包含使用催化劑、熱、pH緩衝劑、光、或其組合。
如本文所使用,術語「保護基」是指可以加入和/或取代另一種所需官能基的官能基,以保護所需官能基免受某些反應條件的影響,並選擇性地除去和/或置換以使所需官能基脫保護或暴露。保護基是技術人士已知的。合適的保護基可包含Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, (1991)中所述的那些。酸敏感保護基包含二甲氧基三苯甲基(dimethoxytrityl, DMT)、第三丁基胺基甲酸酯 (tert-butylcarbamate, tBoc)以及三氟乙醯基 (trifluoroacetyl, tFA)。鹼敏感保護基包含9-茀基甲氧基羰基 (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, Fmoc),異丁基(isobutyrl, iBu),苯甲醯基(benzoyl, Bz)和苯氧基乙醯基(phenoxyacetyl, pac)。其他的保護基包含乙醯氨基甲基、乙醯基、第三戊氧基羰基(tert-amyloxycarbonyl)、苄基、苄氧基羰基、2-(4-聯苯基)-2-丙氧基羰基、2-溴苄氧基羰基、第三丁基7
第三丁氧基羰基(tert-butyl7
tert-butyloxycarbonyl)、1-苄氧羰基醯胺基-2,2.2-三氟乙基(l-carbobenzoxamido-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)、2,6-二氯苄基、2-(3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-2-丙氧基羰基、2,4-二硝基苯基、二硫代琥珀醯基(dithiasuccinyl)、甲醯基、4-甲氧基苯磺醯基、4-甲氧基苄基、4-甲基苄基、鄰硝基苯基亞磺醯基、2-苯基-2-丙氧基羰基、α-2,4,5-四甲基苄氧基羰基、對甲苯磺醯基、呫噸基(xanthenyl)、苄基酯、N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺酯、對硝基苄基酯、對硝基苯酯、苯基酯、對硝基碳酸酯、對硝基苄基碳酸酯、三甲基甲矽烷基和五氯苯基酯。
如本文所使用,術語「活化的酯」是指羧酸的烷基酯,其中烷基是良好的離去基團,使羰基易受帶有胺基的分子之親核攻擊。因此,活化的酯易於胺解並與胺反應形成醯胺。活化的酯含有羧酸酯基-CO2
R,其中R是離去基團。
術語「烷基」是指飽和脂族基團,包含直鏈烷基、支鏈烷基、環烷(脂環) 基、烷基取代的環烷基和環烷基取代的烷基。
在一些實施例中,直鏈或支鏈烷基在其主鏈中具有30個或更少個碳原子(例如,對於直鏈為C1
-C30
,對於支鏈為C3
-C30
)、20個或更少個、12個或更少個、或7個或更少個。同樣地,在一些實施例中,環烷基在其環結構中具有3-10個碳原子,例如在環結構中具有5、6或7個碳原子。在整個說明書、實施例和申請專利範圍中使用的術語「烷基」(或「低碳數烷基(lower alkyl)」)旨在包含「未取代的烷基」和「取代的烷基」,後者是指具有一個或多個取代基在烴骨架的一個或多個碳上取代氫的烷基部分。這些取代基包含但不限於鹵素、羥基、羰基(如羧基、烷氧基羰基、甲醯基或醯基)、硫羰基(如硫酯、硫乙酸酯或硫甲酸酯)、烷氧基、磷氧基、磷酸酯、膦酸酯、次膦酸酯、胺基、醯胺基、脒(amidine)、亞胺、氰基、硝基,疊氮基、硫氫基(sulfhydryl)、烷硫基、硫酸酯、磺酸酯、胺磺醯基、磺醯胺基、磺醯基、雜環基、芳烷基、或芳族或雜芳族部分。
除非另外說明碳數,否則本文所使用的「低碳數烷基」是指如上所定義但在其主鏈結構中具有1至10個碳原子或1至6個碳原子的烷基。同樣地,「低碳數烯基」與「低碳數炔基」具有類似個鏈長。在一些實施例中,烷基為低碳數烷基。在一些實施例中,本文中稱為烷基的取代基是低碳數烷基。
本技藝之技術人士將理解,如果合適,在烴鏈上取代的部分本身可被取代。例如,取代的烷基之取代基可包含鹵素、羥基、硝基、硫醇、胺基、疊氮基、亞胺基、醯胺基、磷氧基(包含膦酸酯和次膦酸酯)、磺醯基(包含硫酸酯、磺醯胺基、胺磺醯基和磺酸酯)和矽基(silyl),以及醚、烷基硫、羰基(包含酮、醛、羧酸酯和酯)-CF3
、 -CN等。可用相同的方式取代環烷基。
如本文所使用,術語「雜烷基」是指含有至少一個雜原子的直鏈或支鏈、或含環狀碳的殘基(radical)、或其組合。合適的雜原子包含但不限於O、N、Si、P、Se、B和S,其中任選地氧化磷和硫原子,並且氮雜原子被任選地季銨化(quaternized)。雜烷基可如上述對烷基所定義的那樣被取代。
術語「烷硫基」是指具有與其連接的硫殘基之如上定義的烷基。在一些實施例中,「烷硫基」部分由-S-烷基、-S-烯基和-S-炔基中的一種表示。代表性的烷硫基包含甲硫基和乙硫基。 術語「烷硫基」亦包括環烷基、烯烴和環烯烴基和炔基。「芳硫基」是指芳基或雜芳基。烷硫基可經取代為如上對烷基所定義者。
術語「烯基」和「炔基」是指長度類似的不飽和脂族基團和可能取代上述烷基,但分別含有至少一個雙鍵或三鍵。
如本文所使用的術語「烷氧基(alkoxyl)」或「烷氧基(alkoxy)」是指具有與其連接的氧殘基之如上定義的烷基。代表性的烷氧基包含甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基和第三丁氧基。「醚」是藉由氧共價連接的兩種烴。據此,使烷基為醚的烷基之取代基是或類似於烷氧基,例如可由-O-烷基、-O-烯基和-O-炔基中的一種表示。芳氧基可由-O-芳基或O-雜芳基表示,其中芳基和雜芳基如下所定義。 烷氧基和芳氧基可如上所述被烷基取代。
術語「胺」和「胺基」是本技藝公認的且是指未取代的和經取代的胺,例如可由下列通式表示的部分:
其中R9
、R10
和R’10
各自獨立地代表氫、烷基、烯基、-(CH2
)m
-R8
或R9
和R10
與它們所連接的N原子一起完成環結構中具有4至8個原子的雜環;R8
代表芳基、環烷基、環烯基、雜環或多環;以及m為0或1至8範圍內的整數。在一些實施例中,R9
或R10
中只有一個可為羰基,例如R9
、R10
和氮一起不形成亞胺。在其他的實施例中,術語「胺」不包括醯胺,例如其中R9
和R10
其中之一代表羰基。在其他的實施例中,R9
和R10
(和任選的R’10
)各自獨立地代表氫、烷基或環烷基、烯基或環烯基、或炔基。因此,如本文所使用,術語「烷基胺」是指具有取代的(如上所述的烷基)或與其連接的未取代的烷基之胺基,即R9
和R10
中的至少一個是烷基。
如本文所使用,「芳基」是指C5
-C10
員芳族、雜環、稠合芳族、稠合雜環、雙芳族或雙雜環系統。廣泛定義的,如本文所使用,「芳基」包含5-、6-、7-、8-、9-和10-員單環芳族基團,其可包含0至4個雜原子,例如苯、吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、咪唑、噁唑、噻唑、三唑、吡唑、吡芳基雜環“或”雜芳族化合物啶、吡嗪、噠嗪和嘧啶等。在環結構中具有雜原子的那些芳基亦可稱為「芳基雜環」或「雜芳族化合物」。芳香環可在一個或多個環位置被一個或多個取代基取代,該取代基包括但不限於鹵素、疊氮化物、烷基、芳烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、羥基、烷氧基、胺基(或季銨化胺基)、硝基、硫氫基、亞胺基、醯胺基、膦酸酯、次膦酸酯、羰基、羧基、矽基、醚、烷硫基、磺醯基、磺醯胺基、酮、醛、酯、雜環基、芳族或雜芳族部分、-CF3
、-CN;及其組合。
術語「芳基」亦包含具有兩個或更多個環的多環系統,其中二個或更多個碳對於兩個相鄰的環(亦即,稠合環)是共同的,其該等環的至少其中之一是芳族,例如另一個還可為環烷基、環烯基、烷炔基、芳基、和/或雜環。雜環的實例包含但不限於苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并硫呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噁唑基(benzoxazolyl)、苯并噁唑啉基(benzoxazolinyl)、苯并噻唑基、苯并三唑基、苯并四唑基、苯并異噁唑基、苯并異噻唑基、苯并咪唑啉基、咔唑基(carbazolyl)、4aH咔唑基,咔啉基(carbolinyl)、苯并二氫哌喃基(chromanyl)、苯并哌喃基(chromenyl)、啉基(cinnolinyl)、十氫喹啉基、2H
,6H
-1,5,2-二噻嗪基、二氫呋喃[2,3-b
]四氫呋喃、呋喃基、呋呫基(furazanyl)、咪唑啶基(imidazolidinyl)、咪唑啉基、咪唑基、1H-吲唑基、亞吲哚基(indolenyl)、吲哚啉基、吲嗪基(indolizinyl)、吲哚基、3H
-吲哚基、吲哚二酮基(isatinoyl)、異苯并呋喃基、異苯并二氫哌喃基(isochromanyl)、異吲唑基(isoindazolyl)、異吲哚啉基(isoindolinyl)、異吲哚基(isoindolyl)、異喹啉基(isoquinolinyl)、異噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、異噁唑基、亞甲基二氧基苯基(methylenedioxyphenyl)、嗎啉基、萘啶基、八氫異喹啉基、噁二唑基、1,2,3-噁二唑基、1,2,4-噁二唑基、1,2,5-噁二唑基、1,3,4-噁二唑基、噁唑啶基(oxazolidinyl)、噁唑基、氧吲哚基、嘧啶基、啡啶基、啡啉基(phenanthrolinyl)、吩嗪基(phenazinyl)、啡噻嗪基(phenothiazinyl)、啡噁噻基(phenoxathinyl)、啡噁嗪基(phenoxazinyl)、呔嗪基(phthalazinyl)、哌嗪基、哌啶基、哌啶酮基(piperidonyl)、4-哌啶酮基、胡椒基(piperonyl)、喋啶基(pteridinyl)、嘌呤基、吡喃基、吡嗪基、吡唑啶基、吡唑啉基、吡唑基、噠嗪基(pyridazinyl)、吡啶并噁唑基(pyridooxazole)、吡啶并咪唑、吡啶并噻唑、吡啶基(pyridinyl)、吡啶基(pyridyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、吡咯啶基(pyrrolidinyl)、吡咯啉基、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、喹唑啉基、喹啉基、4H-喹啉基、喹噁啉基(quinoxalinyl)、奎寧環基、四氫呋喃基、四氫異喹啉基、四氫喹啉基、四唑基、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基、1,2,3-噻二唑基、1,2,4-噻二唑基、1,2,5-噻二唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、噻嗯基(thianthrenyl)、噻唑基、噻吩基、噻吩并噻唑基、噻吩并噁唑基、噻吩并咪唑基、噻吩基和呫噸基(xanthenyl)。該等環中的一個或多個可如上述對「芳基」所定義的那樣被取代。
如本文所使用,術語「芳烷基」是指以芳基(例如芳族或雜芳族基)取代的烷基。
如本文所使用,術語「碳環」是指芳族或非芳族環,其中該環的每個原子皆為碳。
如本文所使用,「雜環」或「雜環的」是指經由含有3-10個環原子的單環或雙環的環碳或氮連接的環狀殘基,例如5-6個環原子,由碳和一至四個雜原子組成,每個雜原子選自非過氧化物氧、硫和N(Y),其中Y不存在或是H、O、(C1
-C10
)烷基、苯基或苄基,並且任選地含有1-3個雙鍵且任選地被一個或多個取代基取代。雜環的實例包含但不限於苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并硫呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噁唑基(benzoxazolyl)、苯并噁唑啉基(benzoxazolinyl)、苯并噻唑基、苯并三唑基、苯并四唑基、苯并異噁唑基、苯并異噻唑基、苯并咪唑啉基、咔唑基(carbazolyl)、4aH咔唑基,咔啉基(carbolinyl)、苯并二氫哌喃基(chromanyl)、苯并哌喃基(chromenyl)、啉基(cinnolinyl)、十氫喹啉基、2H
,6H
-1,5,2-二噻嗪基、二氫呋喃[2,3-b
]四氫呋喃、呋喃基、呋呫基(furazanyl)、咪唑啶基(imidazolidinyl)、咪唑啉基、咪唑基、1H-吲唑基、亞吲哚基(indolenyl)、吲哚啉基、吲嗪基(indolizinyl)、吲哚基、3H
-吲哚基、吲哚二酮基(isatinoyl)、異苯并呋喃基、異苯并二氫哌喃基(isochromanyl)、異吲唑基(isoindazolyl)、異吲哚啉基(isoindolinyl)、異吲哚基(isoindolyl)、異喹啉基(isoquinolinyl)、異噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、異噁唑基、亞甲基二氧基苯基(methylenedioxyphenyl)、嗎啉基、萘啶基、八氫異喹啉基、噁二唑基、1,2,3-噁二唑基、1,2,4-噁二唑基、1,2,5-噁二唑基、1,3,4-噁二唑基、噁唑啶基(oxazolidinyl)、噁唑基、氧雜環庚基(oxepanyl)、氧呾基(oxetanyl)、氧吲哚基、嘧啶基、啡啶基、啡啉基(phenanthrolinyl)、吩嗪基(phenazinyl)、啡噻嗪基(phenothiazinyl)、啡噁噻基(phenoxathinyl)、啡噁嗪基(phenoxazinyl)、呔嗪基(phthalazinyl)、哌嗪基、哌啶基、哌啶酮基(piperidonyl)、4-哌啶酮基、胡椒基(piperonyl)、喋啶基(pteridinyl)、嘌呤基、吡喃基、吡嗪基、吡唑啶基、吡唑啉基、吡唑基、噠嗪基(pyridazinyl)、吡啶并噁唑基(pyridooxazole)、吡啶并咪唑、吡啶并噻唑、吡啶基(pyridinyl)、吡啶基(pyridyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、吡咯啶基(pyrrolidinyl)、吡咯啉基、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、喹唑啉基、喹啉基、4H-喹啉基、喹噁啉基(quinoxalinyl)、奎寧環基、四氫呋喃基、四氫異喹啉基、四氫吡喃基、四氫喹啉基、四唑基、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基、1,2,3-噻二唑基、1,2,4-噻二唑基、1,2,5-噻二唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、噻嗯基(thianthrenyl)、噻唑基、噻吩基、噻吩并噻唑基、噻吩并噁唑基、噻吩并咪唑基、噻吩基和呫噸基(xanthenyl)。雜環基團可任選地在一個或多個如上對烷基和芳基所定義的位置被一個或多個取代基取代,例如鹵素、烷基、芳烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、羥基、胺基、硝基、硫氫基、亞胺基、醯胺基、磷酸酯、膦酸酯、次膦酸酯、羰基、羧基、矽基、醚、烷硫基、磺醯基、酮、醛、酯、雜環基、芳族或雜芳族部分、-CF3和-CN。
術語「羰基」是本技藝公認的且包含可由以下通式表示的的此部分:
其中X為鍵或代表氧或硫,以及R11
代表氫、烷基、環烷基、烯基、環烯基或炔基,R’11
代表氫、烷基、環烷基、烯基、環烯基或炔基。當X是氧且R11
或R’11
不是氫時,該式代表「酯」。當X是氧且R11
如上所定義時,該部分在本文中稱為羧基,以及特別是當R11
是氫時,該式代表「羧酸」。當X是氧且R’11
是氫時,該式代表「甲酸酯」。通常,當上式的氧原子被硫取代時,該式代表「硫羰基」基團。當X是硫且R11
或R’11
不是氫時,該式代表「硫酯」。當X是硫且R11
是氫時,該式代表「硫代羧酸」。當X是硫且R’11
是氫時,該式代表「硫甲酸酯」。另一方面,當X是鍵且R11
不是氫時,上式代表「酮」基團。當X是鍵且R11
是氫時,上式代表「醛」基團。
如本文所使用,術語「單酯」是指二羧酸的類似物,其中一種羧酸官能化為酯,另一種羧酸是游離羧酸或羧酸的鹽。單酯的實例包含但不限於琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、癸二酸、壬二酸、草酸和馬來酸的單酯。
如本文所使用,術語「雜原子」是指除碳或氫之外的任何元素的原子。雜原子的實例是硼、氮、氧、磷、硫和硒。其他有用的雜原子包含矽和砷。
如本文所使用,術語「硝基」是指-NO2
;術語「鹵素」是指-F、-Cl、-Br或-I;術語「硫氫基」是指-SH;術語「羥基」是指-OH;術語「磺醯基」是指-SO2
-。
如本文所使用,術語「取代的」是指本文所述化合物的所有允許的取代基。在最廣泛的意義上,允許的取代基包含有機化合物的無環和環狀、支鏈和非支鏈、碳環和雜環、芳族和非芳族取代基。示例性取代基包含但不限於鹵素、羥基或含有任何數目碳原子的任何其他有機基團,例如1-14個碳原子,並且任選地包含一個或多個雜原子,例如氧、硫或以直鏈、支鏈或環狀結構形式的氮基團。代表性的取代基包含烷基、取代的烷基、烯基、取代的烯基、炔基、取代的炔基、苯基、取代的苯基、芳基、取代的芳基、雜芳基、取代的雜芳基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、取代的烷氧基、苯氧基、取代的苯氧基、芳氧基、取代的芳氧基、烷硫基、取代的烷硫基、苯硫基、取代的苯硫基、芳硫基、取代的芳硫基、氰基、異氰基、取代的異氰基、羰基、取代的羰基、羧基、取代的羧基、胺基、取代的胺基、醯胺基、取代的醯胺基、磺醯基、取代的磺醯基、磺酸、磷氧基、取代的磷氧基、膦醯基、取代的膦醯基、聚芳基、取代的聚芳基、C3
-C20
環狀、取代的C3
-C20
環狀、雜環、取代的雜環、胺基酸、胜肽和多肽基團。
諸如氮的雜原子可具有氫取代基和/或本文所述的有機化合物之任何允許的取代基,其滿足雜原子的原子價。應理解「取代」或「取代的」包含隱含的條件,即這種取代與取代的原子和取代基之允許的價態一致,並且取代產生穩定的化合物,亦即不會自發地進行轉化的化合物,例如藉由重新排列、環化或消除。
在廣義方面,允許的取代基包含有機化合物的無環和環狀、支鏈和非支鏈、碳環和雜環、芳族和非芳族取代基。例示性取代基包含例如本文所述的那些。對於合適的有機化合物,允許的取代基可為一個或多個、相同或不同。諸如氮的雜原子可具有氫取代基和/或本文所述的有機化合物之任何允許的取代基,其滿足雜原子的原子價。
在各種實施例中,取代基是選自烷氧基、芳氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基、醯胺、胺基、芳基、芳烷基、胺基甲酸酯、羧基、氰基、環烷基、酯、醚、甲醯基、鹵素、鹵烷基、雜芳基、雜環基、羥基、酮、硝基、磷酸酯、硫化物、亞磺醯基、磺醯基、磺酸、磺醯胺和硫酮,它們各自任選地被一個或多個合適的取代基取代。在一些實施例中,取代基是選自於烷氧基、芳氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基、醯胺、胺基、芳基、芳烷基、胺基甲酸酯、羧基、環烷基、酯、醚、甲醯基、鹵烷基、雜芳基、雜環基、酮、磷酸酯、硫化物、亞磺醯基、磺醯基、磺酸、磺醯胺和硫酮,其中烷氧基、芳氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基、醯胺、胺基、芳基、芳烷基、胺基甲酸酯、羧基、環烷基、酯、醚、甲醯基、鹵烷基、雜芳基、雜環基、酮、磷酸酯、硫化物、亞磺醯基、磺醯基、磺酸、磺醯胺和硫酮中的每一個可進一步被一個或多個合適的取代基取代。
取代基的實例包含但不限於鹵素、疊氮化物、烷基、芳烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、羥基、烷氧基、胺基、硝基、硫氫基、亞胺基、醯胺基、膦酸酯、次膦酸酯、羰基、羧基、矽基、醚、烷硫基、磺醯基、磺醯胺基、酮、醛、硫酮、酯、雜環基、-CN、芳基、芳氧基、全鹵烷氧基、芳烷氧基、雜芳基、雜芳氧基、雜芳烷基、雜芳烷氧基、疊氮基、烷硫基、側氧基(oxo)、醯基烷基、羧基酯、甲醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基烷基、烷基胺基芳基、烷基芳基、烷基胺基烷基、烷氧基芳基、芳基胺基、芳烷基胺基、烷基磺醯基、甲醯胺基烷基芳基、甲醯胺基芳基、羥烷基、鹵烷基、烷基胺基烷基羧基、胺基甲醯胺基烷基、氰基、烷氧基烷基、全鹵烷基、芳基烷氧基烷基等。在一些實施例中,取代基是選自於氰基、鹵素、羥基和硝基。
如本文所使用,術語「共聚物」是指單一聚合材料,其是包括二種或更多種不同的單體。共聚物可為任何形式,例如隨機、塊狀或移植物。共聚物可具有任何端基團,其包含封端或酸端基團。
術語「多肽」、「胜肽」和「蛋白質」通常是指胺基酸殘基的聚合物。如本文所使用,該術語亦適用於胺基酸聚合物,其中一個或多個胺基酸是相應天然存在的胺基酸之化學類似物或修飾衍生物或是非天然胺基酸。如本文所使用,術語「蛋白質」是指藉由肽鍵而彼此連接以形成鏈長足以產生三級和/或四級結構之多肽的胺基酸聚合物。根據定義,術語「蛋白質」不包括小胜肽,缺少必需的高級結構的小胜肽被認為是蛋白質。
術語「核酸」、「多核苷酸」和「寡核苷酸」可互換使用以指線性或環狀構形之脫氧核糖核苷酸或核糖核苷酸聚合物,並且是單股或雙股形式。這些術語不應解釋為對聚合物長度的限制。該術語可包括天然核苷酸的已知類似物,以及在鹼基、糖和/或磷酸鹽部分(例如硫代磷酸鹽骨架)中被修飾的核苷酸。通常,除非另有說明,特定核苷酸的類似物具有相同的鹼基配對特異性;亦即,A的類似物將與T鹼基配對。術語「核酸」是本領域的術語,指一串至少兩個鹼基-糖-磷酸鹽單體單元。核苷酸是核酸聚合物的單體單元。該術語包含信使RNA、反義、質體DNA、質體DNA的部分或源自病毒的遺傳物質形式之去氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)。反義核酸是乾擾DNA和/或RNA序列表達的多核苷酸。術語核酸是指一串至少兩種鹼基-糖-磷酸鹽組合。天然核酸具有磷酸骨架。人工核酸可含有其他類型的骨架,但含有與天然核酸相同的鹼基。該術語亦包含PNA(胜肽核酸)、硫代磷酸酯(phosphorothioate)和天然核酸的磷酸鹽骨架之其他變體。
蛋白質、多肽或核酸的「功能片段」是蛋白質、多肽或核酸,其序列與全長蛋白質、多肽或核酸不同,但仍保留至少一種作為全長蛋白質、多肽或核酸的功能。功能片段可具有與相應的天然分子相比更多、更少或相同數量的殘基,和/或可含有一個或多個胺基酸或核苷酸取代。確定核酸功能的方法(例如,編碼功能,與另一種核酸雜交的能力)是本領域熟知的。同樣地,確定蛋白質功能的方法是眾所周知的。例如,可藉由例如過濾結合、電泳遷移率偏移或免疫沉澱測定來確定多肽的DNA結合功能。可藉由凝膠電泳測定而DNA切割。可藉由例如共免疫沉澱、雙雜交測定或互補(例如遺傳或生物化學)來確定蛋白質與另一種蛋白質相互作用的能力。請見例如Fields et al.(1989)Nature 340:245-246;美國專利第5,585,245號和PCT WO 98/44350。
如本文所使用,術語「連接子」是指含有雜原子(如氮、氧、硫等)的碳鏈,且其可為1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50個原子長。連接子可被各種取代基取代,包含但不限於氫原子、烷基、烯基、炔基、胺基、烷基胺基、二烷基胺基、三烷基胺基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、芳基、雜環基、芳族雜環基、氰基、醯胺基、胺基甲醯基、羧酸、酯、硫醚、烷硫醚、硫醇和脲基。本領域技術人士將理解這些基團中的每一個可依次被取代。連接子的實例包含但不限於pH敏感性連接子、蛋白酶可切割胜肽連接子、核酸酶敏感性核酸連接子、脂肪酶敏感性脂質連接子、糖苷酶敏感性碳水化合物連接子、缺氧敏感性連接子、光可切割連接子、熱不穩定連接子、酶可切割連接子(例如,酯酶可切割連接子)、超聲敏感性連接子和x射線可切割連接子。
術語「醫藥上可接受的抗衡離子(counter ion)」是指醫藥上可接受的陰離子或陽離子。在各種實施例中,醫藥上可接受的抗衡離子是醫藥上可接受的離子。例如,醫藥上可接受的抗衡離子選自檸檬酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、乙酸鹽、草酸鹽、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽(bisulfate)、磷酸鹽、酸式磷酸鹽、異菸酸鹽、乙酸鹽、乳酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、油酸鹽、丹寧酸鹽、泛酸鹽、酒石酸氫鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、馬來酸鹽、龍膽酸鹽、富馬酸鹽、葡萄糖酸鹽、醛酸鹽(glucaronate)、糖酸鹽、甲酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、麩胺酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、乙磺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、對甲苯磺酸鹽和雙羥萘酸鹽(pamoate)(亦即1,1’-亞甲基-雙-(2-羥基-3-萘甲酸鹽))。在一些實施例中,醫藥上可接受的抗衡例子是選自氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、磷酸鹽、酸式磷酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、乙酸鹽、草酸鹽、乙酸鹽和乳酸鹽。在特定的實施例中,醫藥上可接受的抗衡離子是選自氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽和磷酸鹽。
術語「醫藥上可接受的鹽」是指酸或鹼基團的鹽,其可存在於本發明組成物中所使用的化合物中。包含在本發明組成物中的鹼性化合物能夠與各種無機和有機酸形成各種鹽。可用於製備此等鹼性化合物之藥學上可接受的酸加成鹽的酸是形成無毒酸加成鹽的那些,亦即含有醫藥上可接受的陰離子的鹽,其包含但不限於硫酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、乙酸鹽、草酸鹽、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、磷酸鹽、酸式磷酸鹽、異菸酸鹽、乙酸鹽、乳酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、油酸鹽、丹寧酸鹽、泛酸鹽、酒石酸氫鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、馬來酸鹽、龍膽酸鹽、富馬酸鹽、葡萄糖酸鹽、醛酸鹽(glucaronate)、糖酸鹽、甲酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、麩胺酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、乙磺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、對甲苯磺酸鹽和雙羥萘酸鹽(pamoate)(亦即1,1’-亞甲基-雙-(2-羥基-3-萘甲酸鹽))鹽類。除了上述酸之外,包含在本發明組成物中的包含胺基部分的化合物可與各種胺基酸形成藥學上可接受的鹽。包含在本發明組成物中的化合物本質上是酸性的,能夠與各種醫藥上可接受的陽離子形成鹼鹽。此等鹽的實例包含鹼金屬或鹼土金屬鹽,特別是鈣、鎂、鈉、鋰、鋅、鉀和鐵鹽。
如果所獲得的本文所述之化合物為酸加成鹽,則可藉由鹼化酸鹽的溶液來獲得游離鹼。相反地,如果產物是游離鹼,則根據從鹼化合物製備酸加成鹽之習知程序,可藉由將游離鹼溶解在合適的有機溶劑中並用酸處理該溶液來製備加成鹽,特別是醫藥上可接受的加成鹽。本技藝技術人士將理解可用於製備無毒之醫藥上可接受的加成鹽的各種合成方法。
醫藥上可接受的鹽可衍生自選自1-羥基-2-萘甲酸、2,2-二氯乙酸、2-羥基乙磺酸、2-側氧戊二酸、4-乙醯胺基苯甲酸、4-胺基水楊酸、乙酸、己二酸、抗壞血酸、天冬胺酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟腦酸、樟腦-10-磺酸、羊脂酸(癸酸)、羊油酸(己酸)、羊羶酸(辛酸)、碳酸、肉桂酸、檸檬酸、環己基胺基磺酸、十二烷基硫酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、乙磺酸、甲酸、富馬酸、半乳糖二酸、龍膽酸、葡庚糖酸、葡萄糖酸、葡萄醣醛酸、麩胺酸、戊二酸、甘油磷酸、乙醇酸、馬尿酸、氫溴酸、鹽酸、羥乙磺酸(isethionic)、異丁酸、乳酸、乳糖酸、月桂酸、馬來酸,蘋果酸、丙二酸、苦杏仁酸、甲磺酸、黏酸、萘-1,5-二磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、菸酸、硝酸、油酸、草酸、棕櫚酸、雙羥萘酸、泛酸、磷酸、丙酸、焦麩胺酸、水楊酸、癸二酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、硫酸、酒石酸、硫氰酸、甲苯磺酸、三氟乙酸和十一碳烯酸的酸。
術語「生物可利用的」是本領域公認的且是指本發明的一種形式,其允許其或所投予量的一部分被個體吸收、併入或以其他方式生理上可利用或被投予的患者。
應理解,以下實例旨在說明而非限制本發明。在不脫離本發明的精神和範圍的情況下,在閱讀本揭露之後,本技藝技術人士將清楚前述描述和示例的各種其他實例和修改,並且旨在將所有這樣的實例或修改皆包含在本發明之申請專利範圍的範圍內。本文引用的所有公開文件和專利均藉由引用而整體併入本文。
應理解,在以下實例中,使用非放射性金屬如Lu-175製備和定性一些共軛體。對於本技藝技術人士顯而易見的是,可使用已知方法容易地製備相應的放射性Lu-177類似物,並且Lu-175共軛體的分佈數據將代表Lu-177類似物。
實例
實例1:共軛體的合成
可使用任何方便的方法製備本發明的共軛體。在合理的方法中,共軛體由它們各自的成分、靶向部分、在一些情況下為連接子、和活性劑部分來構建。如本領域已知的,成分可藉由官能基團而彼此共價鍵結,其中這些官能基團可存在於成分上或使用一個或多個步驟引入至成分上,例如氧化反應、還原反應,裂解反應等。可用於將成分共價鍵結在一起以產生醫藥共軛體的官能基團包含:羥基,硫氫基、胺基等。將選擇被修飾以提供共價連接的不同成分的特定部分,以便基本上不會干擾那些成分所需的結合活性,例如,對於活性劑部分,不影響靶結合活性的區域將被修飾,以保持足夠量之所需的藥物活性。在必要和/或期望的情況下,可使用阻斷基團保護成分上的某些部分,如本技藝已知的,請見例如Green & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (John Wiley & Sons) (1991)。
或者,可使用已知的組合方法產生共軛體以產生大的潛在共軛體庫,而後可篩選該庫以鑑定具有藥物動力學特徵的雙功能分子。或者,可使用藥物化學和靶向部分及活性劑部分的已知結構-活性關係來產生共軛體。特別地,此方法將提供關於將兩個部分連接至連接子的位置的見解。
將TM5(242 mg,0.419 mmol,三氟乙酸(TFA)鹽,1.20當量)和2-[4,7,10-參(2-第三氧基-2-側氧-乙基)-1,4,7,10-四硝基環十二烷-1-基]乙酸(200 mg,0.349 mmol)裝入小瓶中並且溶解在DMF(1 mL)中,加入HATU (198 mg,0.524 mmol,1.50當量),而後加入二異丙基乙胺(135 mg,1.05 mmol,182 μL,3.00當量)。在3小時後,加入另外的二異丙基乙胺(135 mg,1.05 mmol,182 μL,3.00當量)。將懸浮液在室溫下攪拌16小時。藉由反相色層分析法(10-60% MeCN/水,含0.1 % TFA)純化粗製物。合併純的餾分並將溶劑蒸發至乾。
將殘餘物溶於TFA(5 mL)中。將溶液在室溫下攪拌16小時。將粗製物在製備型HPLC(20-60% MeCN/水,含0.1 % TFA)純化。合併純餾分並蒸發溶劑。
將氯化鎦(III)(118 mg,0.42 mmol,1.20當量)裝入小瓶中並溶解在0.05N HCl(10 mL)中。加入0.2N NaOAc直至pH=4.5,而後加入純化的殘餘物(496 mg,0.35 mmol)並將溶液在90℃加熱30分鐘。在Combiflash(5-40% MeCN/水,含2% AcOH)上純化,得到共軛體1,為凍乾粉末(86 mg,22%產率)。
使用標準Fmoc條件,藉由固相胜肽合成製備每種b-丙胺酸-AA1-AA2-AA3-(tri-tBu DOTA)建構體。對於2-氯三苯甲基樹脂上的Fmoc-β-丙胺酸,必要時對於AA1、AA2、AA3的每一個耦合Fmoc-肌胺酸、Fmoc-D-麩胺酸γ-第三丁酯、或Fmoc-ε-Boc-D-離胺酸,而後最後耦合至三第三丁基DOTA。用1%TFA的二氯甲烷溶液將胜肽從樹脂切下,並藉由製備型HPLC純化。
向小瓶中加入TM5(1當量)、受保護的三肽連接子(1當量)和HATU(1.1當量)。加入DMF(10 vol.)和二異丙基乙胺(3當量),將反應在室溫下攪拌4小時,而後藉由製備型HPLC純化。將產物蒸發至乾,加入三氟乙酸(10 vol)。將反應在室溫下攪拌直至LCMS顯示完全脫保護,如果在1小時後去保護仍未完全,則加熱至50℃。脫保護完成後,在真空下除去所有TFA,將剩餘材料溶於最少量的DMF中,並藉由製備型HPLC純化。
製備10 mg/mL氯化鎦(III)在0.05N HCl中的溶液,並加入0.2M NaOAc(6 mL),得到pH 4.5之6.25 mg/mL氯化鎦(III)的溶液。將胜肽(0.05 mmol)溶解於DMF (100 uL)中,加入4.5 mL的上述氯化鎦(III)溶液(28.1 mg,0.10 mmol)。將溶液加熱至90℃達15分鐘,然後冷卻至室溫並藉由製備型HPLC純化,以得到產物。
共軛體9的合成
將裝載在2-氯三苯甲基樹脂上的Fmoc-β-丙胺酸(3.70 g,0.54 mmol/g裝載,2.00 mmol)裝載到Liberty Blue胜肽合成儀中,並且於60℃與Fmoc-D-麩胺酸γ-第三丁酯(0.4 M,在DMF中,12 mL,4.8 mmol)、DIC(0.5M,在DMF中,10 mL,5 mmol)和氰基羥基亞氨基乙酸乙酯(1M在DMF中,5 mL,5 mmol)耦合20分鐘。用過量DMF清洗樹脂,而後用二氯甲烷清洗,而後用純TFA(20 mL)處理20分鐘。排出TFA,用二氯甲烷(2 x 20 mL)清洗樹脂,並在真空下濃縮合併的TFA/二氯甲烷溶液。藉由裝載到50 g Isco C18管柱上純化剩餘的殘餘物,用含0.1%TFA的25%至80%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到Fmoc-D-麩胺酸-β-丙胺酸(692 mg,1.57 mmol,78%產率)。
向小瓶中加入TM5 HCl鹽(505 mg,1.01 mmol)、Fmoc-D-麩胺酸-β-丙胺酸(210 mg,0.48 mmol)和HATU(385 mg,1.01 mmol)。加入DMF(5 mL)和二異丙基乙胺(0.50 mL),並將反應在50℃下攪拌1小時。將反應冷卻至室溫,而後加入DBU(0.75 mL)。將反應物再攪拌30分鐘,而後用乙酸(2 mL)酸化,藉由製備型HPLC純化,用含0.1% TFA的5%至45%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到TM5-DGlu-β-丙胺酸-TM5作為TFA鹽(596 mg,0.410 mmol,86%產率)。
向小瓶中加入(R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA (Levy, et. al., Org. Process Res. Dev. 2009,13
, 535-542) (545 mg,0.777 mmol)、N-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-N’-乙基碳二亞胺鹽酸鹽(296 mg,1.54 mmol)和N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺(179 mg,1.56 mmol)。加入二氯甲烷(10 mL)和二異丙基乙胺(0.81 mL,4.67 mmol),將反應在室溫攪拌24小時。而後用另外的二氯甲烷(15 mL)稀釋反應,並且用飽和碳酸氫鈉(3 x 15 mL)和鹽水(10 mL)清洗。用MgSO4
乾燥有機層,真空除去溶劑,得到(R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA NHS酯(610 mg,0.764 mmol,98%產率),為黃色固體,而後使用,無需進一步純化。
向小瓶中加入TM5-DGlu-β-丙胺酸-TM5 TFA鹽(60.0 mg,41.3 μmol)和(R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA NHS酯(63.0 mg,78.9 μmol)。加入DMF(3 mL)與二異丙基乙胺(0.50 mL),溶液在50 ℃攪拌30分鐘。藉由製備型HPLC純化反應混合物,用含0.1% TFA的5%至55%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到TM5-DGlu((R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA)-β-丙胺酸-TM5 TFA鹽(46.7 mg,26.0 μmol)。
向小瓶加入TM5-DGlu((R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA)-β-丙胺酸-TM5 TFA鹽(46.7 mg,26.0 μmol),且其溶解在TFA(2 mL)中。將反應在40℃下攪拌1小時,而後在真空下除去所有TFA。加入乙腈(2 mL)和甲苯(2 mL),再次在真空下除去溶劑以確保除去過量的TFA。將剩餘的殘餘物溶解於DMF(0.5 mL)中,並加入氯化鎦(III)(9.3,33.1 μmol)在pH 4.5 HCl/乙酸鹽緩衝液(1.5 mL)中的溶液。加入0.2N乙酸鈉(1 mL),並將溶液在90℃下攪拌30分鐘。冷卻至室溫後,藉由製備型HPLC純化反應混合物,用含0.1% TFA的5%至35%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到共軛物9(30.7 mg,17.6 μmol,67%產率)。
共軛體10的合成
向Liberty Blue胜肽合成儀中加入裝載到2-氯三苯甲基樹脂(3.70 g,0.54 mmol/g,2.00 mmol)上的Fmoc-β-丙胺酸。接著在標準條件下與Fmoc-D-麩胺酸γ-第三丁酯x 3、[2-(2-(Fmoc-胺基)乙氧基)乙氧基]乙酸和5-疊氮基戊酸耦合,而後用含2% TFA的二氯甲烷(40 mL)切割20分鐘,且在真空下除去所有溶劑,得到粗胜肽。將材料裝載到100g C18 Isco gold管柱上,用含0.1%TFA的25%至85%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到5-疊氮基戊酸-AEE A-[DGlu(tBu)]3-bAla-OH(717 mg,0.783 mmol,39%產率)。
向燒瓶中加入Boc-1,3-二胺基丙烷(3.40 g,19.5 mmol)和碳酸鈉(2.07 g 19.5 mmol)。加入THF(25 mL)和溴丙炔(80%甲苯溶液,2.17 mL,19.5 mmol),並將反應在60℃下攪拌1小時。而後將反應冷卻至室溫,加入水(50 mL),並乙酸乙酯(3 x 50 mL)萃取混合物。用MgSO4
乾燥合併的有機層,並在真空下除去所有溶劑。將剩餘的殘餘物溶解於二氯甲烷(25 mL)和二異丙基乙胺(5 mL)中。加入Fmoc-OSu(6.58 g,19.5 mmol),並將反應在室溫下攪拌2小時。而後將反應裝載到120 g矽膠管柱上,用含0%至100%乙酸乙酯的庚烷沖提,得到60(2.95 g,6.79 mmol,35%產率)。
向燒瓶中加入4-(對碘苯基)丁酸(600 mg,2.07 mmol)、DCC(427 mg,2.07 mmol)和N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺(238 mg,2.07 mmol)。加入二氯甲烷(6 mL),並將反應在室溫下攪拌4小時。經由短矽藻土墊過濾反應混合物,用二氯甲烷(5 mL)沖洗墊,並在真空下除去溶劑,得到粗4-(對碘苯基)丁酸NHS酯。向其中加入DMF(8 mL)、4-胺基丁酸(525 mg,5.19 mmol)和二異丙基乙胺(2 mL)。將反應在室溫下攪拌24小時,而後裝載到100g C18 Isco gold管柱上。用含0.1% TFA的15%至85%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到70 (560 mg,1.49 mmol,72%產率)。
向燒瓶中加入60(841 mg,1.93 mmol),將其溶解於乙腈(10 mL)和三乙胺(2.5 mL)中。將反應在60℃下攪拌1小時,LCMS確認完全Fmoc脫保護。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,並在真空下除去所有溶劑。向剩餘的殘餘物加入70(330 mg,0.880 mmol)和HATU(470 mg,1.25 mmol)在DMF(5 mL)中的溶液。加入二異丙基乙胺(1 mL),並將反應攪拌24小時。將反應混合物裝載到50 g C18 Isco gold管柱上,用含0.1% TFA的10%至70%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到80(474 mg,0.832 mmol,94% 產率)。
向小瓶中加入TM5 HCl鹽(248 mg,0.496 mmol)、5-疊氮基戊酸-AEEA-[DGlu(tBu)]3
(306 mg,0.334 mmol)、和HATU(176 mg,0.468 mmol)。加入DMF(5 mL)和二異丙基乙胺(1 mL),並將反應在室溫下攪拌2小時。 加入5%碳酸鈉水溶液(1 mL),並將反應溫熱至60℃達1小時。1小時後,將反應混合物用乙酸(1 mL)酸化,並藉由製備型HPLC純化反應混合物,用含0.1%TFA的35%至75%乙腈水溶液沖提。在真空下乾燥含有產物的餾分,並向剩餘的殘餘物中加入三氟乙酸(5 mL)。將反應攪拌1小時,並在真空下除去過量的TFA。加入水(10 mL),將溶液冷凍並凍乾,得到90(430 mg,0.328 mmol,98%產率)。
向小瓶中加入80(50 mg,88 μmol)和90(90 mg,75 μmol),並加入DMF(4 mL)。加入硫酸銅(II) (15 mg, 94 μmol)在0.2N AcOH(0.3 mL)中的溶液,而後加入抗壞血酸鈉(38 mg,192 μmol)在0.2N NaOAc(0.4 mL)中的溶液。將反應混合物溫熱至50℃並在該溫度下攪拌3小時。而後將反應混合物冷卻至室溫並藉由製備型HPLC純化,用含0.1%TFA的15%至65%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到100(72 mg,41 μmol,54%產率)。
向小瓶中加入10 (76 mg,43 μmol),將其溶解在TFA(2 mL)中。將反應在室溫下攪拌30分鐘,而後在真空下除去所有過量的TFA。向剩餘的殘餘物中加入(R)-tBu4
-DOTAGA NHS酯(63 mg,79 μmol)在DMF(3 mL)中的溶液。加入二異丙基乙胺(0.5 mL),並將反應在50℃下攪拌2小時。而後將反應混合物冷卻至室溫並藉由製備型HPLC純化,用含0.1% TFA的15%至45%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到11(52.8 mg,22.5 μmol,52%產率)。
向裝有110 (52.8 mg,22.5 μmol)的小瓶中加入TFA (2 mL)。將溶液加熱至40℃達1小時,而後在真空下除去所有溶劑。加入乙腈(2 mL)和甲苯(2 mL),再次在真空下除去溶劑以確保除去過量的TFA。加入氯化鎦(III) (9.3 mg,33.1 μmol)在pH 4.5 HCl/乙酸鹽緩衝液(1.5 mL)中的溶液。加入0.2N乙酸鈉(1 mL),並將溶液在90℃下攪拌30分鐘。冷卻至室溫後,藉由製備型HPLC純化反應混合物,用含0.1% TFA的5%至45%乙腈水溶液沖提,得到共軛物10(35.6 mg,15.5 μmol,68%產率)。
如下製備共軛體2和10的鎦-177類似物。在每種螯合劑的TFA脫保護後,使用乙酸銨緩衝液(pH 6)將分子置於溶液中,並在HCl中與所需的Lu-177活性混合。對於二者,起始緩衝液的量足以在添加Lu-177的情況下將pH維持在pH6。而後將反應在37℃下培養45分鐘(+/-15分鐘)。培養完成後(藉由C18 Sep Pak分析少量反應樣品),使用預處理的C18 Sep Pak進行純化。藉由用5%乙醇溶液沖提Sep Pak除去未標記的材料。最終產物在50%乙醇溶液中從Sep Pak沖提。使用真空離心機從產物除去乙醇。而後將標記的分子在鹽水中升至所需體積,以得到共軛體2和10各自的Lu-177形式。
實例2:使用共軛體的體外研究
HER2降解分析:
以每孔12,000個細胞接種BT474細胞,並在37℃、5%CO2
下培養20-24小時。在細胞培養後,將化合物在DMSO中重建至5 mM的儲備濃度。而後製備含有在DMSO中10點稀釋的化合物盤。而後將2uL這些稀釋液加至細胞,使最終作用濃度為5μM至0.0003μM。將化合物和細胞培養16小時。而後除去培養基、清洗細胞、溶解、並藉由ELISA分析人的總EbB2//Her2量。
HSP90結合:
用HSP90α分析套組研究共軛體與HSP90的結合。HSP90α分析套組用於使用螢光偏振鑑定HSP90α抑制劑。該分析基於螢光標記的格爾德黴素與純化的重組HSP90α結合的競爭。HSP90α分析套組的關鍵是螢光標記的格爾德黴素。將螢光標記的格爾德黴素與含有HSP90α酶的樣品一起培養以產生螢光偏振的變化,而後可使用螢光讀數器測量螢光偏振。
實例3:使用共軛體的體內研究
H460小鼠腫瘤和血漿藥物動力學:
在其他研究中,用H460和H69腫瘤模型研究共軛體的生物分佈。
共軛體1、共軛體2和共軛體3以5mg/kg給予。圖1A顯示H460腫瘤模式中的腫瘤和肝中的共軛體1量;圖1B顯示H69腫瘤模式中的腫瘤和肝中的共軛體1量;圖1C顯示H460腫瘤模式中的腫瘤、肝和腎中的共軛體1量。共軛物1的生物分佈研究顯示腫瘤:肝比率在24小時為0.1-1,腫瘤:腎比率約為2。
圖2A顯示H69腫瘤模式中的腫瘤和肝中的共軛體2量;圖2B顯示H460腫瘤模式中的腫瘤、肝和腎中的共軛體2量。共軛物2的生物分佈研究顯示腫瘤:肝比率在24小時為9-50,腫瘤:腎比率為0.4。結果亦如下表所示。
共軛體1的腫瘤攝取明顯高於共軛體2,但共軛體2的腫瘤:肝比率更好。共軛物1和共軛體2的腫瘤保留(tumor retention)是相似的。兩種化合物皆迅速從血漿中清除,但在這方面,共軛體2稍微優越。
在進一步的研究中,分別向小鼠投與共軛體和胺基酸。比較共同給予胺基酸的共軛體的組織分佈,即單獨投予共軛體的組織分佈。
在另一項研究中,分別向小鼠投與共軛體和HSP90配體或抑制劑。將與HSP90配體或抑制劑共同給藥的共軛體的組織分佈與單獨投予的共軛體的組織分佈進行比較。
在類似的研究中,化合物以0.5mg/kg劑量投予小鼠。測量腫瘤、腎和肝的Lu量。計算腫瘤、腎和肝中的平均Lu(如下表8中所示)。共軛體9和共軛體10的腫瘤攝取明顯高於共軛體1和共軛體2。
實例4:測定共軛物的滲透性
為了測試共軛體進入細胞的能力,使用人工膜滲透性測定(artificial membrane permeability assay,PAMPA)。PAMPA是用於預測藉由被動轉運機制進入細胞的藥物的體內藥物滲透性的有用工具。LC/MS與PAMPA分析結合使用以測定共軛體滲透細胞的能力。
在添加分析成分之前,將預塗覆的PAMPA盤溫熱至室溫至少30分鐘。
用待測試的共軛體製備儲備溶液。為了製備作用溶液,將50 µL在DMSO中的100 µM儲備溶液 + 950 µL的PBS或50 µL的200 µM儲備溶液加入96深孔盤中,分別得到5 µM最終濃度或10 µM最終濃度。將300 µL含有待測試的每種共軛體的作用溶液加至供體PAMPA盤的適當孔中。將200 µL的PBS加入受體PAMPA盤的相應孔中。
將受體盤降低到供體盤上並使其培養5小時。5小時後,從每個盤的每個孔中取出50 µL等分試樣並加入新的96深孔盤中。
向每個等分試樣中加入100 µL含有預定內標對照化合物的甲醇,並藉由LC/MS分析。計算每種共軛體的滲透性。
實例5:Lu-177共軛體2的生物分佈研究
在帶有NCI-H460腫瘤的小鼠(肺癌)的腫瘤、血漿和健康組織中測量放射性活性共軛體累積。此研究的目的是藉由使用伽馬計數器的閃爍掃描法測定Hsp90-DOTA-Lu177、共軛體2的放射性活性Lu177類似物(與Lu-177,亦稱為177
Lu-2或177
Lu-共軛體2)和共軛體10的放射性活性Lu177類似物(與Lu-177,亦稱為177
Lu-10或177
Lu-共軛體10)在帶有NCI-H460 NSCLC腫瘤的雌性裸鼠中的離體(ex vivo)生物分佈。給帶有腫瘤的動物注射放射性活性177Lu-2或177Lu-10的鹽水溶液,並在一段時間後對動物實施安樂死,並使用Perkin Elmer 2470 WIZARD伽馬計數器收集腫瘤和其他組織樣品用於離體伽馬計數。對於每種組織,計算每克組織的注射劑量百分比%ID/g。
圖1A顯示在NCI-H460腫瘤中的共軛體1生物分布。圖1B顯示在NCI-H69腫瘤中的共軛體1生物分布。圖1C顯示在H460腫瘤中的共軛體1生物分布。
圖2A顯示在NCI-H69腫瘤中的共軛體2生物分布。圖2B顯示在NCI-H460腫瘤中的共軛體2生物分布。
圖3A顯示在NCI-H69腫瘤中的共軛體3生物分布。圖3B顯示在NCI-H460腫瘤中的共軛體3生物分布。
Claims (41)
- 一種共軛體,其包括經由連接基(linker)耦合到至少一個HSP90靶向部分的活性劑,其中該活性劑包括放射性劑(radioactive agent)或是放射性劑的螯合劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該放射性劑包括放射性同位素。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之共軛體,其中該放射性同位素為I-124、I-131、In-111、Re-186、Re-188、Y-90、Bi-212、At-211、Sr-89、Ho-166、Sm-153、Cu-60、Lu-177、Ac-225、Bi-213、Th-227、Pb-212、Ra-223、P-32、Sc-47、Br-76、Br-77、Rh-105、Pd-103、Ag-111、Tc-99m、Co-57、Ga-66、Ga-67、Ga-68、Kr-81m、Rb-82、Sr-92、Tl-201、Y-86、Zr-89、C-11、N-13、O-15、F-18、Y-86、Bi-212、At-211、Zr-89、Sr-89、Ho-166、Sm-153、Cu-67、Cu-64、Pb-203、Bi-213、Th-227、Pb-212、Ra-223、P-32、Sc-47、Br-77、Rh-105、Pd-103、Ag-111、Pr-142、Pm-149、Gd-159、Ir-194以及Pt-199。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該活性劑包括會與放射性同位素結合的螯合劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之共軛體,其中該螯合劑為聚胺基羧酸系(polyaminocarboxylate)劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項之共軛體,其中該螯合劑為乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)、二伸乙三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA)、1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-N,N’,N” ,N’’’-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylcododecane-N,N’,N”,N’’’-tetraacetic acid, DOTA)、DOTAGA、或其衍生物。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之共軛體,其中該螯合劑為巨環劑(macrocyclic agent)。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之共軛體,其中該螯合劑為1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷-N,N’,N”-三乙酸(1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-N,N’,N”-triacetic acid, NOTA)、1,4,7,10-四氮雜環十二烷-N,N’,N”,N’’’-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N,N’,N”,N’’’-tetraacetic acid, TETA)、1,4,7,10,13-五氮雜環十五烷-N,N’,N’’,N’’’,N’’’’-五乙酸(1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane-N,N’,N’’,N’’’,N’’’’-pentaacetic acid, PEPA)、1,4,7,10,13,16-六氮雜環十六烷- N,N’,N’’,N’’’,N’’’’,N’’’’’-六乙酸(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclohexadecane- N,N’,N’’,N’’’,N’’’’,N’’’’’-hexaacetic acid, HEHA)、或其衍生物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1-8項中任一項之共軛體,其中該共軛體包括兩個HSP90靶向部分。
- 如申請專利範圍第1-8項中任一項之共軛體,其中該HSP90靶向部分為HSP90抑制劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之共軛體,其中該HSP90抑制劑為小分子。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之共軛體,其中該HSP90抑制劑為選自由Ganetespib、Luminespib(AUY-922, NVP-AUY922)、Debio-0932、MPC-3100、或Onalespib(AT-13387)、SNX-2112、17-胺基-格爾德黴素-氫醌(17-amino-geldanamycin hydroquinone)、PU-H71、AT13387、及其衍生物/類似物所組成的群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之共軛體,其中該HSP90靶向部分為ganetespib或其衍生物。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項之共軛體,其中該HSP90靶向部分為選自由TM1、TM2、TM3、TM4、TM5、或TM8所組成的群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之共軛體,其中該HSP90靶向部分為Onalespib或其衍生物。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項之共軛體,其中該HSP90靶向部分為選自由TM6與TM7所組成的群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1-8項中任一項之共軛體,其中該連接基包括酯基團、二硫(disulfide)基團、醯胺基團、醯腙(acylhydrazone)基團、醚基團、胺基甲酸酯(carbamate)基團、碳酸酯基團、或脲基團。
- 如申請專利範圍第1-8項中任一項之共軛體,其中該連接基為可斷裂的連接基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該共軛體的分子量為小於約50,000 Da、小於約40,000 Da、小於約30,000 Da、小於約20,000 Da、小於約15,000 Da、小於約10,000 Da、小於約8,000 Da、小於約5,000 Da、小於約3,000 Da、小於2000 Da、小於1500 Da、小於1000 Da、或小於500 Da。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該共軛體包括至少一個ganetespib或其衍生物作為該HSP90靶向部分以及鎦原子。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該共軛體為選自由共軛體1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、及10 或其醫藥上可接受的鹽所組成的群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該共軛體為選自由共軛體1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、及10 或其醫藥上可接受的鹽所組成的群組之共軛體的放射性類似物。
- 如申請專利範圍第22項之共軛體,其中該共軛體為選自由共軛體1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、及10 或其醫藥上可接受的鹽所組成的群組之共軛體的Lu177(177 Lu)類似物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共軛體,其中該共軛體包括會與血清蛋白質結合的反應基團。
- 如申請專利範圍第24項之共軛體,其中該血清蛋白質為白蛋白。
- 如申請專利範圍第24項之共軛體,其中該共軛體為共軛體10或其放射性類似物、或其醫藥上可接受的鹽。
- 如申請專利範圍第26項之共軛體,其中該共軛體為共軛體10的Lu177(177 Lu)類似物。
- 一種醫藥組成物,其包括申請專利範圍第1-27項中任一項之共軛體以及至少一種醫藥上可接受的賦形劑。
- 一種體外減少細胞增生的方法,其包括對該細胞投予有效量的至少一種如申請專利範圍第1-27項中任一項之共軛體。
- 如申請專利範圍第29項之方法,其中該細胞為癌細胞。
- 如申請專利範圍第30項之方法,其中該癌細胞為小細胞肺癌細胞、非小細胞肺癌細胞、肉瘤細胞、胰臟癌細胞、乳癌細胞、或結腸癌細胞。
- 如申請專利範圍第28項之醫藥組成物,其用於減少細胞增生。
- 如申請專利範圍第32項之醫藥組成物,其中該細胞為癌細胞。
- 如申請專利範圍第33項之醫藥組成物,其中該癌細胞為小細胞肺癌細胞、非小細胞肺癌細胞、肉瘤細胞、胰臟癌細胞、乳癌細胞、或結腸癌細胞。
- 如申請專利範圍第28項之醫藥組成物,其用於治療癌症。
- 如申請專利範圍第35項之醫藥組成物,其中該癌症為小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、肉瘤、胰臟癌、乳癌、或結腸癌。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1-27項中任一項的共軛體在製備用於減少細胞增生之藥物的用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第37項之用途,其中該細胞為癌細胞。
- 如申請專利範圍第38項之用途,其中該癌細胞為小細胞肺癌細胞、非小細胞肺癌細胞、肉瘤細胞、胰臟癌細胞、乳癌細胞、或結腸癌細胞。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1-27項中任一項的共軛體在製備用於治療癌症之藥物的用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第40項之用途,其中該癌症為小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、肉瘤、胰臟癌、乳癌、或結腸癌。
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EP3738594A1 (en) * | 2013-09-10 | 2020-11-18 | Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Targeted therapeutics having an hsp90 ligand as binding moiety |
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WO2017147240A1 (en) * | 2016-02-23 | 2017-08-31 | Tarveda Therapeutics, Inc. | Hsp90 targeted conjugates and particles and formulations thereof |
WO2018222987A1 (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2018-12-06 | Tarveda Therapeutics, Inc. | Targeted constructs |
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