TW201924722A - 用於刺激第i型干擾素基因之方法及包含陽離子脂質的組合物 - Google Patents
用於刺激第i型干擾素基因之方法及包含陽離子脂質的組合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供用於修飾個體中之第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的方法及組合物,包含向該個體投與陽離子脂質。該等陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC)、其對映異構體及組合。該等組合物可以進一步包含一或多種抗原組分,其中此類組分為自體或非自體的。
Description
本發明大體上係關於用於修飾第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的方法及組合物,包含投與陽離子脂質。
最近十年,第I型干擾素(IFN-I)已在哺乳動物抵抗疾病的免疫反應中顯示至關重要的作用。第I型干擾素已稱為「病毒」干擾素,原因在於其受到病毒感染的直接誘導,相比之下,「免疫」IFN或IFN-γ的合成係在T細胞與自然殺手(NK)細胞在免疫反應期間發生受體接合之後。IFN-I亦為經由干擾素α受體(IFNAR)進行信號傳導而使腫瘤細胞發生細胞凋亡及抗血管生成的記錄翔實之誘導劑。由於IFN-I在治療免疫反應中的關鍵作用,因此現著力聚焦於鑑別出活化IFN-I的安全且有效方法,以便改良疫苗、免疫療法及其他基於免疫之醫藥的預防與治療益處。舉例而言,臨床前對小鼠進行的研究已表明IFN-I直接活化免疫系統的其他關鍵細胞,諸如抗原呈遞樹突狀細胞(DC)及CD4及CD8 T細胞。IFN-I亦增強T淋巴球所識別之腫瘤細胞的抗原呈遞,因此在癌症免疫療法中呈現關鍵潛在作用。
在疫苗開發領域中,在人體中產生大量有效抗原特異性細胞毒性T細胞以便治療病原體所致疾病或治療癌症的方法及途徑仍為醫學上未滿足之需求。基於蛋白質及肽之疫苗與免疫刺激劑(諸如佐劑)的組合使用為已評估可產生細胞毒性T細胞的有較大前景之途徑之一。然而,當前批准用於人類用途的大部分佐劑為第I型干擾素及細胞毒性T細胞的不良誘導劑,且無法建立持久的保護或治療益處。
干擾素(IFN-α/β/γ)為較強免疫刺激性細胞介素中的一部分,且在CD8+細胞毒性T細胞的發育中起重要作用。干擾素亦為抗病毒免疫力之關鍵。有效的T細胞免疫需要T細胞在適當的共刺激信號(信號2)及細胞介素(信號3)存在下被抗原(信號1)活化,以便藉由促進T細胞擴增、存活、分化及效應功能來驅動特異性T細胞免疫反應。IFN-I可以作為信號3直接作用於T細胞,以誘導T細胞活化且驅動其最佳的擴增、存活及效應功能。最初鑑別為抗病毒細胞介素的IFN-I已顯示可增強CD8 T細胞擴增、存活及效應功能。干擾素亦藉由上調共刺激分子及藉由增強T細胞活化所需的抗原交叉呈遞來驅使抗原呈遞細胞成熟。另外,干擾素已證明具有直接抗腫瘤特性以及經由IL-15產生而引起的間接抗腫瘤特性。由於此等顯著的免疫特性,因此多種IFN-I誘導劑以及重組IFN-I療法當前正在人類試驗中加以測試。
第I型IFN已報導可藉由腫瘤抑制基因p53的持續表現來防止活體外細胞轉型(Takaoka A, Hayakawa S, Yanai H, Stoiber D, Negishi H, Kikuchi H等人,Integration of interferon-α/β signaling to p53 responses in tumor suppression and antiviral defense
.Nature
(2003)424
:516-23)。IFN-I信號傳導在負向調控腫瘤細胞增殖及觸發人類癌細胞株發生細胞死亡中的特異性作用亦已得到證明(Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G.Type I interferons in anticancer immunity
.Nat Rev Immunol
(2015)15
:405-14)。活體內使腸上皮細胞中的IFNAR1缺失引起小鼠中的腫瘤形成增加(Tschurtschenthaler M, Wang J, Fricke C, Fritz TMJ, Niederreiter L, Adolph TE等人,Type I interferon signaling in the intestinal epithelium affects Paneth cells, microbial ecology and epithelial regeneration
.Gut
(2014)63
:1921-31)。多項研究產生的有力證據已證明,IFN-I主要經由間接刺激免疫細胞快速清除惡性細胞來誘導抗腫瘤效應。若干研究有力表明,IFN-I促進的抗癌免疫反應類似於宿主抵抗病原體的反應。
作為普遍存在之IFNAR表現的結果,IFN-I已顯示在發炎及病毒性疾病之情形下對免疫細胞具有關鍵的調控作用(Decker T, M ü ller M, Stockinger S. The yin and yang of type I interferon activity in bacterial infection. Nat Rev Immunol (2005) 5:675-87
;Stetson DB, Medzhitov R. Type I interferons in host defense. Immunity (2006) 25:373-81
)。因此,顯然,先天以及後天免疫反應的細胞介體在預防惡性疾病中受到IFN-I極其良好的調控。
IFN-I已證明在腫瘤免疫監督方面具有重要作用(Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Sheehan KCF, Shankaran V, Uppaluri R, Bui JD等人,A critical function for type I interferons in cancer immunoediting
.Nat Immunol
(2005)6
:722-9)。與IFN-γ相反,在骨髓轉移實驗中發現IFN-I在誘導保護性抗腫瘤免疫反應期間作用於宿主造血細胞,而非腫瘤細胞本身。已有關於第I型IFN在腫瘤監督之情形下藉以影響先天及後天免疫系統之細胞之機制的諸多報導[Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G.Type I interferons in anticancer immunity
.Nat Rev Immunol
(2015)15
:405-14;Parker BS, Rautela J, Hertzog PJ.Antitumour actions of interferons: implications for cancer therapy
.Nat Rev Cancer
(2016)16
:131-44)]。若干研究已鑑別出第I型IFN在活化宿主抗原呈遞細胞中的關鍵作用(Fuertes MB, Kacha AK, Kline J, Woo S-R, Kranz DM, Murphy KM等人,Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+
T cell responses through CD8α+
dendritic cells
.J Exp Med
(2011)208
:2005-16;Diamond MS, Kinder M, Matsushita H, Mashayekhi M, Dunn GP, Archambault JM等人,Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors
.J Exp Med
(2011)208
:1989-2003)。已確定,早期產生的第I型IFN對CD8α+
樹突狀細胞(DC)含量有作用,該等樹突狀細胞為腫瘤抗原特異性細胞毒性CD8+
T淋巴球(CTL)成功活化所必需的。第I型IFN信號傳導特異性地促進CD8α+
DC交叉呈遞抗原的能力(Diamond MS, Kinder M, Matsushita H, Mashayekhi M, Dunn GP, Archambault JM等人,Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors
.J Exp Med
(2011)208
:1989-2003)。已假設此作用為IFN-I增強DC存活且因此在交叉呈遞期間亦增強細胞表面上之抗原持久性的結果(Lorenzi S, Mattei F, Sistigu A, Bracci L, Spadaro F, Sanchez M等人,Type I IFNs control antigen retention and survival of CD8α(+) dendritic cells after uptake of tumor apoptotic cells leading to cross-priming
.J Immunol
(2011)186
:5142-50;Schiavoni G, Mattei F, Gabriele L.Type I interferons as stimulators of DC-mediated cross-priming: impact on anti-tumor response
.Front Immunol
(2013)4
:483)。第I型IFN促進DC成熟、分化及遷移(Fuertes MB, Woo S-R, Burnett B, Fu Y-X, Gajewski TF.Type I interferon response and innate immune sensing of cancer
.Trends Immunol
(2013)34
:67-73)。
重要的是注意到第I型IFN能夠誘導DC釋放介白素15 (IL15)(Mattei F, Schiavoni G, Belardelli F, Tough DF.IL-15 is expressed by dendritic cells in response to type I IFN, double-stranded RNA, or lipopolysaccharide and promotes dendritic cell activation
.J Immunol
(2001)167
:1179-87)。由此促進CD8+
記憶細胞及NK細胞存活(Huntington ND.The unconventional expression of IL-15 and its role in NK cell homeostasis
.Immunol Cell Biol
(2014)92
:210-3)。此作用不限於NK細胞。CTL亦已顯示可回應於第I型IFN獲得完全效應功能(Curtsinger JM, Mescher MF.Inflammatory cytokines as a third signal for T cell activation
.Curr Opin Immunol
(2010)22
:333-40;Fuertes MB, Kacha AK, Kline J, Woo S-R, Kranz DM, Murphy KM等人,Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+
T cell responses through CD8α+
dendritic cells
.J Exp Med
(2011)208
:2005-16)。亦有能力影響其他先天免疫細胞亞群,諸如嗜中性球(Wu C-F, Andzinski L, Kasnitz N, Kröger A, Klawonn F, Lienenklaus S等人,The lack of type I interferon induces neutrophil-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation in the mouse lung
.Int J Cancer
(2015)137
:837-47;Jablonska J, Wu C-F, Andzinski L, Leschner S, Weiss S.CXCR2-mediated tumor-associated neutrophil recruitment is regulated by IFN-β
.Int J Cancer
(2014)134
:1346-58)、NKT及γδ T細胞(Woo S-R, Corrales L, Gajewski TF.Innate immune recognition of cancer
.Annu Rev Immunol
(2015)33
:445-74),第I型IFN展現腫瘤生長限制特性。
第I型IFN在感染期間很早釋放(Biron CA.Initial and innate responses to viral infections - pattern setting in immunity or disease
.Curr Opin Microbiol
(1999)2
:374-81),且為先天免疫細胞亞群(諸如DC及NK細胞)在宿主抗癌反應中的重要調節因子。對於NK細胞而言,第I型IFN已證明在病毒感染中、在產生針對感染之早期反應的能力方面具有重要作用,且被認為可增強NK細胞的細胞毒性及細胞介素產生(Lee CK, Rao DT, Gertner R, Gimeno R, Frey AB, Levy DE.Distinct requirements for IFNs and STAT1 in NK cell function
.J Immunol
(2000)165
:3571-7;Nguyen KB, Salazar-Mather TP, Dalod MY, Van Deusen JB, Wei X, Liew FY等人,Coordinated and distinct roles for IFN-alpha beta, IL-12, and IL-15 regulation of NK cell responses to viral infection
.J Immunol
(2002)169
:4279-87)。
據報導,第I型干擾素在人體中通常經由病原體相關模式識別受體(諸如鐸樣(toll like)受體、NOD樣受體及視黃酸誘導基因I樣(RIG-I)受體)接合而被觸發。另外,多種胞溶質第二信使(c-GMP)及胞溶質核酸感測因子亦可經由干擾素基因刺激因子(Stimulator of Interferon Genes,STING)路徑活化來觸發第I型干擾素產生。
IFN-I被認為可以多種方式介導抗腫瘤活性。舉例而言,干擾素可以直接作用於腫瘤細胞,從而改變其存活及生長的能力[Parker, B.S., J. Rautela, 及 P.J. Hertzog, Antitumour actions of interferons: implications for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2016. 16(3): p. 131-443
]。
正對人類研究多種方法以利用第I型介導的免疫特性。重組IFN-I單一療法的投與已在臨床上被證實,其藉由投與重組干擾素-α來治療慢性C型肝炎(Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, M.D., Paul Martin, M.D., Chris Kassianides, M.D., Mauricio Lisker-Melman, M.D., Linda Murray, R.N., Jeanne Waggoner, B.A., Zachary Goodman, M.D., Steven M. Banks, Ph.D., 及 Jay H. Hoofnagle, M.D., Recombinant Interferon Alfa Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C, 1989 年 11 月 30 日 N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1506-1510
)。另一種方法包括投與鐸樣受體(TLR)促效劑,諸如雙股RNA (聚I:C)、CpG寡核苷酸、咪喹莫特(Imiquimod)、單一標準RNA等,以觸發第I型干擾素的內源產生(Munir Akkaya , Billur Akkaya, Patrick Sheehan, Pietro Miozzo, Mukul Rawat, Mirna Pena, Ann S Kim, Olena Kamenyeva, Juraj Kabat, Chen-Feng Qi, Silvia Bolland, Akanksha Chaturvedi 及 Susan K Pierce, The Toll-like receptor ligand CpG-A induces type 1 interferons in B cells contrasting the proinflammatory inducing activity of CpG-B, J Immunol 2017 年 5 月 1 日 , 198 ( 增刊 1) 152.4
)。最近,STING路徑促效劑作為所關注之第I型干擾素活化因子,正獲得抗腫瘤免疫的更重要價值[ Corrales, L. 等人 , The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity. J Clin Invest, 2016. 126(7): 第 2404-11 頁
]。
然而,不斷地明顯需要促進第I型干擾素路徑發生強活化的有效方法。鑒於與活化第I型干擾素路徑之結果有關的治療益處很多,因此明顯需要改良的方法來完成。
因此,需要改良的方法及組合物作為能夠有效活化IFN1 (IFN-α/β/γ)的疫苗。另外,需要改良的方法及組合物,諸如在抗原(諸如肽或蛋白質抗原)存在或不存在下誘發穩定細胞毒性T細胞免疫反應的疫苗。較佳地,此類組合物及疫苗結合使用的免疫治療劑安全、易投與且副作用或毒性最小。
本文提供包含陽離子脂質作為IFN1 (IFN-α/β/γ)之有效活化劑的新穎方法及疫苗組合物。如本文所述,本發明組合物當投與宿主時能夠誘導有效且穩定的細胞毒性T細胞免疫反應。組合物包含陽離子脂質,陽離子脂質視情況與肽或蛋白質抗原合併;在某些實施例中,陽離子脂質呈脂質體形式。如下文詳述,本發明之組合物使得IFN-I活化的細胞毒性細胞能有效消退諸如小鼠之哺乳動物中已建立之腫瘤。本發明進一步提供陽離子脂質體用於特異性活化IFN-I的用途,以便開發出更有效抵抗感染性病原體的防護措施以及針對癌症及其他疾病的療法。
本發明之其他特徵及優勢瞭解起來容易,結合附圖閱讀隨後說明之後將更容易理解。
相關申請案的交叉參考
本案主張2017年12月5日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/594,815號的優先權及所有權益,該申請案特此以全文引用之方式明確併入本文中。
本案主張2017年12月5日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/594,815號的優先權及所有權益,該申請案特此以全文引用之方式明確併入本文中。
參考本文所包括之特定實施例的以下詳細說明理解本發明可能更容易。儘管本發明已結合其某些實施例之具體細節加以描述,但不希望將此類細節視為對本發明範疇的限制。
本文中提及的參考文獻完整正文係以全文引用的方式特此併入,包括美國臨時專利申請案第62/594,815號、美國專利第7,303,881號、第8,877,206號、第9,789,129號,及美國專利申請案第14/344,327號、第14/407,419號、第14/429,123號及第15/775,680號。
本文提供新穎的方法及組合物,其包含使用陽離子脂質修飾第I型干擾素基因。在某些實施例中,第I型干擾素基因被上調且誘導或活化第I型干擾素信號傳導。在某些實施例中,第I型干擾素基因被下調且抑制或不活化第I型干擾素信號傳導。亦提供新穎的方法及組合物,其包含使用陽離子脂質、經由第I型干擾素的作用促進及增強疾病特異性CD8+ T細胞群的效力。在某些實施例中,本文所主張的方法及組合物可以包含使用疾病特異性抗原,其旨在將溶胞活性引向被感染或病變的特定細胞。
陽離子脂質體已廣泛地用於在活體內遞送小分子量藥物、質體DNA、寡核苷酸、蛋白質及肽,且亦用作疫苗佐劑。為了更好地瞭解陽離子脂質如何可以與免疫系統相互作用及某些陽離子脂質能夠促進交叉呈遞的機制原因,進行了研究,作為該等研究的結果,本發明發現陽離子脂質具有上調第I型干擾素的獨特能力。據報導,早期產生的第I型IFN對CD8α+
樹突狀細胞(DC)含量有作用,該等樹突狀細胞為腫瘤抗原特異性細胞毒性CD8+
T淋巴球(CTL)成功活化所必需的,且第I型IFN信號傳導特異性地促進CD8α+
DC交叉呈遞抗原的能力。陽離子脂質促進抗原交叉呈遞、從而引起抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應的此能力現已在臨床前與人類臨床研究中得到證明。能夠使用陽離子脂質安全地活化第I型干擾素以促進抗原交叉呈遞及誘導人體產生CD8+ T細胞,為成功地解決治療免疫學領域中未滿足之重大醫學需求提供了可能。
在本文所涵蓋的一個實施例中,投與陽離子脂質以活化個體中的第I型干擾素路徑。
在另一個實施例中,陽離子脂質與疾病特異性抗原合併,以活化第I型干擾素且促進抗原交叉呈遞,將疾病特異性CD8+ T細胞預致敏以治療個體的疾病。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用與蛋白質抗原合併之第I型干擾素活化陽離子脂質治療個體的步驟。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用與T細胞活化疫苗合併之陽離子脂質治療個體的步驟。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用與蛋白質或肽腫瘤抗原合併且與佐劑組合的陽離子脂質治療個體的步驟。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用與任何腫瘤抗原(包括基於DNA或RNA的抗原)合併之陽離子脂質治療個體的步驟。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用活化第I型干擾素路徑之陽離子脂質治療個體的步驟,該陽離子脂質視情況與腫瘤抗原合併,與佐劑及/或經由減少MDSC、Tregs或阻斷免疫檢查點來對抗腫瘤免疫抑制的任何藥劑組合。
在另一個實施例中,提供一種治療癌症之方法,其中該方法包含用基於陽離子脂質之疫苗治療個體的步驟,該疫苗與基於DNA或RNA的腫瘤抗原合併,與佐劑及/或對抗腫瘤免疫抑制的任何藥劑組合。
在又另一個實施例中,提供一種增強哺乳動物中之抗腫瘤免疫反應的方法。方法包含用第I型干擾素活化陽離子脂質或一或多種陽離子脂質連同生長因子(在一些情況下,諸如GM-CSF及細胞介素)一起治療哺乳動物的步驟。
在各種實施例中,組合物包含具有至少一種第I型干擾素活化陽離子脂質的一或多種脂質及至少一種抗原。在某些實施例中,包括超過一種抗原。
在一個實施例中,提供用於修飾個體(諸如哺乳動物)中之第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的方法及組合物,其中方法包含將包含陽離子脂質的組合物投與個體。在一個實施例中,陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC),及其組合。組合物可以包含陽離子脂質的特定對映異構體。在一個實施例中,陽離子脂質為1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP);在一個實施例中,陽離子脂質為DOTAP之R對映異構體,(R)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(R-DOTAP)。在某些實施例中,組合物進一步包含抗原,諸如蛋白質或肽抗原。
在某些實施例中,修飾個體中的第I型IFN信號傳導路徑包含上調或活化該路徑。在某些實施例中,修飾個體中的第I型IFN信號傳導路徑包含下調或不活化該路徑。在某些實施例中,T細胞反應升高,抗原特異性 T細胞反應升高,且/或組合物之免疫原性增強。在一個實施例中,提供一種治療個體之癌症的方法,其中該方法包含投與包含陽離子脂質的組合物且其中投與陽離子脂質達成第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的刺激。
抗原
在一個實施例中,本文所主張之新穎方法包含將陽離子脂質與一或多種自體抗原(諸如來源於受試者自身腫瘤之抗原)一起投與。在另一個實施例中,方法包含投與組合物,該組合物包含陽離子脂質與一或多種非自體抗原(諸如(但不限於)合成肽、重組蛋白、RNA或DNA或其活性片段)的組合。在各種情況下,目標為活化第I型干擾素以促進強抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應的誘導。抗原可為熟習此項技術者已知的任何疾病相關抗原。
如本文所用,「腫瘤相關抗原」為與腫瘤或癌細胞相關的分子或化合物(例如蛋白質、肽、多肽、脂蛋白、脂肽、醣蛋白、醣肽、脂質、醣脂、碳水化合物、RNA及/或DNA,或其活性片段),在MHC分子之情形下,其當表現於抗原呈遞細胞表面上時能夠引起免疫反應(體液及/或細胞免疫反應)。腫瘤相關抗原包括自身抗原,以及可能與癌症不特異性相關、然而當投與動物時增強針對腫瘤或癌細胞之免疫反應及/或減少腫瘤或癌細胞生長的其他抗原。本文提供其他特定實施例。
如本文所用,「微生物抗原」為微生物中的抗原且包括(但不限於)感染性病毒、感染性細菌、感染性寄生蟲及感染性真菌。微生物抗原可為完整微生物及其天然分離株、片段或衍生物、與天然存在之微生物抗原相同或相似的合成化合物,且較佳誘導特異性針對相應微生物(天然存在之微生物抗原來源於其)的免疫反應。在一個較佳實施例中,若化合物誘導類似於天然存在之微生物抗原的免疫反應(體液及/或細胞免疫反應),則其類似於天然存在之微生物抗原。一般技術者已熟知類似於天然存在之微生物抗原的化合物或抗原,諸如蛋白質、肽、多肽、脂蛋白、脂肽、醣蛋白、醣肽、脂質、醣脂、碳水化合物、RNA及/或DNA。類似於天然存在之微生物抗原之化合物的另一個非限制性實例為多醣抗原之肽模擬物。本文提供更特定的實施例。
術語「抗原」進一步旨在涵蓋已知或野生型抗原之肽或蛋白質類似物,諸如本說明書中所述之彼等物。類似物可能比野生型抗原更易溶或更穩定,且亦可含有使得抗原更具免疫活性的突變或修飾。抗原可以任何方式加以修飾,諸如添加脂質或糖部分、使肽或蛋白質胺基酸序列發生突變、使DNA或RNA序列發生突變,或熟習此項技術者已知的任何其他修飾。抗原可以使用熟習此項技術者已知的標準方法加以修飾。
胺基酸序列與所需抗原胺基酸序列同源的肽或蛋白質亦適用於本發明之組合物及方法,其中同源抗原誘導針對各別腫瘤、微生物或所感染細胞的免疫反應。
在一個實施例中,本文所述方法包含組合物,其中在抗原不存在下投與陽離子脂質,以活化第I型干擾素,從而促進所需免疫反應來治療個體的疾病,例如藉由活化自然殺手細胞來攻擊及殺死病變或感染的細胞。在另一個實施例中,本發明方法包含其中陽離子脂質聯合抗原投與的組合物,其中該抗原可與腫瘤或癌症相關,亦即腫瘤相關抗原,以產生預防或治療腫瘤的免疫治療作用。因而,在一個實施例中,本發明之腫瘤或免疫療法進一步包含至少一種腫瘤相關抗原的至少一個抗原決定基。在另一個實施例中,本發明的免疫治療方法進一步包含來自一或多種腫瘤相關抗原的複數個抗原決定基。聯合本發明之陽離子脂質及方法使用的腫瘤相關抗原可以具有內在免疫原性,或無免疫原性,或微弱免疫原性。如本文所證明,本發明免疫療法中甚至可以有利地使用腫瘤相關自身抗原來達成治療效果,原因在於本發明組合物能夠活化已知可介導針對若干腫瘤類型之抗腫瘤效應的第I型干擾素(IFN)。例示性抗原包括(但不限於)合成、重組、外來或同源抗原,且抗原材料可以包括(但不限於)蛋白質、肽、多肽、脂蛋白、脂肽、脂質、醣脂、碳水化合物、RNA及DNA。此類療法之實例包括(但不限於)治療或預防乳癌、頭頸癌、黑色素瘤、子宮頸癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、腸癌或此項技術中已知之易接受免疫療法的任何其他癌症。在此類療法中,抗原與陽離子脂質的合併亦可不經由囊封來達成。
適用於本發明的腫瘤相關抗原包括天然存在之分子與經修飾之分子,該等分子可以指示單一腫瘤類型,為若干類型腫瘤所共有,且/或相較於正常細胞,專門表現或過度表現於腫瘤細胞中。除蛋白質、醣蛋白、脂蛋白、肽及脂肽之外,亦已記錄碳水化合物、神經節苷脂、醣脂及黏蛋白之腫瘤特異性表現模式。用於癌症疫苗中的例示性腫瘤相關抗原包括致癌基因、腫瘤抑制基因及具有腫瘤細胞所獨有之突變或重排之其他基因的蛋白質產物、再活化的胚胎基因產物、癌胚抗原、組織特異性(而非腫瘤特異性)分化抗原、生長因子受體、細胞表面碳水化合物殘基、外來病毒蛋白,及多種其他自身蛋白質。
腫瘤相關抗原的特定實施例包括例如突變或經修飾的抗原,諸如Ras p21原致癌基因、腫瘤抑制因子p53及HER-2/neu及BCR-abl致癌基因的蛋白質產物,以及CDK4、MUM1、半胱天冬酶8及β索烴素(Beta catenin);過度表現的抗原,諸如半乳糖凝集素4、半乳糖凝集素9、碳酸酐酶、醛縮酶A、PRAME、Her2/neu、ErbB-2及KSA、癌胚抗原,諸如α胎蛋白(AFP)、人類絨毛膜促性腺激素(hCG);自身抗原,諸如癌胚抗原(CEA)及黑色素細胞分化抗原,諸如Mart 1/Melan A、gp100、gp75、酪胺酸酶、TRP1及TRP2;前列腺相關抗原,諸如PSA、PAP、PSMA、PSM-P1及PSM-P2;再活化的胚胎基因產物,諸如MAGE 1、MAGE 3、MAGE 4、GAGE 1、GAGE 2、BAGE、RAGE,及其他癌症睪丸抗原,諸如NY-ESO1、SSX2及SCP1;黏蛋白,諸如Muc-1及Muc-2;神經節苷脂,諸如GM2、GD2及GD3,中性醣脂及醣蛋白,諸如路易斯(y)及globo-H;及醣蛋白,諸如Tn,湯姆森-弗雷登抗原(Thompson-Freidenreich antigen,TF)及sTn。作為腫瘤相關抗原,本文中亦包括全細胞及腫瘤細胞溶胞物以及其免疫原性部分,以及B淋巴球之單株增殖株上所表現的免疫球蛋白個體基因型,其用於抵抗B細胞淋巴瘤。
腫瘤相關抗原及其各別腫瘤細胞標靶包括例如細胞角蛋白,特定言之,細胞角蛋白8、18及19,作為癌瘤抗原。上皮膜抗原(EMA)、人類胚抗原(HEA-125)、人乳脂肪球、MBr1、MBr8、Ber-EP4、17-1A、C26及T16亦為已知的癌瘤抗原。肌間線蛋白及肌肉特異性肌動蛋白為肌原性肉瘤抗原。胎盤鹼性磷酸酶、β-人類絨毛膜促性腺激素及α-胎蛋白為滋養細胞及生殖細胞腫瘤抗原。前列腺特異性抗原為前列腺癌瘤之抗原、結腸腺癌之癌胚抗原。HMB-45為黑色素瘤之抗原。在子宮頸癌中,適用的抗原可以由人類乳頭狀瘤病毒編碼。嗜鉻素A及突觸素為神經內分泌及神經外胚層腫瘤之抗原。形成具有壞死區域之實體腫瘤塊的侵襲性腫瘤備受關注。此類壞死細胞之溶胞物為抗原呈遞細胞之抗原豐富來源,且因此,本發明療法聯合習知化學療法及/或輻射療法使用可為有利的。
腫瘤相關抗原可以藉由此項技術中熟知之方法製備。舉例而言,此等抗原可以藉由製備癌細胞之粗萃取物而由癌細胞製備(例如如Cohen等人, Cancer Res., 54:1055 (1994)中所述)、藉由部分純化抗原、藉由重組技術或藉由重新合成已知抗原來製備。抗原亦可呈編碼抗原肽之核酸形式,該抗原肽呈適於在個體中表現且呈遞至免疫個體之免疫系統的形式。另外,抗原可為完整抗原,或其可為包含至少一個抗原決定基之完整抗原的片段。
來源於已知易導致某些癌症之病原體的抗原亦可有利地包括於本發明之癌症疫苗中。據估計,全世界近16%的癌症發病率可以歸因於感染性病原體;且多種常見惡性疾病以特定病毒基因產物之表現為特徵。因此,將一或多種來自牽涉到致癌之病原體的抗原納入可以有助於拓寬宿主免疫反應且增強癌症疫苗的預防或治療效果。本文提供之癌症疫苗中所用的備受關注之病原體包括B型肝炎病毒(肝細胞癌)、C型肝炎病毒(肝瘤)、埃-巴二氏病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)(伯基特淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌、免疫抑制個體之PTLD)、HTLVL (成人T細胞白血病)、致癌人類乳頭瘤病毒第16、18、33、45型(成人子宮頸癌),及細菌幽門螺旋桿菌(B細胞胃淋巴瘤)。可以充當哺乳動物及更尤其人類之抗原的其他醫學相關微生物廣泛地描述於文獻中,例如C. G. A Thomas, Medical Microbiology, Bailliere Tindall, Great Britain 1983,其全部內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
在另一個實施例中,抗原包含來源於病原體(亦即,微生物抗原)或與該病原體有關的抗原。因而,在一個實施例中,本發明之病原體疫苗進一步包含至少一種微生物抗原的至少一個抗原決定基。本發明免疫療法可以靶向的病原體包括(但不限於)病毒、細菌、寄生蟲及真菌。在另一個實施例中,本發明之病原體疫苗進一步包含來自一或多種微生物抗原的複數個抗原決定基。
用於陽離子脂質免疫療法及方法中的微生物抗原可以具有內在的免疫原性,或無免疫原性,或微弱免疫原性。例示性抗原包括(但不限於)合成、重組、外來或同源抗原,且抗原材料可以包括(但不限於)蛋白質、肽、多肽、脂蛋白、脂肽、脂質、醣脂、碳水化合物、RNA及DNA。
例示性病毒病原體包括(但不限於)感染哺乳動物及更尤其人類的病毒。病毒實例包括(但不限於):逆轉錄病毒科(Retroviridae)(例如人類免疫缺乏病毒,諸如HIV-1 (亦稱為HTLV-III、LAV或HTLV-III/LAV,或HIV-III;及其他分離株,諸如HIV-LP;小核糖核酸病毒科(Picornaviridae)(例如脊髓灰質炎病毒、A型肝炎病毒、腸病毒、人類柯沙奇病毒(human Coxsackie viruses)、鼻病毒、埃可病毒(echoviruses));杯狀病毒科(Calciviridae)(例如引起胃腸炎之病毒株);披膜病毒科(Togaviridae)(例如馬腦炎病毒、風疹病毒);黃病毒科(Flaviviridae)(例如登革熱病毒(dengue dengue)、腦炎病毒、黃熱病病毒);冠狀病毒科(例如冠狀病毒);彈狀病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)(例如水皰性口炎病毒、狂犬病病毒);絲狀病毒科(Filoviridae)(例如埃博拉病毒(ebola viruses));副黏病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)(例如副流感病毒、腮腺炎病毒、麻疹病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒);正黏病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae)(例如流感病毒)、布尼亞病毒科(Bungaviridae)(例如漢坦病毒(Hantaan viruses)、斑嘎病毒(bunga viruses)、白蛉熱病毒(phleboviruses)及奈諾病毒(Nairo viruses));沙狀病毒科(Arena viridae)(出血熱病毒);呼腸孤病毒科(Reoviridae)(例如呼腸孤病毒、環狀病毒及輪狀病毒);雙股核醣酸病毒科(Birnaviridae);肝DNA病毒科(Hepadnaviridae)(B型肝炎病毒);細小病毒科(Parvoviridae)(細小病毒);乳多空病毒科(Papovaviridae)(乳頭狀瘤病毒、多瘤病毒);腺病毒科(Adenoviridae)(大部分腺病毒);疱疹病毒科(Herpesviridae)(單純性疱疹病毒(HSV) 1及2、水痘帶狀疱疹病毒、細胞巨大病毒(CMV)、疱疹病毒;痘病毒科(Poxyiridae)(痘瘡病毒、牛痘病毒、痘病毒);及虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)(例如非洲豬瘟病毒);及未分類的病毒(例如海綿狀腦病之病因學媒介物、δ肝炎之媒介物(被認為是B型肝炎病毒之缺乏性衛星)、非A非B型肝炎之媒介物(第1類=經腸傳播;第2類=非經腸傳播(亦即C型肝炎);諾沃克及相關病毒(Norwalk and related viruses),及星狀病毒)。
又,本發明組合物及方法可以在脊椎動物中靶向革蘭氏陰性及革蘭氏陽性細菌。此類革蘭氏陽性細菌包括(但不限於)巴氏桿菌種(Pasteurella species)、葡萄球菌種及鏈球菌種。革蘭氏陰性細菌包括(但不限於)大腸桿菌、假單胞菌種及沙門氏菌種(Salmonella species)。感染性細菌之特定實例包括(但不限於)幽門螺旋桿菌(Helicobacter pyloris)、伯氏疏螺旋體(Borella burgdorferi)、嗜肺軍團菌(Legionella pneumophiliaii)、分枝桿菌屬(Mycobacteria sps)(例如結核分枝桿菌(M. tuberculosis)、鳥分枝桿菌(M. avium)、胞內分枝桿菌(M. intracellulare)、堪薩斯分支桿菌(M. kansaii)、戈氏分枝桿菌(M. gordonae))、金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、淋病奈瑟氏菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)、腦膜炎奈瑟氏菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、單核球增多性李氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、化膿性鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)(A群鏈球菌)、無乳鏈球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)(B群鏈球菌)、鏈球菌(草綠色鏈球菌(viridans group))、糞球鏈球菌(Streptococcus faecalis)、牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)、鏈球菌(厭氧屬)、肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniaee)、病原性曲狀桿菌屬(pathogenic Campylobacter sp.)、腸球菌屬(Enterococcus sp.)、流感嗜血桿菌(Haemophilus infuenzae)、炭疽芽孢桿菌(Bacillus antracis)、白喉棒狀桿菌(corynebacterium diphtheriae)、棒狀桿菌屬(corynebacterium sp.)、紅斑丹毒絲菌(Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)、產氣莢膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringers)、破傷風梭菌(Clostridium tetani)、產氣腸桿菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)、肺炎克雷伯氏桿菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、多殺性巴氏桿菌(Pasturella multocida)、擬桿菌屬(Bacteroides sp.)、具核梭桿菌(Fusobacterium nucleatumii)、念珠狀鏈桿菌(Streptobacillus moniliformis)、梅毒螺旋體(Treponema pallidum)、細弱密螺旋體(Treponema pertenue)、鉤端螺旋體屬(Leptospira)、立克次體屬(Rickettsia)及以色列放線菌(Actinomyces israelli)。
可以在本發明組合物中作為微生物抗原來源使用的細菌病原體多肽包括(但不限於)鐵調控之外膜蛋白質(「IROMP」)、外膜蛋白質(「OMP」),及引起癤瘡之殺鮭氣單胞菌(Aeromonis salmonicida)的A蛋白質、引起細菌性腎病(「BKD」)之鮭魚腎菌(Renibacterium salmoninarum)的p57蛋白質、主表面相關抗原(「msa」)、表面表現的細胞毒素(「mpr」)、表面表現的溶血素(「ish」),及耶爾森菌病(Yersiniosis)之鞭毛抗原;細胞外蛋白質(「ECP」)、鐵調控之外膜蛋白質(「IROMP」),及巴氏桿菌症(Pasteurellosis)之結構蛋白;鰻弧菌病(Vibrosis anguillarum)及奧氏弧菌(V. ordalii)之OMP及鞭毛蛋白質;鯰魚愛德華氏菌(Edwardsiellosis ictaluri)及遲緩愛德華氏菌(E. tarda)之鞭毛蛋白質、OMP蛋白質、aroA及purA;及小瓜蟲(Ichthyophthirius)之表面抗原;及柱狀噬細胞菌(Cytophaga columnari)之結構及調控蛋白質;及立克次體屬之結構及調控蛋白質。此類抗原可加以分離或重組製備或藉由此項技術中已知的任何其他方式製備。
病原體之實例進一步包括(但不限於)感染哺乳動物及更尤其人類的真菌。真菌實例包括(但不限於):新型隱球菌(Cryptococcus neoformansi)、莢膜組織胞漿菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)、粗球孢子菌(Coccidioides immitis)、皮炎芽生菌(Blastomyces dermatitidis)、沙眼披衣菌(Chlamydia trachomatis)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)。感染性寄生蟲之實例包括瘧原蟲,諸如惡性瘧原蟲(Plasmodium falciparum)、三日瘧原蟲(三日瘧原蟲)、卵形瘧原蟲(Plasmodium ovale)及間日瘧原蟲(Plasmodium vivax)。其他感染性生物體(亦即,原生生物)包括剛地弓形蟲(Toxoplasma gondii)。寄生病原體之多肽包括(但不限於)小瓜蟲之表面抗原。
可以充當哺乳動物及更尤其人類之抗原的其他醫學相關微生物廣泛地描述於文獻中,參見例如C. G. A Thomas, Medical Microbiology, Bailliere Tindall, Great Britain 1983,其全部內容以引用的方式併入本文中。除治療感染性人類疾病及人類病原體之外,本發明之組合物及方法亦適用於治療非人類哺乳動物之感染。用於治療非人類哺乳動物的許多疫苗揭示於Bennett, K. Compendium of Veterinary Products 第3版, North American Compendiums, Inc., 1995中;亦參見WO 02/069369,其揭示內容以引用的方式明確併入本文中。
例示性非人類病原體包括(但不限於)小鼠乳腺腫瘤病毒(「MMTV」)、勞斯肉瘤病毒(「Rous sarcoma virus,RSV」)、禽鳥白血病病毒(「ALV」)、禽鳥骨髓母細胞瘤病毒(「AMV」)、鼠類白血病病毒(「MLV」)、貓科動物白血病病毒(「FeLV」)、鼠類肉瘤病毒(「MSV」)、長臂猿白血病病毒(「GALV」)、脾臟壞死病毒(「SNV」)、網狀內皮細胞增生病病毒(「RSV」)、猿猴肉瘤病毒(「SSV」)、梅森-輝瑞猴病毒(「Mason-Pfizer monkey virus,MPMV」)、猿猴逆轉錄病毒1型(「SRV-1」)、慢病毒(諸如HIV-1、HIV-2、SIV、比斯奈病病毒(Visna virus)、貓科動物免疫缺乏病毒(「FIV」)及馬科動物感染性貧血病毒(「EIAV」))、T細胞白血病病毒(諸如HTLV-1、HTLV-II、猿猴T細胞白血病病毒(「STLV」)及牛科動物白血病病毒(「BLV」)),及泡沫病毒,諸如人類泡沫病毒(「HFV」)、猿猴泡沫病毒(「SFV」)及牛科動物泡沫病毒(「BFV」)。
在一些實施例中,如本文所用,「治療(treatment)」、「治療(treat)」及「治療(treating)」就感染性病原體而言,係指增強個體抗病原體感染之抗性或減少個體被病原體感染之可能性的預防性治療;及/或個體在感染之後的治療,以便對抗感染,例如減少或清除感染或防止其惡化。
微生物抗原可以藉由此項技術中熟知之方法製備。舉例而言,此等抗原可以藉由製備粗萃取物而由病毒及細菌細胞直接製備,藉由部分純化抗原或者藉由重組技術或藉由重新合成已知抗原來製備。抗原亦可呈編碼抗原肽之核酸形式,該抗原肽呈適於在個體中表現且呈遞至免疫個體之免疫系統的形式。另外,抗原可為完整抗原,或其可為包含至少一個抗原決定基之完整抗原的片段。
為了改良抗原於陽離子脂質囊泡中的併入,以及改良向免疫系統細胞的遞送,可以修飾抗原以增加其疏水性或抗原上的負電荷。可以增強抗原疏水性,諸如藉由與脂質鏈或疏水性胺基酸結合以改良抗原在陽離子脂質之疏水性醯基鏈中的溶解度,同時維持分子的抗原特性。經修飾的抗原可為脂蛋白、脂肽、蛋白質或肽,其經修飾而具有使疏水性增強的胺基酸序列,及其組合。經修飾的抗原可以具有使脂質與抗原之間結合的連接子,諸如N端α或ε-棕櫚醯基離胺酸可以經由二肽絲胺酸-絲胺酸連接子連接至抗原。另外,可以藉由改變調配物緩衝液(其中將抗原囊封於陽離子脂質複合物中)或藉由使陰離子部分(諸如陰離子胺基酸)連接至抗原來操縱抗原以增加其負電荷。
在本文所述之一些實施例中,陽離子脂質可呈奈米顆粒組合體形式。如本文所用,術語「奈米顆粒」係指尺寸以奈米級量測的顆粒。如本文所用,「奈米顆粒」係指具有尺寸小於約10,000奈米之結構的顆粒。在一些實施例中,奈米顆粒為脂質體。
本發明之陽離子脂質組合物可以形成視情況與抗原混合的脂質體,且可以含有單獨的對掌性陽離子脂質,或對掌性陽離子脂質與中性脂質的組合。適合的對掌性陽離子脂質物種包括(但不限於)R及S對映異構體。
如本文所用,術語「陽離子脂質」係指多種脂質物種中的任一者,其在生理pH下帶有淨正電荷或具有可質子化基團且在低於pKa 的pH下帶正電。根據本發明的適合陽離子脂質可以包括(但不限於):3-β[4
N-(1
N,8
-二胍基亞精胺)-胺甲醯基]膽固醇(BGSC);3-β[N,N-二胍基乙基-胺基乙烷)-胺甲醯基]膽固醇(BGTC);N,N1
N2
N3
-四甲基四棕櫚醯基精胺(細胞轉染劑);N-第三丁基-N'-十四烷基-3-十四烷基-胺基丙脒(CLON轉染劑);溴化二甲基二(十八基)銨(DDAB);溴化1,2-二肉豆蔻氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羥乙基銨(DMRIE);2,3-二油醯氧基-N-[2(精胺甲醯胺基)乙基]-N,N-二甲基-1-丙銨三氟乙酸鹽)(DOSPA);1,3-二油醯氧基 -2-(6-羧基精胺基)-丙基醯胺(DOSPER);4-(2,3-雙棕櫚醯氧基-丙基)-1-甲基-1H-咪唑(DPIM)、碘化N,N,N',N'-四甲基-N,N'-雙(2-羥基乙基)-2,3-二油醯氧基-1,4-丁烷-二銨(Tfx-50);N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)或其他N-(N,N-1-二烷氧基)-烷基-N,N,N-三取代之銨界面活性劑;1,2-二油醯基-3-(4'-三甲銨基)丁醇-sn-甘油(DOBT)或膽固醇基(4'-三甲基銨)丁酸酯(ChOTB),其中該三甲基銨基經由丁醇間隔臂連接至雙鏈(對於DOTB而言)或膽固醇基(對於ChOTB而言);DORI (DL-1,2-二油醯基-3-二甲胺基丙基-.β.-羥基乙銨)或DORIE (DL-1,2-O-二油醯基-3-二甲胺基丙基-.β.-羥乙基銨)(DORIE)或其類似物,如WO 93/03709所揭示;1,2-二油醯基-3-丁二醯基-sn-甘油膽鹼酯(DOSC);膽固醇基半丁二酸酯(ChOSC);脂多胺,諸如二(十八烷基)醯胺基甘胺醯基精胺(DOGS)及二棕櫚醯基磷脂醯乙醇戊基精胺(DPPES)、膽固醇基-3.β.-羧基-醯胺基-亞乙基三甲基碘化銨、1-二甲基胺基-3-三甲銨基-DL-2-丙基-膽固醇基甲酸酯碘化物、膽固醇基-3-O-羧醯胺基亞乙胺、膽固醇基-3-.β.-氧基丁二醯胺基-亞乙基三甲基碘化銨、1-二甲基胺基-3-三甲銨基-DL-2-丙基-膽固醇基-3-.β.-氧基丁二酸酯碘化物、2-(2-三甲銨基)-乙基甲胺基乙基-膽固醇基-3-.β.-氧基丁二酸酯碘化物、3-.β.-N-(N',N'-二甲基胺基乙烷)胺甲醯基膽固醇(DC-chol),及3-.β.-N-(聚乙烯亞胺)-胺甲醯基膽固醇;O,O'-二肉豆蔻醯基-N-二肉豆蔻基-N-離胺醯基天冬胺酸鹽(DMKE);O,O'-二肉豆蔻基-N-離胺醯基麩胺酸鹽(DMKD);溴化1,2-二肉豆蔻氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羥乙基銨(DMRIE);1,2-二月桂醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DLEPC);1,2-二肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DMEPC);1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC);1,2-二棕櫚醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DPEPC);1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DSEPC);1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP);二油醯基二甲基胺基丙烷(DODAP);1,2-棕櫚醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DPTAP);1,2-二硬脂醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DSTAP)、1,2-肉豆蔻醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DMTAP);及十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)。另外,亦涵蓋任一種所述陽離子脂質的結構變異體及衍生物。
在一些實施例中,陽離子脂質選自由以下組成之群:DOTAP、DOTMA、DOEPC及其組合。在其他實施例中,陽離子脂質為DOTAP。在又其他實施例中,陽離子脂質為DOTMA。在其他實施例中,陽離子脂質為DOEPC。在一些實施例中,陽離子脂質經純化。
在一些實施例中,陽離子脂質為陽離子脂質之對映異構體。術語「對映異構體」係指陽離子脂質之立體異構體,其為其配對立體異構體之不可重疊鏡像,例如R及S對映異構體。在各種實例中,對映異構體為R-DOTAP或S-DOTAP。在一個實例中,對映異構體為R-DOTAP。在另一實例中,對映異構體為S-DOTAP。在一些實施例中,對映異構體經純化。在各種實例中,對映異構體為R-DOTMA或S-DOTMA。在一個實例中,對映異構體為R-DOTMA。在另一實例中,對映異構體為S-DOTMA。在一些實施例中,對映異構體經純化。在各種實例中,對映異構體為R-DOEPC或S-DOEPC。在一個實例中,對映異構體為R-DOEPC。在另一實例中,對映異構體為S-DOEPC。在一些實施例中,對映異構體經純化。
應注意,出於說明之目的,使用模型HPV抗原實施若干實例,該模型HPV抗原已得到充分研究且充當適於說明第I型干擾素上調對抗原交叉呈遞至CD8+ T細胞之影響的抗原。
一般而言,當提及治療時,本文所論述之組合物可以經口、非經腸(例如靜脈內或皮下投藥)、藉由肌肉內注射、藉由腹膜內注射、經皮、體外、藉由腔內投藥、經皮或局部或其類似途徑來投與,包括局部鼻內投藥或藉由吸入劑投藥。局部投藥可為眼用、陰道、直腸或鼻內。如本文所用,「局部鼻內投藥」意謂組合物經由一或兩個鼻孔遞送至鼻及鼻腔通道且可以包含藉由噴霧機構或滴液機構遞送,或經由核酸或載體之氣溶膠化來遞送。藉由吸入劑投與組合物可以經由鼻或口部、經由噴霧或滴液機構遞送來完成。亦可經由插管直接遞送至呼吸系統的任何區域(例如肺)。
如本文所用,組合物之「非經腸投與」若使用,則通常以注射為特徵。可注射劑可製備成習知形式,液體溶液或懸浮液形式,適於溶於或懸浮於液體中後再注射之固體形式,或乳液形式。非經腸投藥包括使用緩慢釋放、定時釋放或持續釋放系統,以便維持恆定劑量。
術語「治療有效」意謂組合物的使用量為足以減輕疾病或病症之一或多種病因或症狀(諸如細胞生長異常、腫瘤發展及癌症)的量。此類減輕僅需減少或改變,而不一定是消除。此類減輕可以包含誘發免疫反應。用於投與所揭示組合物的有效劑量及時程可以憑經驗確定,且作出此類決定屬於此項技術中的技能範圍內。投與組合物用的劑量範圍為大足以產生影響病症症狀之所需作用的彼等範圍。劑量不應如此大以致引起不良副作用,諸如非所需的交叉反應、過敏反應以及類似作用。一般而言,劑量將因以下而異:患者的年齡、狀況、性別及疾病程度、投藥途徑,或療法中是否包括其他藥物,且可以由熟習此項技術者決定。在任何禁忌症之情況下,可由個別醫師調整劑量。劑量可以變化且可以每天一或多次劑量投藥投與,歷時一天或若干天。關於指定類別之醫藥產品之適當劑量的指南可見於文獻中。
針對任何特定個體或患者所投與之組合物的特定有效量將視多種因素而定,包括所治療之疾病或病症及病症嚴重程度;所用特定組合物的特性及活性;患者的年齡、體重、一般健康、性別及膳食;投藥時間;投藥途徑;所用特定組合物的排泄速率;治療持續時間;與所用特定組合物組合使用或同時使用的藥物,及醫學技術中熟知之類似因素。
舉例而言,在此項技術之技能範圍內,通常使組合物的初始劑量低於為達成所需治療效果而必需的彼等劑量,且逐漸增加劑量直至達成所需作用。亦可評估醫療史、病徵、症狀及目標實驗室測試之特定方面,該等方面已知適用於評估需要關注之個體的狀態以便治療缺血-再灌注損傷、創傷、藥物/毒素誘導損傷、神經退化性疾病、癌症或其他疾病及/或病狀。此等病徵、症狀及目標實驗室測試將視所治療或預防的特定疾病或病狀而變,如治療此類患者之任何臨床醫師或執行該領域中之實驗之研究者所知。舉例而言,若基於與適當對照組的比較及/或對一般群體或特定個體或患者之疾病正常進展的瞭解:(1)個體之身體狀況顯示改善(例如腫瘤已部分或完全消退)、(2)疾病或病狀之進展顯示穩定或減緩或逆轉,或(3)對用於治療疾病或病狀之其他藥劑的需求減少或免除,則特定的治療方案將視為有效的。
有效量的處方治療劑可以每日、每隔一日、每週、每月、每兩個月、每隔一個月、每年或依醫師或提供商確定為有效之任何其他間隔時間給與。舉例而言,有效日劑量可以分成多次劑量出於投藥目的。因此,單次劑量之治療劑可以含有構成日劑量之此類量或其次倍量。所揭示之治療劑亦可作為抗腫瘤或抗癌療法組合之一部分投與。在一個態樣中,所揭示的組合物可以在抗腫瘤或抗癌療法治療之前投與個體或患者。在一個態樣中,所揭示的組合物可以與抗腫瘤或抗癌療法同時投與。在一個態樣中,所揭示的組合物可以在抗腫瘤或抗癌療法之後投與。在一個態樣中,患者或個體接受依交替或輪回時程進行的療法。在一個態樣中,個體或患者接受所揭示組合物的單一治療。在一個態樣中,個體或患者接受所揭示組合物的至少一次治療。在一個態樣中,個體或患者接受所揭示組合物的至少一次治療及至少一次其他抗腫瘤或抗癌療法。
在任何禁忌症的情況下,個別醫師或個體可以調整劑量。劑量可以變化且可以每天一或多次劑量投藥投與,歷時一天或若干天。關於指定類別之醫藥產品之適當劑量的指南可見於文獻中。
本文所用之術語僅出於描述特定態樣之目的且不希望具有限制性。
如說明書及所附申請專利範圍中所用,除非上下文另外明確指示,否則單數形式「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」包括複數個指示物。因此,舉例而言,提及「化合物」包括化合物之混合物,提及「醫藥載劑」包括兩種或超過兩種此類載劑之混合物,及其類似物。
範圍在本文中可表示為自「約」一個特定值及/或至「約」另一個特定值。術語「約」在本文中用於意謂大致、大約、大概或約。當術語「約」結合數值範圍使用時,其藉由擴展界限高於及低於所述數值來修飾該範圍。一般而言,術語「約」在本文中用於修飾數值,而高於及低於所述值20%的偏差。當表示此類範圍時,一個態樣包括自一個特定值及/或至另一特定值。類似地,當值藉由使用前綴「約」表示為近似值時,應瞭解特定值形成一個態樣。另外應瞭解,各範圍的端點相對於其他端點而言均為顯著的且獨立於其他端點。
如本文所用,詞「或」意謂特定清單中的任一成員且亦包括清單成員的任何組合。
「抑制(inhibit)」、「抑制(inhibiting)」及「抑制(inhibition)」意謂減弱或減小活性、反應、病狀、疾病或其他生物學參數。此可包括(但不限於)活性、反應、病狀或疾病的完全消除。此亦可包括例如活性、反應、病狀或疾病相較於原生或對照水準抑制或減小10%。因此,在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,抑制或減小可為10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100%,或其間的任何減小量。在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,抑制或減小為10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50、50-60、60-70、70-80、80-90,或90-100%。在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,抑制或減小為0-25、25-50、50-75或75-100%。
如本文所用,「調節(modulate)」、「調節(modulating)」及「調節(modulation)」意謂活性或功能或數目的變化。該變化可為活性、功能或數目的增加或減少、增強或抑制。
「促進(promote)」、「促進(promotion)」及「促進(promoting)」係指活性、反應、病狀、疾病或其他生物學參數的增加。此可以包括(但不限於)活性、反應、病狀或疾病的起始。此亦可包括例如活性、反應、病狀或疾病相較於原生或對照水準增加10%。因此,在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,增加或促進可為10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100%或超過100%,或其間的任何促進量。在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,增加或促進為10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50、50-60、60-70、70-80、80-90或90-100%。在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,增加或促進為0-25、25-50、50-75或75-100%,或超過100%,諸如200、300、500或1000%以上。在一個態樣中,相較於原生或對照水準,增加或促進可大於100%,諸如相較於原生或對照水準,可大於100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450、500%或超過500%。
如本文所用,術語「測定」可以指量測或確定活性的數量或量或變化。舉例而言,如本文所用,測定所揭示多肽於樣品中的量可以指熟習此項技術者為了量測或確定該樣品中之該多肽之一些可定量值而採取的步驟。此項技術中熟悉量測所揭示多肽及所揭示核苷酸於樣品中之量的方式。
術語「樣品」可以指來自個體的組織或器官;細胞(個體內、直接取自個體,或培養液中所維持或來自所培養細胞株的細胞);細胞溶解物(或溶解物部分)或細胞萃取物;或含有一或多種來源於細胞或細胞材料之分子(例如多肽或核酸)的溶液。樣品亦可為含有細胞或細胞組分的任何體液或排泄物(例如(但不限於)血液、尿液、糞便、唾液、淚液、膽汁)。
本發明將進一步根據以下實例描述;然而應瞭解本發明不限於此類實例。相反,考慮到本發明描述實施本發明的方式為當前最佳,因此不悖離本發明之範疇及精神的許多潤飾及變型本身會呈現給熟習此項技術者。屬於申請專利範圍之等效物之含義及範圍內的所有變化、潤飾及變型將視為屬於其範疇內。
本發明已以說明性方式描述。應瞭解已使用之術語意欲具有描述詞語的性質而非限制性。
根據上述教示內容可以對本發明作出諸多潤飾及變型。因此,在所附申請專利範圍之範疇內,可以不同於具體所述來實施本發明。
實例
實例
下述實例採用以下材料、方法及方案。
材料及方法
動物:獲自Jackson laboratories (Bar harbor, ME)的六至十二週齡C57BL6/J小鼠(B6小鼠)、表現人類HLA-A2基因的B6. Cg-Tg(HLA-A/H2-D)2Enge/J轉殖基因育種小鼠(AAD小鼠),及IFNAR-/- (B6.129S2-Ifnar1tm1Agt/Mmjax)基因剔除育種小鼠在無特定病原體的條件下圈養。動物管理、育種及實驗程序根據DLAR核准的IACUC方案實施。
肽及試劑:Peptides及試劑:cGMP級R-DOTAP及S-DOTAP (1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨-丙烷)係由Merck & Cie, Shaffhausen, Switzerland提供。cGMP級R-DOTAP脂質體奈米顆粒係藉由標準脂質體製造方法產生。由GenScript, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA合成肽抗原(KF18:KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ ID NO: 3),SF9:SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 1),RF9:RAHYNIVTF (SEQ ID NO: 2)且純化至>95%純度。所有其他陽離子脂質購自Avanti polar Lipids, Birmingham, AL。
細胞株及骨髓源樹突狀細胞培養:藉由將造血骨髓細胞在補充有重組小鼠GM-CSF及IL-4 (用於習知BMDC (cDC))或重組flt3配位體(用於漿細胞樣BMDC (pDC))的完全RPMI培養基(含有10% FBS、1 mM L-麩醯胺酸、1mM丙酮酸鈉、1X MEM非必需胺基酸、50 μM β-巰基乙醇、100 u/ml青黴素、100 u/ml鏈黴素)的RPMI培養基)中培養8天來獲得初始骨髓源樹突狀細胞。用於偵測陽離子脂質誘導性第I型IFN的B16-Blue™ IFN-α/β細胞購自InvivoGen, San Diego, California, USA,且細胞培養物根據製造商方案維持。
IFN報導細胞分析及細胞表型分析:為了偵測IFN,將產生第I型IFN之細胞的上清液添加至96孔盤中之B16-Blue™ IFN-α/β細胞中。培育24小時之後,使用QUANTI-Blue™試劑(InvivoGen, USA),根據製造商說明書分析上清液中的SEAP活性。簡言之,將50 µl含有SEAP的細胞上清液與150 µl QUANTI-Blue™試劑混合且在37℃培育3-4小時且使用光譜儀量測650 nm吸光度。測試樣品中的第I型IFN濃度係利用標準曲線定量,該標準曲線係在相同分析中由經重組第I型IFNβ處理的B16-Blue™ IFN-α/β細胞產生。為了量測CD69表現,淋巴結的單一細胞懸浮液用螢光染料結合的CD3及CD69染色,且使用流式細胞計量測各引流淋巴結中的CD69+ CD3+ T細胞%。
RNA分離、奈米串分析及基因表現分析:為了進行基因表現分析,膕引流淋巴結(n=4)係使用細胞解離混合物在37℃酶消化60分鐘,且使用Sony SY3200細胞分選儀、使用單一細胞懸浮液分選出CD11c+細胞。將分選出的純化CD11c+細胞(25K細胞)溶解於Qiagen的RLT細胞溶解緩衝液(Qiagen, USA)中且使用Qiagen總RNA分離套組(Qiagen, USA)分離總RNA。所得總RNA送至肯塔基大學基因組學核心實驗室(University of Kentucky genomics core laboratory, Lexington, KY),其中將總RNA與一組ncounterTM小鼠發炎基因(Nano String Technologies, Seattle, WA)混合,從而可以量測涉及免疫反應的逾547種基因。使用Nanso String nCounter分析系統偵測mRNA結合,且將原始計數資料標準化且由UK基因組學核心實驗室使用SAS程式進行統計學分析。為了使用RT-PCR進行證實研究,將淋巴結直接溶解於RLT細胞溶解緩衝液中,且使用QuantiTect逆轉錄套組(Qiagen, USA)將總分離RNA逆轉錄為cDNA。接著使用TaqMan基因表現系統(Applied biosystems, USA)擴增cDNA,以便利用定量PCR反應、相對於GAPDH表現來偵測及定量小鼠IFNα及IFNβ轉錄物。
接種疫苗及評估抗原特異性T細胞反應:小鼠為使用異氟醚麻醉的小鼠,且注射部位在接種疫苗之前刮毛且用70%乙醇清潔。為了使用ELISPOT評估抗原特異性T細胞反應,小鼠接種兩次劑量(100µl/劑量)之含有陽離子脂質及抗原肽的疫苗調配物,時間間隔為7天,或第0天遞送之一次劑量的CFA調配物,該CFA調配物係藉由將等體積之完全弗氏佐劑及抗原肽乳化來製備。首次疫苗接種之後的第14天,評估抗原特異性反應。為了量測抗原特異性反應,使用安樂死小鼠的脾臟細胞、使用IFN-ɣELISPOT分析(Mabtech, Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)偵測抗原特異性T細胞反應。為了進行IFN-ɣ ELISPOT分析,2.5×105
個經處理的脾臟細胞在預塗小鼠IFN-ɣ捕捉抗體的96孔盤中、在37℃用所關注的CD8 T細胞抗原決定基刺激18-24小時。刺激之後,各孔用PBS洗滌且與生物素結合的抗IFNɣ抗體一起培育,隨後與抗生蛋白鏈菌素-HRP抗體一起培育。為了使產生抗原特異性IFN-ɣ的細胞可視化,各孔與TMB受質一起培育6分鐘,用水洗滌,且風乾。掃描斑點且使用CTL免疫斑點分析儀及ImmunoSpot第4版軟體(Cellular Technology Limited, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)計數。斑點計數作為三重複樣品的中值概述。各樣品利用未經刺激及PMA/離子黴素(Ionomycin)對照孔偵測背景及陽性對照。若斑點計數超過5個斑點,則孔視為陽性且若斑點計數相較於對照超過三倍,則抗原特異性反應視為陽性。
實例1
R - DOTAP 誘導第 I 型引流淋巴結中的干擾素基因表現
實例1
R - DOTAP 誘導第 I 型引流淋巴結中的干擾素基因表現
為了評估陽離子奈米顆粒誘導的基因表現,C57BL/6J小鼠在頸後皮下注射100 µl 12 mM R-DOTAP奈米顆粒,且在疫苗接種後的第4或24小時分析引流淋巴結中的發炎基因表現。注射PBS及LPS (50 µg/小鼠)(24小時時間點)的小鼠分別用作陰性及陽性對照。注射之後第4小時或24小時,彙集各小鼠的腋及肱引流淋巴結且藉由膠原蛋白酶消化來處理。將淋巴結細胞懸浮液中的活化樹突狀細胞(CD11c+
)細胞分選純化且溶解於RLT緩衝液中且加以處理以便使用nCounter®小鼠發炎套組及奈米串技術進行相對基因表現分析。發現R-DOTAP注射顯著地改變若干發炎基因在兩個時間點的表現。包括IFN-1α及IFN-1β的若干基因顯示比LPS高大於5倍的增加,該LPS用作陽性對照。其他基因(包括Cxcl10)的表現亦顯著增加且與LPS所誘導的水準更類似(圖1)。
實例2
R - DOTAP 與 S - DOTAP 均誘導干擾素 - α 及干擾素 - β 基因於引流淋巴結中的表現
實例2
R - DOTAP 與 S - DOTAP 均誘導干擾素 - α 及干擾素 - β 基因於引流淋巴結中的表現
為了比較R-DOTAP與S-DOTAP引起的第I型干擾素基因表現,進行如實例1中所概述的類似研究。C57BL/6J小鼠在足墊中皮下注射50 µl 6 mM RDOTAP奈米顆粒。注射PBS及LPS (50 µg/小鼠)(24小時時間點)的小鼠分別用作陰性及陽性對照。注射之後第3小時或24小時,彙集各小鼠的膕引流淋巴結且溶解於RLT緩衝液中且加以處理以便使用Taqman®基因表現分析及RT-PCR進行相對基因表現分析。研究證實R-DOTAP與S-DOTAP均為第I型干擾素的強誘導劑(圖2)。
實例3
R - DOTAP 及 S - DOTAP 上調 T 細胞上的 第 I 型干擾素相關 CD69 表現
實例3
R - DOTAP 及 S - DOTAP 上調 T 細胞上的 第 I 型干擾素相關 CD69 表現
為了進一步瞭解陽離子脂質活化第I型干擾素的作用及能力,C57BL/6J小鼠或IFNAR-/-小鼠在足墊中皮下注射50 µl 6 mM R-DOTAP奈米顆粒或6 mM S-DOTAP或280 mM蔗糖。注射之後24小時,自各小鼠分離出膕引流淋巴結且淋巴結之單一細胞懸浮液用螢光染料結合的CD3及CD69染色。單獨的R-DOTAP(無抗原)引起DLN尺寸出現明顯的增加且此歸因於總細胞數目在7天時段期間的穩定增加(圖3A)。對T細胞流入具有百日咳毒素之DLN進行的研究表明,結構上與R-DOTAP有關的脂質誘導淋巴結歸巢趨化因子,很可能為第I型IFN信號傳導的直接結果。總細胞數目出現的此增加經證實依賴於第I型IFN信號傳導,因為其在IFNαR基因敲除的小鼠中大大減少(圖3B)。第I型IFN已知經由CD69上調來抑制淋巴球流出淋巴器官,此又抑制為淋巴球流出而必需的神經鞘胺醇1磷酸酯受體。因此吾等假設S-DOTAP與R-DOTAP的注射均引起DLN中的CD69上調。的確,兩種陽離子脂質皮下注射於野生型小鼠中均引起T細胞中之CD69出現最強烈的上調。相比之下,IFNαR基因敲除的小鼠注射R-DOTAP之後,未發現CD69上調,此表明R-DOTAP誘導CD69發生的上調與第I型IFN相關(圖3C)。資料表示各引流淋巴結中的CD69+ CD3+ T細胞%。
實例4
各種陽離子脂質上調第 I 型干擾素
實例4
各種陽離子脂質上調第 I 型干擾素
進行活體外研究,以評估各種陽離子脂質誘導第I型干擾素的潛力。在此研究中,研究陽離子脂質DOTAP、DOEPC及DOTMA。亦評估中性脂質DOPC以證實干擾素上調對陽離子脂質的特異性。在一項研究中,來自IFNAR-Ko小鼠的骨髓源樹突狀細胞(BMDC)用指定(6-400 µM)濃度之陽離子脂質或LPS陽性對照物(1-500 ng/ml)刺激24小時(圖4A)。在第二研究中,FLT3誘導的BMDC (pDC)及GM-CSF/IL-4衍生的BMDC (cBMDC)用指定濃度(6-400 µM)濃度的R-DOTAP或LPS陽性對照物(1-500 ng/ml)刺激24小時(圖4B)。為了量測第I型干擾素產生,將細胞上清液(100 µl)添加至報導細胞(B16.Blue-IFNα/β細胞,得自InvivoGen, USA)培養物中且培育18小時以刺激第I型干擾素誘導報導細胞產生分泌性鹼性磷酸酶(SEAP)。報導細胞上清液中的SEAP活性係使用比色SEAP分析套組、根據製造商方案來定量。BMDC分泌的第I型干擾素係利用標準曲線定量,該標準曲線係利用重組小鼠IFN-β在報導細胞株中刺激的SEAP活性產生。研究證實,上調第I型干擾素的能力對於DOTAP無特異性,但可以藉由多種陽離子脂質活化。亦證實中性脂質不能活化第I型干擾素路徑。
實例5
在第 I 型 IFN 缺乏小鼠觀測到陽離子脂質介導的 CD8 + T 細胞 反應減弱
實例5
在第 I 型 IFN 缺乏小鼠觀測到陽離子脂質介導的 CD8 + T 細胞 反應減弱
陽離子脂質使第I型IFN基因上調的證明表明,陽離子脂質靶向第I型IFN路徑以誘導穩定的CD8+ T細胞反應。為了進一步證實此假設,在第0天及第7天將R-DOTAP調配物投與野生型C57BL/6J小鼠及第I型干擾素信號缺乏IFNAR-/-
小鼠,該調配物含有雞卵白蛋白之經充分表徵的小鼠CD8+ T細胞抗原決定基(SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 1))或HPV16-E7蛋白質衍生的CD8 T細胞抗原決定基(RF9:RAHYNIVTF (SEQ ID NO: 2))。小鼠亦接種完全弗氏佐劑(CFA) + SIINFEKL。單獨肽的疫苗用作陽性對照。第14天,使用IFN-γ ELISPOT分析來評估R-DOTAP或CFA誘導的抗原特異性(SIINFEKL) CD8+ T細胞反應。如圖5A中所示,野生型小鼠接種DOTAP調配物誘導穩定的抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應,該等T細胞反應的量值比CFA佐劑化調配物更高。相比之下,在IFNAR-/-小鼠中,R-DOTAP誘導的CD8+ T細胞反應顯著減少,但注意到CFA佐劑化調配物無此類差異。吾等甚至觀測到HPV16陽性腫瘤所表現的腫瘤相關抗原出現類似結果(圖5B)。據翔實的記錄,CFA佐劑靶向多重TLR路徑且因此可以避免第I型IFN信號傳導誘導抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應的需要。
陽離子脂質在缺乏第I型IFN信號傳導之小鼠中誘導功效的降低,聯合強活化第I型IFN基因之能力的證明,有力地證明R-DOTAP有效地促進抗原交叉呈遞且亦同時活化第I型IFN路徑以驅動穩定的抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞免疫反應(圖5)。
圖1提供表明Versamune® (R-DOTAP)誘導免疫細胞快速且持久募集於引流淋巴結中的圖。圖1中的資料對應於一個實驗,其中C57BL/6J小鼠(n=4)頸後皮下注射100 µl 12 mM R-DOTAP脂質體奈米顆粒。注射PBS及LPS (50 µg/小鼠)(24小時時間點)的小鼠分別用作陰性及陽性對照。注射之後第4小時或24小時,彙集各小鼠的腋及肱引流淋巴結且藉由膠原蛋白酶消化來處理。將此等淋巴結細胞懸浮液中的CD11c陽性細胞(約20,000個細胞)分選純化且溶解於RLT緩衝液中且加以處理以便使用nCounter®小鼠發炎套組及奈米串技術進行相對基因表現分析。資料證明R-DOTAP使第I型干擾素基因上調且表示每組4隻小鼠之平均值。
圖2提供表明引流淋巴結中出現R-DOTAP誘導型IFN基因表現的圖。圖2中的資料對應於一個實驗,其中C57BL/6J小鼠(n=2)足墊皮下注射50 µl 6 mM R-DOTAP或S-DOTAP奈米顆粒。注射PBS及LPS (50 µg/小鼠)(24小時時間點)的小鼠分別用作陰性及陽性對照。注射之後第3小時或24小時,彙集各小鼠的膕引流淋巴結且溶解於RLT緩衝液中且加以處理以便使用Taqman基因表現分析及RT-PCR進行相對基因表現分析。資料證明S-DOTAP與R-DOTAP均使第I型干擾素基因上調。
圖3A、3B及3C提供表明引流淋巴結中出現R-DOTAP誘導細胞募集及CD69表現的圖。圖3中的資料對應於一個實驗,其中A) C57BL/6J小鼠(n=3)足墊皮下注射50 µl 6 mM R-DOTAP或280 mM蔗糖。在指定的時間,自各小鼠分離出膕引流淋巴結且使用血球計對淋巴結之單一懸浮液進行計數以獲得總細胞數目。B) C57BL/6J (n=3)或IFNAR-/- (n=3)小鼠足墊注射50 µl 6 mM R-DOTAP或280 mM蔗糖且自各小鼠收集膕引流淋巴結且使用血球計評估經酶消化之淋巴結在第24小時的總細胞數目(B)且使用流式細胞計評估CD3+ T細胞上的CD69表現(B)。A-B)資料表示各引流淋巴結中的總細胞數。C)資料表示疫苗接種之後第24小時的每組CD69+細胞百分比(每組n=3隻小鼠)。
圖4提供表明陽離子脂質誘導樹突狀細胞產生第I型干擾素的圖。圖4中的資料對應於一個實驗,其中A)來自IFNAR-Ko小鼠的骨髓源樹突狀細胞(BMDC)用指定濃度(6-400 µM)的陽離子脂質或LPS陽性對照物(1-500 ng/ml)刺激24小時。B) FLT3誘導的BMDC (pDC)及GM-CSF/IL-4來源的BMDC (cBMDC)用指定濃度(6-400 µM)的陽離子脂質或LPS陽性對照物(1-500 ng/ml)刺激24小時。為了量測第I型干擾素產生,將細胞上清液(100 µl)添加至報導細胞(B16.Blue-IFNα/β細胞,得自InvivoGen, USA)培養物中且培育18小時以刺激第I型干擾素誘導報導細胞產生分泌性鹼性磷酸酶(SEAP)。報導細胞上清液中的SEAP活性係使用比色SEAP分析套組、根據製造商方案來定量。BMDC分泌的第I型干擾素係利用標準曲線定量,該標準曲線係利用重組小鼠IFN-β在報導細胞株中刺激的SEAP活性產生。
圖5提供表明基於R-DOTAP之疫苗在第I型IFN信號缺乏小鼠中之功效的圖。圖5中的資料對應於一個實驗,其中得自Jackson的C57BL/6J小鼠(n=6)或IFNAR-/-小鼠在第0天及第7天皮下注射100 µl含有SIINFEKL肽(A)(SEQ ID NO: 1)或RF9肽(B)(SEQ ID NO: 2)的疫苗調配物(Versamune®或完全弗氏佐劑(complete Freund's adjuvant))。第二次接種疫苗之後的第七天,處理來自接種疫苗之小鼠及對照小鼠的脾臟,以量測疫苗調配物在野生型及IFNAR-/-小鼠中所誘導的抗原特異性CD8 T細胞反應。在ELISPOT分析中,藉由量測SIINFEKL特異性(A)(SEQ ID NO: 1)及RF9肽特異性(B)(SEQ ID NO: 2) CD8 T細胞產生IFN-γ來評估抗原特異性CD8T細胞反應。資料代表結果相似的多次實驗。利用單向ANOVA估算資料的統計顯著性,且利用杜凱氏檢驗(Tukey's testing)來分析多重比較。**統計顯著性(p<0.05)係與WT Versamune®疫苗接種組比較。
Claims (25)
- 一種陽離子脂質用於製造供修飾第I型IFN信號傳導路徑用之藥劑的用途。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC),及其組合。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含該陽離子脂質之對映異構體。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中該陽離子脂質為1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)。
- 如請求項4之用途,其中該對映異構體為(R)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(R-DOTAP)或(S)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(S-DOTAP)。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第I型IFN信號傳導路徑受到上調/活化。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該第I型IFN信號傳導路徑受到下調/不活化。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC),及其組合。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含該陽離子脂質之對映異構體。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該對映異構體為(R)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(R-DOTAP)或(S)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(S-DOTAP)。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該藥劑進一步包含抗原。
- 如請求項10之用途,其中該藥劑進一步包含抗原。
- 如請求項10之用途,其中該T細胞反應升高。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應升高。
- 一種組合物用於製造供誘導免疫原性反應用之藥劑的用途,其中該組合物包含陽離子脂質,且其中該藥劑的投與引起對第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的刺激。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC),及其組合。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含(R)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(R-DOTAP)。
- 如請求項17之用途,其中該T細胞反應升高。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中抗原特異性CD8+ T細胞反應升高。
- 一種組合物用於製造供治療癌症用之藥劑的用途,其中該組合物包含陽離子脂質,且其中該藥劑的投與引起對第I型IFN信號傳導路徑的刺激。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(DOTAP)、N-1-(2,3-二油醯氧基)-丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化銨(DOTMA)、1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-乙基磷酸膽鹼(DOEPC),及其組合。
- 如請求項21之用途,其中該陽離子脂質包含(R)-1,2-二油醯基-3-三甲基銨丙烷(R-DOTAP)。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該藥劑進一步包含抗原。
- 如請求項23之用途,其中該抗原為腫瘤抗原。
- 如請求項24之用途,其中該腫瘤抗原為HPV。
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US8877206B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2014-11-04 | Pds Biotechnology Corporation | Stimulation of an immune response by cationic lipids |
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EP2897639A4 (en) | 2012-09-21 | 2016-05-04 | Frank Bedu-Addo | IMPROVED VACCINE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE |
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US8877206B2 (en) * | 2007-03-22 | 2014-11-04 | Pds Biotechnology Corporation | Stimulation of an immune response by cationic lipids |
JP5971945B2 (ja) * | 2008-04-17 | 2016-08-17 | ピーディーエス バイオテクノロジー コーポレイションPds Biotechnology Corporation | カチオン性脂質の鏡像異性体による免疫応答の刺激 |
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