TW201841458A - Magnetohydrodynamic electric power generator - Google Patents

Abstract

A power generator that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos identifiable by unique analytical and spectroscopic signatures, (ii) a reaction mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; and a molten metal to cause the reaction mixture to be highly conductive, (iii) a molten metal injection system comprising at least one pump such as an electromagnetic pump that causes a plurality of molten metal streams to intersect, (iv) an ignition system comprising an electrical power source that provides low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to the plurality of intersected molten metal streams to ignite a plasma to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (v) a source of H2and O2supplied to the plasma, (vi) a molten metal recovery system, and (vii) a power converter capable of (a) converting the high-power light output from a blackbody radiator of the cell into electricity using concentrator thermophotovoltaic cells or (b) converting the energetic plasma into electricity using a magnetohydrodynamic converter.

Description

Magnetic fluid power generator

The present invention relates to the field of power generation and, in particular, to systems, devices and methods for generating electrical power. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a magnetic fluid power converter, an opto-electric power converter, a plasma-electric power converter. Photonic-electric power converters or thermo-electric power converters generate power, plasma and thermal power and generate electrical power, and related methods. Moreover, embodiments of the present invention describe systems, devices, and methods for generating optical power, mechanical power, electrical power, and/or thermal power using a photovoltaic power converter using water or a source of water based fuel. These and other related embodiments are described in detail in the present invention.

Cross-reference to related applications This application claims US Provisional Application No. 62/457,935 filed on February 12, 2017, No. 62/461,768 filed on February 21, 2017, and No. 62/463,684 filed on February 26, 2017, Submitted on April 4, 2017, No. 62/481,571, May 31, 2017, No. 62/513,284, May 31, 2017, No. 62/513,324, submitted on June 23, 2017 No. 62/524, 307, No. 62/532,986, submitted on July 14, 2017, No. 62/537,353, filed on July 26, 2017, No. 62/545,463, submitted on August 14, 2017, 2017 No. 62/556,941 filed on September 11th, No. 62/573,453 submitted on October 17, 2017, No. 62/584,632 submitted on November 10, 2017, and No. 62 submitted on November 4, 2017 / 594, 511, the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit. Power generation can take many forms, utilizing power from the plasma. The successful commercialization of plasma can be determined by a power generation system that is capable of efficiently forming a plasma and then capturing the power of the generated plasma. The plasma can be formed during ignition of certain fuels. Such fuels may include water or a source of water based fuel. During ignition, a plasma cloud of electron-extracting atoms is formed and high optical power is released. The high optical power of the plasma can be utilized by the power converter of the present invention. The ions and excited state atoms can recombine and undergo electron relaxation, emitting optical power. The optical power can be converted to electricity by the photovoltaic device. Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system comprising: a plurality of electrodes configured to transfer power to a fuel to ignite fuel and produce plasma, such as a solid or molten metal electrode; configured to energize a power source transmitted to the plurality of electrodes; and at least one magneto-hydrodynamic power converter positioned to receive high temperature and high voltage plasma or at least one photovoltaic ("PV") positioned to receive at least a plurality of plasma photons Power converter. In an embodiment, a SunCell® power system that produces at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy includes: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; and a reactant comprising: (i) at least one inclusion Newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst, (ii) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O, (iii) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen and (iv) molten metal; a molten metal injection system comprising at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising a pump and a spray tube; at least one reactant supply system, a reactant for consuming in a process in which the reactant reacts to generate at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy; at least one ignition system comprising a molten metal reservoir for containing at least two electromagnetic pumps each At least one power converter or output system that supplies at least one of light and heat output to electrical power and/or thermal power. In embodiments, the molten metal may comprise any electrically conductive metal or alloy known in the art. The molten metal or alloy may have a low melting point. Exemplary metals and alloys are gallium, indium, tin, zinc, and gallium indium tin alloys, of which examples of typical eutectic mixtures are 68% Ga, 22% In, and 10% Sn (by weight), but the ratio can range from 62 to 95% Ga, 5 to 22% In, 0 to 16% Sn (by weight) vary. In embodiments in which the metal can react with at least one of oxygen and water to form a corresponding metal oxide, the low energy hydrogen reaction mixture can comprise a molten metal, a metal oxide, and hydrogen. The metal oxide can act as a source of oxygen to form a HOH catalyst. Oxygen may be recovered between the metal oxide and the HOH catalyst, wherein hydrogen consumed to form low energy hydrogen may be replenished. The molten metal injection system can include at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising an electromagnetic pump that injects a flow of molten metal intersecting within the interior of the vessel, wherein each reservoir can include a molten metal level controller that includes the influent water Lift pipe. The ignition system can include a power supply for supplying opposite voltages to at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising an electromagnetic pump that supplies current and power flowing through the intersecting molten metal stream, causing reaction of the reactants (including ignition) To form a plasma inside the container. The ignition system can include: (i) a power supply for supplying opposite voltages to at least two molten metal reservoirs each containing an electromagnetic pump and (ii) a molten metal reservoir from the at least two respective electromagnetic pumps At least two intersecting streams of molten metal, wherein the power source is capable of delivering short pulsed high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma. The power source that delivers short pulsed high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma may comprise at least one supercapacitor. Each electromagnetic pump may comprise one of: (i) a DC or AC conductivity type comprising a DC or AC current source supplied to the molten metal via the electrode and a source of a constant or in-phase alternating vector cross magnetic field; or (ii) An inductive type comprising an alternating magnetic field source passing through a short circuit of molten metal, which induces alternating current in the metal; and an in-phase alternating vector cross-magnetic field source. The at least one union of the pump and the corresponding reservoir and another joint between the container, the injection system and the components of the converter may include a wet seal, a flange and gasket seal, an adhesive seal and a slip At least one of the nut seals, wherein the gasket can comprise carbon. The DC or AC current of the molten metal ignition system can range from 10 A to 50,000 A. The circuit of the molten metal ignition system can be closed by the intersection of the molten metal streams to cause ignition, further causing an ignition frequency in the range of 0 Hz to 10,000 Hz. The inductive electromagnetic pump may include a ceramic channel that forms a short circuit of molten metal. The power system can further include an inductively coupled heater for forming a molten metal from the corresponding solid metal, wherein the molten metal can comprise at least one of silver, silver copper alloy, and copper. The power system can further include a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. The power system can include at least one power converter or output system that reflects the power output, such as at least one of the group of: a thermal photovoltaic converter, a photovoltaic converter, a photoelectric converter, a magnetohydrodynamic converter , plasma power converter, thermoelectric converter, thermoelectric converter, Sterling engine, Brayton cycle engine, Rankine cycle engine and heat engine, heater And the boiler. The boiler can contain a radiant boiler. A portion of the reaction vessel may comprise a black body radiator that is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K. The reservoir of the power system may comprise boron nitride, the portion of the container containing the black body radiator may comprise carbon, and the electromagnetic pump component in contact with the molten metal may comprise an oxidation resistant metal or ceramic. The reactant of the low energy hydrogen reaction may comprise at least one of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and water. The reactant supply maintains each of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and water at a pressure in the range of 0.01 Torr to 1 Torr. The light emitted by the black body radiator of the power system and directed to the thermal photovoltaic converter or the photovoltaic converter may be mainly black body radiation, including visible light and near infrared light, and the photovoltaic battery may be a concentrating battery, which includes at least one selected From the following compounds: crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAsSb), indium phosphide indium (InPAsSb), InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/ GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-wafer-InGaAs, GaInP-Ga(In)As-Ge, and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge. The light emitted by the reactive plasma and directed to the thermal photovoltaic converter or the photovoltaic converter may be mainly ultraviolet light, and the photovoltaic cell may be a concentrating battery comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a group III nitride, GaN, AlN, A compound of GaAlN and InGaN. In an embodiment, the PV converter can further comprise a UV window to the PV cell. The PV window can replace at least a portion of the black body radiator. The window can be substantially transparent to UV. The window is resistant to wetting with molten metal. The window can be operated at a temperature above at least one of the melting point of the molten metal and above the boiling point of the molten metal. Exemplary windows are sapphire, quartz, MgF₂ And molten vermiculite. The window can be cooled and can include components for cleaning during operation or during maintenance. The SunCell® can further include a source of at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field to confine the plasma to regions that avoid contact with at least one of the window and the PV cell. The source can include an electrostatic precipitation system. The source can include a magnetic restraint system. The plasma may be constrained by gravity, wherein at least one of the window and the PV cell is at a suitable height relative to the location at which the plasma is generated. Alternatively, the magnetohydrodynamic power converter can include a nozzle connected to the reaction vessel, a magnetic fluid power channel, an electrode, a magnet, a metal acquisition system, a metal recirculation system, a heat exchanger, and optionally a gas recirculation system, wherein the reaction May contain H₂ At least one of O vapor, oxygen, and hydrogen. Reactant supply can be O₂ , H₂ And reaction product H₂ O is maintained at a pressure in the range of 0.01 Torr to 1 Torr. The reactant supply system for replenishing the reactants consumed in the process of reacting at least one of the reactants to generate electrical energy and thermal energy may comprise at least one of the following:₂ And H₂ a gas permeable membrane, a gas housing, a selective gas permeable membrane in the wall of at least one of the reaction vessel, the magnetic fluid power channel, the metal collection system, and the metal recycling system for maintaining O₂ And H₂ O of at least one of the pressures₂ , H₂ And H₂ O partial pressure sensor, flow controller, at least one valve and computer. In an embodiment, at least one component of the power system may comprise a ceramic, wherein the ceramic may comprise metal oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, lanthanum carbide, zirconium carbide, zirconium diboride, and tantalum nitride. At least one of them. The molten metal may comprise silver and the magnetic fluid power converter may further comprise an oxygen source to form an aerosol of silver particles supplied to at least one of the reservoir, the reaction vessel, the magnetohydrodynamic nozzle, and the magnetohydrodynamic channel, wherein the reaction The material supply system can additionally supply and control the oxygen source to form a silver aerosol. The molten metal may comprise silver. The magnetohydrodynamic converter may further comprise a cell gas comprising an ambient gas in contact with silver in at least one of the reservoir and the vessel. The power system can further include a member that maintains a flow of the cell gas in contact with the molten silver to form a silver aerosol, wherein the cell gas flow can include at least one of a forced gas flow and a convective gas flow. The cell gas can contain rare gases, oxygen, water vapor, H₂ And O₂ At least one of them. The means for maintaining the flow of the gas in the electrolytic cell may comprise at least one of a gas pump or a compressor, such as a magnetic fluid power pump or compressor, a magnetohydrodynamic converter, and a disturbance caused by at least one of the molten metal injection system and the plasma. flow. The inductive electromagnetic pump of the power system may comprise a two-stage pump comprising a first stage, the first stage comprising a pump of a metal recirculation system, and a second stage comprising a pump of the metal injection system for spraying and the container A stream of molten metal intersecting another molten metal stream inside. The power source of the ignition system includes an inductive ignition system that can include an alternating magnetic field source that passes through a short circuit of molten metal that produces an alternating current containing ignition current in the metal. The alternating magnetic field source may comprise a primary transformer winding comprising a transformer electromagnet and a transformer yoke, and the silver may at least partially act as a secondary transformer winding, such as a single turn short winding, enclosing the primary transformer winding and including an inductive current loop . The reservoir may comprise a molten metal interface, which connects the two reservoirs such that the current loop encloses the transformer yoke, wherein the induced current loop is contained in the reservoir, the molten silver contained in the transfer channel, and the injection tube Silver and intersect to turn on the current generated in the jet of molten silver that is injected into the induced current loop. In an embodiment, the emitter generates at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, wherein the emitter comprises: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; and a reactant comprising: a) At least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen permeable to the wall of the vessel; d) molten metal such as silver, copper or silver-copper alloy; and e) oxide such as CO₂ , B₂ O₃ LiVO₃ And not with H₂ At least one of the stable oxides of the reaction; at least one molten metal injection system comprising a molten metal reservoir and an electromagnetic pump; at least one reactant ignition system comprising a power source for causing the reactant to form a luminescent plasma and At least one of the pyroelectric plasma, wherein the power source receives electrical power from the power converter; the system for recovering molten metal and oxide; at least one of the optical and thermal outputs to at least one of the electrical power and/or the thermal power Or an output system; wherein the molten metal ignition system comprises at least one of: an ignition system comprising i) electrodes from the group: a) at least one set of refractory metal or carbon electrodes for constraining the molten metal; b) a refractory metal or carbon electrode and a molten metal stream transported from the electrically isolated molten metal reservoir by an electromagnetic pump, and c) at least two of the plurality of electrically isolated molten metal reservoirs transported by at least two electromagnetic pumps a molten metal stream; and ii) a power source for delivering high current electrical energy sufficient to cause a reactant reaction to form a plasma, wherein the molten metal ignition system current The range of 50 A to 50,000 A; wherein the molten metal injection system comprises an electromagnetic pump comprising at least one magnet providing a magnetic field and a current source for providing a vector cross current component; wherein the molten metal reservoir comprises an inductively coupled heater; a transmitter further comprising a system for recovering molten metal and oxide, such as at least one of a vessel containing a wall capable of providing melt flow under gravity and a reservoir in communication with the vessel, and further comprising a cooling system The cooling system is configured to maintain the reservoir at a lower temperature than the vessel to collect the metal in the reservoir; wherein the vessel capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure comprises: an internal reaction cell, a high temperature black body radiator; and an external chamber capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; wherein the black body radiator is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K; wherein the interior of the black body radiator is included The reaction cell contains a refractory material such as carbon or W; wherein the black body radiation emitted from the outside of the cell is incident on the light-electric power The at least one power converter of the reactive power output includes at least one of a thermal photovoltaic converter and a photovoltaic converter; wherein the light emitted by the pool is mainly black body radiation, including visible light and near infrared light, and The photovoltaic cell is a concentrating cell comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and gallium indium arsenide (indium gallium arsenide) InGaAsSb) and arsenic indium phosphide indium (InPAsSb), Group III/V semiconductor, InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/Ge , GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-Wafer-InGaAs, GaInP- Ga(In)As-Ge and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge, and the power system further includes a vacuum pump and at least one heat rejection system, and the black body radiator further includes a black body temperature sensor and a controller. Optionally, the emitter may comprise at least one additional reactant injection system, wherein the additional reactants comprise: a) at least one comprising a primary H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; and c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen. The additional reactant injection system can further include a computer, H₂ O and H₂ At least one of a pressure sensor and a flow controller comprising at least one or more of a mass flow controller, a pump, a syringe pump, and a high precision electronically controllable valve; the valve includes At least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepper motor valve, wherein the valve is controlled by a pressure sensor and a computer to maintain H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures is at a desired value; wherein the additional reactant injection system will H₂ O vapor pressure is maintained in the range of 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr. In an embodiment, at least one of the following products may be produced from hydrogen by a generator that converts H to low energy hydrogen: a) having a polarity of 0.23 to 0.25 cm^{- 1} Integer multiple Raman peak is added from 0 to 2000 cm^{- 1} a hydrogen product in the range of matrix displacement; b) having a range of 0.23 to 0.25 cm^{- 1} Integer multiple of the infrared peak is added to 0 to 2000 cm^{- 1} The hydrogen product of the matrix displacement within the range; c) the X-ray photoelectron spectrum at the energy in the range of 500 to 525 eV plus the hydrogen product of the matrix displacement in the range of 0 to 10 eV; d) the high magnetic field MAS NMR matrix a displaced hydrogen product; e) a hydrogen product having a high magnetic field MAS NMR or liquid NMR shift of greater than -5 ppm relative to TMS; f) a hydrogen product having at least two electron beam emission peaks in the range of 200 to 300 nm, It has a range of 0.23 to 0.3 cm^{- 1} Integer multiples are added between 0 and 5000 cm^{- 1} a matrix displacement within the range; and g) a hydrogen product having at least two peaks of UV fluorescence emission in the range of 200 to 300 nm, having a purity of 0.23 to 0.3 cm^{- 1} Integer multiples are added between 0 and 5000 cm^{- 1} Matrix displacement within the range. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; reactants, such reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) molten metal; at least one molten metal injection system comprising a molten metal reservoir and an electromagnetic pump; at least one additional reactant injection system, wherein the additional reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O, and c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; at least one reactant ignition system comprising a power source, wherein the power source receives electrical power from the power converter; a system for recovering molten metal; at least one of light and heat output At least one power converter or output system to electrical power and/or thermal power. In an embodiment, the molten metal ignition system comprises: a) at least one set of electrodes for constraining the molten metal; and b) a power source for delivering short pulsed high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma. The electrode may comprise a refractory metal. In an embodiment, the power source that delivers short pulsed high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma comprises at least one supercapacitor. The molten metal injection system can include an electromagnetic pump that includes at least one magnet that provides a magnetic field and a current source that provides a vector cross current component. The molten metal reservoir can include an inductively coupled heater. The molten metal ignition system can include at least one set of electrodes that are separated to form an open circuit, wherein the open circuit is ignited by spraying the molten metal to close the high current flow. The molten metal ignition system current can range from 500 A to 50,000 A. The circuit of the molten metal ignition system can be closed by metal spraying such that the ignition frequency is in the range of 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz, wherein the molten metal comprises at least one of silver, silver copper alloy and copper, and the addition reactant can be Contains H₂ At least one of O vapor and hydrogen. In an embodiment, the additional reactant injection system can include a computer, H₂ O and H₂ At least one of a pressure sensor and a flow controller comprising at least one or more of a mass flow controller, a pump, a syringe pump, and a high precision electronically controllable valve; the valve includes At least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepping electric valve, wherein the valve is controlled by a pressure sensor and a computer to maintain H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures is at the desired value. Additional reactant injection system for H₂ O vapor pressure is maintained in the range of 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr. In an embodiment, the system for recovering the reactant product comprises at least one of: a vessel comprising a wall capable of providing melt flow under gravity, an electrode electromagnetic pump, and a reservoir in communication with the vessel, and the system further A cooling system is included for maintaining the reservoir at a lower temperature than another portion of the vessel to condense metal vapor of molten metal in the reservoir, wherein the recovery system can include an electrode electromagnetic pump that includes at least a magnetic field A magnet and vector cross-ignition current component. In an embodiment, the power system includes a container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure, the container comprising an internal reaction cell, a cap comprising a blackbody radiator, and capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure External chamber. The top cover including the black body radiator is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K, wherein at least one of the internal reaction cell and the top cover including the black body radiator comprises a refractory metal having a high emissivity. The power system can include at least one power converter that reflects the power output, including at least one of the group consisting of: a thermal photovoltaic converter, a photovoltaic converter, a photoelectric converter, a plasma power converter, and a heat Ion converters, thermoelectric converters, Stirling engines, Braden cycle engines, Rankine cycle engines and heat engines, and heaters. In an embodiment, the light emitted by the cell is mainly black body radiation, comprising visible light and near-infrared light, and the photovoltaic cell is a concentrating battery comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of perovskites, crystalline ruthenium, osmium, GaAs, GaAs, Gab, InGaAs, InGaAsSb GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-wafer-InGaAs, GaInP-Ga(In)As-Ge, and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge. In an embodiment, the light emitted by the cell is primarily ultraviolet light, and the photovoltaic cell is a concentrating cell comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Group III nitride, GaN, AlN, GaAlN, and InGaN. The power system can further include a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; reactants, such reactants Contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) molten metal; at least one molten metal injection system comprising a molten metal reservoir and an electromagnetic pump; at least one additional reactant injection system, wherein the additional reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O, and c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; at least one reactant ignition system comprising a power source for causing the reactant to form at least one of a luminescent plasma and a pyroelectric plasma, wherein the power source is a self-power converter At least one power converter or output system for receiving electrical power; a system for recovering molten metal; at least one of optical and thermal output to electrical power and/or thermal power; wherein the molten metal ignition system comprises: a) at least one group An electric source for confining the molten metal; and b) a power source for transmitting short-pulse high-current electric energy sufficient to cause the reactant to react to form a plasma; wherein the electrode comprises a refractory metal; wherein the transport is sufficient to cause the reactant to react to form a plasma The power source for pulsed high current electrical energy comprises at least one supercapacitor; wherein the molten metal injection system comprises an electromagnetic pump comprising at least one magnet providing a magnetic field and a current source for providing a vector cross current component; wherein the molten metal reservoir comprises an inductive coupling a heater; wherein the molten metal ignition system comprises at least one set of separations to form an opening An electrode, wherein the open circuit is ignited by spraying molten metal to cause high current flow to achieve ignition; wherein the molten metal ignition system current is in the range of 500 A to 50,000 A; wherein the circuit of the molten metal ignition system is closed so that the ignition frequency is The range of 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz; wherein the molten metal comprises at least one of silver, silver copper alloy and copper; wherein the addition reactant comprises H₂ At least one of O vapor and hydrogen; wherein the additional reactant injection system comprises a computer, H₂ O and H₂ At least one of a pressure sensor and a flow controller comprising at least one or more of a mass flow controller, a pump, a syringe pump, and a high precision electronically controllable valve; the valve includes At least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepping electric valve, wherein the valve is controlled by a pressure sensor and a computer to maintain H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures is at a desired value; wherein the additional reactant injection system will be H₂ O vapor pressure is maintained in the range of 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr; wherein the system for recovering the reactant product comprises at least one of: a vessel comprising a wall capable of providing melt flow under gravity, an electrode electromagnetic pump, and the container a connected reservoir, and the system further includes a cooling system for maintaining the reservoir at a lower temperature than another portion of the vessel to condense metal vapor of the molten metal in the reservoir; wherein the recovery system comprises An electrode electromagnetic pump comprising at least one magnet and a vector cross-ignition current component providing a magnetic field; wherein the container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure comprises an internal reaction cell comprising a black body radiator cap and capable of maintaining pressure An outer chamber below, at or above atmospheric pressure; wherein the top cover comprising the black body radiator is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K; wherein the inner reaction cell and the top cover including the black body radiator At least one of the refractory metals having a high emissivity; wherein the black body radiator further comprises a black body temperature sensor and control The at least one power converter of the reactive power output comprises at least one of a group of a thermal photovoltaic converter and a photovoltaic converter; wherein the light emitted by the pool is mainly black body radiation, including visible light and near infrared light, The photovoltaic cell is a concentrating cell comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and gallium indium arsenide. (InGaAsSb) and antimony phosphide indium (InPAsSb), group III/V semiconductor, InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/ Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-Wafer-InGaAs, GaInP -Ga(In)As-Ge and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge; and the power system further comprises a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; reactants, such reactions Contains: a) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; b) H₂ a gas; and c) a molten metal; at least one molten metal injection system comprising a molten metal reservoir and an electromagnetic pump; at least one additional reactant injection system, wherein the additional reactants comprise: a) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O, and b) H₂ At least one reactant ignition system comprising a power source for causing the reactant to form at least one of a light-emitting plasma and a heat-generating plasma, wherein the power source receives electrical power from the power converter; a system for recovering molten metal; and an optical output At least one of the at least one power converter or output system to electrical power and/or thermal power; wherein the molten metal ignition system comprises: a) at least one set of electrodes for constraining the molten metal; and b) for transmitting sufficient to cause The reactant reacts to form a short pulse high current electrical energy source of the plasma, wherein the electrode comprises a refractory metal; wherein the power source for delivering short pulse high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactant to react to form a plasma comprises at least one supercapacitor; wherein the molten metal The injection system includes an electromagnetic pump including at least one magnet that provides a magnetic field and a current source for providing a vector cross current component; wherein the molten metal reservoir includes an inductively coupled heater for at least first heating the metal to form a molten metal; The molten metal ignition system includes at least one set of separations to form an open circuit An electrode, wherein the open circuit is ignited by spraying molten metal to cause high current flow to achieve ignition; wherein the molten metal ignition system current is in the range of 500 A to 50,000 A; wherein the circuit of the molten metal ignition system is closed so that the ignition frequency is In the range of 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz; wherein the molten metal comprises at least one of silver, silver-copper alloy and copper; wherein the additional reactant injection system comprises a computer, H₂ O and H₂ At least one of a pressure sensor and a flow controller comprising at least one or more of a mass flow controller, a pump, a syringe pump, and a high precision electronically controllable valve; the valve includes At least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepping electric valve, wherein the valve is controlled by a pressure sensor and a computer to maintain H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures is at a desired value; wherein the additional reactant injection system will be H₂ O vapor pressure is maintained in the range of 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr; wherein the system for recovering the reactant product comprises at least one of: a vessel comprising a wall capable of providing melt flow under gravity, an electrode electromagnetic pump, and the container a connected reservoir, and the system further includes a cooling system for maintaining the reservoir at a lower temperature than another portion of the vessel to condense metal vapor of the molten metal in the reservoir; wherein the recovery system comprises An electrode electromagnetic pump comprising at least one magnet and a vector cross-ignition current component providing a magnetic field; wherein the container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure comprises an internal reaction cell, a top cover comprising a high temperature black body radiator and capable of being maintained An external chamber having a pressure lower than, at or above atmospheric pressure; wherein the top cover including the black body radiator is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K; wherein the internal reaction electrolytic cell and the top cover including the black body radiator At least one of the refractory metals having a high emissivity; wherein the blackbody radiator further comprises a black body temperature sensor and The at least one power converter of the reactive power output includes at least one of a thermal photovoltaic converter and a photovoltaic converter; wherein the light emitted by the pool is mainly black body radiation, including visible light and near infrared light, and The photovoltaic cell is a concentrating cell comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and gallium indium arsenide (indium gallium arsenide) InGaAsSb) and arsenic indium phosphide indium (InPAsSb), Group III/V semiconductor, InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/Ge , GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-Wafer-InGaAs, GaInP- Ga(In)As-Ge and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge; and the power system further includes a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; reactants, such reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) molten metal; at least one molten metal injection system comprising a molten metal reservoir and an electromagnetic pump; at least one additional reactant injection system, wherein the additional reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O, and c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; at least one reactant ignition system comprising a power source for causing the reactant to form at least one of a luminescent plasma and a pyroelectric plasma, wherein the power source is a self-power converter At least one power converter or output system for receiving electrical power; a system for recovering molten metal; at least one of optical and thermal output to electrical power and/or thermal power; wherein the molten metal ignition system comprises: a) at least one group An electric source for constraining the molten metal; and b) a power source for transmitting short-pulse high-current electric energy sufficient to cause the reactant to react to form a plasma; wherein the electrode comprises a refractory metal; wherein the transport is sufficient to cause the reactant to react to form a plasma The power source for pulsed high current electrical energy includes at least one supercapacitor; wherein the molten metal injection system includes an electromagnetic pump including at least one magnet that provides a magnetic field and a current source for providing a vector cross current component; wherein the molten metal reservoir is included An inductively coupled heater that at least first heats the metal to form a molten metal; The ignition system includes at least one set of electrodes separated to form an open circuit, wherein the open circuit is ignited by spraying molten metal to cause high current flow to achieve ignition; wherein the molten metal ignition system current is in the range of 500 A to 50,000 A; wherein melting The circuit of the metal ignition system is closed such that the ignition frequency is in the range of 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz; wherein the molten metal comprises at least one of silver, silver copper alloy, and copper; wherein the addition reactant comprises H₂ At least one of O vapor and hydrogen; wherein the additional reactant injection system comprises a computer, H₂ O and H₂ At least one of a pressure sensor and a flow controller comprising at least one or more of a mass flow controller, a pump, a syringe pump, and a high precision electronically controllable valve; the valve includes At least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepping electric valve, wherein the valve is controlled by a pressure sensor and a computer to maintain H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures is at a desired value; wherein the additional reactant injection system will be H₂ O vapor pressure is maintained in the range of 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr; wherein the system for recovering the reactant product comprises at least one of: a vessel comprising a wall capable of providing melt flow under gravity, an electrode electromagnetic pump, and the container a connected reservoir, and the system further includes a cooling system for maintaining the reservoir at a lower temperature than another portion of the vessel to condense metal vapor of the molten metal in the reservoir; wherein the recovery system comprises An electrode electromagnetic pump comprising at least one magnet and a vector cross-ignition current component providing a magnetic field; wherein the container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure comprises an internal reaction cell comprising a black body radiator cap and capable of maintaining pressure An outer chamber below, at or above atmospheric pressure; wherein the top cover comprising the black body radiator is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K; wherein the inner reaction cell and the top cover including the black body radiator At least one of the refractory metals having a high emissivity; wherein the black body radiator further comprises a black body temperature sensor and control The at least one power converter of the reactive power output comprises at least one of a group of a thermal photovoltaic converter and a photovoltaic converter; wherein the light emitted by the pool is mainly black body radiation, including visible light and near infrared light, The photovoltaic cell is a concentrating cell comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and gallium indium arsenide. (InGaAsSb) and antimony phosphide indium (InPAsSb), group III/V semiconductor, InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/ Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-Wafer-InGaAs, GaInP -Ga(In)As-Ge and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge; and the power system further comprises a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one vessel capable of having a pressure below atmospheric pressure; pellets comprising reactants, the reactions The object contains: a) at least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; at least one pellet injection system comprising at least one enhanced railgun, wherein the enhanced railgun comprises a separate charged orbit And a magnet that produces a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the orbit, and the circuit between the tracks is open until closed by contact of the pellets with the track. At least one ignition system for causing the pellet to form at least one of a luminescent plasma and a pyroelectric plasma, the at least one ignition system comprising: a) at least one set of electrodes for constraining the pellets; and b) for transmitting short a power source for pulsing high current electrical energy; wherein the at least one set of electrodes forms an open circuit, wherein the open circuit is closed by spraying the pellets to cause high current to flow to achieve ignition, and the power source for transmitting short pulse high current electrical energy includes the following At least one of: a voltage of a high AC, DC or AC-DC mixture that is selected to cause a current in a range of at least one of 100 A to 1,000,000 A, 1 kA to 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA; DC or peak AC current density in the range of at least one of: 100 A/cm² Up to 1,000,000 A/cm² , 1000 A/cm² Up to 100,000 A/cm² And 2000 A/cm² Up to 50,000 A/cm² The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel, or where the voltage is obtained by multiplying the required current by the resistance of the solid fuel sample; DC or peak AC voltage is between 0.1 V and 500 kV, 0.1 V to 100 kV and 1 V to Within a range of at least one of 50 kV, and an AC frequency in the range of 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz; a system of reaction products of reactants comprising at least one of a gravity and enhanced plasma orbital gun recovery system comprising at least one vector cross current component of a magnet providing a magnetic field and an ignition electrode; A regeneration system for regenerating additional reactants from a reaction product and forming additional pellets, comprising a granulator comprising a furnace for forming a molten reactant for H₂ And H₂ O is added to the system of molten reactants, a melt dripper, and a reservoir for forming pellets, wherein the additional reactants comprise: a) at least one comprising primary H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; and at least one of light and heat output to at least one power converter of electrical power and/or thermal power or An output system comprising one or more of the following groups: photovoltaic converter, photoelectric converter, plasma power converter, thermionic converter, thermoelectric converter, Stirling engine, Breiden Cycle engine, Rankine cycle engine and heat engine and heater. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one vessel capable of having a pressure below atmospheric pressure; pellets comprising reactants, the reactions The object comprises at least one of silver, copper, absorbed hydrogen and water; at least one pellet injection system comprising at least one enhanced railgun, wherein the enhanced railgun comprises a separate charged orbit and produces a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the orbit. a magnet, and the circuit between the tracks is open until closed by contact of the pellets with the track; at least one ignition system for causing the pellet to form at least one of the luminescent plasma and the heated plasma, at least one ignition The system comprises: a) at least one set of electrodes for constraining the pellets; and b) a power source for delivering short pulses of high current electrical energy; wherein the at least one set of electrodes are separated to form an open circuit, wherein the open circuit is by jetting pellets And a power source that is closed to cause a high current to flow to ignite, and a power source for transmitting short-pulse high-current power includes at least one of the following: Selecting a voltage that causes a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixture of currents in a range of at least one of 100 A to 1,000,000 A, 1 kA to 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA; at least one of DC or peak AC current density in the range of 100 A/cm² Up to 1,000,000 A/cm² , 1000 A/cm² Up to 100,000 A/cm² And 2000 A/cm² Up to 50,000 A/cm² The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel, which is obtained by multiplying the required current by the resistance of the solid fuel sample; DC or peak AC voltage is between 0.1 V and 500 kV, 0.1 V to 100 kV, and 1 V to 50. Within the range of at least one of kV, and the AC frequency is in the range of at least one of 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz; a system of reaction products comprising at least one of a gravity and enhanced plasma orbital gun recovery system comprising at least one vector cross current component of a magnetic field providing a magnetic field and an ignition electrode; at least one a regeneration system for regenerating additional reactants from a reaction product and forming additional pellets, comprising a granulator comprising a furnace for forming a molten reactant for H₂ And H₂ O is added to the system of molten reactants, a melt dripper, and a reservoir for forming pellets, wherein the additional reactants comprise at least one of silver, copper, absorbed hydrogen, and water; at least one power converter Or an output system comprising a concentrating ultraviolet photovoltaic converter, wherein the photovoltaic cells comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Group III nitrides, GaAlN, GaN, and InGaN. In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container; pellets comprising reactants, the reactants comprising: a) at least one inclusion Newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; at least one pellet injection system; at least one pellet ignition system for causing the pellet to form a luminescent plasma And at least one of the pyroelectric plasma; a system for recovering the reaction product of the reactant; at least one regeneration system for regenerating the additional reactant from the reaction product and forming additional pellets, wherein the additional reactant comprises: a) At least one containing newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; at least one of light and heat output to at least one power converter or output of electrical power and/or thermal power system. Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system including: a plurality of electrodes configured to transfer power to a fuel to ignite the fuel and generate plasma; configured to transfer electrical energy to a plurality of a power source for the electrode; and at least one photovoltaic power converter positioned to receive at least a plurality of plasma photons. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a power system for generating at least one of direct current electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container; a reactant comprising: a) at least one comprising a nascent H₂ a catalyst source or catalyst of O; b) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; c) at least one of a conductor and a conductive matrix; and at least one set of electrodes for constraining the low energy hydrogen reactant for transmitting short pulses a high current electrical energy source; a heavy duty system; at least one system for regenerating the initial reactant from the reaction product, and at least one plasma power converter or at least one photovoltaic converter. In an exemplary embodiment, a method of generating electrical power can include supplying fuel to a region between a plurality of electrodes; energizing a plurality of electrodes to ignite the fuel to form a plasma; and using a photovoltaic power converter to convert the plurality of electrodes The plasma photons are converted to electrical power; and at least a portion of the electrical power is output. In another exemplary embodiment, a method of generating electrical power can include supplying fuel to a region between a plurality of electrodes; energizing a plurality of electrodes to ignite the fuel to form a plasma; and using a photovoltaic power converter to convert the plurality A plasma photon is converted to thermal power; and at least a portion of the electrical power is output. In an embodiment of the invention, a method of generating power may include: delivering a quantity of fuel to a fuel loading zone, wherein the fuel loading zone is between a plurality of electrodes; by applying at least about 100 A/cm to the plurality of electrodes² a current that causes the current to flow through the fuel to ignite the fuel, thereby producing at least one of plasma, light, and heat; receiving at least a portion of the light in the photovoltaic power converter; and converting the light using a photovoltaic power converter Different forms of power; and output different forms of power. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a water arc plasma power system comprising: at least one closed reaction vessel; comprising H₂ O source and H₂ a reactant of at least one of O; at least one set of electrodes; for conveying the H₂ An initial high breakdown voltage of O and providing a subsequent high current power source; and a heat exchanger system, wherein the power system generates arc plasma, light, and thermal energy; and at least one photovoltaic power converter. Water in the form of a vapor can be supplied on or across the electrodes. The plasma may be permitted to expand into the low pressure region of the plasma battery to prevent suppression of low energy hydrogen reactions due to constraints. The arc electrode can include a spark plug design. The electrode may comprise at least one of copper, nickel, silver chromate and zinc for corrosion resistance, nickel, iron, nickel iron, chromium, precious metals, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum and palladium. In an embodiment, the water arc is maintained at a low water pressure, such as in at least one of about 0.01 Torr to 10 Torr and 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr. The pressure range can be maintained within a scope of the invention by means of the disclosure for the SF-CIHT battery. An exemplary component for supplying water vapor is a mass flow controller and includes H₂ At least one of the reservoirs of O, such as a hydrated zeolite or salt bath, such as venting gas H at a desired pressure range₂ O KOH solution. Water can be supplied by a syringe pump where delivery to a vacuum results in vaporization of the water. Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 100 A/cm² Or a power source of at least about 5,000 kW; a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive solid fuel, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver electrical power to the solid fuel, thereby producing a plasma; and at least one of a plasma power converter, a photovoltaic power converter, and a thermoelectric power converter positioned to receive at least a portion of the plasma, photons, and/or heat generated by the reaction. Other embodiments are directed to a power generation system comprising: a plurality of electrodes; a fuel loading zone located between the plurality of electrodes and configured to receive a conductive fuel, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to be sufficient to A conductive fuel is ignited and a current that produces at least one of plasma and thermal power is applied to the conductive fuel; a transfer mechanism for moving the conductive fuel into the fuel loading zone; and a photon to convert the plasma photon to a certain A form of power photovoltaic power converter or at least one of a thermo-electric power converter for converting thermal power into a non-thermal form of power, including electrical or mechanical power. Other embodiments are directed to a method of generating electrical power comprising: delivering a quantity of fuel to a fuel loading zone, wherein the fuel loading zone is between a plurality of electrodes; by applying at least about 2,000 A/cm to the plurality of electrodes² a current that causes the current to flow through the fuel to ignite the fuel, thereby producing at least one of plasma, light, and heat; receiving at least a portion of the light in the photovoltaic power converter; using a photovoltaic power converter The light is converted into different forms of power; and the different forms of power are output. Additional embodiments are directed to a power generation system comprising: a power source of at least about 5,000 kW; a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially surround the fuel, electrically coupled to the power source, configured to receive current Thereby igniting the fuel, and at least one of the plurality of electrodes is movable; a transport mechanism for moving the fuel; and configured to convert the plasma generated by the ignition of the fuel into a non-plasma form of power Photovoltaic power converter. The invention further provides a power generation system comprising: at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially surround the fuel, electrically coupled to the power source, configured to receive current to ignite the fuel, and at least one of the plurality of electrodes is Mobile; a transport mechanism for moving the fuel; and a photovoltaic power converter configured to convert plasma generated by ignition of the fuel into power in a non-plasma form. Another embodiment is directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 5,000 kW or at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes such that the at least An electrode compression mechanism is oriented toward the fuel loading zone, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically coupled to the power source and configured to power the fuel received in the fuel loading zone to ignite the fuel; A transfer mechanism in which fuel is moved into the fuel loading zone; and a photovoltaic power converter configured to convert photons produced by the ignition of the fuel into power in the form of non-photons. Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes such that the at least An electrode compression mechanism is oriented toward the fuel loading zone, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically coupled to the power source and configured to power the fuel received in the fuel loading zone to ignite the fuel; for the fuel a transfer mechanism moved into the fuel loading zone; and a plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated by the ignition of the fuel into a power in a non-plasma form. Embodiments of the present invention are also directed to a power generation system including: a plurality of electrodes; a fuel loading zone surrounded by the plurality of electrodes and configured to receive fuel, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to be located at the fuel loading Fuel ignition in the zone; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; a photovoltaic power converter configured to convert photons generated by the ignition of the fuel into power in the form of non-photons; a removal system in addition to the by-product of the ignited fuel; and a regeneration system operatively coupled to the removal system for recycling the by-product of the removed ignited fuel to the recirculated fuel . Certain embodiments of the present invention are also directed to a power generation system comprising: configured to output at least about 2,000 A/cm² a power source having a current of at least about 5,000 kW; a plurality of spaced apart electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and wherein the plurality Electrodes are configured to energize the fuel as it is received in the fuel loading zone to ignite the fuel; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; and configured to be A photovoltaic power converter that converts a plurality of photons generated by fuel ignition into a power in the form of non-photons. Some embodiments may further include one or more of: an output power terminal operatively coupled to the photovoltaic power converter; a power storage device; configured to measure at least one associated with the power generation system a sensor of the parameter; and a controller configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system. Certain embodiments of the present invention are also directed to a power generation system comprising: configured to output at least about 2,000 A/cm² a power source having a current of at least about 5,000 kW; a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially surround the fuel, electrically coupled to the power source, configured to receive current to ignite the fuel, and the plurality of At least one of the electrodes is moveable; a transport mechanism for moving the fuel; and a photovoltaic power converter configured to convert photons generated by the ignition of the fuel into different forms of power. Additional embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 5,000 kW or at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to The fuel is ignited to the fuel as it is received in the fuel loading zone; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; configured to convert a plurality of photons generated by the ignition of the fuel a photovoltaic power converter in the form of a non-photon form; a sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system; and configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system Controller. Further embodiments are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to The fuel is ignited to the fuel as it is received in the fuel loading zone; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; configured to convert the plasma generated by the ignition of the fuel into a plasma power converter of non-plasma form power; a sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system; and configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system Controller. Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 5,000 kW or at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to The fuel is ignited to the fuel as it is received in the fuel loading zone, and wherein the pressure in the fuel loading zone is a partial vacuum; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; A photovoltaic power converter configured to convert the plasma produced by the ignition of the fuel into a power in the form of a non-plasma. Some embodiments may include one or more of the following additional features: a photovoltaic power converter may be located within the vacuum unit; the photovoltaic power converter may include an anti-reflective coating, an optical impedance matching coating, or a protective coating At least one; the photovoltaic power converter can be operatively coupled to a cleaning system configured to clean at least a portion of the photovoltaic power converter; the power generation system can include an optical filter; the photovoltaic power The converter may include a single crystal battery, a polycrystalline battery, an amorphous battery, a string/belt battery, a multi-junction battery, a homojunction battery, a heterojunction battery, a pin device, a thin film battery, a dye-sensitized battery, and At least one of the organic photovoltaic cells; and the photovoltaic power converter may comprise a multi-junction battery, wherein the multi-junction battery comprises an inverted battery, a vertical battery, a lattice mismatch battery, a lattice matching battery, and At least one of the batteries comprising the III-V semiconductor material. Additional exemplary embodiments are directed to a system configured to generate electrical power, comprising: a fuel supply configured to supply fuel; a power supply configured to supply electrical power; and at least one pair configured An electrode that receives fuel and electrical power, wherein the electrodes selectively direct electrical power to a localized region surrounding the electrode to ignite fuel within the localized region. Some embodiments are directed to a method of generating electrical power comprising: supplying fuel to an electrode; supplying current to the electrode to ignite the positioned fuel to generate energy; and converting at least some of the energy generated by the ignition to electrical power. Other embodiments are directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 2,000 A/cm² a plurality of spaced apart electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; a fuel loading zone configured to receive fuel, wherein the fuel loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to The fuel is ignited to the fuel as it is received in the fuel loading zone, and wherein the pressure in the fuel loading zone is a partial vacuum; a transfer mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel loading zone; A photovoltaic power converter configured to convert the plasma produced by the ignition of the fuel into a power in the form of a non-plasma. A further embodiment is directed to a power generation unit comprising: an exit aperture coupled to a vacuum pump; a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled to a power source of at least about 5,000 kW; configured to receive primarily H₂ a water-based fuel-loading zone of O, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver power to the water-based fuel to produce at least one of arc plasma and thermal power; and configured to A portion of the arc plasma and at least a portion of the thermal power is converted to a power converter of electrical power. Also disclosed is a power generation system comprising: at least about 5,000 A/cm² a power source; a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled to the power source; configured to receive primarily H₂ a water-based fuel-loading zone of O, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver power to the water-based fuel to produce at least one of arc plasma and thermal power; and configured to A portion of the arc plasma and at least a portion of the thermal power is converted to a power converter of electrical power. In an embodiment, the power converter includes a photovoltaic converter that converts optical power into electricity. Additional embodiments are directed to a method of producing electrical power comprising: loading fuel into a fuel loading zone, wherein the fuel loading zone includes a plurality of electrodes; at least about 2,000 A/cm² Applying a current to the plurality of electrodes to ignite the fuel to produce at least one of arc plasma and thermal power; performing at least one of: passing the arc plasma through a photovoltaic converter to generate electrical power, and The thermal power is passed through a thermo-electric converter to generate electrical power; and at least a portion of the generated electrical power is output. Also disclosed is a power generation system comprising: a power source of at least about 5,000 kW; a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled to the power source, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver electrical power to primarily include H₂ a water-based fuel, thereby generating thermal power; and a heat exchanger configured to convert at least a portion of the thermal power to electrical power; and photovoltaic power configured to convert at least a portion of the light into electrical power converter. Additionally, another embodiment is directed to a power generation system comprising: at least about 5,000 A/cm² Power supply; a plurality of spaced apart electrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism; configured to receive primarily H₂ a fuel-loading zone of water-based fuel, wherein the fuel-loading zone is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes such that a compression mechanism of the at least one electrode is oriented toward the fuel-loading zone, and wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically connected to the power source and Configuring to ignite water-based fuel received in the fuel-loading zone to ignite the fuel; transfer mechanism for moving the water-based fuel into the fuel-loading zone; and configured to be A plasma-powered power converter that converts plasma generated by fuel ignition into power in a non-plasma form. A catalyst system for releasing energy from atomic hydrogen to form a lower energy state is disclosed herein, wherein the electronic housing is in a relatively close position relative to the core. The released power is used to generate electricity, and in addition, the novel hydrogen species and compounds are the desired products. These energy states are predicted by classical laws of physics and require a catalyst to accept energy from hydrogen for a corresponding energy release transition. Classical physics gives a closed-form solution for a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen anion, a hydrogen molecular ion, and a hydrogen molecule, and predicts a corresponding substance having a fractional primary quantum number. Atomic hydrogen can undergo a catalytic reaction with certain substances, including itself, which accepts an integral multiple of the energy of the atomic hydrogen m·27.2 eV, where m is an integer. The predicted reaction involves the transfer of resonant non-radiative energy from the originally stabilized atomic hydrogen to a catalyst capable of accepting this energy. The product is H(1/p), and the fraction of atomic hydrogen is obtained from the fractional Rydberg state, which is called "low-energy hydrogen atom". Among the equations used in the excited state of hydrogen, n=1/ 2. 1/3, 1/4, ..., 1/p (p ≤ 137, an integer) replace the well-known parameter n = integer. Each low-energy hydrogen state also contains electrons, protons, and photons, but the field fraction from photons increases binding energy rather than reducing binding energy, which corresponds to energy desorption rather than absorption. Because the atomic hydrogen can be 27.2 eV, som OneH The atom acts as the otherm + 1) A catalyst having a H atom of m·27.2 eV [1]. For example, a H atom can act as a catalyst by accepting 27.2 eV from another H via energy transfer across space (such as by magnetic or induced electric dipole-dipole coupling), thereby forming a continuum band. A decaying intermediate that has a short wavelength cutoff and energy. In addition to the atom H, a molecule that accepts m · 27.2 eV from the atom H and the molecular energy value decreases by the same energy can also act as a catalyst. H₂ The position of O can be 81.6 eV. Subsequently, by the same mechanism, the nascent H formed by the thermodynamically favorable reduction of the metal oxide is predicted.₂ O molecules (not hydrogen bonded in a solid, liquid or gaseous state) act as a catalyst to form 204 eV energy (containing 81.6 eV to HOH) and release continuous radiation (122.4 eV) with a cutoff at 10.1 nm.H (1/4). Involving the transition toStateH In the atomic catalyst reaction,m OneH The atom acts as anotherm + 1 ) H atoms have m · 27.2eV Catalyst. Subsequently,m Atom borrowed from the firstm +1 ) A hydrogen atom accepts m · 27.2 in a resonant and non-radiative mannereV Makem OneH Acting as a catalystm The reaction between +1 hydrogen atoms is given by: And the total response isAbout New Life H₂ O [1] potential energy, catalytic reaction (m =3) isAnd the total response isAfter the energy is transferred to the catalyst (equations (1) and (5)), an intermediate having a central radius of the H atom radius and m + 1 times the proton center field is formed.. The predicted radius decreases as the electron undergoes radial acceleration until the radius is a steady state of 1/(m + 1) of the radius of the uncatalyzed hydrogen atom, and m is released² · 13.6 eV energy. Forecast is attributed toIntermediates (eg, the far ultraviolet continuous radiation bands of equations (2) and (6) have short wavelength cutoffs and are given by the energy given below:And extending to a longer wavelength than the corresponding cutoff. Here, due to H*[a_H /4] The far-ultraviolet continuous radiation band caused by the attenuation of the intermediate is predicted to be at E = m² · 13.6 = 9·13.6 = 122.4 eV (10.1 nm) has a short wavelength cutoff [where in equation (9), p = m + 1 = 4 and m = 3] and extends to longer wavelengths. A continuous radiation band at 10.1 nm is observed, and for a theoretically predicted transition from H to lower energy (the so-called "low energy hydrogen" state H (1/4)) reaches a longer wavelength, which consists only of some Hydrogen pulse pinch gas discharge caused. Another observation predicted by equations (1) and (5) is self-fast H⁺ The recombination forms a fast excited state H atom. These fast atoms produce a broadened Baal alpha emission. A well-known phenomenon of Barley alpha line broadening of more than 50 eV with a population of very high kinetic energy hydrogen atoms in certain mixed hydrogen plasmas is disclosed, the reason for which is due to the release in the formation of low energy hydrogen. energy. A fast H was observed in the continuous emission of hydrogen pinch plasma. Additional catalysts and reaction systems that form low energy hydrogen are possible. Specific substances that can be identified based on known electron energy levels (eg, He⁺ , Ar⁺ , Sr⁺ , K, Li, HCl and NaH, OH, SH, SeH, nascent H₂ O, nH (n = integer)) need to be present together with atomic hydrogen to catalyze the process. The reaction involves non-radiative energy transfer followed by a continuous emission of q·13.6 eV or q·13.6 eV to H to form an extremely hot excited state H and a hydrogen atom whose energy is lower than the fractional main quantum number Unreacted atomic hydrogen. That is, in the formula of the main energy level of a hydrogen atom:among thema _H Is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom (52.947 pm),e Is the magnitude of the electrical charge, andε _o For vacuum permittivity, fractional quantum number:Where p ≤ 137 is an integer (12) a well-known parameter in the Rydberg equation that replaces the excited state of hydrogenn = integer and represents a lower energy hydrogen atom called "low energy hydrogen". HydrogenState and hydrogenThe state is non-radiative, but the transition between the two non-radiative states, such asn = 1 ton = 1/2, which may occur via non-radiative energy transfer. Hydrogen is a special case of the steady state given by equations (10) and (12), wherein the corresponding radius of hydrogen or low-energy hydrogen atoms is given by:, (13) wherep = 1, 2, 3, .... In order to conserve energy, energy must be in the ordinaryn = 1 The integer energy of the hydrogen atom in the state is transmitted from the hydrogen atom to the catalyst, and the radius transitions to. Low energy hydrogen is formed by reacting a common hydrogen atom with a suitable catalyst having the following reaction: m • 27.2 eV (14)m Is an integer. It is believed that as the reaction nets match more closelym • 27.2eV The rate of catalysis increases. The reaction has been found and the reaction is netm • 27.2eV The catalyst within ±10% (preferably ±5%) is suitable for most applications. The catalytic reaction involves two steps of energy release: non-radiative energy is transferred to the catalyst, and then as the radius decreases, additional energy is released until the corresponding stable final state is reached. Therefore, the overall response is given by: And (17) the overall response is q ,r ,m andp Is an integer.Has a radius of hydrogen atoms (corresponding to 1 in the denominator) and is equal to the central field of the proton (m +p ) times the center field, andRadius isH ItCorresponding to steady state. Catalyst productH (l/p ) can also react with electrons to form low-energy hydrogen hydride anionsH ^- (l/p ), or twoH (l/p ) Reaction can occur to form a corresponding molecular low-energy hydrogen H₂ (l/p ). Specifically, the catalyst productH (l/p ) can also react with electrons to form binding energyE _B Novel hydrogen anionH ^- (l/p ).among themp = Integer > 1,s = 1/2,For Planck's constant bar,Is the permeability of the vacuum,m _e For the quality of electronics,ForGiven the electronic quality of the reduction,m _p For the quality of protons,a _o Is the Bohr radius and the ionic radius is. According to equation (19), the calculated ionization energy of the hydrogen anion is 0.75418eV And the experimental value is 6082.99 ± 0.15Cm ^{- 1} (0.75418 eV). The binding energy of the low energy hydrino hydride ion can be measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The NMR peaks to high magnetic field shifts have direct evidence of lower energy states of hydrogen with decreasing cation radius and increased diamagnetic shielding of protons. The displacement is given by the sum of the kinetics of the two electrons and the photon field of amplitude p (Mills GUTCP equation (7.87)):The first of these applies toH ^- Which forH ^- (l /p ),p = 1 andp = integer >1, andα For fine structure constants. The predicted low energy hydrino hydride peak is abnormally displaced to a high magnetic field relative to a common hydride anion. In an embodiment, the peak is a high magnetic field of TMS. The NMR shift relative to TMS can be greater than the normal H for individual or constituent compounds.^- , H, H₂ Or H⁺ At least one of the known NMR shifts. The displacement may be greater than at least one of: 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, - 13,-14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, - 22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -34, -35, -36, -37, -38, -39, and -40 ppm. The range of absolute displacement relative to bare protons (where the displacement of TMS is about -31.5 relative to bare protons) can be -(p29.9 + p² 2.74) ppm (Equation (20)), which is in the range of at least one of the following: ± 5 ppm, ± 10 ppm, ± 20 ppm, ± 30 ppm, ± 40 ppm, ± 50 ppm, ± 60 ppm ± 70 ppm, ± 80 ppm, ± 90 ppm and ± 100 ppm. The absolute displacement relative to the bare proton can be -(p29.9 + p² 1.59 × 10^{- 3} ) ppm (equation (20)), which is in the range of at least one of: 0.1% to 99%, 1% to 50%, and 1% to 10%. In another embodiment, the presence of a low energy hydrogen species (such as a low energy hydrogen atom, a hydrogen anion or a molecule) in a solid substrate, such as a substrate such as a hydroxide of NaOH or KOH, causes the matrix protons to go to a high magnetic field. Displacement. Matrix protons (such as matrix protons of NaOH or KOH) can be exchanged. In an embodiment, the displacement can cause the matrix peak to be in the range of about -0.1 ppm to -5 ppm relative to TMS. NMR measurements can include magic angle rotation ¹ H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ¹ H NMR).H (l/p ) can react with protons and twoH (l/p Can react to form separatelyH ₂ (l / p)⁺ andH ₂ (l/p ). Under the non-radiation constraint, the hydrogen molecule ion and molecular charge and current density function, bond distance and energy are solved according to the Laplacian in the elliptic coordinates.+ at each focus of the long sphere molecular orbitalPe The total energy of the hydrogen molecular ions in the central fieldE _T for:among themp As an integer,c Is the speed of light in a vacuum, andμ The nuclear quality for the contract. + at each focus of the long sphere molecular orbitalPe The total energy of the hydrogen molecules in the central field is:Hydrogen moleculeH ₂ (1/p ) Key dissociation energyE _D Corresponding to the total energy of the hydrogen atomE _T The difference between.among them E _D Given by equation (23-25): H ₂ (1/p ) can be identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), wherein the ionization product other than ionized electrons can be, for example, comprising two protons and electrons (hydrogen (H) atoms, low energy hydrogen atoms, molecular ions, hydrogen molecular ions, andH ₂ (1/p)⁺ At least one of the possibilities, wherein the energy can be displaced by the matrix. NMR of catalytic product gasH ₂ (1/p Deterministic test of theoretically predicted chemical shifts. In general, due to the fractional radius in the elliptical coordinates,H ₂ (1/p )¹ H NMR resonance is predicted to be selfH ₂ of¹ H The NMR resonance is directed towards a high magnetic field where the electrons are significantly closer to the nucleus. Given by the sum of the diamagnetic properties of two electrons and the photon field of amplitude pH ₂ (1/p Predicted displacement(Mills GUTCP equation (11.415-11.416)):The first of these applies toH ₂ Which forH ₂ (1/p ),p = 1 andp = integer >1. Experimental absoluteH ₂ The gas phase resonance displacement of -28.0 ppm is consistent with the predicted absolute gas phase shift of -2.801 ppm (Equation (28)). The predicted molecular low-energy hydrogen peak relative to normal H₂ Abnormally displaced to a high magnetic field. In an embodiment, the peak is a high magnetic field of TMS. The NMR shift relative to TMS can be greater than the normal H for individual or constituent compounds.^- , H, H₂ Or H⁺ At least one of the known NMR shifts. The displacement may be greater than at least one of: 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, - 13,-14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, - 22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -34, -35, -36, -37, -38, -39, and -40 ppm. The range of absolute displacement relative to bare protons (where the displacement of TMS is about -31.5 ppm relative to bare protons) can be -(p28.01 + p² 2.56) ppm (Equation (28)), which is in the range of at least one of: ± 5 ppm, ± 10 ppm, ± 20 ppm, ± 30 ppm, ± 40 ppm, ± 50 ppm, ± 60 ppm ± 70 ppm, ± 80 ppm, ± 90 ppm and ± 100 ppm. The absolute displacement relative to the bare proton can be -(p28.01 + p² 1.49 × 10^{- 3} Ppm (equation (28)), which is in the range of at least one of: 0.1% to 99%, 1% to 50%, and 1% to 10%. Hydrogen donorH ₂ (1/p )fromv = 0 transition tov = 1 vibration energyE _Vib for:among themp Is an integer. Hydrogen donorH ₂ (1/p )fromJ Transition toJ +1 rotation energyE _{ra t} for:among themp Is an integer andI It is the moment of inertia. Observed for electron beam excitation molecules in gas and trapped in a solid matrixH ₂ (1/4) of the vibration transmission. Inverse by the distance between the coresp Correlation and inertia momentI Corresponding influencep ² Correlation.H ₂ (1/p Predicted internuclear distance2c 'forH₂ At least one of the rotational and vibrational energy of (1/p) can be measured by excitation emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. H₂ (1/p) can be trapped in the matrix (such as MOH, MX and M₂ CO₃ (M = alkali metal; X = halide) in at least one of the matrices) for measurement. In the examples, observed as approximately 1950 cm^{- 1} The molecular low-energy hydrogen product of the inverse Raman effect (IRE) peak. The peak is enhanced by using a conductive material comprising a roughness characteristic or particle size comparable to the Raman laser wavelength supporting surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to exhibit an IRE peak.I . catalyst In the present invention, such as low-energy hydrogen reaction, H-catalysis, H-catalyzed reaction, catalysis when hydrogen is mentioned, hydrogen reaction for forming low-energy hydrogen, and low-energy hydrogen formation reaction all mean, for example, the following reaction: by the equation (14) Equations (15) to (18) of the defined catalyst are reacted with the atom H to form a hydrogen state having the energy levels given by the equations (10) and (12). When referring to performing a reaction mixture that catalyzes H to an H state or a low energy hydrogen state having the energy levels given by equations (10) and (12), such as a low energy hydrogen reactant, a low energy hydrogen reaction mixture, a catalyst Corresponding terms for mixing, reactants for low energy hydrogen formation, reactants for generating or forming low energy hydrogen or low energy hydrogen are also used interchangeably. The catalytic low energy hydrogen transition of the present invention requires a catalyst that receives energy from atom H to cause a transition, which can be an uncatalyzed atomic hydrogen potential of 27.2.eV Integerm The form of the endothermic chemical reaction. An endothermic catalyst reaction can ionize one or more electrons from a substance such as an atom or an ion (eg, for,m = 3), and may further comprise a bond cleavage and a synergistic reaction of ionizing one or more electrons from one or more initial bond mate (eg, for,m = 2). He ⁺ Because with 54.417eV (for 2 • 27.2eV ) ionization, so it meets the catalyst criterion - 焓 is equal to 27.2eV An integral multiple of a chemical or physical process. An integer number of hydrogen atoms can also act as 27.2eV An integer multiple of the catalyst. The catalyst is capable of accepting about 27.2 eV ± 0.5 eV from atomic hydrogen andThe energy of an integer unit of one of them. In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises an atom or an ion M, whereint Electrons from ions or ions M are each ionized to a continuous energy level such thatt The sum of the ionization energies of the electrons is roughlym • 27.2eV andOne of them, of whichm Is an integer. In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises a diatomic molecule MH wherein the M-H bond is brokent Electrons from the atom M respectively ionize to a continuous energy levelt The sum of the bond energy and the ionization energy of an electron is roughlym • 27.2eV andOne of them, of whichm Is an integer. In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises atoms, ions, and/or is selected from the group consisting of molecules AlH, AsH, BaH, BiH, CdH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, NbH, OH, RhH, RuH, SH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, SrH, TlH,C ₂ ,N ₂ ,O ₂ ,C O ₂ ,N O ₂ andNO ₃ Molecules and the following atoms or ions: Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd , Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K ⁺ ,He ⁺ ,Ti ²⁺ ,Na ⁺ ,Rb ⁺ ,Sr ⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ,M o ²⁺ ,Mo ⁴⁺ ,In ³⁺ ,He ⁺ ,Ar ⁺ ,Xe ⁺ ,Ar ²⁺ andH ⁺ ,andNe ⁺ as well asH ⁺ . In other embodiments, the MH for producing low energy hydrogen is provided by^- Type hydrogen catalyst: transfer electrons to the receptor A, M-H bond break plust Electrons are ionized to a continuous level, such that the electron transfer energy, M-H bond energy, and the difference in electron affinity (EA) between MH and A aret The sum of the ionization energies of electrons from M ionization is aboutm• 27.2eV ,among themm Is an integer. Able to providem• 27.2eV Reactive MH^- Type hydrogen catalyst is OH^- , SiH^- CoH^- NiH^- And SeH^- . In other embodiments, the MH for producing low energy hydrogen is provided by⁺ Type hydrogen catalyst: electrons are transferred from donor A with negative charge, and M-H bond is broken.t Each electron is ionized to a continuous energy level from the atom M, such that the electron transfer energy, M-H bond energy, and the difference between the ionization energies of MH and A aret The sum of the ionization energies of electrons from M ionization is aboutm• 27.2eV ,among themm Is an integer. In an embodiment, at least one of a molecule or a positively or negatively charged molecular ion acts as a catalyst for accepting about m27.2 eV from atom H, wherein the molecular or positively charged or negatively charged molecular ion has a potential energy value. Reduce it by about m27.2 eV. An exemplary catalyst is H₂ O, OH, guanamine NH₂ And H₂ S. O₂ Can act as a catalyst or source of catalyst. The bond energy of oxygen molecules is 5.165 eV, and the first, second and third ionization energies of oxygen atoms are 13.61806, respectively.eV , 35.11730eV And 54.9355eV . reactionandProvided separatelyE _h About 2 times, 4 times, and 1 times the net enthalpy and contains a catalyst reaction to form low energy hydrogen by accepting such energy from H to form low energy hydrogen.II . Low energy hydrogen HaveThe hydrogen atom giving the binding energy (where p is greater than 1, preferably from 2 to 137) is the product of the H catalytic reaction of the present invention. The binding energy of atoms, ions, or molecules (also known as ionizing energy) is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, ion, or molecule. The hydrogen atoms having the binding energies given in equations (10) and (12) are hereinafter referred to as "low-energy hydrogen atoms" or "low-energy hydrogens". With radiusThe low energy hydrogen is identified as,among thema _H Is the radius of a common hydrogen atom andp Is an integer. With radiusa _H The hydrogen atom is hereinafter referred to as "ordinary hydrogen atom" or "normal hydrogen atom". Ordinary atomic hydrogen is characterized by a binding energy of 13.6 eV. According to the present invention, there is provided a low energy hydrino hydride (H) having a binding energy according to equation (19)^- ), the binding energy forp = 2 up to 23 is greater than and forp = 24 (H^- ) is less than the binding energy of an ordinary hydrogen anion (about 0.75 eV). For equation (19)p = 2 top = 24, the hydrogen anion binding energy is 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.6, 72.4, 71.6, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8, 47.1, 34.7, 19.3 and 0.69 eV. Exemplary compositions comprising novel hydrogen anions are also provided herein. Exemplary complexes comprising one or more low energy hydrino hydride ions and one or more other elements are also provided. Such compounds are known as "low energy hydrogen hydrides". Ordinary hydrogen species are characterized by the following binding energies: (a) a hydrogen anion, 0.754 eV ("ordinary hydrogen anion"); (b) a hydrogen atom ("ordinary hydrogen atom"), 13.6 eV; (c) a diatomic hydrogen molecule, 15.3 eV ("ordinary hydrogen molecule"); (d) hydrogen molecular ion, 16.3 eV ("normal hydrogen molecular ion"); and (e), 22.6 eV ("Ordinary trihydrogen molecular ion"). In this paper, "normal" is synonymous with "ordinary" with respect to the form of hydrogen. According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a compound comprising at least one hydrogen species having increased binding energy, such as: (a) a hydrogen atom having about(such as ina binding energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, wherein p is an integer from 2 to 137; (b) a hydride anion (H ^- ), it has about(such as ina binding energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, wherein p is an integer from 2 to 24; (c)(d) three low energy hydrogen molecular ionsIt has about eV (such as in eV a binding energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, wherein p is an integer from 2 to 137; (e) a di-low energy hydrogen having about eV (such as in eV a binding energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, wherein p is an integer from 2 to 137; (f) a di-low energy hydrogen molecular ion having about eV (such as in eV The binding energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, wherein p is an integer, preferably an integer from 2 to 137. According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a compound comprising at least one hydrogen species having increased binding energy, such as: (a) a di-low energy hydrogen molecular ion having about(such as inTotal energy in the range of about 0.9 times to 1.1 times, wherep As an integer,For the Planck constant term,m _e For the quality of electronics,c Is the speed of light in a vacuum, andμ a reduced nuclear mass, and (b) a two-low energy hydrogen molecule having about(such as inTotal energy in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times, of whichp Is an integer anda _o For the Bohr radius. According to an embodiment of the invention wherein the compound comprises a negatively charged binding energy, the compound further comprises one or more cations, such as protons,Or ordinary. Provided herein is a method for preparing a compound comprising at least one low energy hydrino hydride anion. Such compounds are referred to below as "low energy hydrogen hydrides". The method comprises causing atomic hydrogen to react with the reactionCatalyst reaction wherein m is an integer greater than 1, preferably less than 400, such that the binding energy is abouta combination of increased hydrogen atoms, of whichp It is an integer, preferably an integer from 2 to 137. Another catalytic product is energy. A hydrogen atom with increased binding energy can react with an electron source to produce a hydrogen anion with increased binding energy. The hydride anion which is increased in binding energy can react with one or more cations to produce a compound comprising at least one hydrogen anion having increased binding energy. The novel hydrogen composition material may comprise: (a) at least one hydrogen species having a neutral, positive or negative binding energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") (i) greater than a combination of corresponding ordinary hydrogen species Energy, or (ii) greater than any hydrogen species in the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species because the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen species is less than the environmental conditions (standard temperature and pressure, STP), the thermal energy is negative or unstable or not observed And (b) at least one other element. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy". In this context, "other elements" means elements other than hydrogen species that can be combined with increased energy. Therefore, other elements may be ordinary hydrogen species, or any element other than hydrogen. In a group of compounds, other elements and hydrogen species with increased binding energy are neutral. In another group of compounds, other elements and hydrogen species with increased binding energy are charged such that other elements provide an equilibrium charge to form a neutral compound. The former group of compounds is characterized by molecular and coordinate bonding; the latter group is characterized by ionic bonding. Novel compounds and molecular ions are also provided, which comprise: (a) at least one hydrogen species having a neutral, positive or negative total energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") (i) greater than the corresponding ordinary hydrogen The total energy of the substance, or (ii) greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species in the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species because the total energy of the ordinary hydrogen species is less than the thermal energy under ambient conditions or is unstable or unobservable; and (b) At least one other element. The total energy of the hydrogen species is the sum of the energy of all electrons removed from the hydrogen species. The total energy of the hydrogen species according to the invention is greater than the total energy of the corresponding normal hydrogen species. The hydrogen species having an increased total energy according to the present invention is also referred to as "a hydrogen species having increased binding energy", and even some embodiments of the hydrogen species having a total energy increase may have a smaller binding energy than the first electron of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species. An electron binding energy. For example,p = The first binding energy of the hydride anion of Equation (19) of 24 is smaller than the first binding energy of the common hydride anion, andp The total energy of the hydride anion of equation (19) = 24 is much greater than the total energy of the corresponding common hydride anion. Also provided herein are novel compounds and molecular ions comprising: (a) a plurality of hydrogen species having a neutral, positive or negative binding energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") (i) greater than corresponding The binding energy of the hydrogen species, or (ii) the binding energy of any hydrogen species when the binding energy of the corresponding hydrogen species is less than or equal to the thermal energy under ambient conditions; and (b) ) Another element chosen as appropriate. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy". By at least one of one or more low-energy hydrogen atoms and electrons, low-energy hydrogen atoms, hydrogen species having increased binding energy, and at least one other atom, molecule or One or more of the ionic compounds react to form a hydrogen species with increased binding energy. Novel compounds and molecular ions are also provided, which comprise: (a) a plurality of hydrogen species having a neutral, positive or negative total energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy" (i) greater than ordinary molecular hydrogen The total energy, or (ii) greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species in the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species because the total energy of the ordinary hydrogen species is less than or less than the thermal energy under ambient conditions; and (b) as appropriate A further element selected. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy." In the examples, there is provided a compound comprising at least one hydrogen species having an increased binding energy selected from the group consisting of: (a According to the combination of equation (19)p = 2 until 23 is greater than and forp = 24 is less than the binding energy of the common hydrogen anion (about 0.8 eV) of hydrogen anion ("hydrogen anion with increased binding energy" or "low energy hydrogen hydride anion"); (b) binding energy is greater than the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen atoms (about 13.6 eV) hydrogen atom ("hydrogen atom with increased binding energy" or "low energy hydrogen"); (c) hydrogen molecule having a first binding energy greater than about 15.3 eV ("hydrogen molecule with increased binding energy" or " Two low-energy hydrogens) or (d) molecular hydrogen ions ("molecular hydrogen ions with increased binding energy" or "two low-energy hydrogen molecular ions") having a binding energy greater than about 16.3 eV. In the present invention, hydrogen species and compounds which are combined with increased energy are also referred to as low energy hydrogen species and compounds. Low energy hydrogen contains a hydrogen species that binds to an increased hydrogen species or an equivalent lower energy.III . Chemical reactor The present invention is also directed to other reactors for producing hydrogen species and compounds having increased binding energy of the present invention, such as two low energy hydrogen molecules and low energy hydrogen hydrides. Other catalytic products are power and (optionally) plasma and light depending on the type of battery. Such a reactor is hereinafter referred to as a "hydrogen reactor" or a "hydrogen battery." The hydrogen reactor contains a battery for making low energy hydrogen. The battery for making low-energy hydrogen may take the form of a chemical reactor or a gas fuel cell (such as a gas discharge battery), a plasma torch battery or a microwave power battery, and an electrochemical battery. In an embodiment, the catalyst is HOH and the source of at least one of HOH and H is ice. In an embodiment, the battery comprises an arc discharge battery comprising ice and at least one electrode such that the discharge involves at least a portion of the ice. In an embodiment, the arc discharge battery comprises a vessel, two electrodes, a high voltage power source (such as a power source capable of having a voltage in the range of about 100 V to 1 MV and a current in the range of about 1 A to 100 kA) And water sources (such as reservoirs and forming and supplying H₂ O droplet component). Droplets can be transported between the electrodes. In an embodiment, the droplets initiate ignition of the arc plasma. In an embodiment, the water arc plasma comprises H and HOH that can react to form low energy hydrogen. The firing rate and corresponding power ratio can be controlled by controlling the droplet size and the rate at which the droplets are supplied to the electrodes. The high voltage source can include at least one high voltage capacitor that can be charged by a high voltage power supply. In an embodiment, the arc discharge cell further comprises components such as a power converter, such as the power converter of the present invention, such as a PV converter and to convert power from low energy hydrogen processes, such as light and heat, into electricity. At least one of the heat engines. An exemplary embodiment of a battery for making low energy hydrogen can take the form of a liquid fuel cell, a solid fuel cell, a heterogeneous fuel cell, a CIHT battery, and an SF-CIHT or SunCell® battery. Each of the batteries comprises: (i) an atomic hydrogen source; (ii) at least one catalyst for making low energy hydrogen selected from the group consisting of a solid catalyst, a molten catalyst, a liquid catalyst, a gaseous catalyst, or a mixture thereof; (iii) a vessel for reacting hydrogen with a catalyst for producing low energy hydrogen. As used herein and as intended by the present invention, unless otherwise specified, the term "hydrogen" includes not only 氕 (¹ H ), and including 氘 (² H ) and 氚 (³ H ). Exemplary chemical reaction mixtures and reactors can comprise the SF-CIHT, CIHT or thermal battery embodiments of the present invention. Additional illustrative examples are given in this chemical reactor section. In the present invention, H is formed during the reaction of the mixture.₂ An example of a reaction mixture of O as a catalyst. Other catalysts can be used to form binding energy and hydrogen species and compounds. Can be in, for example, reactants, wt% of reactants, H₂ The parameters of the pressure and reaction temperature are adjusted according to these exemplary conditions. Suitable reactants, conditions and ranges of parameters are within the scope of the reactants, conditions and parameters of the invention. Ultra-high H kinetic energy, H-line reversal, and no breakdown electric field, which cannot be explained by the continuous radiation band of an integer multiple of the predicted 13.6 eV, which is measured by the Doppler line broadening of the H line. The formation of a plasma and the duration of the irregular plasma afterglow as reported in the previous publication of Mills shows that the low energy hydrogen and molecular low energy hydrogen are the products of the reactor of the present invention. Information such as data on CIHT batteries and solid fuels has been independently verified by other researchers on the field. The formation of low-energy hydrogen from the battery of the present invention is also evidenced by the continuous output of electrical energy over a longer duration, which is a multiple of the electrical input, which in most cases exceeds the input without the alternative source. 10 times or more. Molecular low energy hydrogen H₂ (1/4) identified as a product of a CIHT cell and a solid fuel by MAS H NMR, which exhibits a predicted matrix peak of about -4.4 ppm to a high magnetic field shift; ToF-SIMS and ESI- ToFMS, which shows H₂ (1/4) is combined with the gas-gathering agent matrix to become m/e=M+n2 peak, where M is the mass of the parent ion and n is an integer; electron beam excitation emission spectroscopy and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy analysis Forecasted with H₂ H times the energy 16 times or the quantum number p=4 square multiple₂ (1/4) rotation and vibrational spectra; Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, showing 1950 cm^{- 1} H₂ (1/4) of the rotational energy, which is H₂ 16 times the rotational energy or squared multiple of the quantum number p=4; XPS, which shows the predicted 500 eV of H₂ (1/4) of the total binding energy; and the ToF-SIMS peak of the arrival time before the m/e=1 peak, the m/e=1 peak corresponding to a kinetic energy of about 204 eV H, which will predict the H to The energy release of H(1/4) matches the energy delivered to the third body H, as reported below: Mills' previous publication and R. Mills X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. He, J Lotoski's "Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Cell", International Journal of Energy Research, (2013) and R. Mills, J. Lotoski, J. Kong, G Chu, J. He, J. Trevey - Power-Density Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Cell" (2014), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Using the water flow meter and the Setaram DSC 131 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), the battery of the present invention was confirmed by observing thermal energy exceeding 60 times the maximum theoretical energy from the solid fuel forming low energy hydrogen ( A low energy hydrogen is formed, such as a battery containing a solid fuel for generating thermal power. MAS H NMR exhibited a predicted H of about -4.4 ppm₂ (1/4) High magnetic field matrix displacement. Starting at 1950 cm^{- 1} Raman peak matching H₂ (1/4) free space rotation energy (0.2414 eV). These results are reported in the previous publication by Mills and in "Solid Fuels that Form HOH Catalyst" (2014) by R. Mills, J. Lotoski, W. Good, J. He, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.IV . Solid fuel catalyst induced low energy hydrogen transition ( SF - CIHT ) Battery and power converter In an embodiment, the power system generating at least one of direct electrical energy and thermal energy comprises: at least one container; a reactant comprising: (a) at least one comprising a nascent H₂ a catalyst source or catalyst of O; (b) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and (c) at least one of a conductor and a conductive matrix; and at least one electrode for constraining the low energy hydrogen reactant; a power supply for transmitting short pulses of high current electrical energy; a heavy duty system; at least one system for regenerating the initial reactants from the reaction product; and at least one direct converter, such as at least one of the following: a plasma-to-electrical converter (eg, PDC); magnetic fluid power converter; photovoltaic converter; optical rectenna, such as A. Sharma, V. Singh, TL Bougher, BA Cola "A carbon nanotube optical rectenna". Optical rectifying antennas as reported in Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, (2015), pp. 1027-1032, doi: 10.1038/nnano. 2015.220, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; and at least one thermo-electrical power conversion Device. In another embodiment, the container can have a pressure of at least one of atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure. In an embodiment, the regeneration system can include at least one of a hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical system. In another embodiment, the at least one direct plasma-to-electric converter may comprise at least one of the group consisting of: a plasma power converter,Direct converters, magnetohydrodynamic power converters, magnetic mirror magnetic fluid power converters, charge drift converters, rod or louvered power converters, magnetic coils, photon bunched microwave power converters, and opto-electrical converters. In another embodiment, the at least one thermo-electric converter may comprise at least one of the group consisting of: a heat engine, a steam engine, a steam turbine and a generator, a gas turbine and a generator, a Rankine cycle engine, and a brake The cycle engine, the Stirling engine, the thermionic power converter and the thermoelectric power converter. SunCell® can contain multiple electrodes. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction occurs selectively at a polarized electrode such as a positive electrode. This reaction selectivity can be attributed to the higher kinetics of the low energy hydrogen reaction at the positive bias electrode. In an embodiment, at least one component of the SunCell®, such as the wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, can be positively biased to increase the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. The SunCell® can include a conductive reservoir 5c coupled to the lower hemisphere 5b41 of the blackbody radiator, wherein the reservoir is positively biased. The bias voltage can be achieved by contact between the molten metal in the reservoir 5c and at least one of the positively biased EM pump tubes 5k6 and 5k61. The EM can be positively biased via the connection of the ignition solenoid pump busbar 5k2a to the positive terminal of the power source 2. Ignition can cause the release of high power EUV light that ionizes the photoactive electrode to generate a voltage at the electrode. The ignition plasma can be light thick for EUV light such that EUV light can be selectively confined to the positive electrode to further cause selective limitations on the photoelectron effect at the positive electrode. SunCell® may further include external circuitry that traverses the electrical load connection to utilize the voltage induced by the optoelectronic effect and the power based on low energy hydrogen. In an embodiment, an ignition event that forms a low energy hydrogen causes an electromagnetic pulse that can be captured as electrical power at a plurality of electrodes, wherein the rectifier can rectify the electromagnetic power. In addition to the UV photovoltaic and thermal photovoltaics of the present invention, SunCell® may include other electrical conversion components known in the art, such as thermionic, magnetohydrodynamic, turbine, microturbine, Rankine or Breiden cycle turbines. , chemical and electrochemical power conversion systems. Rankine cycle turbines can contain supercritical CO₂ , organic matter (such as hydrofluorocarbons or fluorocarbons) or a vapor working fluid. In a Rankine or Breiden cycle turbine, SunCell® provides thermal power to at least one of the turbine system's preheater, reheater, boiler, and external burner heat exchanger platforms. In an embodiment, the Breiden cycle turbine includes a SunCell® turbine heater integrated into a combustion section of the turbine. The SunCell® turbine heater can include a conduit for receiving a flow of gas from at least one of a compressor and a reheater, wherein the air is heated and the conduit directs the heated compressed stream to an inlet of the turbine to perform pressure volumetric work. The SunCell® Turbine Heater replaces or supplements the combustion chamber of a gas turbine. The Rankine or Breiden cycle can be turned off, wherein the power converter further includes at least one of a condenser and a cooler. The converter can be a converter given in Mills' previous publication and in Mills' previous application. Low energy hydrogen reactants (such as H source and HOH sources) and SunCell® systems may comprise the invention or a low energy hydrogen reactant such as the following prior US patent application and the SunCell® system: Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT/US08/ 61455; PCT filed April 24, 2008; Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT/US09/052072, PCT filed July 29, 2009; Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT/US10/27828, March 18, 2010 PCT submitted by Japan; Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT/US11/28889, PCT filed March 17, 2011; H₂ O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT/US12/31369, filed March 30, 2012; CIHT Power System, PCT/US13/041938, May 21, 2013; Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding Same, PCT/IB2014/058177, PCT filed on January 10, 2014; Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding Same, PCT/US14/32584, PCT filed April 1, 2014; Electrical Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding Same, PCT/US2015/033165, PCT filed May 29, 2015; Ultraviolet Electrical Generation System Methods Regarding Same, PCT/US2015/065826, PCT filed on December 15, 2015; and Thermophotovoltaic Electrical Power Generator, PCT/US16/ 12620, PCT filed on January 8, 2016 ("Mills Prior Application"), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In an embodiment, in the case of releasing high energy in the form of at least one of heat, plasma, and electromagnetic (optical) power, ignition H₂ O to form low energy hydrogen. ("Ignition" in the present invention means an extremely high reaction rate of H to low energy hydrogen, which may be manifested as an explosion, pulse or other form of high power release). H₂ O may comprise a fuel that can be ignited with the application of a high current, such as a high current in the range of about 100 A to 100,000 A. This can be achieved by applying a high voltage, such as about 5,000 to 100,000 V, to first form a highly conductive plasma, such as an electric arc. Or, can make high current through H₂ A compound or mixture of O, wherein the resulting fuel, such as a solid fuel, is highly conductive. (In the present invention, a solid fuel is used to refer to a reactant that forms a catalyst that further reacts to form low energy hydrogen such as HOH and H. The plasma voltage can be lower, such as in the range of about 1 V to 100 V. However, the reaction mixture may comprise other physical states than solids. In embodiments, the reaction mixture may be in at least one of the following: a gaseous, liquid, molten matrix (such as a molten conductive substrate such as molten metal, such as molten silver, At least one of silver-copper alloy and copper), solids, slurries, sol-gels, solutions, mixtures, gaseous suspensions, aerodynamic streams, and other conditions known to those skilled in the art). In an embodiment, the solid fuel having very low electrical resistance comprises H₂ O reaction mixture. Low electrical resistance can be caused by the conductor component of the reaction mixture. In an embodiment, the electrical resistance of the solid fuel is at least one of the following: about 10^-9 Ohm to 100 ohms, 10^-8 Ohm to 10 ohms, 10^-3 Ohm to 1 ohm, 10^-4 Ohm to 10^-1 Ohm and 10^-4 Ohm to 10^-2 ohm. In another embodiment, the fuel having a high electrical resistance comprises H added compound or material having a trace or trace molar percentage₂ O. In the latter case, a high current can be passed through the fuel to achieve ignition by causing a breakdown, thereby forming a highly conductive state (such as an electric arc or arc plasma). In an embodiment, the reactants may comprise H₂ O source and a conductive substrate to form at least one of a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and an atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment, H is included₂ The O source reactant may comprise at least one of the following: bulk phase H₂ O, in addition to body phase H₂ State other than O, experience to form H₂ O and release combined with H₂ One or more compounds of at least one of the reactions of O. In addition, combined with H₂ O can be included with H₂ O-interacting compound, where H₂ O is in absorption H₂ O, combined with H₂ O, physical adsorption of H₂ The state of at least one of O and hydrated water. In embodiments, the reactants may comprise a conductor and one or more compounds or materials that undergo a bulk phase H₂ O, absorbed H₂ O, combined with H₂ O, physical adsorption of H₂ At least one of O and the release of water of hydration and the reaction product thereof is H₂ O. In other embodiments, the newborn H₂ At least one of the O catalyst source and the atomic hydrogen source may comprise at least one of: (a) at least one H₂ O source; (b) at least one source of oxygen; and (c) at least one source of hydrogen. In an embodiment, the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction depends on the application or formation of a high current. In an embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell, the reactants that form low energy hydrogen are subjected to low voltage, high current, high power pulses that cause very fast reaction rates and energy release. In an exemplary embodiment, the 60 Hz voltage is less than 15 V peak and the current is at 100 A/cm.² With 50,000 A/cm² Within the range between peaks and power at 1000 W/cm² With 750,000 W/cm² Between the limits. Other frequencies, voltages, currents, and powers within the range of about 1/100 to 100 times of these parameters are suitable. In an embodiment, the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction depends on the application or formation of a high current. In an embodiment, the voltage is selected to cause a high AC, DC or AC-DC mixture having a current in at least one of: 100 A to 1,000,000 A, 1 kA to 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA. The DC or peak AC current density can be in the range of at least one of: 100 A/cm² Up to 1,000,000 A/cm² , 1000 A/cm² Up to 100,000 A/cm² And 2000 A/cm² To 50,000 A/cm² . The DC or peak AC voltage may be in a range selected from at least one of: about 0.1 V to 1000 V, 0.1 V to 100 V, 0.1 V to 15 V, and 1 V to 15 V. The AC frequency can be in the range of approximately 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The pulse time can be in at least one selected from the group consisting of: about 10^{- 6} s to 10 s, 10^{- 5} s to 1 s, 10^{- 4} s to 0.1 s and 10^{- 3} s to 0.01 s. In an embodiment, the transfer of energy from atomic hydrogen catalyzed to a low energy hydrogen state results in ionization of the catalyst. Electrons ionized from the catalyst can accumulate in the reaction mixture and vessel and cause space charge buildup. This space charge can change the energy level used for subsequent energy transfer from atomic hydrogen to the catalyst while reducing the rate of reaction. In an embodiment, applying a high current removes space charge to cause an increase in the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. In another embodiment, a high current such as an arc current causes an extremely rapid increase in the temperature of a reactant (such as water) that can act as an H source and a HOH catalyst. High temperatures can cause water to be pyrolyzed into at least one of the H and HOH catalysts. In an embodiment, the reaction mixture of the SF-CIHT battery comprises a source of H and a catalyst (such asnH The source of (n is an integer) and at least one of HOHs.nH At least one of the HOH and the HOH may be formed by pyrolysis or thermal decomposition of at least one phase of water, such as at least one of solid, liquid, and gaseous water. Pyrolysis can occur at elevated temperatures, such as temperatures in at least one of about 500K to 10,000K, 1000K to 7000K, and 1000K to 5000K. In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction temperature is from about 3,500 to about 4,000 K, such that the mole fraction of atom H is higher, as shown by J. Lede, F. Lapicque, and J Villermaux: [J. Lédé, F. Lapicque, J Villermaux, "Production of hydrogen by direct thermal decomposition of water", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1983,V8 , 1983, pp. 675-679; H. H. G. Jellinek, H. Kachi, "The catalytic thermal decomposition of water and the production of hydrogen", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1984,V9 , pp. 677-688; S. Z. Baykara, "Hydrogen production by direct solar thermal decomposition of water, possibilities for improvement of process efficiency", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004,V29 , pp. 1451-1458; S. Z. Baykara, "Experimental solar water thermolysis", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004,V29 , pp. 1459-1469, which is incorporated herein by reference. Pyrolysis can be assisted by a solid surface, such as one of the battery components. The solid surface can be heated to a high temperature by input power and a plasma maintained by a low energy hydrogen reaction. Pyrolysis gases, such as their downward gas flow in the ignition zone, may be cooled to prevent recombination or reverse reaction of the product to the initial water content. The reaction mixture can comprise a coolant at a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the product gas, such as at least one of a solid phase, a liquid phase gas phase. Cooling of the pyrolysis reaction product gas can be achieved by contacting the product with a coolant. The coolant may comprise at least one of low temperature steam, water, and ice. SunCell® can include a pyrolysis hydrogen generator that includes a SunCell® radiator, metal oxide, water source, water spray, and hydrogen and oxygen collection systems. The black body radiation from the black body radiator 5b4 can be incident on a metal oxide which decomposes into oxygen and metal upon heating. The hydrogen generator can include a water source and a spray metal sprayer. The metal can react with water to form metal oxides and hydrogen. Gases can be collected using separators and acquisition systems known in the art. The reaction can be expressed by the following:Metals and oxides can be supported in the art as H₂ O Metals and oxides that pyrolyze to form hydrogen, such as ZnO/Zn and SnO/Sn. Other exemplary oxides are manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, and mixtures thereof, as is known in the art and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Https :// Wwww . Stage - Ste . Eu / Documents / SF % 201 % 202011 % 20solar _ Fuels % 20by % 20SolarPACES . Pdf Given in . In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT or SunCell® generator includes a power system that produces at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container; a reactant comprising: a) at least one comprising a nascent H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; at least one reactant injection system; at least one reactant ignition system for causing a reactant to form a luminescent plasma And at least one of the pyroelectric plasma; a system for recovering the reaction product of the reactant; at least one regeneration system for regenerating the additional reactant from the reaction product, wherein the additional reactants comprise: a) at least one inclusion Newborn H₂ O catalyst source or catalyst; b) at least one H₂ O source or H₂ O; c) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d) at least one of a conductor and a conductive substrate; and at least one of the light and heat output to at least one power converter of electrical power and/or thermal power Or an output system, such as one or more of the following groups: photovoltaic converter, photoelectric converter, plasma power converter, thermionic converter, thermoelectric converter, Stirling engine, Breiden cycle engine , Rankine cycle engine, and heat engine and heater. In an embodiment, the pellet fuel may comprise H source, H₂ , catalyst source, H₂ O source and H₂ At least one of O. Suitable pellets comprise a conductive metal matrix and a hydrate, such as at least one of a basic hydrate, an alkaline earth hydrate, and a transition metal hydrate. Hydrate can contain MgCl₂ ·6H₂ O, BaI₂ 2·H₂ O and ZnCl₂ ·4H₂ At least one of O. Alternatively, the pellets may comprise at least one of silver, copper, hydrogen absorbed, and water. The ignition system can comprise: a) at least one set of electrodes for constraining the reactants; and b) a power source for delivering short pulses of high current electrical energy, wherein the short pulsed high current electrical energy is sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma. The power source can receive electrical power from the power converter. In an embodiment, the reactant ignition system includes at least one set of electrodes that are separated to form an open circuit, wherein the open circuit is closed by injecting reactants to cause high current flow to achieve ignition. In an embodiment, the ignition system includes a switch for performing at least one of: initiating current and interrupting current after ignition is achieved. The flow of current can be initiated by the reactants that complete the gap between the electrodes. The switch can be electronically implemented by a member such as at least one of: an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a controlled voltage rectifier (SCR), and at least one metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Alternatively, the ignition can be switched mechanically. The current can be interrupted after ignition to optimize the energy produced by the output low energy hydrogen relative to the input ignition energy. The ignition system can include a switch that allows a controlled amount of energy to flow into the fuel during the phase in which the plasma is generated to cause knocking and turn off the power. In an embodiment, the power supply for transmitting the short pulse high current electrical energy comprises at least one of: a voltage selected to generate a high AC, DC or AC-DC current mixture, the current being between 100 A and 1,000,000 A, a range of at least one of 1 kA to 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA; DC or peak AC current density in the range of at least one of: 100 A/cm² Up to 1,000,000 A/cm² , 1000 A/cm² Up to 100,000 A/cm² And 2000 A/cm² Up to 50,000 A/cm² Where the voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel, wherein the voltage is obtained by multiplying the required current by the resistance of the solid fuel sample; DC or peak AC voltage is between 0.1 V and 500 kV, 0.1 V to 100 kV and 1 V to SF-CIHT battery in the range of at least one of 50 kV and AC frequency in the range of 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz The output power can include thermal and photovoltaic to convert the optical power. In an embodiment, the opto-electrical converter can include a converter that utilizes at least one of a photovoltaic effect, a thermionic effect, and a photoelectron effect. The power converter can be a direct power converter that converts the kinetic energy of high kinetic energy into electricity. In an embodiment, the power of the SF-CIHT battery may be at least partially in the form of thermal energy or may be at least partially converted to thermal energy. The power converter can include a thermionic power converter. An exemplary thermionic cathode can comprise erbium-doped tungsten. The cell can utilize photon enhanced thermionic emission (PETE), wherein the optical effect enhances electron emission by causing electron energy in the semiconductor emitter to rise across the band gap and into the conduction band of the thermally emitted electrons. In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery can include a light absorber such as at least one of extreme ultraviolet (EUV), ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared light. The absorbent can be external to the battery. For example, it can be external to the window of PV converter 26a. The temperature of the absorbent can be increased by absorption. The absorbent temperature can range from about 500 °C to 4000 °C. This heat can be input to a thermal photovoltaic or thermo-ionic battery. Thermoelectric and heat engines such as Stirling, Rankine, Braden and other heat engines known in the art are within the scope of the present invention. At least one first optical-to-electrical converter of a plurality of converters, such as an optical-to-electrical converter utilizing at least one of a photovoltaic effect, a thermionic effect, and a photoelectron effect, may have a selectivity to a first portion of the electromagnetic spectrum And through at least the second part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The first portion can be converted to electricity in the corresponding first converter, and the second portion of the first converter that is not selective can be propagated to another one that is selective to at least a portion of the second portion of the electromagnetic spectrum propagation Two converters. In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery or generator (also referred to as SunCell®) shown in Figures 2I28, 2I69, and 2I80 through 2I149^® Contains six basic easy-to-maintain systems, some with no moving parts and capable of long-term operation: (i) Inductively coupled heaters, which include a power supply 5m, leads 5p and antenna coils 5f to melt the silver first or Silver-copper alloy to form a molten metal or melt; and optionally an electrode electromagnetic pump comprising a magnet for initially directing the ignition plasma flow; (ii) a fuel injector, such as comprising a hydrogen supply (such as a fuel injector of a black body radiator, wherein hydrogen can be obtained from water by electrolysis or pyrolysis; and an injection system comprising an electromagnetic pump 5ka for spraying molten silver or molten silver-copper alloy and an oxygen source (such as oxides, such as LiVO₃ Or another oxide of the present invention; and, alternatively, a gas injector 5z1 for injecting at least one of water vapor and hydrogen; (iii) an ignition system for generating a low voltage across a pair of electrodes 8. High current flow, molten metal, hydrogen and oxide, or molten metal and H₂ At least one of O and hydrogen is injected into the pair of electrodes to form a brightened photo-plasma; (iv) a black body radiator heated by plasma to an incandescent temperature; (v) an optical-to-electrical converter 26a comprising So-called concentrating photovoltaic cells 15 that receive light from a black body radiator and operate at high light intensity, such as over one thousand suns; and (vi) a fuel recovery and thermal management system 31, The molten metal is returned to the injection system after ignition. In another embodiment, light from the ignition plasma can be directly radiated to the PV converter 26a for conversion to electricity. In one embodiment, the plasma emits a significant portion of the optical power and energy in the form of EUV and UV light. The pressure can be lowered by maintaining a vacuum in the reaction chamber cell 1 to maintain the plasma under optically less thick conditions, thereby reducing the attenuation of short-wavelength light. In one embodiment, an opto-electrical converter comprises a photovoltaic converter of the present invention comprising a photovoltaic (PV) cell responsive to a substantial wavelength region of light emitted from the cell , such as a wavelength range corresponding to at least 10% of the optical power output. In an embodiment, the fuel may comprise having trapped hydrogen and trapped H₂ Silver of at least one of O. The light emission may mainly comprise ultraviolet light, such as light in a wavelength region of about 120 nm to 300 nm. The PV cell can respond to at least a portion of the wavelength region from about 120 nm to 300 nm. The PV cell may comprise a Group III nitride, such as at least one of InGaN, GaN, and AlGaN. In an embodiment, the PV cell comprises SiC. In an embodiment, the PV cell can include a plurality of junctions. The junctions can be layered in series. In another embodiment, the junctions are independent or electrically connected in parallel. The individual junctions can be mechanically stacked or wafer bonded. At least one of the multi-junction cells and the layers of the series connected cells may include a bypass diode to minimize current and power losses caused by current mismatch between the various layers of the battery, illustratively multi-connected The face PV cell comprises at least two junctions comprising an np-doped semiconductor, such as a plurality of groups of InGaN, GaN, and AlGaN. The n-type dopant of GaN may comprise oxygen, and the p-type dopant may comprise Mg. An exemplary triple junction cell can comprise InGaN//GaN//AlGaN, where // can refer to an isolating transparent wafer bonding layer or mechanical stack. The PV can operate at a high light intensity equal to that of a concentrating photovoltaic device (CPV). The substrate can be at least one of sapphire, Si, SiC, and GaN, with the latter two providing optimal lattice matching for CPV applications. The layers can be deposited using the organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process known in the art. The cells can be cooled by cold plates, such as those used in CPV or diode lasers, such as commercial GaN diode lasers. As in the case of a CPV battery, the grid contacts can be mounted on the front and back surfaces of the battery. In an embodiment, the PV converter can have a protective window that is substantially permeable to the light it is responsive to. The window can transmit at least 10% of the response light. The window is transparent to UV light. The window can include a coating, such as a UV clear coating, on the PV cell. The coating may comprise a material of the UV window of the invention, such as sapphire or MgF₂ window. Other suitable windows include LiF and CaF₂ . The coating can be applied by deposition, such as vapor deposition. The battery of PV converter 26a may include a photonic design that forces the emitter and battery single mode to perform cross-resonant coupling and impedance matching only over the semiconductor bandgap, thereby creating a "squeezed" narrowband near-field emission spectrum. In particular, exemplary PV cells can include surface plasma polarized phonon thermal emitters and silver blanket semiconductor thin film photovoltaic cells. The EM pump 5ka (Fig. 2I28, 2I69 and Fig. 2I80 to Fig. 2I163) may comprise an EM pump heat exchanger 5k1, an electromagnetic pump coolant line feedthrough assembly 5kb, a magnet 5k4, a yoke and optionally may optionally have A radiation barrier gas or vacuum gap thermal barrier 5k5, a pump tube 5k6, a busbar 5k2 and a busbar current source connection 5k3 having a feedthrough 5k31 that can be supplied by current from the PV converter. At least one of the magnet 5k4 and the yoke 5k5 of the magnetic circuit may be cooled by the EM pump heat exchanger 5k1, such as an EM pump heat exchanger cooled with a coolant such as water, having a coolant inlet to the chiller 31a The line 31d and the coolant outlet line 31e. The exemplary EM pump magnet 5k4 includes at least one of cobalt ruthenium (such as SmCo-30MGOe and neodymium iron boron (N44SH)) magnets. The magnet can include a return magnetic flux circuit. In an embodiment, at least one of very high power and energy may be achieved by a transition of hydrogen to a low energy hydrogen having a high p value in equation (18) during a process referred to herein as disproportionation. As given in Mills GUT Chp. 5, it is incorporated by reference. A hydrogen atomH (1/p )p = 1, 2, 3, ... 137 may undergo further transitions from the equations (10) and (12) to the lower energy states, where the transition of one atom is accepted by resonance and non-radiationm • 27.2eV And catalyzed by another atom whose opposite change in potential energy. Given by equation (35)m • 27.2eV Resonance transfer toH (1/p ') inducedH (l/p) transition toH (1/(p +m The general general equation is expressed as follows:EUV light from a low energy hydrogen process can dissociate low energy hydrogen molecules and the resulting low energy hydrogen atoms can act as a catalyst to transition to a lower energy state. An exemplary reaction involves catalyzing H to H(1/17) by H(1/4), where H(1/4) can be the reaction product that catalyzes another H by HOH. The disproportionation reaction of low energy hydrogen is predicted to produce features in the X-ray region. As shown by equations (5) to (8), the reaction product of the HOH catalyst is. Considering H₂ It is likely that there is a transition reaction in the hydrogen cloud of O gas, in which the first hydrogen atomIs a H atom and acts as a second acceptor hydrogen atom of the catalystfor. due toThe position can be 4² • 27.2eV = 16• 27.2eV = 435.2eV Therefore, the transition response is represented by the following:And the total response isForecast is attributed toThe far ultraviolet continuous radiation band of the intermediate (eg, equations (16) and (37)) has a short wavelength cutoff and is given by the energy given below:And extending to a longer wavelength than the corresponding cutoff. Here, the prediction is attributed toThe far-ultraviolet continuous radiation spectrum of the decay of the intermediateE = 3481.6eV ;0.35625Nm It has a short wavelength cutoff and extends to longer wavelengths. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton [E. Bulbul, M. Markevitch, A. Foster, RK Smith, M. Loewenstein, SW Randall, "Detection of an unidentified emission line in The stacked X-Ray spectrum of galaxy clusters", The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 789, No. 1, (2014); A. Boyarsky, O. Ruchayskiy, D. Iakubovskyi, J. Franse, "An unidentified line in X- Ray spectra of the Andromeda galaxy and Perseus galaxy cluster", (2014), arXiv: 1402.4119 [astro-ph.CO]] Recently observed a wide X-ray peak with a 3.48 keV cutoff in the constellation of Perseus, which does not match any Atomic transitions are known. The distribution of BulBul et al. gives a 3.48 keV feature match for dark matter with unknown identityThe transition further confirms that low-energy hydrogen is the identity of dark matter. In an embodiment, the generator can utilize a low pressure H₂ O produces high power and energy. The water vapor pressure may be in at least one of the following: about 0.001 Torr to 100 Torr, 0.1 mTorr to 50 Torr, 1 mTorr and 5 Torr, 10 mTorr to 1 Torr, and 100 mTorr to 800 Torr. Low H₂ The O vapor pressure may be at least one of the following: supply and maintenance of a component from a source of water vapor and at least one of a flow rate and a pressure. The water supply can be sufficient to maintain the desired ignition rate. The water vapor pressure can be controlled by at least one of steady state or dynamic control and balance control. The generator may include a pump 13a that maintains a lower water vapor pressure in the desired zone. Water can be removed by differential pumping such that the area of the cell outside of the electrode area can have a lower pressure, such as a lower partial pressure of water. The battery water vapor pressure can be maintained by a reservoir/trap connected to the battery. The battery water vapor pressure may be at least one of a steady state or a water vapor pressure balance above the water level of the reservoir/trap. The water reservoir/trap may contain components to reduce vapor pressure, such as a chiller that maintains a contrast temperature (such as a cryogenic temperature) and a H such as activated charcoal or desiccant and solute.₂ At least one of the O absorbing materials. The water vapor pressure can be a low pressure established by equilibrium or steady state through cold ice. Cooling may include a low temperature chiller or bath such as carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen or a liquid bath. Solutes can be added to the reservoir/trap to reduce water vapor pressure. The vapor pressure can be lowered according to Law Law. The solute can be highly soluble and highly concentrated. Exemplary solutes are sugars and ionic compounds such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and at least one of ammonium halides, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium dichromate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium acetate, such as K.₂ SO₄ KNO₃ , KCl, NH₄ SO₄ , NaCl, NaNO₂ Na₂ Cr₂ O₇ , Mg (NO₃ )₂ , K₂ CO₃ MgCl₂ KC₂ H₃ O₂ , LiCl and KOH. The trap desiccant may comprise a molecular sieve such as an exemplary molecular sieve 13X, 4-8 mesh agglomerated. In embodiments where excess water is removed, the trap can be sealed and heated; subsequently, the liquid water can be pumped out or it can be discharged as steam. The trap can be recooled and re-run. In an embodiment, H will be₂ Add to such an area as the electrode, with O₂ The reaction product reacts to convert it to water controlled by a water reservoir/trap. H₂ It can be provided by electrolysis at a hydrogen absorbing cathode such as a PdAg cathode. The hydrogen pressure can be monitored using a sensor that provides a feedback signal to a hydrogen supply controller, such as an electrolysis controller. In an exemplary embodiment, the moisture pressure is maintained at a desired pressure (such as at a pressure in the range of about 50 mTorr to 500 mTorr) by an aqueous molecular sieve such as 13X. Any water released from the molecular sieve can be replaced by a water supply, such as a supply of water from a storage tank 31l supplied by a corresponding manifold and line. The area of the molecular sieve may be sufficient to supply water at least at the rate required to maintain the desired partial pressure. The exhaust gas rate of the molecular sieve can be matched with the sum of the consumption rate of the low energy hydrogen process and the pumping rate. At least one of the release rate and the partial pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the molecular sieve. The battery can include a controller that is coupled to the molecular sieve of battery 26. The container may further comprise means for maintaining the temperature of the molecular sieve, such as a heater and chiller and a temperature controller. In an alternative steady state embodiment, the water vapor pressure is maintained by a flow controller, such as a flow controller that controls at least one of mass flow and water vapor pressure in the battery. The water supply rate can be adjusted to match the rate of consumption in low energy hydrogen and any other battery reaction and the rate of removal by means such as pumping. The pump may include at least one of a water reservoir/trap, a cryopump, a vacuum pump, a mechanical vacuum pump, a scroll pump, and a turbo pump. At least one of the supply rate and the removal rate can be adjusted to achieve the desired battery water vapor pressure. In addition, the desired partial pressure of hydrogen can be added. H₂ O and H₂ At least one of the pressures can be sensed and controlled by sensors and controllers such as pressure gauges such as Baratron gauges and mass flow controllers. Water may be injected by the flow controller via the EM pump tube 5k4, which may further include a pressure trap and a backflow check valve that prevents molten metal from flowing back into the water supply, such as a mass flow controller. The gas can be supplied by a syringe pump. As an alternative to the mass flow controller, the water vapor pressure may be maintained by a high precision electronically controllable valve, such as at least one of a needle valve, a proportional electronic valve, and a stepper motor valve. The valve can be controlled by a water vapor pressure sensor and computer to maintain the battery water vapor pressure at a desired value, such as in the range of about 0.5 Torr to 2 Torr, wherein the control can achieve a small tolerance, such as within 20%. The valve can have a quick response to maintain tolerances if the water vapor pressure in the battery changes rapidly. The dynamic range of flow through the valve can be adjusted to accommodate different minimum and maximum ranges by varying the water vapor pressure on the supply side of the valve. The supply side pressure can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the temperature of the accumulator 31l, respectively. Water can be supplied via the EM pump tube 5k6. In another embodiment, at least one of water (such as steam) and hydrogen may be simultaneously sprayed with molten metal, such as molten silver metal. At least one of the water, steam, and hydrogen injectors can include a transfer tube that terminates in a fast solenoid valve. The solenoid valve may be electrically coupled to the electrode in at least one of series and parallel such that current flows through the valve as current flows through the electrode. In this case, at least one of water (such as steam) and hydrogen may be simultaneously sprayed with the molten metal. In another embodiment, the injector system includes an optical sensor and a controller that causes the injection. The controller can open and close a quick valve (such as a solenoid valve) when metal injection or ignition is sensed. In an embodiment, the lines used to inject at least two of a melt (such as a silver melt), water (such as steam), and hydrogen may be coincident. Coincidence can be via a common pipeline. In an embodiment, the injector comprises an injection nozzle. The nozzle of the injector may comprise a gas manifold, such as a gas manifold aligned with the flow of metal comprising electrode 8. The nozzle may further comprise a plurality of pinholes from the manifold, which deliver H₂ O and H₂ Multiple gas jets of at least one of them. In an embodiment, H is made at a pressure greater than the pressure of the battery₂ Bubbling through H₂ O reservoir, and H₂ O is entrained in H₂ In the carrier gas. The high pressure gas mixture flows through the pinholes into the melt to maintain a gas jet. At the electrode, a gas which can be a mixture can be combined with a conductive substrate (metal melt). With high current applied, the corresponding fuel mixture can be ignited to form low energy hydrogen. In embodiments that improve the energy balance of the generator, a chiller such as 31 can be driven by thermal power that includes the heat generated by the battery. Thermal power can come from internal dissipation and from low energy hydrogen reactions. The chiller may comprise an absorption chiller known to those skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the heat to be discharged is absorbed by a coolant refrigerant such as vaporizable water. The absorption chiller can use heat to condense the refrigerant. In the examples, water vapor is absorbed into an absorbent material (adsorbent) such as silicone, zeolite or a nanostructure material such as the nanostructured material of P. McGrail of Pacific Northwest Laboratory. The absorbed water is heated to release it in the chamber, wherein an increase in pressure is sufficient to cause the water to condense. The SF-CIHT generator contains components whose parameters are such as sensed and controlled parameters in the present invention. In an embodiment, a computer having a sensor and control system can sense and control: (i) each of each cooled system (such as at least one of a PV converter, an EM pump magnet, and an inductively coupled heater) Quench cooler inlet and outlet temperatures and coolant pressure and flow rate, (ii) ignition system voltage, current, power, frequency and duty cycle, (iii) using optical, Doppler, Lorentz or electrode resistance sensing EM pump injection flow rate of the sensor and controller, (iv) voltage, current and power of the inductively coupled heater and electromagnetic pump 5k, (v) pressure in the battery, (vi) wall temperature of the battery component, (vii) heater power in each zone, (viii) current and flux of the electromagnetic pump, (ix) silver melting temperature, flow rate and pressure, (xi) formed by the regulator via common gas injection Each permeated or injected gas (such as H) delivered by the tube₂ And H₂ O and mixture) pressure, temperature and flow rate, (xi) intensity of light incident on the PV converter, (xii) voltage, current and power output of the PV converter, (xiii) voltage and current of any power conditioning equipment , power and other parameters, and (xiv) to SF-CIHT generator output voltage, current and power to at least one of parasitic load and external load, (xv) to any parasitic load (such as inductively coupled heater, electromagnetic pump The voltage, current, and power inputs of the chiller and at least one of the sensors and controls, and (xvi) the voltage, current, and state of charge of the starting circuit with energy storage. In an embodiment, the parameter to be measured may be separated from a region of the system that will damage the high temperature of the sensor during its measurement. For example, such as H₂ And H₂ The pressure of the gas of at least one of O can be measured by using a connecting gas line, such as a battery (e.g., 5b or 5c) and a pressure transducer (such as a Baratron capacitive pressure gauge). Cooling tower before cooling the gas. Where the parameters are outside the desired range (such as undergoing over-temperature), the generator may include a safety shut-off mechanism, such as a mechanism known in the art. The shutdown mechanism can include a computer and a switch that provides power to at least one component of the generator that can be disconnected to cause a shutdown. In an embodiment, the battery may comprise at least one gas collector, such as at least one for air, oxygen, hydrogen, CO₂ And the gas collector of water. An oxygen gassing agent such as an oxygen reactive material such as finely pulverized carbon or metal can remove any oxygen formed in the battery. As for carbon, reversible CO can be utilized₂ The detergent extracts the product carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide detergents are known in the art, such as organic compounds such as amines (e.g., monoethanolamine), minerals and zeolites, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and metal oxide based systems. The finely pulverized carbon gas collector can also be used to remove oxygen to protect the battery, such as the purpose of an oxygen sensitive material in an oxygen sensitive material such as a container or pump tube of Mo, W, graphite, and Ta. In this case, carbon dioxide can use CO₂ The detergent is removed or pumped out using a vacuum pump where the finely pulverized carbon is used only for component protection. Metal gas collector can be selectively selected with H₂ The oxygen reaction on O allows it to be regenerated using hydrogen. Exemplary metals having low water reactivity include metals of the group: Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh , Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, and Zn. The gassing agent or oxygen detergent can be removed from the SF-CIHT battery and regenerated. This removal can be periodic or intermittent. This regeneration can be achieved by hydrogen reduction. This regeneration can occur in situ. In situ regeneration can be intermittent or continuous. Other oxygen gas collectors and their regeneration are known to those skilled in the art, such as zeolites and compounds that form oxygen-containing reversible ligand bonds, such as salts, such as those associated with 2-aminoterephthalate. Nitrate, [{(bpbp)Co₂ ^II (NO₃ )}₂ (NH₂ Bdc)] (NO₃ )₂ .2H₂ O (bpbp^- = 2,6-bis(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminemethyl)-4-t-butylphenolate, NH₂ Bdc^{2 -} = 2-Amino-1,4-phenyldicarboxylate). Highly flammable metals such as the exemplified metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum and rare earth metals can also be used as oxygen gas collectors. Highly flammable metals can also be used as water scavengers. Hydrogen storage materials can be used to scavenge hydrogen. Exemplary hydrogen storage materials include metal hydrides, Mickey alloys (such as M1: La-rich Mickey alloys, such as M1Ni)_{3 . 65} Al_{0 . 3} Mn_{0 . 3} Or M1 (NiCoMnCu)₅ , Ni, R-Ni, R-Ni + about 8 wt% Vulcan XC-72, LaNi₅ , Cu or Ni-Al, Ni-Cr (such as about 10% Cr), Ce-Ni-Cr (such as about 3/90/7 wt%), Cu-Al or Cu-Ni-Al alloy), MNH system Substance (such as LiNH₂ Li₂ NH or Li₃ N), and an alkali metal hydride further comprising boron (such as borohydride) or aluminum (such as aluminum hydride). Further suitable hydrogen storage materials are: metal hydrides such as alkaline earth metal hydrides (such as MgH)₂ ); metal alloy hydride (such as BaReH)₉ LaNi₅ H₆ , FeTiH₁₇ And MgNiH₄ ); metal borohydride (such as Be (BH)₄ )₂ ,Mg(BH₄ )₂ , Ca (BH₄ )₂ Zn(BH₄ )₂ , Sc (BH₄ )₃ , Ti (BH₄ )₃ , Mn (BH₄ )₂ , Zr (BH₄ )₄ NaBH₄ LiBH₄ , KBH₄ And Al (BH₄ )₃ AlH₃ NaAlH₄ Na₃ AlH₆ LiAlH₄ Li₃ AlH₆ , LiH, LaNi₅ H₆ La₂ Co1Ni₉ H₆ And TiFeH₂ NH₃ BH₃ , polyaminoborane, amine borane complex (such as amine borane, borane ammine, hydrazine-borane complex, diborane diammine, boron azide and octahydrotriboronium Or ammonium tetrahydroborate; imidazolium ionic liquid (such as alkyl (aryl)-3-methylimidazolium N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) sulfinium salt, barium borate and oxalate material). Further exemplary compounds are ammonia borane, alkali ammonia borane (such as lithium ammonia borane) and borane alkylamine complex (such as borane dimethylamine complex, borane trimethylamine complex) and Aminoborane and borane amine (such as aminodiborane, n-dimethylaminodiborane, tris(dimethylamino)borane, di-n-butylboronamine, dimethylaminoborane, Trimethylaminoborane, ammonia-trimethylborane and triethylaminoborane. Other suitable hydrogen storage materials are hydrogen-absorbing organic liquids such as oxazoles and derivatives such as 9- (2-ethylhexyl)carbazole, 9-ethylcarbazole, 9-phenyloxazole, 9-methylcarbazole and 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'- Biphenyl. The gas collector may comprise an alloy capable of storing hydrogen, such as AB₅ (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl) or AB₂ One of the (VTiZrNiCrCoMnAlSn) types, of which "AB_X The mark refers to the ratio of the A-type element (LaCePrNd or TiZr) to the B-type element (VNiCrCoMnAlSn). An additional suitable hydrogen gas collector is a hydrogen gas collector used in a metal hydride battery, such as a nickel-metal hydride battery known to those skilled in the art. An exemplary suitable gas collector material for a hydride anode comprises R-Ni, LaNi₅ H₆ La₂ Co₁ Ni₉ H₆ , ZrCr₂ H_{3 . 8} LaNi_{3 . 55} Mn_{0 . 4} Al_{0 . 3} Co_{0 . 75} ZrMn_{0 . 5} Cr_{0 . 2} V_{0 . 1} Ni_{1 . 2} Hydrides in the group and other alloys that can store hydrogen, such as AB₅ (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl) or AB₂ One of the (VTiZrNiCrCoMnAlSn) types, of which "AB_X The mark refers to the ratio of the A-type element (LaCePrNd or TiZr) to the B-type element (VNiCrCoMnAlSn). In other embodiments, the hydride anode gas generant material comprises at least one of the following: MmNi₅ (Mm = Michao alloy), such as: MmNi_3.5 Co_0.7 Al_0.8 , AB₅ - Type: MmNi_3.2 Co_1.0 Mn_0.6 Al_0.11 Mo_0.09 (Mm = Mickey alloy: 25 wt% La, 50 wt% Ce, 7 wt% Pr, 18 wt% Nd); La_1-y R_y Ni_5-x M_x , AB₂ - Type: Ti_0.51 Zr_0.49 V_0.70 Ni_1.18 Cr_0.12 Alloy; magnesium-based alloy, such as Mg_1.9 Al_0.1 Ni_0.8 Co_0.1 Mn_0.1 Alloy, Mg_0.72 Sc_0.28 (Pd_0.012 + Rh_0.012 ) and Mg₈₀ Ti₂₀ , Mg₈₀ V₂₀ La_0.8 Nd_0.2 Ni_2.4 CO_{2 .5} Si_0.1 LaNi_5-x M_x (M = Mn, Al), (M = Al, Si, Cu), (M = Sn), (M = Al, Mn, Cu) and LaNi₄ Co, MmNi_3.55 Mn_0.44 Al_0.3 Co_0.75 LaNi_3.55 Mn_0.44 Al_0.3 Co_0.75 ,McCu₂ MgZn₂ MgNi₂ , AB compounds such as TiFe, TiCo and TiNi, AB_n Compound (n = 5, 2 or 1), AB_3-4 Compound and AB_x (A = La, Ce, Mn, Mg; B = Ni, Mn, Co, Al). Other suitable hydride gas collectors are ZrFe₂ Zr_{0 . 5} Cs_{0 . 5} Fe₂ Zr_{0 . 8} Sc_{0 . 2} Fe₂ YNi₅ LaNi₅ LaNi_{4 . 5} Co_{0 . 5} , (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) Ni₅ , Mi Xu alloy - nickel alloy, Ti_{0 . 98} Zr_{0 . 02} V_{0 . 43} Fe_{0 . 09} Cr_{0 . 05} Mn_{1 . 5} La₂ Co1Ni₉ , FeNi and TiMn₂ . The gas accumulating agent of the present invention and other gas accumulating agents known to those skilled in the art may comprise more than one type of gas collector gas. The additional gassing agent can be a gassing agent known to those skilled in the art. An exemplary multi-gas entrainer comprises an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal such as lithium, which can remove O₂ , H₂ O and H₂ At least two of them. The gassing agent can be regenerated by methods known in the art, such as by reduction, decomposition, and electrolysis. In an embodiment, the gas-collecting agent may include a cryogenic trap that performs at least one of: condensing a gas such as at least one of water vapor, oxygen, and hydrogen; and trapping the gas in an absorbing material in a cooled state in. The gas can be released from the absorbent material at a higher temperature so that the gas accumulating agent can be regenerated as it is heated and pumped. Exemplary materials that can be regenerated by heating and pumping, which absorb at least one of water vapor, oxygen, and hydrogen, are carbon, such as activated charcoal and zeolite. The timing of oxygen, hydrogen, and water detergent regeneration can be determined when the corresponding gas level is increased to an unacceptable level sensed by a sensor of the corresponding cell gas content. In an embodiment, at least one of hydrogen and oxygen produced by the battery can be collected and sold as a commercial gas by systems and methods known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the hydrogen collected can be used in SunCell®. The hydrogen and water incorporated into the melt can flow from the storage tanks 5u and 311 through the manifold and the feed line under pressure generated by a corresponding pump such as a mechanical pump. Alternatively, the water pump may be replaced by heating the water tank 31l to form a vapor pressure, and the hydrogen pump may be replaced by electrolysis to generate a pressure for flowing the hydrogen gas. Or by H₂ O storage tank 31l, steam generator and steam relationship are provided in the form of steam H₂ O. Hydrogen is permeable to the hollow cathode connected to the hydrogen storage tank pressurized by electrolysis or pyrolysis. Such replacement systems eliminate corresponding systems with moving parts. In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery assembly and system is at least one of: combined, miniaturized, and otherwise optimized for at least one of weight and size reduction, cost reduction, and maintenance reduction. By. In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery includes a common compressor for the chiller and the battery vacuum pump. The chiller for heat rejection can also act as a cryopump to act as a vacuum pump. H₂ O and O₂ It can be condensed by a cryopump. In an embodiment, the ignition system comprising a set of capacitors is miniaturized by using a reduced number of capacitors, such as an exemplary single 2.75 V, 3400 3400 Maxwell supercapacitor, as close as possible to the electrodes. In an embodiment, the positive terminal of the at least one capacitor may be directly connected to the positive bus bar or the positive electrode and the negative terminal of the at least one capacitor may be directly connected to the negative bus bar or the negative electrode, wherein other terminals of the capacitor having opposite polarities may be borrowed Connected by the bus bars such that when the molten metal closes the circuit by bridging the electrodes that may include the molten metal injector, current flows through the circuit containing the capacitor. If desired, the set of capacitors connected in series across the electrodes can be replicated an integer multiple to provide approximately an integer multiple of current. In an embodiment, the voltage across the capacitor can be maintained within a desired range by utilizing power charging from the PV converter. The power regulation of the SF-CIHT generator can be simplified by using all DC power of the internal load, where the DC power is supplied by the PV converter. In an embodiment, the DC power from the PV converter can be supplied to at least one of: (i) DC charging power to a capacitor of the ignition system of the electrode 8 including the power source 2; (ii) DC of at least one electromagnetic pump Current; (iii) DC power of a resistive or inductively coupled heater; (iv) DC power of a chiller comprising a DC electric motor; (v) DC power of a vacuum pump comprising a DC electric motor; and (vi) to a computer and The DC power of the sensor. The output power adjustment can include DC power from the PV converter or AC power from a process that uses an inverter to convert DC power from the PV converter to AC. In an embodiment, the opto-electrical converter comprises a photovoltaic converter of the invention comprising a photovoltaic (PV) cell responsive to a substantial wavelength region of light emitted from the battery, such as corresponding to at least 10% The wavelength range of the optical power output. In one embodiment, the PV cell is a concentrating cell that can accept high intensity light greater than daylight intensity, such as at least one of about 1.5 suns to 75,000 suns, 10 suns to 10,000 suns, and 100 suns to 2000 suns. Within the strength range. The concentrating PV cell can comprise c-Si that can operate in the range of about 1 to 1000 suns. The 矽PV cell can operate at a temperature that performs at least one of the following functions: improved bandgap to better match the blackbody spectrum and improved heat rejection to reduce the complexity of the cooling system. In an exemplary embodiment, the concentrating PV cell is operated at 200 to 500 Suns at about 130 ° C to provide a band gap of about 0.84 V to match the spectrum of the 3000 ° C blackbody radiator. A PV cell can include a plurality of junctions, such as triple junctions. The concentrating PV cell can comprise a plurality of layers, such as a layer of a III/V semiconductor, such as at least one of the group of: InGaP/InGaAs/Ge; InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge; GaInP/GaAsP/ SiGe; GaInP/GaAsP/Si; GaInP/GaAsP/Ge; GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe; GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs; GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs; GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs; GaInP/Ga(In)As/ InGaAs; GaInP-GaAs-wafer-InGaAs; GaInP-Ga(In)As-Ge; and GaInP-GaInAs-Ge. A plurality of junctions, such as triple or double junctions, may be connected in series. In another embodiment, the junctions can be connected in parallel. The junctions can be stacked mechanically. The junctions can be bonded via a wafer. In an embodiment, the tunnel diodes between the junctions may be replaced with wafer bonds. Wafer bonding can be electrically insulating and transparent for wavelength regions that are converted by subsequent or deeper junctions. Each junction can be connected to an independent electrical connection or busbar. Independent busbars can be connected in series or in parallel. The electrical contacts of the respective electrical junctions may comprise grid wires. The wire shadow area is minimized due to the distribution of current in a plurality of parallel circuits or interconnects for separate junctions or junction sets. The current can be removed laterally. The wafer bonding layer may comprise a transparent conductive layer. Exemplary transparent conductors are transparent conductive oxides (TCO) such as indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and doped zinc oxide; and conductive polymers, graphene and carbon nanotubes and familiarity Other conductors known to the skilled artisan. Benzocyclobutene (BCB) may comprise an intermediate tie layer. The bond may be between a transparent material such as glass (such as borosilicate glass) and a PV semiconductor material. An exemplary dual junction cell is a cell (GaInP//GaAs) comprising a top layer of a GaInP wafer bonded to a GaAs underlayer. An exemplary four-junction cell includes GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsP/GaInAs on an InP substrate, wherein the junctions can be individually separated by a tunnel diode (/) or an isolated transparent wafer bonding layer (//), such as A battery given by GaInP//GaAs//GaInAsP//GaInAs on InP. The PV cell may comprise an InGaP//GaAs//InGaAsNSb//conductive layer//conductive layer//GaSb//InGaAsSb. The substrate can be GaAs or Ge. The PV cell can comprise Si-Ge-Sn and an alloy. All combinations of diode and wafer bonding are within the scope of the present invention. An exemplary four-junction cell having a conversion efficiency of 44.7% at a 297-fold concentration of the AM 1.5d spectrum was prepared by SOITEC, France. A PV cell can contain a single junction. An exemplary single junction PV cell can comprise a single crystal germanium cell, such as Sater et al. (BL Sater, ND Sater, "High voltage silicon VMJ solar cells for up to 1000 suns intensities", Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. One of the batteries given in the Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE, May 19-24, pages 1019-1022, This is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, a single junction cell may comprise GaAs or GaAs doped with other elements such as Group III and Group V elements. In an exemplary embodiment, the PV cell comprises a triple junction concentrating PV cell or a GaAs PV cell operating at about 1000 suns. In another exemplary embodiment, the PV cell comprises c-Si operated at 250 suns. In an exemplary embodiment, the PV can include GaAs that selectively reacts to wavelengths less than 900 nm and InGaAs on at least one of InP, GaAs, and Ge, which can selectively respond to at 900 nm The wavelength in the region between 1800 nm. Two types of PV cells, GaAs and InGaAs, included on InP, can be used in combination to increase efficiency. Two single junction batteries can be used to achieve the effect of a double junction battery. The combination can be implemented by using at least one of a dichroic mirror, a dichroic filter, and a battery architecture, either alone or in combination with a mirror, to achieve multiple bounces or reflections of light as given in the present invention. . In one embodiment, each PV cell includes a complexing layer that separates and sorts the incident light to redirect it to illuminate a particular layer in the multi-junction cell. In an exemplary embodiment, the battery includes an indium gallium phosphide layer for visible light and a gallium arsenide layer for infrared light, wherein the corresponding light is oriented. PV cells can contain GaAs_{1 - x - y} N_x Bi_y alloy. PV cells can contain helium. The 矽PV cell can include a concentrating cell that can operate over an intensity range of about 5 to 2000 Suns. The 矽PV cell may comprise crystalline ruthenium and at least one surface may further comprise an amorphous ruthenium which may have a different band gap than the crystalline Si layer. The amorphous germanium may have a band gap wider than the crystalline germanium. The amorphous germanium layer can perform at least one of the following functions: rendering the battery electrically transparent and preventing electron-hole pairs from recombining at the surface. The 矽 battery can contain multiple junction batteries. The layers can include individual batteries. At least one battery, such as a top cell, such as a battery comprising at least one of Ga, As, InP, Al, and In, may be ionically sliced and mechanically stacked on a Si cell, such as a Si bottom cell. Each of the multi-junction cells and the layers of the series connected cells may include a bypass diode to minimize current and power losses caused by current mismatch between the various layers of the battery. The surface of the battery can be textured to facilitate light penetration into the battery. The battery can include an anti-reflective coating to enhance light penetration into the battery. The anti-reflective coating can further reflect wavelengths below the band gap energy. The coating can comprise a plurality of layers, such as from about two to twenty layers. The increased number of layers may enhance the selectivity of the desired wavelength range of the bandpass (such as light above the bandgap energy) and reflect another range (such as a wavelength below the bandgap energy). Light reflected from the surface of the battery can bounce back to at least one other battery that can absorb light. The PV converter 26a can include a closed structure, such as a geodetic dome, that provides multiple bounces of reflected light to increase the cross section for PV absorption and conversion. The geodesic dome may comprise a plurality of receiver units, such as triangular units covered with PV cells. This dome can act as an integrating sphere. Unconverted light can be recycled. Light recycling can occur via reflection between component receiver units, such as a receiver unit of a geodetic dome. The surface can include a filter that reflects a wavelength below the band gap energy of the cell. The battery can include a bottom mirror (such as a silver or gold underlayer) to reflect unabsorbed light back to the battery. In addition, unabsorbed light and light reflected by the cell surface filter can be absorbed by the black body radiator and re-emitted to the PV cell. In an embodiment, the PV substrate can comprise a material that is transparent to light transmitted from the bottom cell to the reflector on the back side of the substrate. Exemplary triple junction cells having a transparent substrate are InGaAsP (1.3 eV), InGaAsP (0.96 eV), InGaAs (0.73 eV), InP substrates, and copper or gold IR reflectors. In an embodiment, the PV cell can comprise a concentrating cell. Multi-junction III-V batteries can be selected for higher voltages, or Si batteries can be selected for lower cost. Busbar shading can be reduced by using a transparent conductor such as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The PV cell can comprise a perovskite cell. An exemplary perovskite battery comprises Au, Al, Ti, GaN, CH from top to bottom₃ NH₃ SnI₃ Single layer h-BN, CH₃ NH₃ PbI_{3 - x} Br_x , HTM/GA, bottom layer (Au) layers. The battery may comprise a multi-p-n junction cell, such as a cell comprising an AlN top layer and a GaN underlayer that convert EUV and UV, respectively. In an embodiment, the photovoltaic cell can comprise a GaN p-layer cell with heavy p-doping near the surface to avoid excessive attenuation of short-wavelength light such as UV and EUV. The n-type underlayer may comprise AlGaN or AlN. In an embodiment, the PV cell comprises GaN and heavily p-doped Al in the top layer of the p-n junction_x Ga_{1 - x} N, wherein the p-doped layer comprises a two-dimensional hole gas. In an embodiment, the PV cell can include at least one of GaN, AlGaN, and AlN having a semiconductor junction. In an embodiment, the PV cell can comprise n-type AlGaN or AlN having a metal junction. In an embodiment, the PV cell utilizes multiple electron-hole pairs to respond to high energy light above the bandgap of the PV material. The light intensity can be sufficient to fill the recombination mechanism to improve efficiency. The converter may comprise a plurality of (i) GaN, (ii) AlGaN or AlN pn junctions, and (iii) at least one of the shallower ultra-thin pn heterojunction photovoltaic cells, each comprising n-type AlGaN or AlN A p-type two-dimensional hole gas in GaN on the base region. Each cell may include leads to a metal film layer (such as an Al film layer, an n-type layer, a depletion layer, a p-type layer) and a metal film layer (such as an Al film layer and is not due to short-wavelength light and vacuum operation) Lead wire of the passivation layer). In an embodiment of a photovoltaic cell comprising an AlGaN or AlN n type layer, a metal having a suitable work function replaces the p layer to form a Schottky rectifying barrier to form a Schottky barrier metal/semiconductor photovoltaic cell. In another embodiment, the converter can include at least one of a photovoltaic (PV) battery, a photovoltaic (PE) battery, and a mixture of a PV cell and a PE battery. The PE battery can include a solid state battery, such as a GaN PE battery. The PE cells can each comprise a photocathode, a gap layer, and an anode. An exemplary PE cell contains a discontinued GaN (cathode) / AlN (separator or gap) / a discontinuous Al, Yb or Eu (anode). The PV cells may each comprise at least one of the GaN, AlGaN, and AlN PV cells of the present invention. The PE cell can be the top layer and the PV cell can be the bottom layer of the mixture. PE batteries convert the shortest wavelength light. In an embodiment, at least one of the p- and n-layers of the PE cell and the p-layer and n-layer of the PV cell may be completely inverted. The architecture can be changed to improve power collection. In an embodiment, the polarization of the light ignited from the fuel is emitted and the converter is optimized to use light polarization selective material to achieve light penetration into the active layer of the cell. The light can be polarized by applying a field such as an electric or magnetic field with a corresponding electrode or magnet. In an embodiment, the fuel may comprise a silver, copper or Ag-Cu alloy melt, which may further comprise trapped hydrogen and trapped H₂ At least one of O. The light emission may mainly comprise ultraviolet light and far ultraviolet light, such as light in a wavelength region of about 10 nm to 300 nm. The PV cell can respond to at least a portion of the wavelength region from about 10 nm to 300 nm. The PV cell can include a concentrating UV cell. The battery responds to blackbody radiation. The black body radiation may correspond to at least one temperature range of about 1000K to 6000K. The incident light intensity can be in the range of at least about 2 to 100,000 suns and 10 to 10,000 suns. The battery can be operated at a temperature range known in the art, such as at least one of a temperature range of less than about 300 ° C and less than 150 ° C. The PV cell may comprise a Group III nitride, such as at least one of InGaN, GaN, and AlGaN. In an embodiment, the PV cell can include a plurality of junctions. The junctions can be layered in series. In another embodiment, the junctions are independent or electrically connected in parallel. The individual junctions can be mechanically stacked or wafer bonded. An exemplary multi-junction PV cell includes at least two junctions comprising an n-p doped semiconductor, such as a plurality of groups of InGaN, GaN, and AlGaN. The n-type dopant of GaN may comprise oxygen, and the p-type dopant may comprise Mg. An exemplary triple junction cell can comprise InGaN//GaN//AlGaN, where // can refer to an isolating transparent wafer bonding layer or mechanical stack. The PV can operate at a high light intensity equal to that of a concentrating photovoltaic device (CPV). The substrate can be at least one of sapphire, Si, SiC, and GaN, with the latter two providing optimal lattice matching for CPV applications. The layers can be deposited using the organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process known in the art. The cells can be cooled by cold plates, such as those used in CPV or diode lasers, such as commercial GaN diode lasers. As in the case of a CPV battery, the grid contacts can be mounted on the front and back surfaces of the battery. In an embodiment, the surface of a PV cell, such as a PV cell comprising at least one of GaN, AlN, and GaAlN, may terminate. The termination layer can include at least one of H and F. Termination can reduce the carrier recombination effect of defects. The surface can be terminated with a window such as AlN. In an embodiment, at least one of a photovoltaic (PV) and optoelectronic (PE) converter may have a protective window that is substantially transparent to the light it responds to. The window can transmit at least 10% of the response light. The window is transparent to UV light. The window can include a coating, such as a UV clear coating, on the PV or PE cell. The coating can be applied by deposition such as vapor deposition. The coating may comprise a material of the UV window of the invention, such as sapphire or MgF₂ window. Other suitable windows include LiF and CaF₂ . Such as MgF₂ Any window of the window can be made thinner to limit EUV attenuation. In an embodiment, a PV or PE material, such as a hard glass-like material, such as GaN, acts as a cleanable surface. A PV material such as GaN acts as a window. In an embodiment, the surface electrode of the PV or PE cell can comprise a window. The electrodes and windows may comprise aluminum. The window may contain aluminum, carbon, graphite, zirconia, graphene, MgF₂ , alkaline earth fluoride, alkaline earth halide, Al₂ O₃ And at least one of the sapphires. The window can be extremely thin, such as about 1 Å to 100 Å thick, making it transparent to UV and EUV emissions from the battery. Exemplary thinner transparent films are Al, Yb, and Eu films. The film can be applied by MOCVD, vapor deposition, sputtering, and other methods known in the art. In an embodiment, the battery can convert incident light into electricity by at least one mechanism, such as at least one mechanism from the group of photovoltaic effects, photoelectric effects, thermionic effects, and thermoelectric effects. The converter can comprise a double layer battery each having a photovoltaic layer on top of the photovoltaic layer. Higher energy light, such as far ultraviolet light, can be selectively absorbed and converted by the top layer. One of the plurality of layers may contain a UV window, such as MgF₂ window. The UV window protects the ultraviolet (UV) PV from damage due to ionizing radiation, such as damage due to soft X-ray radiation. In an embodiment, a low pressure cell gas may be added to selectively attenuate radiation that would damage (UV) PV. Alternatively, the radiation can be at least partially converted to electricity by the top layer of the photoelectric converter and at least partially blocked from the UV PV. In another embodiment, a UV PV material such as GaN can also convert at least a portion of the far ultraviolet emission from the battery to electricity using at least one of a photovoltaic effect and a photoelectric effect. A photovoltaic converter can include a PV cell that converts ultraviolet light into electricity. An exemplary ultraviolet PV cell comprises at least one of the following: a poly(4-styrenesulfonate) film (SrTiO3:Nb) doped p-type semiconductor polymer PEDOT- deposited on Nb-doped titanium oxide. PSS: (poly(3,4-extended ethylenedioxythiophene)) (PEDOT-PSS/SrTiO3: Nb heterostructure), GaN, GaN, SiC, diamond, Si, and TiO doped with a transition metal such as manganese₂ . Other exemplary PV photovoltaic cells include n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction cells. To convert high intensity light to electricity, the generator can include a light distribution system and a photovoltaic converter 26a (such as the light distribution system and photovoltaic converter shown in Figure 2I132). The light distribution system can include a plurality of semi-transparent mirrors arranged in a light-shielding stack along a propagation axis of light emitted from the battery, wherein at each of the mirror members 23 of the stack, the light is at least partially reflected to the PC battery 15 (such as with The light is propagating in a direction parallel to the battery) to receive laterally reflected light. The light-electric panel 15 can comprise at least one of a PE, a PV, and a thermionic battery. The window to the converter may be transparent to light emitted by the battery (such as short wavelength light) or black body radiation (such as black body radiation corresponding to a temperature of about 2800K to 4000K), wherein the power converter may include thermal photovoltaic (TPV) power conversion Device. The window to the PV converter can include one of the following: sapphire, LiF, MgF₂ And CaF₂ Other alkaline earth halides (such as fluorides, such as BaF₂ , CdF₂ ), quartz, fused silica, UV glass, borosilicate and infrared ray (ThorLabs). The semi-transparent mirror 23 is transparent to short-wavelength light. The material may be the same material as the PV converter window, partially covering a reflective material, such as a mirror, such as a UV mirror. The semi-transparent mirror 23 can comprise a checkered pattern of reflective material, such as a UV mirror, such as at least one of: via MgF₂ Fluoride film on coated Al and aluminum, such as MgF₂ Or LiF film, or SiC film. In an embodiment, the TPV conversion efficiency may be increased by using a selective emitter such as germanium on the surface of the blackbody emitter 5b4.镱 is an exemplary member of a class of rare earth metals that replaces the normal blackbody spectrum that emits a spectrum of the radiation spectrum of a similar line. This allows the energy spectrum of the relatively narrow emission to closely match the band gap of the TPV battery. In an embodiment, the generator further includes a switch (such as the present invention or an IGBT or another switch known in the art) to disconnect the ignition current in the event that the low energy hydrogen reaction itself propagates by pyrolysis. The reaction itself can maintain at least one of elevated battery and plasma temperatures, such as a temperature that supports pyrolysis at a rate sufficient to maintain this temperature and the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. The plasma can comprise a light thick plasma. The plasma can comprise a black body. Light thick plasma can be achieved by maintaining high gas pressure. In an exemplary embodiment, pyrolysis occurs when a continuous ignition current in the range of 100 A to 1000 A is used to spray molten silver and molten silver copper (28 wt%) alloy at the tungsten electrode, wherein the superimposed pulse is at about 2 kA. In the range of up to 10 kA, the plasma blackbody temperature is 5000 K and the electrode temperature is in the range of about 3000K to 3700K. Pyrolysis can occur at a high temperature of at least one of the plasma and the battery component in contact with the plasma, such as the wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The temperature may be in at least one of about 500K to 10,000K, 1000K to 7000K, and 1000K to 5000K. In another embodiment, at least one of the battery components, such as the reservoir 5c, can act as a coolant to cool the pyrolysis H to prevent it from returning to H.₂ O. The maintained blackbody temperature can be a temperature that emits radiation that can be converted to electricity using photovoltaic cells. In an exemplary embodiment, the black body temperature may be maintained within at least one of about 1000 K to 4000 K. Photovoltaic cells can include thermal photovoltaic (TPV) cells. Exemplary photovoltaic cells for thermal photovoltaic conversion include crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAsSb), and germanium. Indium arsenate (InPAsSb) battery. Other exemplary cells are InGaAsP (1.3 eV) / InGaAsP (0.96 eV) / InGaAs (0.73 eV) / InP substrate / copper or gold IR emitter and InAlGaAs (1.3 eV) / InGaAs (0.96 eV) / graded buffer layer / Ge Subcell/copper or gold IR reflector. PV cells can include multi-junction GaAs cell stacks on multi-junction GaSb cells, such as 3J GaAs cells on 2J GaSb cells. The converter can include a mirror to direct and redirect radiation to at least one of the thermal photovoltaic converters. In an embodiment, the retroreflector reflects unconverted radiation back to the source to contribute to the power radiated to the converter. An exemplary mirror comprises at least one of: a vertebral material, such as aluminum and anodized aluminum, via MgF₂ Coated Al; and fluoride film, such as MgF on aluminum and sapphire₂ Or LiF film or SiC film; alumina, such as alpha-alumina, which can be sputter coated onto a substrate, such as stainless steel, via MgF₂ Coated sapphire, borosilicate glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass (such as Gorilla glass); LiF, MgF₂ And CaF₂ Other alkaline earth halides, such as fluorides, such as BaF₂ , CdF₂ Quartz, fused silica, UV glass, borosilicate, ThorLabs, and ceramic glass, which can be mirrored on the outer surface when transparent. A mirror such as an anodized aluminum mirror can diffuse the light to uniformly radiate the PV converter. Transparent materials (such as sapphire, alumina, borosilicate glass, LiF, MgF₂ And CaF₂ Other alkaline earth halides (such as fluorides, such as BaF₂ , CdF₂ ), quartz, fused silica, UV glass, borosilicate, ThorLabs, and ceramic glass can serve as a window for the TPV converter. Another embodiment of a TPV converter includes a blackbody emitter filter to transmit a wavelength that matches the bandgap of the PV and reflect the mismatched wavelength back to the emitter, wherein the emitter can include a thermal battery component as an electrode. The black body radiator 5b4 may be coated with a selective emitter such as a rare earth metal such as helium, which emits a spectrum that is more favorable for thermal photovoltaic conversion, such as a spectrum similar to the line radiation spectrum. The bandgap of the cell is selected to optimize the electrical output efficiency for a given blackbody operating temperature and corresponding spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment operating at about 3000K or 3500K, the band gap of the TPV battery junction is given in Table 1. Table 1. Optimal bandgap combinations for batteries with n =1, 2, 3 or 4 junctions (J). To optimize the performance of a thermal photovoltaic converter comprising a multi-junction cell, the black body temperature of the light emitted from the cell can be maintained at a constant of about 10%, for example. The power output device can then be utilized to control the power output, wherein the surplus power is stored in a device such as a battery or capacitor or discharged (such as as heat is exhausted). In another embodiment, the reaction rate can be reduced by using the present invention (such as changing the ignition frequency and current, metal ejection rate, and H).₂ O and H₂ The injection rate of at least one of them is to maintain power from the plasma, wherein the black body temperature can be maintained by controlling the emissivity of the plasma. The emissivity of the plasma can be varied by adding a cell gas such as a rare gas to change the cell atmosphere, such as the cell atmosphere initially containing the metal vapor. In an embodiment, a corresponding sensor or gauge is used to sense the pressure of the electrolysis cell gases, such as the pressure of water vapor, hydrogen, and oxygen. In an embodiment, sensing at least one gas pressure (such as at least one of water pressure and hydrogen pressure) by monitoring at least one parameter of the battery, the at least one parameter responsive to at least one of the cell gases The pressure changes and changes. At least one of the desired water pressure and hydrogen pressure can be achieved by varying one or more pressures as the gas supply simultaneously monitors the effects of the changes. Exemplary monitored parameters by gas changes include the electrical behavior of the ignition circuit and the light output of the battery. At least one of the ignition current and the light output may be maximized at a desired pressure of at least one of a hydrogen pressure and a water vapor pressure. At least one of a photodetector (such as a diode) and an output of the PV converter can measure the light output of the battery. At least one of the voltage and current meters can monitor the electrical behavior of the ignition circuit. The generator may include a pressure control system (such as a pressure control system including a software), a processor (such as a computer), and monitoring of input parameters and adjusting gas pressure to achieve optimal power output of the generator. Controller. In embodiments containing a fuel metal (including copper), hydrogen can be maintained at a certain pressure from H₂ The reaction of O with low energy hydrogen and oxygen achieves reduction of copper oxide from the reaction of copper with oxygen, wherein the water vapor pressure is adjusted to optimize the generator output by monitoring parameters. In an embodiment, H can be supplied by electrolysis₂ The hydrogen pressure is controlled at about a constant pressure. The electrolysis current can be maintained at about a constant current. Hydrogen can be supplied at a rate to react with approximately all of the low energy hydrogen reactive oxygen products. The surplus hydrogen can diffuse through the cell wall to maintain a constant pressure above the hydrogen consumed by the low energy hydrogen reaction and reaction with the oxygen product. Hydrogen can permeate through the hollow cathode to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, the pressure control system controls H in response to the ignition current and frequency and light output.₂ And H₂ O pressure to optimize at least one of them. Light can be monitored using a diode, power meter or spectrometer. The ignition current can be monitored using a multimeter or digital oscilloscope. The injection rate of the molten metal of the electromagnetic pump 5k can also be controlled to optimize at least one of the electrical behavior of the ignition circuit and the light output of the battery. In another embodiment, the sensor can measure multiple components. In an exemplary embodiment, the cell gas and total pressure are measured using a mass spectrometer, such as a quadrupole mass spectrometer, such as a residual gas analyzer. The mass spectrometer can be sensed in batch or trend mode. The water or humidity sensor can include at least one of an absolute, a capacitive, and a resistance humidity sensor. A sensor capable of analyzing a plurality of gases includes a plasma source, such as a microwave chamber and a generator, wherein the plasma excites the cell gas to emit light such as visible and infrared light. Gas and concentration are determined by spectral emission, such as the characteristic line and intensity of gaseous components. The gas can be cooled prior to sampling. The metal vapor is removed from the cell gas prior to analyzing the gas composition of the cell gas. The metal vapor in the battery, such as a battery comprising at least one of silver and copper, can be cooled to condense the metal vapor such that the cell gas can flow into the sensor in the absence of metal vapor. An SF-CIHT battery, also referred to herein as an SF-CIHT generator or generator, may include a passage (such as a tube from which a gas flows from a battery), wherein the tube includes a battery inlet and an outlet for condensed metal vapor flow and a non-condensable gas To the output of at least one gas sensor. The tube can be cooled. Cooling can be achieved by conduction, wherein the tube is cooled to a cooled battery assembly (such as a magnet of an electrode electromagnetic pump). The tube can be effectively cooled by means such as water cooling and passive components such as heat pipes. The cell gas containing metal vapor can enter the tube where the metal vapor condenses due to the low temperature of the tube. The condensed metal can flow to the vertebral body reservoir by at least one of gravity flow and pumping such that the gas to be sensed flows into the sensor in the absence of metal vapor. Alternatively, the gas pressure may be measured in the outer chamber 5b3a, wherein the gas may penetrate into the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The infiltration can be via the black body radiator 5b4. In an embodiment, the generator comprises a black body radiator 5b4 that can charge a vessel containing the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, PV converter 26a includes a PV cell 15 on the interior of a metal enclosure that includes a battery chamber 5b3 containing a blackbody radiator 5b4. The PV cooling plate can be outside the battery compartment. At least one of the chambers 5b3, 5b3a, and 5b31 is capable of maintaining the pressure at least one of: subatmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and superatmospheric pressure. The PV converter can further include at least one set of electrical feedthroughs to transfer electrical power from the PV cells within the inner surface of the battery chamber to the exterior of the battery chamber. The feedthrough can be at least one of airtight and vacuum or pressure capable. In an embodiment, at least one battery component, such as reservoir 5c, may be insulated. The insulating member may comprise a heat shield and may also comprise other forms of thermal insulation, such as ceramic insulating materials (such as MgO, fire brick, Al).₂ O₃ Zirconium oxide (such as Zicar), alumina enhanced thermal barrier (AETB) (such as AETB 12 insulation, ZAL-45 and SiC-carbon aerogel (AFSiC)). The exemplary AETB 12 insulation thickness is about 0.5 to 5 cm. The insulator may be encapsulated between two layers, such as an inner refractory metal or material battery component wall and an outer insulating wall that may comprise the same or different materials, such as stainless steel. The battery assembly can be cooled. The outer insulating envelope can include a cooling system, such as a cooling system that transfers heat to the chiller or radiator 31. In an embodiment, the chiller may include a radiator 31 and may further include at least one fan 31j1 and at least one coolant pump 31k to cool the radiator and circulate the coolant. The radiator can be cooled by air. An exemplary radiator includes a car or truck radiator. The chiller may further comprise a coolant reservoir or sump 31l. The sump 31l can function as a flow damper. The cooling system can include a bypass valve to return flow from the sump to the radiator. In an embodiment, the cooling system comprises at least one of: recirculating the coolant between the sump and the radiator when the radiator inlet line pressure is lower due to a lowering or suspension of pumping in the cooling line a bypass circuit; and a radiator overpressure or overflow line between the radiator and the sump. The cooling system can further include at least one check valve in the bypass circuit. The cooling system may further comprise a radiator relief valve (such as a check valve) and an overflow line from the radiator to the overflow sump 31l. The radiator can act as a sump. The chiller (such as the radiator 31 and the fan 31j1) may have a flow to and from the sump 31l. The cooling system can include a sump inlet line from the radiator to the sump 31l for conveying the cooled coolant. The coolant may be pumped from the storage tank 31l to a common sump outlet manifold that supplies a cooling coolant to each of the components to be cooled. The radiator 31 can act as a sump wherein the radiator outlet provides a cooling coolant. Alternatively, each component to be cooled, such as an inductively coupled heater, EM pump magnet 5k4, and PV converter 26a, may have a separate coolant flow circuit with a sump cooled by a chiller such as a radiator and a fan. Each circuit may include a separate pump or pump of a plurality of pumps 31k and a plurality of valves 31m. Each circuit can receive the flow of a separate pump 31k from the flow in the conditioning circuit. Alternatively, each circuit may receive a flow from a pump 31k that provides flow to a plurality of circuits, wherein each circuit includes a valve 31m, such as a solenoid valve that regulates flow in the circuit. The flow through each loop can be independently controlled by its controller, such as a thermal sensor, such as a thermocouple, flow meter, controllable value, pump controller, and computer. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is sealed to constrain at least one of: a fuel gas, such as water vapor and at least one of a source of hydrogen and oxygen (such as an oxide); and a metal of the fuel melt Vapor, such as Ag or Ag-Cu alloy vapor. The outer surface of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise a black body radiator 5b4, which may comprise a material that is capable of operating at very high temperatures, such as in the range of about 1000 °C to 4000 °C. In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a material having a melting point higher than a melting point of a molten metal such as silver. An exemplary material is at least one of a group of metals and alloys from the group consisting of: WC, TaW, CuNi, Herstite C, Herstite X, Inconel, and Incoal ( Incoloy), carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome-molybdenum steel (such as modified 9Cr-1Mo-V (P91), 21/4Cr -1Mo steel (P22)), Nd, Ac, Au, Sm, Cu, Pm , U, Mn, doped Be, Gd, Cm, Tb, doped Si, Dy, Ni, Ho, Co, Er, Y, Fe, Sc, Tm, Pd, Pa, Lu, Ti, Pt, Zr , Cr, V, Rh, Hf, Tc, Ru, doped with B, Ir, Nb, Mo, Ta, Os, Re, W, carbon, ceramics (such as SiC, MgO, alumina, Hf-Ta-C, Boron nitride) and other high temperature materials known in the art to act as black bodies. The black body radiator absorbs power from the plasma to heat it to its high operating temperature. In a thermal photovoltaic embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 provides light incident on the PV converter 26a. The black body radiator may have an emissivity such as an emissivity close to one. In an embodiment, the emissivity can be adjusted to produce black body power that matches the capabilities of the PV converter. In an exemplary embodiment, the emissivity can be increased or decreased by means of the present invention. In the illustrative case of the metal blackbody radiator 5b4, the surface may be at least one of oxidized and roughened to increase emissivity. The emissivity can be non-linear with the wavelength (such as inversely proportional to the wavelength) such that short wavelength emission is advantageous from its outer surface. At least one of a filter, a lens, and a mirror in a gap between the black body radiator 5b4 and the PV converter 26a may have a function of transmitting short-wavelength light to the PV converter while returning the infrared light to the radiator 5b4 Selectivity. In an exemplary embodiment, the operating temperature of the W or carbon blackbody radiator 5b4 is the operating temperature of the incandescent bulb, such as up to 3700 K. In the case of an emissivity of 1, the blackbody radiator power is at most 10.6 MW/m according to the Stephen Bozemann equation.² . In an embodiment, the black body radiation is incident on a PV converter 26a that includes a concentrating photovoltaic cell 15 (such as a concentrating photovoltaic cell of the present invention) that responds to corresponding radiation, such as in response to visible and near-infrared light. The concentrating photovoltaic battery. The battery may comprise a multi-junction cell, such as a dual or triple junction cell comprising a III/V semiconductor, such as a battery of the invention. The SF-CIHT generator may further include a black body temperature sensor and a black body temperature controller. The black body temperature of the black body radiator 5b4 can be maintained and adjusted to optimize the light-to-electric conversion of the black body. The black body temperature of the black body radiator 5b4 can be sensed using a sensor such as at least one of: a spectrometer, an optical pyrometer, a PV converter 26a, and a power meter that uses emissivity to determine the black body temperature. By means of the present invention, a controller, such as a controller including a computer and a low energy hydrogen reaction parameter sensor and controller, can control the power from the low energy hydrogen reaction. In an exemplary embodiment, to control the stability of temperature and blackbody temperature, the low energy hydrogen reaction rate is controlled by controlling at least one of water vapor pressure, hydrogen pressure, fuel injection rate, ignition frequency, and ignition voltage and current. . For a given low energy hydrogen reaction power from the reaction cell chamber 5b31 of the heated black body radiator 5b4, the desired operating black body temperature of the black body radiator 5b4 can be achieved by at least one of: selecting and controlling the black body radiator The emissivity of at least one of the inner and outer surfaces of 5b4. In an embodiment, the power radiated from the black body radiator 5b4 is approximately the spectrum and power matched to the PV converter 26a. In an embodiment, the emissivity of the outer surface is selected (such as an emissivity in the range of about 0.1 to 1) to cause the cap 5b4 to radiate power to the PV converter at the desired blackbody temperature, the power not exceeding Its maximum acceptable incident power. The blackbody temperature can be selected to better match the photovoltaic switching reaction of the PV cell so that conversion efficiency can be maximized. The emissivity can be changed by modifying the outer surface of the black body radiator 5b4. The emissivity can be increased or decreased by coating a coating having an increased or decreased emissivity. In an exemplary embodiment, a pyrolytic carbon coating may be applied to the black body radiator 5b4 to increase its emissivity. The emissivity can also be increased by oxidizing and roughening at least one of the W surfaces, and the emissivity can be reduced by reducing at least one of the oxidized surface and the polished rough W surface. The generator can contain oxidizing gases (such as oxygen and H₂ The source of at least one of O and the source of the reducing gas (such as hydrogen) and the means for controlling the composition and pressure of the atmosphere in the battery chamber. The generator may include a gas sensor (such as a pressure gauge), a pump, a gas supply, and a gas supply controller to control the gas composition and pressure to control the emissivity of the blackbody radiator 5b4. The black body radiator 5b4 and the PV converter 26a may be separated by a gap such as a gas or vacuum gap to prevent the PV converter from overheating due to heat conduction to the PV converter. The black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a plurality of suitable shapes, such as a shape comprising a flat plate or a dome. The shape may be selected for at least one of structural integrity and optimization of transmission of light to the PV region. Exemplary shapes are cubes, straight cylinders, polygons, and geodesic balls. The black body radiator 5b4 (such as carbon) may comprise parts such as plates that can be glued together. The exemplary cube-reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the black body radiator 5b4, which may comprise carbon, may comprise two half-cubes machined and glued together from a solid cube of carbon. The base of the cavity may contain a geometry such as a conical channel to permit the molten metal to flow back into the reservoir. The substrate can be thicker than the upper wall to act as an insulator such that power is preferentially radiated from the non-substrate surface. The cavity may comprise a wall whose thickness varies along the perimeter to produce a desired temperature profile along the outer surface comprising the black body radiator 5b4. In an exemplary embodiment, the cubic reaction cell chamber 5b31 can include a wall that includes a spherical segment centered on each wall to create a uniform black body temperature of the outer surface. The spherical section can be machined into a wall form, or it can be glued into a planar inner wall surface. The spherical radius of the spherical section can be selected to achieve the desired blackbody surface temperature profile. To enhance battery output and efficiency, the area of the black body emitter 5b4 is optimally matched to the receiving PV converter 26a. In an embodiment, other battery components (such as reservoir 5c) may comprise a material (such as a refractory material such as carbon, BN, SiC or W) to act as a black body radiator to a PV arrangement that is circumferentially arranged to the assembly to receive black body radiation. Device. At least one of the battery components, such as blackbody radiator 5b4 and reservoir 5c, can include a geometry that optimizes the stacking of PV cells 15 to accept light from the components. In an exemplary embodiment, the battery assembly can include a polyhedral surface, such as a polygon, such as at least one of a triangle, a pentagon, a hexagon, a square, and a rectangle, that matches the geometry of the PV cell 15. The geometry of the blackbody radiator and PV converter can be selected to optimize photon transfer from the blackbody radiator to the PV converter, taking into account parameters such as the angle of incidence of the illumination photons and the corresponding effects on PV efficiency. In an embodiment, PV converter 26a may include components to move a PV cell, such as a PV rotating rack, to cause more uniformity of time-averaged radiation incident on the battery. The PV rotating rack can rotate an axially symmetric PC converter, such as a PC converter including a lateral polygonal ring, about an axis of symmetry or a z-axis. Polygons can contain hexagons. Rotation may be caused by a mechanical drive connection, a pneumatic motor, an electromagnetic drive, or other drive known to those skilled in the art. The surface of the black body radiator 5b4 can be modified to change the emissivity with a corresponding change in power radiated from the black body radiator. The blackbody radiator emissivity can be achieved by (i) modifying the polishing, roughness or texture of the surface, (ii) adding a coating to the carbon (such as carbides, such as at least one of tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, and tantalum carbide) or The pyrolytic coating and (iii) are modified by adding a cladding, such as a W cladding, to the carbon blackbody radiator. In the latter case, W can be mechanically attached to the carbon by a fastener such as a screw having an expansion member such as a slot. In an exemplary embodiment, the emissivity of the TaC (such as TaC coating, tile or cladding) on the carbon black body radiator 5b4 is about 0.2 with respect to the emissivity of carbon. The blackbody radiator 5b4 may comprise a cavity having a first geometry, such as a spherical cavity 5b31 (Fig. 2I134 to Fig. 2I138) within a solid shape having a second geometry, such as a cube. In another embodiment, the first cavity 5b31 having the first geometry may be internal to the second cavity 5b4a1 having the second geometry. The illustrative embodiment includes a spherical shell cavity in a hollow cube cavity. The corresponding second cavity 5b4a1 may comprise a black body cavity comprising a black body radiator outer surface 5b4a. The interior of the second cavity can be heated to the black body temperature by the internal first cavity having the first geometry. Black body radiation from the corresponding second black body radiator 5b4a can be incident on the PV cell 15, which can match the geometric structure. The cells can be arranged in an array with matching geometries. In an embodiment, the optical power received into the PV cell can be reduced to an allowable intensity of light emitted at the operating temperature of the blackbody radiator by at least one of: increasing the second cavity and the PV cell Spacing interval; using a PV cell containing a half mirror on the surface to reflect a portion of the incident light; using a secondary radiator (such as tungsten instead of carbon, a radiator with reduced emissivity); and having a needle in front of the PV cell The reflectors of the apertures that only partially transmit blackbody radiation from the primary or secondary blackbody radiator to the PV cell and desirably reflect the non-transmitted light. In an embodiment, the geometry of the secondary radiator 5b4a and the PV converter 26a with matching geometry can be selected to reduce the complexity of the PV cold plate, PV cooler or PV heat exchanger 26b. An exemplary cubic geometry minimizes the number of PV cold plates, maximizes the size of the PV cold plates, and results in electrical interconnects and coolant line connections (such as electrical connections to the inlet 31b and outlet 31c of the PV coolant system). The complexity of connecting the coolant line is low. The secondary black body radiator can be protected from sublimation by means of a component that supports the halogen cycle. In an embodiment, the gas enclosing the chamber of the blackbody radiator, such as chamber 5b3 (Fig. 2I80), may comprise a source of halogen (such as I)₂ Or Br₂ Or a hydrocarbon bromine compound that forms a complex with sublimed tungsten. The complex compound can be decomposed on the surface of the hot tungsten to redeposit the tungsten on the black body radiator 5b4. The window on the multi-layer PV cell 15 can support a temperature gradient to support the volatilization of the tungsten-halogen species to support the halogen cycle. In an embodiment, the carbon battery component (such as the carbon black body radiator 5b4) can be protected from sublimation by applying external pressure. In an exemplary embodiment, the carbon is stably sublimed to 4500 K by applying a pressure of about 100 atmospheres. The pressure can be applied, for example, by a high pressure gas such as at least one of an inert gas, hydrogen, and a molten metal vapor such as silver vapor. In an embodiment, the blackbody radiator 5b4 comprises a spherical dome connectable to the reservoir 5c. The blackbody radiator can be shaped other than a spherical surface (such as a cube) and can be further coated or coated with a material to change its emissivity to better match the radiated power to the capabilities of the PV cell. The exemplary coated blackbody radiator 5b4 comprises a carbon cube coating having a refractory material having a lower emissivity than carbon having a self-vaporizing or sublimating low vapor pressure at the black body operating temperature. At least one battery component (such as at least one of the reservoir 5c, the blackbody radiator 5b4, and the blackbody radiator cladding) may comprise at least one of: graphite (sublimation point = 3642 ° C); refractory metal (such as tungsten) (MP = 3422 ° C) or 钽 (MP = 3020 ° C)); ceramics; ultra-high temperature ceramics; and ceramic matrix composites (such as at least one of boride, carbide, nitride and oxide, such boride , carbides, nitrides and oxides such as those of early transition metals, such as boride (HfB₂ ), zirconium diboride (ZrB)₂ ), tantalum nitride (HfN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), titanium carbide (TIC), titanium nitride (TiN), germanium dioxide (ThO)₂ ), lanthanum boride (NbB)₂ ) and tantalum carbide (TaC) and its associated complexes). Exemplary ceramics having the desired high melting point are magnesium oxide (MgO) (MP = 2852 ° C), zirconia (ZrO) (MP = 2715 ° C), boron nitride (BN) (MP = 2973 ° C), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂ ) (M.P.=2715°C), lanthanum boride (HfB)₂ (M.P.=3380°C), niobium carbide (HfC) (M.P.=3900°C), Ta₄ HfC₅ (M.P.=4000°C), Ta₄ HfC₅ TaX₄ HfCX₅ (4215 ° C), tantalum nitride (HfN) (M.P. = 3385 ° C), zirconium diboride (ZrB₂ (M.P.=3246°C), zirconium carbide (ZrC) (M.P.=3400°C), zirconium nitride (ZrN) (M.P.=2950°C), titanium boride (TiB)₂ (M.P.=3225°C), titanium carbide (TIC) (M.P.=3100°C), titanium nitride (TiN) (M.P.=2950°C), niobium carbide (SiC) (M.P.=2820°C), tantalum boride (TaB)₂ (MP=3040°C), tantalum carbide (TaC) (MP=3800°C), tantalum nitride (TaN) (MP=2700°C), niobium carbide (NbC) (MP=3490°C), tantalum nitride (NbN) (MP = 2573 ° C), vanadium carbide (VC) (MP = 2810 ° C) and vanadium nitride (MP = 2050 ° C) and turbine blade material (such as one or more of the following groups: super Alloys, nickel-based superalloys containing chromium, cobalt and niobium, superalloys containing ceramic matrix composites, U-500, Rene 77, Rene N5, Rene N6, PWA 1484, CMSX-4, CMSX-10, Inch Nickel , IN-738, GTD-111, EPM-102 and PWA 1497). Ceramics such as MgO and ZrO can be paired with H₂ The reaction is resistant. In an exemplary embodiment, the emissivity of the TaC (such as TaC coating, tile or cladding) on the carbon black body radiator 5b4 is about 0.2 with respect to the emissivity of carbon. An exemplary battery assembly (such as a reservoir) comprising MgO, alumina, ZrO, ZrB₂ , SiC or BN. The exemplary blackbody radiator 5b4 can comprise carbon or tungsten. The battery component material (such as graphite) can be coated with another high temperature or refractory material (such as refractory metal (such as tungsten) or ceramic (such as ZrB)₂ , TaC, HfC, WC)) or another material known in the invention or in the art. Another graphite surface coating comprises diamond-like carbon that can be formed on the surface by plasma treatment of the vertebral body. Processing methods can include processing methods known in the art for depositing diamond-like carbon onto a substrate. In an embodiment, the silver vapor may be deposited on the surface by pre-coating or during operation to protect the cone from erosion. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise carbon and an electrolysis cell gas (such as H₂ O, H₂ , CO and CO₂ The reaction product of at least one of them to suppress further reaction of carbon. In an embodiment, at least one component, such as the lower portion of pump tube 5k6 and EM pump assembly 5kk, may comprise high temperature steel, such as Haines 230. In the embodiment, the rare gas held by the low energy hydrogen reaction -H₂ Plasma (such as argon-H₂ (3 to 5%)) The carbon in the form of graphite can be converted to at least one of a diamond-like or diamond-like form. The battery assembly (such as the reservoir 5c or the black body radiator 5b4) can be cast, ground, hot pressed, sintered, plasma sintered, wetted, spark plasma sintered, melted by laser bed 3D printing, and by familiarizing itself with Other methods known to those skilled in the art are formed. In an embodiment, at least one component, such as the outer casing 5b3a, may be fabricated by stamping or stamping a constituent material, such as a metal. In the thermionic and thermoelectric embodiments, the thermionic or thermoelectric converter can be in direct contact with the thermal blackbody radiator 5b4. The blackbody radiator 5b4 can also transfer heat to a heat engine (such as a Rankine, Brendon or Stirling heat engine) or can act as a heater for the heat to electrical converter. In an embodiment, a medium other than a standard medium such as water or air can be used as the working medium of the heat engine. In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrocarbon or supercritical carbon dioxide can replace the water in the Rankine cycle of the turbine generator, and the air with respect to the external burner design can be used as the working medium for the Braden cycle of the turbine generator. An exemplary supercritical carbon dioxide cycle generator comprising a generator of the Echogen power system (https://www.dresser-rand.com/products-solutions/systems-solutions/Waste - Heat - Recovery - System /http://www.echogen.com/_CE/pagecontent/Documents/News/Echogen_brochure_2016.pdf). Alternatively, the heat cover 5b4 can act as a heat source or heater or light source. The heat flow to the heat engine or heater may be direct or indirect, wherein the SF-CIHT generator may further comprise a heat exchanger or heat transfer member (such as one of the present invention). In another embodiment, the SunCell® may comprise a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) or plasma fluid power (PHD) generator, wherein the high pressure plasma generated in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 flows to the MHD or PHD generator And converted to electricity. The reflux can enter the chamber of the reaction cell. At least one of the battery chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 and the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 3b31 may be evacuated via a pump line such as 13b using the pump 13a. A corresponding pump line valve can be used to select the pumped container. The battery may further comprise one or more components for oxygen, hydrogen, water vapor, metal vapor, gaseous oxides (such as CO₂ At least one of, CO) and a high temperature capable sensor with a total pressure. By means of the invention, the water and hydrogen pressure can be controlled to a desired pressure, such as the pressure of the invention, such as a water vapor pressure in the range of from 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr. In an exemplary embodiment, the valve and its valve opening are controlled to maintain a desired gas pressure using a feedback gas supply that uses a measured pressure of the gas to maintain a desired pressure of the gas. H₂ O and H₂ It can be supplied by a hydrogen storage tank and a pipeline 31l, and the hydrogen storage tank and the pipeline 31l can include H₂ Electrolysis system, H₂ O/steam storage tank and line 31l, hydrogen feed line 5ua, argon storage tank 5u1 and feed line 5u1a and gas injectors (such as H that can pass through the EM pump tube)₂ , argon and H₂ At least one of the O/steam injectors). As an alternative to pumping out oxygen or absorbing oxygen, the oxygen produced in the battery can react with the supplied hydrogen to form water. The low energy hydrogen gas can diffuse or flow out of the selective gas valve via the walls and junctions of the battery. In another embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is operated under an inert atmosphere. The SF-CIHT generator may comprise an inert gas source (such as a sump) and at least one of: a pressure gauge, a pressure regulator, a flow regulator, at least one valve, a pump, and a computer for reading pressure and controlling pressure. The inert gas pressure can range from about 1 Torr to 10 atm. In an embodiment, after startup, the heater can be removed and cooling can be performed to maintain the battery components (such as reservoir 5c, EM pump, and PV converter 26a) at their operating temperatures (such as given in the present invention) Out of operating temperature). In an embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery or generator (also referred to as SunCell®) shown in Figures 2I28, 2I69, and 2I80 through 2I149^® Contains six basic easy-to-maintain systems, some of which do not have moving parts and can operate for long periods of time: (i) start an inductively coupled heater that includes a power supply 5m, leads 5p, and antenna coils 5f to melt the silver first or Silver-copper alloy to form a molten metal or melt; and optionally an electrode electromagnetic pump comprising a magnet for initially directing the ignition plasma flow; (ii) a fuel injector, such as comprising a hydrogen supply (such as a fuel injector of a black body radiator, wherein hydrogen can be obtained from water by electrolysis or pyrolysis; and an injection system comprising an electromagnetic pump 5ka for spraying molten silver or molten silver-copper alloy and an oxygen source (such as oxides, such as CO₂ , CO, LiVO₃ Or another oxide of the present invention; and alternatively, a gas injector, which may include a crucible passing through the EM pump tube 5k6 for injecting at least one of water vapor and hydrogen; (iii) an ignition system, Used to generate low voltage and high current flow across a pair of electrodes 8, molten metal, hydrogen and oxide, or molten metal and H₂ At least one of O and hydrogen is injected into the pair of electrodes to form a brightened photo-plasma; (iv) a black body radiator 5b4 heated by plasma to an incandescent temperature; (v) an optical-to-electrical converter 26a, Included are so-called concentrating photovoltaic cells 15 that receive light from a black body radiator and operate at high light intensities such as more than one thousand Suns; and (vi) a fuel recovery and thermal management system, It causes the molten metal to return to the injection system after ignition and cool at least one of the battery components (such as the inductive heater antenna 5f, the EM pump magnet 5k4, and the PV converter 26a). In another embodiment, light from the ignition plasma can be directly radiated to the PV converter 26a for conversion to electricity. In another embodiment, the EM pump 5ka may comprise a thermoelectric pump, a mechanical pump (such as a gear pump, such as a ceramic gear pump) or another pump known in the art (such as comprising an impeller capable of high temperatures (such as at about 900) Pump operated in the temperature range of °C to 2000 °C). In an embodiment, the black body radiator to PV converter 26a may comprise a high temperature material (such as carbon), a refractory metal (such as W, Re), or a ceramic (such as boride of transition elements such as lanthanum, zirconium and titanium), Carbide and nitride), Ta₄ HfC₅ (M.P. = 4000 °C), TaB₂ , HfC, BN, HfB₂ , HfN, ZrC, TaC, ZrB₂ , TiC, TaN, NbC, ThO₂ , oxides (such as MgO), MoSi₂ , W-Re-Hf-C alloy and other materials of the invention. The blackbody radiator can include an efficient geometry that effectively transfers light to the PV and fills the PV cell with power of light flowing from the reactive cell chamber 5b31. An exemplary blackbody radiator can include a polygonal or spherical dome. The black body radiator can be separated from the PV converter 26a by a gas or vacuum gap, wherein the PV cell is positioned to receive black body light from the black body radiator. The generator may further include a peripheral chamber that is sealable to the atmosphere and further capable of maintaining a pressure below, equal to, and greater than at least one of atmospheric pressures. The generator may comprise a spherical pressure or vacuum vessel around the dome comprising a battery chamber 5b3, wherein the PV converter comprises a housing or a pressure vessel. The battery chamber can comprise suitable materials known to those skilled in the art that provide structural strength, sealing and heat transfer. In an exemplary embodiment, the battery chamber comprises at least one of stainless steel and copper. The PV cell can cover the interior of the cell chamber, and a PV cooling system, such as heat exchanger 87, can cover the outer surface of the cell chamber. In a thermally photovoltaic embodiment, PV converter 26a may include a selective filter (such as a photonic crystal) for the visible wavelength to PV converter 26a. In an embodiment, the black body radiator comprises a spherical dome 5b4. In an embodiment, the inner surface of the graphite sphere is coated with a carbide having a high temperature capability, such as Ta₄ HfC₅ (M.P. = 4000 ° C), tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium carbide or tantalum carbide. The corresponding metal can react with the carbon of the graphite surface to form a corresponding metal carbide surface. The dome 5b4 can be separated from the PV converter 26a by a gas or vacuum gap. In one embodiment, to reduce the intensity of light incident on the PV cell, the PV cell can be positioned further away from the black body radiator. For example, the radius of the peripheral spherical chamber can be increased to reduce the intensity of light emitted from the internal spherical blackbody radiator, which is mounted on the inner surface of the peripheral spherical chamber (Fig. 2I 143). The PV converter can include a dense receiver array (DRA) comprised of a plurality of PV cells. The DRA can contain a mosaic shape. Individual PV cells can include at least one of a triangle, a pentagon, a hexagon, and other polygons. The cells forming the dome or sphere can be organized in a geodesic pattern. In an exemplary embodiment of a secondary blackbody radiator operating at a high temperature such as 3500 K, the emissivity is about 8.5 MW/m of emissivity.² Times. In this case, the emissivity of the carbon dome 5b4 having an emissivity of about 1 can be reduced to about 0.35 by coating a tungsten carbide coating. The black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a cladding 26c of different materials (Fig. 2I 143) to change the emissivity to a more desirable emissivity. In an exemplary embodiment, the emissivity of the TaC (such as TaC coating, tile or cladding) on the carbon black body radiator 5b4 is about 0.2 with respect to the emissivity of carbon. In another embodiment, a PV cell, such as a PV cell including an external geodesic dome, can be at least one of: angled and includes a reflective coating to reduce light absorbed by the PV cell to a PV cell The level within the strength capacity. At least one PV circuit component (such as at least one of a group of PV cell electrodes, interconnects, and busbars) can comprise a material having a high emissivity, such as a polished conductor, such as polished aluminum, silver, gold, or copper. . The PV circuit elements can reflect the radiation from the black body radiator 5b4 back to the black body radiator 5b4 such that the PV circuit elements do not significantly contribute to the shadow PV power conversion losses. In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a plurality of separable segments, such as separable top and bottom hemispheres. The two hemispheres can be joined at the flange. The W dome can be fabricated by techniques known in the art such as sintering W powder, activated plasma sintering, casting, and 3D printing by laser melting. The lower chamber 5b5 can be joined at the hemispherical flange. The battery chamber can be attached to the lower chamber by a flange that can have at least one of vacuum, atmospheric pressure, and pressure above vacuum. The lower chamber can be hermetically sealed from at least one of the battery chamber and the reaction cell chamber. Gas can penetrate between the cell chamber and the reaction cell chamber. Gas exchange balances the pressure in the two chambers. A gas, such as at least one of hydrogen and a noble gas such as argon, may be added to the battery chamber to supply gas to the battery reaction chamber by permeation or flow. Permeation and flow can be for the desired gas (such as argon-H₂ ) is selective. Metal vapors, such as silver metal vapors, may be impermeable or may be flow limited such that they selectively remain only in the cell reaction chamber. The metal vapor pressure can be controlled by maintaining the reservoir 5c at a temperature that condenses the metal vapor and maintains its vapor pressure at a desired level. The generator can utilize gas pressure (such as argon-H below operating pressure (such as atmospheric pressure)₂ The gas pressure is activated so that no overpressure is formed as the battery heats up and the gas expands. Gas pressure can be controlled using the controllers of the present invention, such as computers, pressure sensors, valves, flow meters, and vacuum pumps. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction is maintained by acting as a silver vapor for the conductive substrate. At least one of a continuous jet of at least a portion that becomes vapor and a direct boiling of silver from the reservoir 5c can provide silver vapor. The electrode can provide a high current to the reaction to remove electrons and initiate a low energy hydrogen reaction. The heat from the low energy hydrogen reaction can help provide metal vapor (such as silver metal vapor) to the reaction cell chamber. The ignition power supply can include at least one of a capacitor and an inductor. The ignition circuit can include a transformer. The transformer can output high current. The generator may include an inverter that receives DC power from the PV converter and outputs AC. The generator can include a DC to DC voltage and current regulator to vary the voltage and current from the PV converter that can be input to the inverter. The AC input to the transformer can come from the inverter. The inverter can operate at a desired frequency, such as a frequency in the range of about one to 10,000 Hz. In an embodiment, PV converter 26a outputs DC power, which may be fed directly to the inverter or may be adjusted prior to input to the inverter. The reverse phase power (such as 60 Hz AC) can be used to power the electrodes directly or can be input to the transformer to increase the current. In an embodiment, the power source 2 provides continuous DC or AC current to the electrodes. The electrodes and electromagnetic pump can support continuous firing of a sprayed melt, such as molten Ag, which can further comprise an oxygen source such as an oxide. Hydrogen can be added by infiltration through a black body radiator. Load tracking can be achieved by means of the present invention. In the embodiment, when the power from the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is adjusted downward, the black body radiator 5b4 to the PV converter 26a can radiate its stored energy extremely quickly. In an embodiment, the radiator appears as an incandescent filament having a similar light-off time in the event that the interruption of power flows from the reaction chamber 5b31 to the radiator 5b4. In another embodiment, electrical load tracking can be achieved by operating the radiator at approximately constant power flow corresponding to about a constant operating temperature, wherein undesired power to the load is dissipated or accumulated to the resistive element (such as A resistor, such as a SiC resistor or other heating element of the invention. In an embodiment, the generator may include a smart control system that intelligently activates and deactivates loads in a plurality of loads to control peak aggregation loads. The generator can include a plurality of generators that can be coupled to obtain at least one of stability and provide peak power. At least one of smart metering and control can be achieved by telemetry (such as by using a cellular phone or a personal computer with WiFi). In an embodiment, the black body light from the black body radiator 5b4 is randomly guided. The light may be at least one of reflected, absorbed, and re-radiated back and forth between the radiator blackbody radiator 5b4 and the PV cell 15. PV cells are optimally angled to achieve desired PV absorption and light to electrical conversion. The reflectivity of the PV cover glass can vary with position. The change in reflectivity can be achieved using a PV window with spatially variable reflectivity. The variability can be achieved with a coating. An exemplary coating is MgF₂ - ZnS anti-reflective coating. The PV cells can be geometrically arranged to achieve absorption and reflection of the desired PV cells, involving at least two of the black body radiator 5b4 and the PV cells, between the plurality of PV cells, and between the plurality of PV cells The power flow interaction between the black body radiators 5b4. In an embodiment, the PC battery can be arranged into a surface having a variable radius that varies with surface angle, such as a folded surface, such as a folded geodesic dome. In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may have elements that are angled relative to each other to perform at least one of: directionally emitting, absorbing, and reflecting radiation to or from the PV cell, directionally emitting, absorbing, and reflecting radiation. In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may include an element emitter plate on the surface of the black body radiator to match the PV orientation to achieve the desired delivery of power to the PV cell. At least one of a blackbody radiator, reflector or absorber surface can have at least one of emissivity, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, and surface area selected to achieve PV to the radiator and PV cell. The desired power flow of the converter. Power flow can involve radiation bounce between the PV cell and the blackbody radiator. In an embodiment, at least one of the emissivity and surface area of the outer surface within the black body radiator 5b4 is selected to achieve the desired power flow to the PV cell to return power to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, high energy light (such as at least one of UV and EUV) can be dissociated from the H in the reaction cell chamber 5b31₂ O and H₂ At least one of them to increase the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. Dissociation can be an alternative to pyrolysis effects. In another embodiment, the generator is operated to maintain a high metal vapor pressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The high metal vapor pressure can be at least one of: forming a thick plasma to convert UV and EUV emissions from low energy hydrogen reactions to blackbody radiation; and acting as a reactant for low energy hydrogen reactions (such as a conductive substrate) Increase the rate of reaction. The low energy hydrogen reaction can propagate in the reaction cell chamber supported by pyrolysis of water. At least one of the metal vapor and blackbody temperatures can be higher (such as in the range of 1000K to 10,000K) to support the pyrolysis of water, thereby increasing the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. The low energy hydrogen reaction can occur in at least one of the gas phase and the plasma phase. The metal may be ejected by an electromagnetic pump and vaporized by at least one of an ignition current and heat from a low energy hydrogen reaction. The reaction conditions, current, and metal spray rate can be adjusted to achieve the desired metal vapor pressure. Operating the generator at a temperature above the boiling point of the metal source of the metal vapor can cause a reaction cell chamber pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The metal vapor pressure can be controlled by at least one of controlling the amount of metal vapor supplied to the chamber by an electromagnetic (EM) pump; and controlling the temperature of the battery component, such as a battery reservoir. In an embodiment, at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the reservoir 5c may comprise at least one baffle that causes convection of hot vapor from a region of the reaction cell chamber to the reservoir 5c. A cold liquid metal surface in which the vapor has the highest temperature in a region such as where a low energy hydrogen reaction occurs. Thermal cycling can control the silver vapor pressure by condensing vapor, wherein the vapor pressure can be determined by at least one of a delivery rate and a vapor pressure dependence on a controllable liquid silver temperature. The reservoir can be deep enough to maintain liquid silver levels. The reservoir can be cooled by a heat exchanger to maintain liquid silver. This temperature can be controlled using cooling, such as water cooling. In an exemplary embodiment, a straight baffle extending from the reservoir into the reaction cell chamber separates the external cooling stream from the internal heat flow. In another embodiment, the EM pump can be controlled to stop pumping when the desired metal vapor pressure is achieved. Alternatively, the pressure of the cell chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 can be matched to the pressure of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 such that there is a desired allowable pressure gradient across the chamber. A gas, such as a rare gas, may be added to the battery chamber by a free valve, regulator, controller, and pressure sensor controlled gas supply to reduce or equalize or balance the difference between chamber pressures. In an embodiment, gas may permeate between the cell chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 and the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Chamber gases, rather than metal vapors, can move and balance the pressure of the two chambers. The two chambers can be pressurized to a high pressure using a gas such as a rare gas. The pressure can be higher than the highest operating partial pressure of the metal vapor. The highest metal vapor partial pressure can correspond to the highest operating temperature. During operation, the metal vapor pressure can increase the pressure of the reaction cell such that gas selectively flows from the reaction cell 5b3 to the cell chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 until pressure equalization, and vice versa. In an embodiment, the gas pressure between the two chambers is automatically balanced. The balance can be achieved by the selective mobility of the gas between the chambers. In an embodiment, pressure offset is avoided in order to avoid large pressure differences. The pressure in the cell chamber can be maintained to be greater than the pressure in the chamber of the reaction cell. The greater pressure in the external battery chamber can be used to mechanically hold the battery components (black body radiator 56b4 and reservoir 5c) together. In an embodiment, the metal vapor is maintained at a steady state pressure wherein condensation of the vapor is minimized. The electromagnetic pump can be stopped under the desired metal vapor pressure. The EM pump can be started intermittently for pumping to maintain the desired steady state pressure. The metal vapor pressure may be maintained in at least one of 0.01 Torr to 200 atm, 0.1 Torr to 100 atm, and 1 Torr to 50 atm. In one embodiment, to achieve high and low energy hydrogen power, the control electrode is electromagnetically pumped to control ignition current parameters such as waveform, peak current, peak voltage, constant current, and constant voltage. In an embodiment, the waveform can be any desired waveform that optimizes the desired power output and efficiency. The waveforms can be constant current, constant voltage, constant power, sawtooth, square wave, sinusoidal, trapezoidal, triangular, ramped off, ramp-slope, and other waveforms known in the art. In the case where the waveform has a voltage or a portion of the current of about zero, the duty cycle can be in the range of about 1% to 99%. The frequency can be any desired, such as in at least one of about 0.001 to 1 MHz, 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, and 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz. The peak current of the waveform can be in the range of about 10 A to 1 MA, 100 A to 100 kA, and 1 kA to 20 kA. The voltage can be given by the product of the resistance and the current. In an embodiment, the power source 2 can include an ignition capacitor bank 90. In an embodiment, the power source 2, such as a capacitor bank, can be cooled. The cooling system can include a cooling system of the present invention, such as a radiator. In an embodiment, power supply 2 includes a capacitor bank having a different number of series and parallel capacitors to provide optimum electrode voltage and current. The PV converter can act as a capacitor bank to the optimum voltage and maintain the optimum current. The ignition voltage can be increased by increasing the resistance across the electrodes. The electrode resistance can be increased by operating the electrode at a higher temperature, such as in the temperature range of about 1000K to 3700K. The electrode temperature can be controlled to maintain the desired temperature by controlling the ignition process and electrode cooling. The voltage can be in the range of about 1 V to 500 V, 1 V to 100 V, 1 V to 50 V, and 1 V to 20 V. The current may be in a range of at least about 10 A to 100 kA, 100 A to 10 kA, and 100 A to 5 kA. In an exemplary embodiment, the voltage is about 16 V at a constant current between 150 A and 250 A. In an embodiment, the power attributed to the low energy hydrogen reaction is higher at the positive electrode due to the higher low energy hydrogen reaction rate. The higher rate can be attributed to the more efficient removal of electrons from the reactive plasma by the positive electrode. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction is dependent on the removal of electrons, which is advantageous at the higher electrode voltages applied. Electron removal can also be enhanced by grounding the battery assembly in contact with the reactive plasma. The generator can include additional ground or positive bias electrodes. The capacitor is included in the ignition capacitor housing 90 (Fig. 2I89). The ignition voltage can be high, such as in at least one of about 1 V to 100 V, 1 V to 50 V, and 1 V to 25 V. The current can be pulsed or continuous. The current may be in a range of at least about 50 A to 100 kA, 100 A to 10 kA, and 300 A to 5 kA. The vaporized melt can provide a conductive path that removes electrons from a low energy hydrogen catalyzed reaction to increase the rate of reaction. In an exemplary embodiment, the silver vapor pressure is higher due to vaporization in a temperature range of about 2162 ° C to 4000 ° C, such as in the range of about 0.5 atm to 100 atm. In an embodiment, the SunCell® can comprise a liquid electrode. The electrode can comprise a liquid metal. The liquid metal may comprise a molten metal of fuel. The injection system can include at least two reservoirs 5c and at least two electromagnetic pumps that can be substantially electrically isolated from each other. The nozzles 5q of each of the plurality of injection systems can be oriented to cause a plurality of molten metal streams to intersect. Each class can have a connection to the terminals of the power source 2 to provide voltage and current to the phase AC. Current can flow from one nozzle 5q via its molten metal stream to the other streams and nozzles 5q and back to the corresponding terminals of the power source 2. The battery includes a molten metal return system to facilitate returning the injected molten metal to a plurality of reservoirs. In an embodiment, the molten metal return system minimizes shorting of at least one of the ignition current and the injection current through the molten metal. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise a bottom layer that directs the reflux of the injected molten metal into a separate reservoir 5c such that the silver is substantially isolated in a separate reservoir 5c to be in the silver-connected reservoir Electrical shorts are minimized. The resistance for electrical conduction is substantially higher in the silver reflow between the reservoirs than in the intersecting silver such that most of the current flows through the phase. The battery may comprise a reservoir electrical isolator or separator, which may comprise an electrical insulator such as ceramic or a refractory material having low electrical conductivity such as graphite. The low energy hydrogen reaction can cause the production of high concentrations of electrons, which can slow down other low energy hydrogen production and thereby inhibit the low energy hydrogen reaction rate. The current at the ignition electrode 8 removes electrons. In an embodiment, a solid electrode, such as a solid refractory metal electrode, tends to melt when it is a positive electrode or an anode due to preferential removal of electrons at the anode to cause high and low energy hydrogen reaction rates and localized heating. In an embodiment, the electrode comprises a mixture of a liquid electrode and a solid electrode. The anode can comprise a liquid metal electrode and the cathode can comprise a solid electrode, such as a W electrode, and vice versa. The liquid metal anode can include at least one EM pump and a nozzle, wherein the liquid metal is injected to contact the cathode to turn the ignition circuit on. In an embodiment, the ignition power is terminated when the low energy hydrogen reaction propagates in the absence of electrical power input. The low energy hydrogen reaction can propagate in the reaction cell chamber supported by pyrolysis of water. The reaction independent of the ignition power itself can be propagated under suitable reaction conditions. The reaction conditions can include at least one of a high temperature and a suitable reactant concentration. At least one of low energy hydrogen reaction conditions and current can be controlled to achieve a high temperature on at least a portion of the electrode to achieve pyrolysis. At least one of the reaction temperature and the temperature of a portion of the electrode may be higher, such as at least one of about 1000 ° C to 20,000 ° C, 1000 ° C to 15,000 ° C, and 1000 ° C to 10,000 ° C. Suitable reaction concentrations can include water vapor pressures in at least one of the following ranges: about 0.1 Torr to 10,000 Torr, 0.2 Torr to 1000 Torr, 0.5 Torr to 100 Torr, and 0.5 Torr to 10 Torr. Suitable reaction concentrations can include hydrogen pressure in at least one of the following ranges: about 0.1 Torr to 10,000 Torr, 0.2 Torr to 1000 Torr, 0.5 Torr to 100 Torr, and 0.5 Torr to 10 Torr. Suitable reaction concentrations can include metal vapor pressures in at least one of the following ranges: from about 1 Torr to 100,000 Torr, from 10 Torr to 10,000 Torr, and from 1 Torr to 760 Torr. The reaction cell chamber can be maintained at a temperature that maintains a metal vapor pressure that optimizes the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. In an embodiment, the compound may be added to a molten metal such as molten Ag or an AgCu alloy to perform at least one of: lowering its melting point and viscosity. The compound may contain a flux such as borax. In an embodiment, a solid fuel, such as the solid fuel of the present invention, may be added to the molten metal. In an embodiment, the molten metal (such as molten silver, copper or AgCu alloy) comprises a composition for binding or dispersing water in a melt, such as a flux, which may be hydrated, such as borax, which may It is hydrated to various degrees such as anhydrous borax, borax pentahydrate and borax decahydrate. The melt may contain a flux to remove oxide from the interior of the pump tube. Removal can maintain good electrical contact between the molten metal and the pump tube 5k6 at the area of the electromagnetic pump bus 5k2. In an embodiment, a compound comprising an oxygen source may be added to the molten metal, such as molten silver, copper or an AgCu alloy. In an embodiment, the metal melt comprises a metal that does not adhere to a battery component, such as a tapered reservoir and a vertebral body or dome. The metal may comprise an alloy such as Ag-Cu (such as AgCu (28 wt%)) or an Ag-Cu-Ni alloy. The compound can be melted at the operating temperature of the reservoir 5c and the electromagnetic pump such that it performs at least one of: dissolving and mixing with the molten metal. The compound can be subjected to at least one of the following: at a temperature below the melting point: dissolved and mixed in the molten metal. Exemplary compounds comprising a source of oxygen comprise an oxide such as a metal oxide or a Group 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 oxide. An exemplary metal of a metal oxide is at least one of metals having a low water reaction rate, such as a group of the following: Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd , Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, and Zn. The corresponding oxide can thermally react with hydrogen to form a HOH catalyst. Exemplary metal oxides and their corresponding melting points are sodium tetraborate decahydrate (MP = 743 ° C, anhydrous), CuO (MP = 1326 ° C), NiO (MP = 1955 ° C), PbO (MP = 888 ° C), Sb₂ O₂ (M.P. = 656 °C), Bi₂ O₃ (M.P. = 817 ° C), CO₂ O₃ (M.P. = 1900 ° C), CdO (M.P. = 900-1000 ° C), GeO₂ (M.P. = 1115 ° C), Fe₂ O₃ (M.P. = 1539-1565 ° C), MoO₃ (M.P. = 795 °C), TeO₂ (M.P. = 732 ° C), SnO₂ (M.P. = 1630 ° C), WO₃ (M.P. = 1473 °C), WO₂ (M.P. = 1700 ° C), ZnO (M.P. = 1975 ° C), TiO₂ (M.P. = 1843 ° C), Al₂ O₃ (M.P. = 2072 ° C), alkaline earth metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides, internal transition metal oxides, alkali metal oxides (such as Li₂ O (M.P. = 1438°C), Na₂ O (M.P. = 1132°C), K₂ O (M.P. = 740 °C), Rb₂ O (M.P. = >500°C), Cs₂ O (M.P. = 490 ° C)), boron oxide (such as B₂ O₃ (M.P.=450°C)), V₂ O₅ (M.P. = 690 °C), VO (M.P. = 1789 °C), Nb₂ O₅ (M.P. = 1512 ° C), NbO₂ (M.P. = 1915 ° C), SiO₂ (M.P. = 1713 ° C), Ga₂ O₃ (M.P. = 1900 °C), In₂ O₅ (M.P. = 1910 ° C), Li₂ WO₄ (M.P. = 740 ° C), Li₂ B₄ O₇ (M.P. = 917 °C), Na₂ MoO₄ (M.P. = 687 °C), LiVO₃ (M.P. = 605 ° C), Li₂ VO₃ Mn₂ O₅ (M.P. = 1567°C) and Ag₂ WO₄ (M.P. = 620 ° C). Further exemplary oxides comprise a mixture of oxides, such as comprising a base type oxide such as Li₂ O and Na₂ O and Al₂ O₃ , B₂ O₃ And VO₂ a mixture of at least two of them. The mixture can cause more desirable physical properties, such as a lower melting point or a higher boiling point. The oxide can be dried. At the source of oxygen (such as Bi₂ O₃ Or Li₂ WO₄ In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogen-derived hydrogen reduction reaction is thermodynamically advantageous, and the reduction product reacts with water to form an oxygen source that can occur under operating conditions, such as under red heat conditions. In an exemplary embodiment, under red heat, hydrazine reacts with water to form a trioxide (bismuth(III) oxide) (2Bi(s) + 3H₂ O(g) →Bi₂ O₃ (s) + 3H₂ (g)). In an embodiment, the oxide is vaporized into a gas phase or a plasma. The number of moles of oxide in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can limit its vapor pressure. In embodiments, the source of oxygen forming the HOH catalyst can comprise a plurality of oxides. Each of the plurality of oxides can be volatilized to act as a source of HOH catalyst over certain temperature ranges. For example, LiVO₃ It can serve as a primary oxygen source above its melting point and below the melting point of a second source of oxygen, such as a second oxide. The second oxide acts as a source of oxygen at higher temperatures, such as above its melting point. An exemplary second oxide is Al₂ O₃ , ZrO, MgO, alkaline earth metal oxides and rare earth metal oxides. The oxide may be substantially all gaseous at an operating temperature such as 3000K. The pressure can be adjusted by the number of moles added to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The ratio of oxide to silver vapor pressure can be adjusted to optimize low energy hydrogen reaction conditions and rates. In an embodiment, the source of oxygen may comprise an inorganic compound, such as at least one of the following: H₂ O, CO, CO₂ , N₂ O, NO, NO₂ , N₂ O₃ , N₂ O₄ , N₂ O₅ , SO, SO₂ , SO₃ , PO, PO₂ , P₂ O₃ , P₂ O₅ . Oxygen source (such as CO₂ At least one of CO and CO can be a gas at room temperature. An oxygen source, such as a gas, can be in the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b31a. The oxygen source can comprise a gas. The gas may be at least one of: diffused or permeated from the external pressure vessel chamber 5b31a to the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31; and diffused or permeated from the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31 to the external pressure vessel chamber 5b31a. The concentration of the oxygen source gas inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be controlled by controlling the pressure in the external pressure vessel chamber 5b31a. The oxygen source gas can be added to the reaction cell chamber as a gas inside the reaction cell chamber through a supply line. The supply line can enter a cooler region, such as into an EM pump tube at the bottom of the reservoir. Oxygen source gas can be decomposed or vaporized by solid or liquid (such as freezing CO₂ , carbonate or carbonic acid). The pressure in at least one of the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b31a and the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be measured using a pressure gauge such as the pressure gauge of the present invention. The controller and gas source can be used to control the gas pressure. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 gas may further comprise H₂ It is permeable to the black body radiator 5b4 or supplied via an EM pump tube or another inlet. Another gas (such as CO₂ , CO and H₂ At least one of O can be supplied by at least one of permeating and flowing through an inlet, such as an EM pump tube. H₂ O may comprise at least one of water vapor and gaseous water or steam. The gas in the external chamber can contain H₂ , H₂ O, CO and CO₂ In at least one of the gases, the gas permeates a black body radiator (such as the carbon black body radiator 5b4) to supply the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The gas may be at least one of: diffused or permeated from the external pressure vessel chamber 5b31a to the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31; and diffused or permeated from the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31 to the external pressure vessel chamber 5b31a. Controlling the corresponding gas pressure in the external chamber controls the concentration of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 for each gas. A corresponding sensor can be used to sense the pressure or concentration of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 for each gas. CO, CO₂ And H₂ The presence in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can contain H₂ O reacts with any battery component consisting of carbon, such as a carbon reaction cell chamber. In an embodiment, H₂ O with low energy hydrogen (such as H₂ The oxygen product of the reaction of (1/4)) can be beneficial for low energy hydrogen reactions. The oxidative side reaction of the oxygen product with the battery component can be contained by the presence of hydrogen. The molten metal coating that can be formed during operation also protects the battery assembly from H₂ At least one of O and oxygen reacts. In an embodiment, the wall (such as the inner wall of the reaction cell chamber) may be coated with a coating (such as pyrolytic graphite in the case of a reaction cell chamber), wherein the coating is selected for the desired gas system Sexually permeable. In an exemplary embodiment, the blackbody radiator 5b4 contains carbon, and the inner wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 contains pyrolytic graphite, which is H₂ System permeable, at the same time O₂ , CO, CO₂ And H₂ At least one of O is impermeable. The inner wall may be coated with a molten metal such as silver to avoid walls and oxidizing substances such as O₂ And H₂ O) Reaction. The source of oxygen can comprise a compound comprising an oxyanion. The compound can comprise a metal. The compound may be selected from one of the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, sulfates, hydrogen sulfates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, nitrites. , permanganate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, perchlorate, hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, bromate, perbromic acid Salt, iodate, periodate, iodate, periodate, chromate, dichromate, citrate, selenate, arsenate, citrate, borate, Cobalt oxide, ruthenium oxide and other oxygen anions, such as oxygen anions of the following: halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te, The metal may comprise one or more of the following: an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, an internal transition metal or a rare earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te. Oxygen source can include MNO₃ , MClO₄ MO_x , M_x O and M_x O_y At least one of them, wherein M is a metal such as a transition metal, an internal transition metal, a rare earth metal, Sn, Ga, In, lead, bismuth, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, and x and y are integers. The oxygen source can include at least one of the following: SO₂ , SO₃ , S₂ O₅ O₂ , F₅ SOF, M₂ S₂ O₈ , SO_x X_y (such as SOCl₂ , SOF₂ , SO₂ F₂ Or SOBr₂ ), X_x X'_y O_z (where X and X' are halogens (such as ClO)₂ F, ClO₂ F₂ , ClOF₃ , ClO₃ F, and ClO₂ F₃ ), yttrium oxide (such as TeO)_x , such as TeO₂ Or TeO₃ Te(OH)₆ ), SeO_x (such as SeO₂ Or SeO₃ ), selenium oxide (such as SeO)₂ SeO₃ SeOBr₂ SeOCl₂ SeOF₂ Or SeO₂ F₂ ), P₂ O₅ PO_x X_y (where X is a halogen, such as POBr₃ POI₃ POCl₃ Or POF₃ ), arsenic oxide (such as As₂ O₃ Or As₂ O₅ ), yttrium oxide (such as Sb)₂ O₃ , Sb₂ O₄ Or Sb₂ O₅ , or SbOCl, Sb₂ (SO4)₃ ), cerium oxide, another cerium compound (such as BiAsO)₄ Bi(OH)₃ Bi₂ O₃ , BiOBr, BiOCl, BiOI, Bi₂ O₄ ), metal oxides or hydroxides (such as Y₂ O₃ , GeO, FeO, Fe₂ O₃ , or NbO, NiO, Ni₂ O₃ , SnO, SnO₂ , Ag₂ O, AgO, Ga₂ O, As₂ O₃ SeO₂ TeO₂ In(OH)₃ ,Sn(OH)₂ In(OH)₃ Ga(OH)₃ Or Bi(OH)₃ ), CO₂ , CO, permanganate (such as KMnO₄ And NaMnO₄ ), P₂ O₅ Nitrate (such as LiNO₃ NaNO₃ And KNO₃ ), a transition metal oxide or hydroxide (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn having at least one O and OH), oxygen (oxygen) (such as FeOOH) , a second or third transition series of oxides or hydroxides (such as oxides or hydroxides of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os), noble metal oxides ( Such as PdO or PtO), metals and oxyanions (such as Na₂ TeO₄ Or Na₂ TeO₃ ), CoO, a compound containing at least two atoms from oxygen and a group of different halogen atoms (such as F)₂ O, Cl₂ O, ClO₂ Cl₂ O₆ Cl₂ O₇ , ClOF₃ , ClO₂ F, ClO₂ F₃ , ClO₃ F, I₂ O₅ ), a metal compound can be formed after reduction. The source of oxygen may comprise a gas comprising oxygen, such as O₂ , N₂ O and NO₂ At least one of them. In an embodiment, the melt comprises at least one additive. The additive may comprise an oxygen source and a hydrogen source. At least one of the oxygen source and the hydrogen source may comprise one or more of the following groups: H₂ NH₃ MNH₂ , M₂ NH, MOH, MAlH₄ , M₃ AlH₆ And MBH₄ , MH, MNO₃ , MNO, MNO₂ , M₂ NH, MNH₂ NH₃ , MBH₄ MAlH₄ , M₃ AlH₆ , MHS, M₂ CO₃ MHCO₃ , M₂ SO₄ MHSO₄ , M₃ PO₄ , M₂ HPO₄ MH₂ PO₄ , M₂ MoO₄ , M₂ MoO₃ MNbO₃ , M₂ B₄ O₇ MBO₂ , M₂ WO₄ , M₂ CrO₄ , M₂ Cr₂ O₇ , M₂ TiO₃ MZrO₃ MAlO₂ , M₂ Al₂ O₂ , MCoO₂ , MGaO₂ , M₂ GeO₃ MMnO₄ , M₂ MnO₄ , M₄ SiO₄ , M₂ SiO₃ MTaO₃ MVO₃ MIO₃ , MFeO₂ MIO₄ , MOCl, MClO₂ , MClO₃ , MClO₄ , MClO₄ MScO₃ MScO_n MTiO_n MVO_n , MCrO_n , MCr₂ On, MMn₂ O_n , MFeO_n , MxCoO_n (x is an integer or fraction), MNiOn, MNi₂ On, MCuOn, MZnOn, where n = 1, 2, 3 or 4 and M is a metal such as alkali metal, Mg₃ (BO₃ )₂ And M₂ S₂ O₈ a mixed metal oxide or intercalated oxide (such as a lithium ion battery intercalation compound), such as at least one of the group of: LiCoO₂ LiFePO₄ LiNi_x Mn_y Co_z O₂ LiMn₂ O₄ LiFeO₂ Li₂ MnO₃ Li₂ MnO₄ LiNiO₂ LiFeO₂ LiTaO₃ LiVO₃ Li₂ VO₃ Li₂ NbO₃ Li₂ SeO₃ Li₂ SeO₄ Li₂ TeO₃ Li₂ TeO₄ Li₂ WO₄ Li₂ CrO₄ Li₂ Cr₂ O₇ Li₂ HfO₃ Li₂ MoO₃ Or Li₂ MoO₄ Li₂ TiO₃ Li₂ ZrO₃ And LiAlO₂ Flux, such as sodium tetraborate (M.P. = 743 ° C, anhydrous), K₂ SO₄ (M.P. = 1069 ° C), Na₂ CO₃ (M.P. = 851 °C), K₂ CO₃ (M.P. = 891 °C), KOH (M.P. = 360 °C), MgO, (M.P. = 2852 °C), CaO, (M.P. = 2613 °C), SrO (M.P. = 2531 °C), BaO (M.P. = 1923 °C), CaCO₃ (M.P. = 1339 ° C); a molecular oxidant, which may contain gases such as CO, CO₂ , SO₂ , SO₃ , S₂ O₅ Cl₂ , F₅ SOF, SO_x X_y (such as SOCl₂ , SOF₂ , SO₂ F₂ , SOBr₂ ), PO₂ , P₂ O₃ , P₂ O₅ PO_x X_y (such as POBr₃ POI₃ POCl₃ Or POF₃ ), I₂ O₅ , Re₂ O₇ , I₂ O₄ , I₂ O₅ , I₂ O₉ , SO₂ , CO, CO₂ , N₂ O, NO, NO₂ , N₂ O₃ , N₂ O₄ , N₂ O₅ Cl₂ O, ClO₂ Cl₂ O₃ Cl₂ O₆ Cl₂ O₇ NH₄ X, wherein X is a nitrate ion or other suitable anion known to those skilled in the art, such as one of the group consisting of: NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, HSO4-, CoO2-, IO3 -, IO4-, TiO3-, CrO4-, FeO₂ -, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, VO3-, ClO4- and Cr2O72; oxyanions, such as one of the following groups: NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, HSO4-, CoO2-, IO3 -, IO4-, TiO3-, CrO4-, FeO₂ -, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, VO3-, ClO4- and Cr2O72-; strong acid, oxidant, oxyanion of molecular oxidant, such as one of the following groups: V2O3, I2O5, MnO₂ , Re2O7, CrO3, RuO₂ , AgO, PdO, PdO₂ , PtO, PtO₂ And NH4X, wherein X is a nitrate ion or other suitable anion known to those skilled in the art; a hydroxide, such as one of the group of: Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl and W, MOH, MOH, M'(OH)2, wherein M is an alkali metal and M' is an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal hydroxide, Co (OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, other transition metal hydroxides, rare earth metal hydroxides, Al(OH)3, Cd(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Pb ( OH), In(OH)3, Ga(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, including,,,,,anda compound, a complex ion hydroxide such as Li2Zn(OH)4, Na2Zn(OH)4, Li2Sn(OH)4, Na2Sn(OH)4, Li2Pb(OH)4, Na2Pb(OH)4, LiSb(OH 4) NaSb(OH)4, LiAl(OH)4, NaAl(OH)4, LiCr(OH)4, NaCr(OH)4, Li2Sn(OH)6 and Na2Sn(OH)6; acids such as H2SO3, H2SO4, H3PO3, H3PO4, HClO4, HNO3, HNO, HNO₂ , H2CO3, H2MoO4, HNbO3, H2B4O7, HBO₂ , H2WO4, H2CrO4, H2Cr2O7, H2TiO3, HZrO3, MAlO₂ , HMn2O4, HIO3, HIO4, HClO4, or an acid source, such as an anhydrous acid, such as at least one of the group of: SO₂ , SO3, CO, CO₂ NO₂ , N2O3, N2O5, Cl207, PO₂ And P2O3 and P2O5; a solid acid, such as one of the group of MHSO4, MHCO3, M2HPO4, and MH2PO4, wherein M is a metal, such as an alkali metal; an oxygen (hydrogen) compound, such as one of the group of the following: : WO2(OH), WO2(OH)2, VO(OH), VO(OH)2, VO(OH)3, V2O2(OH)2, V2O2(OH)4, V2O2(OH)6, V2O3( OH)2, V2O3(OH)4, V2O4(OH)2, FeO(OH), (α -MnO(OH) manganese vermiculite andγ -MnO(OH) Manganese ore), MnO(OH), MnO(OH)2, Mn2O3(OH), Mn2O2(OH)3, Mn2O(OH)5, MnO3(OH), MnO2(OH)3, MnO( OH)5, Mn2O2(OH)2, Mn2O6(OH)2, Mn2O4(OH)6, NiO(OH), TiO(OH), TiO(OH)2, Ti2O3(OH), Ti2O3(OH)2, Ti2O2 (OH)3, Ti2O2(OH)4, and NiO(OH), hydrous calcium ore (CrO(OH)), diaspore (AlO(OH)), ScO(OH), YO(OH), VO(OH ), goethite (α -Fe3+O(OH)), manganese vermiculite (Mn3+O(OH)), Guyanaite (CrO(OH)), black iron vanadium ore ((V,Fe)O(OH)), CoO(OH), NiO(OH), Ni1/2Co1/2O(OH) and Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O(OH), RhO(OH), InO(OH), green phosphorus lead copper ore (tsumgallite) (GaO (OH)), Manganese ore (Mn3+O(OH)), Tungsten Tungsten-(Y)YW2O6(OH)3, Tungsten Tungsten-(Ce) ((Ce, Nd, Y) W2O6(OH)3) Untitled (Nd-analog of Tungsten Tungsten-(Ce)) ((Nd, Ce, La) W2O6(OH)3), Frankish chromite ore (frankhawthorneite) (Cu2[(OH)2[TeO4] ), lead and copperDeputy lead copper oreAnd MxOyHz, wherein x, y and z are integers, and M is a metal such as a transition metal, an internal transition metal or a rare earth metal such as a metal oxyhydroxide; an oxide such as in the group of the following One: oxyanion compound; aluminate; tungstate; zirconate; titanate; sulfate; phosphate; carbonate; nitrate; chromate and manganate, oxide; nitrite; Borate; boron oxide (such as B₂ O₃ Metal oxides; non-metal oxides; oxides of the following: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se , N, P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge and B, and other elements forming oxides or oxyanions; oxides comprising at least one from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals And cations of rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, and Pb cations, metal oxide anions and cations (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metal cations); and other metals And metal-like oxides (such as oxides of Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te, such as: MM'2xO3x+1 or MM'2xO4 (M = alkaline earth) Metal, M' = transition metal such as Fe or Ni or Mn, x = integer) and M2M'2xO3x+1 or M2M'2xO4 (M = alkali metal, M' = transition metal such as Fe or Ni or Mn, x = Integer), M2O and MO, where M is a metal (such as an alkali metal such as Li₂ O, Na₂ O and K₂ O)) and alkaline earth metals (such as MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO), MCoO₂ (where M is a metal, such as an alkali metal), CoO₂ MnO₂ Mn₂ O₃ Mn₃ O₄ , PbO₂ , Ag₂ O₂ , AgO, RuO₂ a compound comprising silver and oxygen, an oxide of a transition metal (such as NiO and CoO), V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd , oxides of Ge, Au, Ir, P, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl and W transition metals and oxides of Sn (such as SnO), alkali Metal oxides (such as Li2O, Na2O and K2O) and alkaline earth metal oxides (such as MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO), MoO₂ TiO₂ ZrO₂ SiO₂ , Al2O3, NiO, Ni2O3, FeO, Fe2O3, TaO₂ , Ta2O5, VO, VO₂ , V2O3, V2O5, B2O3, NbO, NbO₂ , Nb2O5, SeO₂ , SeO3, TeO₂ , TeO3, WO₂ , WO3, Cr3O4, Cr2O3, CrO₂ , CrO3, MnO, Mn2O7, HfO₂ CO₂ O3, CoO, Co3O4, PdO, PtO₂ , BaZrO3, Ce2O3, LiCoO₂ , Sb2O3, BaWO4, BaCrO4, BaSi2O5, Ba (BO₂ 2, Ba(PO3)2, BaSiO3, BaMoO4, Ba(NbO3)2, BaTiO3, BaTi2O5, BaWO4, CoMoO4, CO₂ SiO4, CoSO4, CoTiO3, CoWO4, CO₂ TiO4, Nb2O5, Li2MoO4, LiNbO3, LiSiO4, Li3PO4, Li2SO4, LiTaO3, Li2B4O7, Li2TiO3, Li2WO4, LiVO3, Li2VO3, Li2ZrO3, LiFeO₂ , LiMnO4, LiMn2O4, LiGaO₂ , Li2GeO3, LiGaO₂ a hydrate, such as a hydrate of the present invention, such as borax or sodium tetraborate hexahydrate; a peroxide such as H2O;₂ M2O₂ (where M is an alkali metal) (such as Li2O₂ Na2O₂ K2O₂ ), other ionic peroxides, such as alkaline earth metal peroxides (such as Ca, Sr, or Ba peroxide ionic peroxides, other positively charged metal ionic peroxides (such as lanthanide ion peroxidation) And covalent metal peroxides (such as covalent metal peroxides of Zn, Cd and Hg); superoxides such as MO₂ (where M is an alkali metal), such as NaO₂ , KO₂ RbO₂ And CsO₂ And an alkaline earth metal superoxide; a compound comprising at least one of an OH species and an H species, such as O2, O3,,, O, O+, H2O, H3O+, OH, OH+, OH-, HOOH, OOH-, O-, O2-,andAt least one of the H substances such as H2, H, H+, H2O, H3O+, OH, OH+, OH-, HOOH, and OOH-; an anhydride or oxide capable of undergoing a hydration reaction, comprising An element, a metal, an alloy, or a mixture, such as one of the following groups: Mo, Ti, Zr, Si, Al, Ni, Fe, Ta, V, B, Nb, Se, Te, W, Cr, Mn , Hf, Co and Mg, Li2MoO3, Li2MoO4, Li2TiO3, Li2ZrO3, Li2SiO3, LiAlO₂ LiNiO₂ LiFeO₂ , LiTaO3, LiVO3, Li2VO3, Li2B4O7, Li2NbO3, Li2SeO3, Li2SeO4, Li2TeO3, Li2TeO4, Li2WO4, Li2CrO4, Li2Cr2O7, Li2MnO4, Li2HfO3, LiCoO₂ And MO (where M is a metal such as an alkaline earth metal such as Mg of MgO), As2O3, As2O5, Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Bi2O3, SO₂ , SO3, CO, CO₂ NO₂ , N2O3, N2O5, Cl2O7, PO₂ , P2O3 and P2O5; hydrides, such as hydrides from the group: R-Ni, La2Co1Ni9H6, La2Co1Ni9H6, ZrCr2H3.8, LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75, ZrMn0.5Cr0.2V0.1Ni1.2 And other alloys capable of storing hydrogen, such as hydrogen selected from the group consisting of MmNi5 (Mm = Mex alloy) (such as MmNi3.5Co0.7Al0.8, AB5 (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl) or AB2 (VTiZrNiCrCoMnAlSn) type), wherein "ABx "Marker" refers to the ratio of element A (LaCePrNd or TiZr) to element B (VNiCrCoMnAlSn); AB5 type, MmNi3.2Co1.0Mn0.6Al0.11Mo0.09 (Mm = Michao alloy: 25 wt% La, 50 wt % Ce, 7 wt% Pr, 18 wt% Nd), La1-yRyNi5-xMx; AB2 type: Ti0.51Zr0.49V0.70Ni1.18Cr0.12 alloy; magnesium-based alloy; Mg1.9Al0.1Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1 alloy; Mg0.72Sc0.28 (Pd0.012 + Rh0.012) and Mg80Ti20, Mg80V20, La0.8Nd0.2Ni2.4CO₂ .5Si0.1, LaNi5-xMx (M= Mn, Al), (M=Al, Si, Cu), (M=Sn), (M=Al, Mn, Cu) and LaNi4Co, MmNi3.55Mn0.44Al0. 3Co0.75, LaNi3.55Mn0.44Al0.3Co0.75, MgCu2, MgZn2, MgNi2; AB compound; TiFe, TiCo and TiNi, ABn compound (n = 5, 2 or 1), AB3-4 compound; ABx (A = La, Ce, Mn, Mg; B = Ni, Mn, Co, Al), ZrFe2, Zr0.5Cs0.5Fe2, Zr0.8Sc0.2Fe2, YNi5, LaNi5, LaNi4.5Co0.5, (Ce, La, Nd, Pr)Ni5; Mickey alloy nickel alloy, Ti0.98Zr0.02V0.43Fe0.09Cr0.05Mn1.5, La2Co1Ni9, FeNi, TiMn2, TiFeH2, MNH system substances (such as LiNH2, Li2NH or Li3N); and alkali metal hydride Further comprising boron (such as borohydride) or aluminum (such as aluminum hydride); alkaline earth metal hydride (such as MgH2); metal alloy hydride (such as BaReH9, LaNi5H6, FeTiH1.7 and MgNiH4); metal borohydride (such as Be(BH4)2, Mg(BH4)2, Ca(BH4)2, Zn(BH4)2, Sc(BH4)3, Ti(BH4)3, Mn(BH4)2, Zr(BH4)4, NaBH4, LiBH4, KBH4 and Al(BH4)3, AlH3, NaAlH4, Na3AlH6, LiAlH4, Li3AlH6, LiH, LaNi5H6, La2Co1Ni9H6 and TiFeH2, NH3BH3; hydrogen Metal or semi-metal, which comprises alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, Cs), alkaline earth metals (Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr), elements from Group IIIA (such as B, Al, Ga, Sb), from the family Elements of IVA (such as C, Si, Ge, Sn) and elements from the family VA (such as N, P, As), transition metal alloys and intermetallic compounds ABn, where A represents one or more capable of forming a stable hydride The element and B are elements forming an unstable hydride; the intermetallic compound given in Table 2; wherein the part A and/or part B is replaced by another element such as an element in which M represents an element of LaNi5. The intermetallic alloy may be represented by LaNi5-xAx, wherein A is, for example, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and/or Co, and La may be substituted by a Michael alloy; 30% to 70% lanthanum, cerium, and a very small amount. Substituting a mixture of rare earth metals from the same series of elements, the remainder being ruthenium; forming a mixed hydride (such as an alloy of MMgH3 (M = alkali metal) (such as Li3Mg, K3Mg, Na3Mg); polyamine borane; amine borane Compounds such as amine borane, borane ammine, bismuth-borane complex, diborane diammine, boron azide and eight Triammonium or ammonium tetrahydroborate); imidazolium ionic liquids (such as alkyl (aryl)-3-methylimidazolium N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) sulfinium imide, barium borate and oxalic acid Salt material). Further exemplary compounds are ammonia borane, alkali ammonia borane (such as lithium ammonia borane) and borane alkylamine complex (such as borane dimethylamine complex, borane trimethylamine complex) and Aminoborane and borane amine (such as aminodiborane, n-dimethylaminodiborane, tris(dimethylamino)borane, di-n-butylboronamine, dimethylaminoborane, Trimethylaminoborane, ammonia-trimethylborane and triethylaminoborane. Further suitable hydrogen storage materials are hydrogen-absorbing organic liquids such as oxazoles and derivatives such as 9-( 2-ethylhexyl)carbazole, 9-ethylcarbazole, 9-phenyloxazole, 9-methylcarbazole and 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-linked Diphenyl; Table 2. Elements and combinations of hydride formation. a hydrogen permeable membrane such as Ni(H2), V(H2), Ti(H2), Fe(H2) or Nb(H2); a compound comprising at least one of oxygen and hydrogen, such as a compound of the present invention, Wherein other metals may be substituted for the metal of the invention, and M may be another cation such as an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, an internal transition metal or a rare earth metal cation or a 13th to 16th cation (such as Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Bi and Te), and the metal may be one of molten metals, such as at least one of silver and copper, and other such sources of at least one of hydrogen and oxygen, such as those skilled in the art The source of knowledge. In an embodiment, at least one of the ability to release by a low energy hydrogen reaction and the voltage applied across the electrodes is sufficient to destroy oxygen binding from the oxygen source to release oxygen. The voltage can be in a range of at least one of about 0.1 V to 30 V, 0.5 V to 4 V, and 0.5 V to 2 V. In an embodiment, the source of oxygen is more stable than the hydrogen reduction product (such as water) and the source of oxygen containing less oxygen. The hydrogen reduction product can react with water to form a source of oxygen. The reduced oxygen source can be reacted with at least one of water and oxygen to maintain a low concentration of such oxidants in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The reduced oxygen source maintains the dome 5b4. Contains W domes and highly stable oxides such as Na₂ In an exemplary embodiment of O), the reduced oxygen source oxygen is Na metal vapor, which is associated with H₂ O and O₂ The two react to remove these gases from the chamber of the reaction cell. Na also reduces the W oxide on the dome to W to keep it from corroding. An exemplary source of oxygen, such as an oxygen source capable of dissolving or mixing into a melt, such as molten silver, having a suitable melting point and boiling point, is selected from at least one of the group consisting of NaReO4, NaOH, NaBrO3, B2O3, PtO₂ MnO₂ , Na5P3O10, NaVO3, Sb2O3, Na2MoO4, V2O5, Na2WO4, Li2MoO4, Li2CO3, TeO₂ , Li2WO4, Na2B4O7, Na2CrO4, Bi2O3, LiBO₂ , Li2SO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, K2CO3, K2MoO4, K2WO4, Li2B4O7, KBO₂ NaBO₂ , Na4P2O7, CoMoO4, SrMoO4, Bi4Ge3012, K2SO4, Mn2O3, GeO₂ , Na2SiO3, Na2O, Li3PO4, SrNb2O6, Cu2O, LiSiO4, LiNbO3, CuO, CO₂ SiO4, BaCrO4, BaSi2O5, NaNbO3, Li2O, BaMoO4, BaNbO3, WO3, BaWO4, SrCO3, CoTiO3, CoWO4, LiVO3, Li2VO3, Li2ZrO3, LiMn2O4, LiGaO₂ , Mn3O4, Ba (BO₂ ) 2 *H2O, Na3VO4, LiMnO4, K2B4O7*4H2O and NaO₂ . In an embodiment, a source of oxygen (such as a peroxide such as Na)₂ O₂ ), hydrogen source (such as hydride or hydrogen, such as argon / H₂ (3% to 5%) and a conductive substrate such as molten silver can act as a solid fuel to form low energy hydrogen. The reaction can be carried out in an inert vessel such as an alkaline earth metal oxide vessel such as a MgO vessel. The additive may further comprise a compound or element formed by reduction of hydrogen from an oxygen source. The reduced oxygen source can form an oxygen source (such as an oxide) by reacting with at least one of excess oxygen and water in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. At least one of the source of oxygen and the source of reduced oxygen may comprise a weight percent of the sprayed melt comprising a molten metal (such as silver), an oxygen source (such as borax), and a process for maximizing the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. Reducing at least two of the sources of oxygen. The weight percentage of at least one of the oxygen source and the reduced oxygen source may be in the range of at least one weight percent from about 0.01 wt% to 50 wt%, from 0.1 wt% to 40 wt%, from 0.1 wt% to 30. Wt%, 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%, 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%, 1 wt% to 10 wt%, and 1 wt% to 5 wt%. The reaction cell chamber gas may comprise a gas mixture. The mixture may contain noble gases such as argon and hydrogen. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be maintained in an atmosphere containing a partial pressure of hydrogen. The hydrogen pressure may be in at least one of the following ranges: about 0.01 Torr to 10,000 Torr, 0.1 Torr to 1000 Torr, 1 Torr to 100 Torr, and 1 Torr to 10 Torr. The pressure of the rare gas such as argon may be in at least one of the following: about 0.1 Torr to 100,000 Torr, 1 Torr to 10,00 Torr, and 10 Torr to 1000 Torr. The oxygen source can undergo a reaction with hydrogen to form H₂ O. H₂ O can act as a HOH catalyst to form low energy hydrogen. The source of oxygen can be thermodynamically detrimental to hydrogen reduction. The HOH can be formed during ignition, such as in plasma. The reduced product can react with water formed during ignition. The water reaction maintains the water in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 at a lower level. The low water level may be in at least one of the following: less than about 40 Torr, less than 30 Torr, less than 20 Torr, less than 10 Torr, less than 5 Torr, and less than 1 Torr. The low water vapor pressure in the reaction cell chamber protects at least one of the battery components, such as the dome 5b4, such as a W or graphite dome, from corrosion. Tungsten oxide, as a source of oxygen, can participate in the tungsten cycle to keep the tungsten dome 5b4 from corrosion. The balance of oxygen and tungsten stocks can be kept nearly constant. Any tungsten oxide corrosion product obtained by reacting oxygen from tungsten oxide with tungsten metal may be replaced by a tungsten metal from tungsten oxide which is reduced to provide an oxygen reactant. The additive may comprise a compound to enhance the solubility of another additive, such as a source of oxygen. The compound may comprise a dispersing agent. The compound can comprise a flux. The generator may further comprise a stirrer for mixing molten metal, such as silver, with an additive such as an oxygen source. The agitator can comprise at least one of a mechanical, pneumatic, magnetic, electromagnetic stirrer (such as a stirrer using Lorentz force), piezoelectric, and other agitators known in the art. The agitator can include an acoustic waver, such as an ultrasonic generator. The agitator can include an electromagnetic pump. The agitator may include at least one of an electrode electromagnetic pump and a jet electromagnetic pump 5ka. Stirring can occur in a battery assembly that holds the melt, such as at least one of a reservoir and an EM pump. The melt composition can be adjusted to increase the solubility of the additive. The melt may comprise at least one of silver, a silver-copper alloy, and copper, wherein the melt composition can be adjusted to increase the solubility of the additive. Compounds that increase solubility may contain gases. The gas can have a reversible reaction with an additive such as a source of oxygen. The reversible reaction enhances the solubility of the oxygen source. In an exemplary embodiment, the gas comprises CO and CO₂ At least one of them. An exemplary reversible reaction is CO₂ And an oxide such as an alkali metal oxide such as Li₂ O) react to form a carbonate. In another embodiment, the reaction comprises a reduction product of oxygen source (such as a metal oxide (such as an alkali metal oxide such as Li)₂ O or Na₂ O), the reaction of a transition metal oxide (such as CuO) and a metal of cerium oxide and water). In an exemplary embodiment, the melt or sprayed molten metal comprises molten silver and LiVO₃ And M₂ At least one of O (M = Li or Na) is in at least one concentration range of about 0.1 to 5 mol%, 1 to 3 mol%, and 1.5 to 2.5 mol%. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 gas contains an inert gas such as argon, wherein the hydrogen gas is maintained in at least one of about 1 to 10%, 2 to 5%, and 3 to 5%. The hydrogen consumed may be replaced by supplying hydrogen to the battery chamber 5b3 or 5b31a while monitoring at least one of the hydrogen partial pressure and the total pressure, such as in the battery chamber, due to the inert nature and constancy of the argon inventory. Hydrogen pressure can be inferred from the total pressure. The hydrogen re-acceleration rate can be in at least one of the following: about 0.00001 moles/s to 0.01 moles/s, 0.00005 moles/s to 0.001 moles/s, and 0.0001 moles/s to 0.001 moles/s. The black body radiator 5b4 may contain W or carbon. The blackbody radiator 5b4 may comprise a metal cloth or fabric (such as a metal cloth or fabric comprising tungsten comprising fine tungsten filaments), wherein the fabric density is breathable, but prevents silver vapor from penetrating into the cell from inside the chamber of the reaction cell Chamber. At least one of the reservoir 5c and the EM pump assembly (such as the pump tube 5k6) may comprise at least one of: bismuth, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum,铑, 锇 and 铱. These components can be used for sintering powder welding, laser welding, electron beam welding, electrical discharge machining, casting, use of threaded joints, use of joint sleeves containing refractory materials, use of alloying agents (such as for the use of Mo, titanium). Bonded or fabricated by at least one of zirconium (TZM) and electroplated bonding. In embodiments comprising a refractory metal, the section of pump tube 5k6 at EM pump busbar 5k2 may be machined from a solid block or by means such as power fusion casting. The section may include inlet and outlet tubes for abutting the corresponding inlet and nozzle portions of the pump tube. Engagement can be by means of the invention. The adjacent conduit section can be an electron beam that is welded into an upright section and then bent to form a pump circuit. The pump tube inlet portion and the nozzle portion of the reservoir may be docked to the bottom of the reservoir and through the bottom, respectively. The tube can be welded to each of the penetrating members at the bottom of the reservoir by electron beam welding. In an embodiment, the threaded refractory metal battery assembly blocks are sealed together using an O-ring such as a refractory metal or a material O-ring. The threaded connection block can be joined at the flat and edge pairs, wherein the cutting edge compresses the O-ring. Exemplary refractory metals or materials are the refractory metals or materials of the present invention, such as W, Ta, Nb, Mo, and WC. In an embodiment, components of the battery (such as components of an EM pump, such as pump tube nozzle 5q of reservoir 5c, inlet and outlet of pump tube 5k6 and reservoir 5c, tapered reservoir 5b, and dome 5b4) At least one of the two may be coupled to the continuous member by at least one of a thread, an O-ring, a VCR-type fitting, a flared and compression fitting, and a joint sleeve fitting or a joint sleeve fitting. At least one of the fitting and the O-ring may comprise a refractory material such as W. At least one of the O-ring, the compression ring of the VCR type fitting, the joint bushing fitting or the joint bushing fitting may comprise a softer refractory material such as Ta or graphite. At least one of the battery component and the accessory may include at least one of the following: Ta, W, Mo, W-La₂ O₃ Alloy, Mo, TZM and niobium (Nb). Components such as dome 5b4 can be machined from solid W or W-yttria alloys. Components such as black body radiator 5b4, such as the W dome, may be formed by selective laser melting (SLM). In an embodiment, the generator further includes a battery chamber capable of having a subatmospheric pressure, an atmospheric pressure, and a pressure above atmospheric pressure that houses the dome 5b4 and the corresponding reaction cell chamber 5b31. The housing of the battery chamber 5b3 and the housing of the lower chamber 5b5 may be continuous. Alternatively, the lower chamber 5b5 can be self-contained with its own pressure control system that can operate at a different pressure (such as atmospheric pressure or vacuum) than the battery chamber. The separator of the battery chamber 5b3 and the lower chamber 5b5 may include a plate at the top 5b81 or the bottom 5b8 of the reservoir 5c. The plate 5b8 can be fastened to the reservoir by the thread between the plate 5b81 or 5b8 and the reservoir 5c. At least one of the threaded black body radiator and the reservoir having the bottom plate can be machined into a single piece from forged tungsten. The pressed tungsten electromagnetic pump bus bar 5k2 can be sintered and welded to the pump tube wall dent by forming a sintered tungsten powder during operation at a high temperature. The use of a refractory material, such as tungsten, for the battery assembly can avoid the need for a thermal barrier (such as a thermal insulator, such as SiC) between the blackbody radiator and the reservoir or between the reservoir and the EM pump. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise a silver boiler. In an embodiment, the vapor pressure of the molten metal, such as silver, is allowed to equilibrate at about the operating temperature such that the metal evaporation process will cease and the power loss of the vaporization and condensation of the silver utilizing the exhaust heat will be eliminated. Exemplary silver vapor pressures at operating temperatures of 3000K and 3500K are 10 atm and 46 atm, respectively. Maintaining a Balanced Silver Vapor Pressure at Battery Operating Temperature A stabilizing member that maintains cell pressure with a reflux liquid during battery power generation operations. Since the dome 5b4 can be broken at high pressure and temperature, in the embodiment, the pressure in the battery chamber 5b3 matches the pressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 so that there is substantially no net pressure across the black body radiator 5b4. difference. In an embodiment, a slight overpressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 (such as in the range of about 1 mTorr to 100 Torr) may be maintained to avoid migration of the tungsten dome blackbody radiator 5b4, such as for gravity migration. . In one embodiment, the migration can be suppressed by adding a stabilizing additive to the metal of the black body radiator 5b4. In an embodiment, the tungsten is doped with an additive (such as a small amount of K, Re, CeO)₂ , HfC, Y₂ O₃ HfO₂ La₂ O₃ ZrO₂ Al₂ O₃ SiO₂ And K₂ At least one of O) to reduce the potential. The additive can be in any desired amount, such as in the range of from 1 ppm to 10 wt%. In an embodiment of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 operating as a silver boiler, the battery components (such as the black body radiator 5b4 and the reservoir 5c) respectively contain a refractory material such as tungsten or carbon and boron nitride. In the startup mode, the reservoir 5c can be heated to a sufficient temperature using a heater such as an inductively coupled heater 5m such that the vapor pressure (such as silver metal vapor pressure) heats the black body radiator 5b4. This temperature can be higher than the melting point of silver when the EM pump and electrodes are activated to cause pumping and ignition. In an embodiment, during startup, as the metal vapor reflows during heating, a source of oxygen (such as an oxide such as LiVO)₃ ) can be applied to the walls of the black body radiator 5b4 to be combined into a melt. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction is maintained by acting as a silver vapor for the conductive substrate. At least one of a continuous jet of at least a portion that becomes vapor and a direct boiling of silver from the reservoir provides silver vapor. The electrode can provide a high current to the reaction to remove electrons and initiate a low energy hydrogen reaction. The heat from the low energy hydrogen reaction can help provide metal vapor (such as silver metal vapor) to the reaction cell chamber. In an embodiment, the current through the electrode can be at least partially shunted to an alternate or supplemental electrode in contact with the plasma. Current shunting can occur after the pressure of the silver vapor becomes sufficiently high that the silver vapor at least partially acts as a conductive matrix. The replacement or supplemental electrode in contact with the plasma may comprise one or more center electrodes and opposing electrodes surrounding the perimeter of the reaction cell chamber. The battery wall can act as an electrode. In the embodiment, the PV converter 26a is included in the external pressure vessel 5b3a having the outer chamber 5b3a1 (Fig. 2I80 to Fig. 2I94). The external pressure vessel can have any desirable geometry that includes a PV converter and an internal battery assembly that includes a light source that illuminates the PV converter. The outer chamber can include a cylindrical body having at least one dome-shaped end cap. The outer pressure vessel can comprise a dome or spherical geometry or other suitable geometry that can contain the PV converter and dome 5b4 and can maintain the pressure at least one of less than, equal to, or greater than the vacuum. In an embodiment, a PV converter 26a comprising a PV cell, a cold plate, and a cooling system is located inside the external pressure vessel, wherein the electrical and coolant lines are passed through the seal penetrating member and the feedthrough (such as the seal penetrating member of the present invention) And one of the feedthroughs) penetrates the container. In an embodiment, the outer pressure vessel can comprise a cylindrical body that can include at least one dome top. In an embodiment, the generator may include a cylindrical chamber that may have a dome-shaped cover for receiving the black body radiator 5b4 and the PV converter 26a. The generator can include a top chamber that houses the PV converter and a bottom chamber that houses the electromagnetic pump. The chambers can be operated at the same or different pressures. In an embodiment, the external pressure vessel comprises a PV converter support, such as a PV dome, which forms a battery chamber 5b3 containing a dome 5b4 enclosing the reaction cell chamber 5b3. The outer pressure vessel can comprise a dome or spherical geometry or other suitable geometry that can contain the dome 5b4 and can maintain the pressure at least one of less than, equal to, or greater than the vacuum. In an embodiment, the PV cell 15 is on the interior of an external pressure vessel wall, such as a spherical dome wall, and the cold plate and cooling system are outside the wall. The electrical connector can penetrate the container via a seal penetrating member and a feedthrough such as one of the seal penetrating member and the feedthrough of the present invention. Heat transfer can occur across a thermally conductive wall. Suitable wall materials include metals such as copper, stainless steel or aluminum. The PV window on the interior of the PV cell can include a transparent section that can be joined by an adhesive such as a ruthenium adhesive to form a hermetic transparent window. The window protects the PV cells from gases that redeposit the metal vaporized from the dome 5b4 back to the dome. The gas may comprise a gas of a halogen cycle. The pressure vessel PV vessel (such as a dome-shaped vessel) can be sealed to the partition 5b81 or 5b8 between the upper and lower chambers or other chambers by ConFlat or other such flange seals. The upper chamber may contain a black body radiator 5b4 and a PV battery 15, and the lower chamber may contain an EM pump. The lower chamber may further comprise a lower chamber cold plate or cooling line 5b6a (Fig. 2I89). The melting point of tungsten at 3422 ° C is the highest among all metals and is second only to carbon (3550 ° C) in the elements. Refractory ceramics and alloys have a higher melting point, especially Ta₄ HfC₅ TaX₄ HfCX₅ The melting point was 4,215 ° C, the cerium carbide was 3,900 ° C and the cerium carbide was 3,800 ° C. In an embodiment, the battery components, such as blackbody radiator 5b4 and reservoir 5c, may comprise at least one of a refractory material, such as W, C, and a refractory ceramic or alloy. In embodiments in which the black body radiator comprises graphite, the battery chamber 5b3 contains a high pressure gas, such as a high pressure inert gas atmosphere that suppresses the sublimation of the graphite. In an embodiment, the black body radiator may comprise carbon. The carbon sublimated from the graphite black body radiator (such as a spherical graphite black body radiator) can be removed from the battery chamber 5b3 by electrostatic precipitation (ESP). The ESP system can include an anode, a cathode, a power supply, and a controller. The particles can be charged by one electrode and collected by another pair of electrodes. The collected soot can be displaced from the collection electrode and allowed to fall into the collection box. The displacement can be achieved by a mechanical system. In an embodiment, the interior of the transparent container can be negatively charged and the dome can be positively charged using the applied voltage source. Under the influence of the field between the wall and the black body radiator 5b4, the negatively charged carbon particles sublimated from the graphite black body radiator 5b4 can migrate back to the dome. In an embodiment, the carbon may be removed by active transport (such as by flowing a gas through the cell chamber 53b and then through a carbon particle filter). In an embodiment, the dome 5b4 may comprise graphite and the reservoir The device may comprise a refractory material such as boron nitride. Graphite may comprise isotropic graphite. The graphite of the assembly of the present invention may comprise glassy carbon, such as Compressed glassy carbon: An ultrastrong and elastic interpenetrating graphene network, Science Advances, June 09, 2017: Vol. 3, No. 6, e1603213 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv. 1603213 ,Http :// Advances . Sciencemag . Org / Content / 3 / 6 / E1603213 . Full It is given, which is incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment, a graphite blackbody radiator (such as a spherical dome) may include a liner to avoid erosion of graphite by molten metal inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The liner may comprise a refractory material such as tungsten. The liner may comprise a mesh or sheet formed into the interior of the graphite dome. The gasket prevents the shearing force of the flowing molten metal from attacking the inner surface of the reaction cell chamber. The PV converter can comprise PV cells each having a window that can include at least one thermal photovoltaic filter, such as an infrared filter. The filter preferentially reflects light having a wavelength that is not converted to electricity by the PV converter. The battery of the PV converter can be mirrored on the back side to reflect light that passes back through the battery to the black body radiator. The mirror can be selective for infrared light that is not converted to electricity by the PV cell. The infrared mirror can comprise a metal. The back of the battery can be metallized. The metal may comprise an infrared reflector such as gold. Metal can be attached to the semiconductor substrate of the PV cell by contact points. These contacts can be distributed on the back of the battery. The points may comprise a bonding material such as a Ti-Au alloy or a Cr-Au alloy. The PV cell can include at least one junction. A representative battery operating at 3500 K comprises GaAs on a GaAs substrate or InAlGaAs on an InP or GaAs substrate as a single junction cell and InAlGaAs on an InP or GaAs substrate as a double junction cell. A representative battery operating at 3000 K comprises GaAs on a GaAs substrate or InAlGaAs on an InP or GaAs substrate as a single junction cell and InAlGaAs on an InP or GaAs substrate as a double junction cell. In an embodiment, the geodesic PV converter 26 of the blackbody radiator 5b4 may include a light distribution system 23 (such as the light distribution system of the present invention) (Fig. 2I132). Light distribution system 23 can split the light into regions of different wavelengths. Separation can be achieved by at least one of a mirror and a filter, such as the ones of the present invention. The slit light can be incident on the PV cell 15 that is selective for the separated and incident light. The light distribution system 23 may be arranged as a column projecting outward from the geodesic ball surrounding the spherical black body radiator 5b4. The generator can include a precision gas pressure sensing and control system for at least one of battery chamber pressure and reaction cell chamber pressure. The system of the present invention may comprise a gas sump and a line, such as at least one of hydrogen and a rare gas sump and a line such as a sump 5u and a line 5ua1. The gas system may further comprise a pressure sensor, a manifold, an inlet line, a feedthrough, an injector, an injector valve, a vacuum pump (such as a vacuum pump 13a), a vacuum pump line (such as a vacuum pump line 13b), a control valve and a line, and a feedthrough Pieces. A rare gas such as argon or helium may be added to the battery chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 to match the pressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The reaction cell chamber pressure can be measured by measuring the blackbody temperature and using the relationship between metal vapor pressure and temperature. The temperature of the dome can be measured using its blackbody spectral emission. This temperature can be measured using optical high temperature meters that use optical fibers to collect and deliver light to the sensor. The temperature can be measured by a plurality of diodes having filters that are selective to the sample portion of the black body curve to determine the temperature. A battery assembly, such as reservoir 5c, can comprise a refractory material (such as at least one of alumina, sapphire, boron nitride, and tantalum carbide) that is at least partially transparent to at least one of visible and infrared light. A component, such as a reservoir, such as a boron nitride reservoir, can include recesses or thin spots in the assembly to better permit light to pass through the assembly to the optical temperature sensor. In addition to the rare gas, the gas in at least one of the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 and the battery chamber 5b3 may also contain hydrogen. Hydrogen supplied to the at least one chamber by the sump, line, valve, and ejector may be diffused via a battery assembly that is hydrogen permeable at the battery operating temperature to replace the consumed hydrogen to form a low energy hydrogen . The hydrogen permeable black body radiator 5b4. The low energy hydrogen gas product can diffuse from the chamber (such as chamber 5b3 or 5b3a1 and 5b31) to an ambient atmosphere or collection system. Alternatively, the low energy hydrogen gas product can be selectively pumped from at least one chamber. In another embodiment, the low energy hydrogen gas may be collected by a gas collector that may be periodically replaced or renewed. In an embodiment, the gas enclosing the chamber of the W black body radiator may further comprise a source of halogen (such as I₂ Or Br₂ Or a hydrocarbon bromine compound that forms a complex with sublimed tungsten. The complex compound can be decomposed on the surface of the hot tungsten dome to redeposit tungsten on the black body radiator 5b4. Some dome refractory metals, such as W, may be added to the molten metal (such as silver) to vaporize and deposit on the inner dome surface to replace the vaporized or sublimed metal. In an embodiment, the battery further includes a supply of hydrogen to the battery chamber. The supply can penetrate the battery via at least one of an EM pump tube, a reservoir, and a black body radiator. The supply may comprise a refractory material such as at least one of W and Ta. The supply may comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane, such as a hydrogen permeable membrane comprising a refractory material. The hydrogen supply can penetrate a region of the battery that has a lower temperature than the blackbody radiator. This supply can penetrate the battery at the EM pump tube or reservoir. The supply may comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane that is stable at the operating temperature of the molten silver in the EM pump tube or reservoir. The hydrogen permeable membrane may comprise Ta, Pt, Ir, Pd, Nb, Ni, Ti or other suitable hydrogen permeating metal having a suitable melting point known to those skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the at least one external chamber or the chamber outside the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is pressurized to an internal pressure of the reaction cell chamber at the operating temperature of the reaction cell chamber and the black body radiator. External pressure. The matching of the external pressure to the internal pressure can be in the range of approximately plus or minus 0.01% to plus or minus 500%. In an exemplary embodiment, the external pressure of at least one chamber of a container outside the blackbody radiator and the reaction cell chamber is about 10 atm to match the reaction cell chamber at an operating temperature of about 3000K. 10 atm silver vapor pressure. The blackbody radiator is capable of supporting an external differential pressure that decreases as the blackbody radiator temperature increases to the operating temperature. In the embodiment shown in Figures 2I80 through 2I103, the SunCell® comprises an external pressure vessel 5b3a having an external pressure vessel 5b3a1 containing a PV converter 26a, a blackbody radiator 5b4, a reservoir 5c and an EM pump. The wall of the external pressure vessel 5b3a can be water-cooled by a coolant line, a cold plate or a heat exchanger 5b6a. The SunCell® component, such as the wall of the external pressure vessel 5b3a, may contain a thermal or radiation shield to aid in cooling. The shield can have a low emissivity to reflect heat. The outer pressure vessel 5b3a may contain heat exchanger fins on the outside. The fins may comprise a high thermal conductor such as copper or aluminum. The generator may further comprise means for providing forced convective heat transfer from the heat sink. The member can include a fan or fan that can be located in a housing below the pressure vessel. A fan or fan can force air up on the fins. The external pressure vessel may comprise a section such as a cylindrical section containing and mounting battery components such as PV converter 26a, black body radiator 5b4, reservoir 5c and EM pump assembly 5ka. The connector for mounting and supporting the battery assembly includes means for accommodating different rates of thermal expansion or amount between the assembly and the base and the bracket to avoid damage to the expansion. The base and bracket may include at least one of an expansion joint and an expandable connector or fastener such as a gasket and a bushing. The connector and fastener may comprise carbon that is compressible carbon (such as Grapho or Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso)) or composed of hexagonal boron nitride. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as one containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391) or another material of the invention. In an embodiment, the electricity, gas, sensor, control, and cooling lines may penetrate the bottom of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a. The outer pressure vessel may comprise a cylindrical and dome housing and a bottom plate 5b3b sealed to the housing. The housing may comprise carbon fiber or stainless steel or coated wrap. The coating may comprise nickel plating. The housing can be removable for easy access to SunCell® components. The bottom plate 5b3b can include feedthroughs for at least one of electricity, gas, sensors, control, and cooling lines. The feedthrough may be pressure resistant and electrically insulated if the pipeline is electrically shortable to the housing. In an embodiment, the PV converter cooling system includes a manifold having branches to a cold plate of elements of a dense receiver array, such as triangular elements. The backplane feedthrough may comprise: i.) an ignition busbar connector 10a2 coupled to a power source 2, such as an ignition busbar connector including an ignition capacitor bank in the housing 90, the housing may further comprise a PV converter 26a outputs a powered DC to DC converter, and the ignition busbar connector 10a2 is further connected to feedthroughs 10a for ignition busbars 9 and 10 that penetrate the ignition busbar feed The bottom plate of the assembly 10a1 (exemplary ignition voltage and current is approximately 50 V DC and 50 to 100 A); ii.) EM pump bus bar connector 5k33, which is connected to the EM power supply 5k13 and further connected to the EM pump Feedthrough 5k31, the EM pump feedthrough penetrates the bottom plate at the EM pump bus feedthrough flange 5k33; the power supply 5k13 can include a DC to DC converter powered by the PV converter 26a output (exemplary EM pump voltage and current are approximately 0.5 to 1 V DC and 100 to 500 A); iii.) Inductively coupled heater antenna feedthrough assembly 5mc, where the antenna is powered by an inductively coupled heater power supply 5m, which is coupled to the heating The power supply can include D powered by the output of the PV converter 26a C to DC converter, transformer, at least one IGBT and RF transmitter (exact inductively coupled heater frequency, voltage, current is approximately 15 kHz, 250 V AC or DC equivalent and 100 to 300 A), iv.) The gas line 5ua connected to the hydrogen storage tank 5u and the argon storage tank 5u1 and the penetrating members 5h1 and 5h3 of the argon gas line 5ua1, v.) are used for the EM pump coolant line 31d connected to the heat exchanger coolant line 5k11 and a penetrating member of 31e, wherein the coolant line 5k11 of the EM pump heat exchanger 5k1 and the EM pump cold plate 5k12 may each comprise a sheet member spanning the two heat exchangers 5k1, vi.) for the PV coolant line 31b and A penetrating member of 31c, and vii.) a penetrating member for power flow from the PV converter 26a to the power regulator or inverter 110. An inlet coolant line (such as an inlet coolant line 31e) is connected to the radiator inlet line 31t and an outlet coolant line (such as an outlet coolant line 31d) is connected to the water pump outlet 31u. In addition to the radiator 31, the generator is cooled by the fan 31j1. In an embodiment, the PV converter 26a includes fastening together to mount the lower and upper hemispherical parts around the black body radiator 5b4. The PV cells can each contain a window on the PV cell. The PV converter can be placed on the PV converter support plate 5b81. The support plate can be suspended to avoid contact with the black body radiator or reservoir and can be perforated to allow gas exchange between the entire external pressure vessel. The hemisphere (such as the lower hemisphere) may include a mirror that surrounds one portion of the region, such as the bottom, to reflect light to the PV cells of the PV converter. The mirror can accommodate any mismatch between the ideal geodesic dome to receive light from the blackbody radiator and the geodesic dome that can be formed from the PV elements. The non-ideality can be attributed to the spatial limitations of installing PV elements around the black body radiator, which are caused by the geometry of the PV elements that comprise the geodesic dome. An exemplary PV converter can include a geodesic dome that is comprised of array module delta elements, each of which includes a plurality of concentrating PC cells and a backing cold plate. These components can be snapped together. An exemplary array can include a five-party dodecahedron. An exemplary array can include 6 pentagons and 16 triangles. In an embodiment, the substrate of PV converter 26a can include a reflector at a location where the triangular PV elements of the geodesic PV converter array are not mounted. The reflector can perform at least one of: reflecting incident light to another portion of the PV converter and reflecting back to the black body radiator. In an embodiment, the power from the substrate of the lower hemisphere 5b41 is at least partially restored to at least one of light and heat. In an embodiment, PV converter 26a includes a PV cell collar around the base of lower hemisphere 5b41. In an embodiment, the power in the form of heat is collected by a heat exchanger such as a heat pipe. This heat can be used for cooling. This heat can be supplied to an absorption chiller known to those skilled in the art for cooling. In an embodiment, the coverage area of the cooling system, such as at least one of the chiller and the radiator, may be reduced by allowing a coolant, such as water, such as pool filtered water, to undergo a phase change. The phase change can include a liquid to a gas. Phase changes can occur in cold plates that remove heat from the PV cells. The liquid to gas phase change can occur in the microchannels of the microchannel cold plate. The coolant system can include a vacuum pump to reduce the pressure of at least one location in the cooling system. The phase change can be assisted by maintaining a reduced pressure in the coolant system. The reduced pressure in the condenser section of the cooling system can be maintained. At least one of the PV converter, the cold plate, and the PV cell can be immersed in a coolant that undergoes a phase change, such as boiling, to enhance heat removal. The coolant may comprise a coolant known in the art, such as an inert coolant such as 3M perfluorotributylamine. In an embodiment, the coolant system can include multiple coolant circuits. The first coolant loop can extract heat from the PV cells either directly or via a cold plate, such as a cold plate containing a microchannel plate. The coolant system can further comprise at least one heat exchanger. The first heat exchanger can transfer heat from the first coolant circuit to the other coolant circuit. The coolant phase change can occur in at least one of the other coolant circuits. The phase change can be reversible. The phase change increases the ability of the coolant to exchange heat with the environment and cool the PV converter at a given flow rate. Another coolant circuit may include a heat exchanger that transfers heat from its coolant to the air. Operating parameters (such as flow conditions, flow rates, pressures, temperature changes, average temperatures, and other parameters) in each coolant circuit can be controlled to control the desired heat transfer rate and desired operating parameters within the first coolant loop ( Operating parameters of the coolant such as in the microchannel plate of the cold plate). Exemplary conditions in the microchannel are a temperature range of the coolant of about 10 ° C to 20 ° C, an average temperature of about 50 ° C to 70 ° C, and laminar flow to avoid turbulence. In an embodiment, to reduce the size of the cooling system, the first coolant circuit can be operated at a high temperature, such as a temperature that is as high as possible without significantly degrading the performance of the PV cell, such as 40 ° C to 90 ° C. temperature. The temperature difference of the coolant can be smaller in the first loop than in the other coolant loop. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature difference of the coolant in the first circuit may be about 10 °C; however, the temperature difference of the coolant in another circuit, such as the secondary circuit, may be higher, such as about 50 °C. Exemplary corresponding temperature ranges are from 80 ° C to 90 ° C and from 40 ° C to 90 ° C, respectively. A phase change can occur in at least one of the cooling circuits to increase heat transfer to reduce the size of the cooling system. In an embodiment, the microchannel plate that cools the PV cell can be replaced by at least one of a heat exchanger, a heat pipe, a heat transfer block, a coolant jet, and a coolant bath, such as an inert coolant (such as A coolant bath of distilled or deionized water) or a dielectric liquid such as 3M perfluorotributylamine, R134a or Vertrel XF. In the case of a water coolant, the coolant system may further comprise a water purification or treatment system to prevent excessive corrosiveness of the water. The coolant may comprise an anti-corrosion agent such as an anti-corrosion agent for copper known in the art. The radiator may comprise at least one of corrosion resistant stainless steel, copper or aluminum. The coolant may comprise an antifreeze, such as at least one of the following: Dowtherm, ethylene glycol, ammonia, and an alcohol (such as at least one of methanol and ethanol). The battery can be operated continuously to prevent the coolant from freezing. The coolant system may also include a heater to prevent water from freezing. The PV cell can be immersed in the coolant bath. The PV cell can transfer heat from the unirradiated side to the coolant bath. The coolant system can include at least one pump, wherein the coolant can be circulated to absorb heat at one location in the cooling system and to dissipate the heat at another location. The PV cell can be operated under at least one of a higher operating temperature and a high temperature range, thereby reducing the size of the cooling system. The coolant system can include a condenser wherein the phase change occurs with heat transfer from the PV cell. The coolant system can be pressurized, at atmospheric pressure or below atmospheric pressure. The pressure can be controlled to control the coolant boiling temperature. The coolant system operating under pressure may include a pump having an inlet and an outlet and a pressure venting valve that returns coolant to the inlet side of the low pressure pump, wherein the coolant is pumped through an inlet to a heat exchanger (such as a radiator or chiller) ). In the case of a chiller, the chilled coolant can be recycled to lower the temperature and increase the temperature difference between the coolants PV to increase the heat transfer rate. The cooled coolant can be further pumped to the PV cell-coolant heat transfer interface to receive heat, which can thereby boil. The coolant system can operate at a heat flow below the critical heat flux and no longer wet the cooled surface when sufficient vapor is formed. The coolant can be operated under subcooled boiling. Due to the large coolant-air heat gradient across the corresponding heat exchanger (such as a radiator), the PV cell can operate at a temperature that maintains a subcooled boiling while maximizing the rate of heat transfer to the environment. An exemplary PV operating temperature is 130 °C. The system can be operated to avoid film boiling. The heat exchanger between the hot coolant and the ambient air may comprise a radiator, such as a wraparound radiator, such as a radiator having an automotive radiator design. The heat exchanger can include at least one fan to move the air. The fan can be centered. The battery can also be centered. The PV cell can be mounted on a heat transfer medium such as a heat sink such as a copper plate. The copper plate can be at least one of: a heat transfer member that transfers heat (such as at least one of a heat exchanger, a heat pipe, and a heat transfer block) and a coolant to increase the heat transfer contact area. The heat transfer member can dissipate heat radially. The coolant can undergo a phase change to increase heat transfer, thereby reducing the size of the coolant system. The heat transfer member can be coated with a pin to increase the surface area for heat transfer. The coolant system may include at least one of a member for condensing the coolant and a heat rejection system such as at least one coolant circulation pump and a heat exchanger between the coolant and the environment, such as a pressurizable radiator. ). In an embodiment, at least one of a radius of the PV converter, a radius of the PV cell coolant system (such as a radius of at least one of a heat exchanger of the PV coolant system, a heat pipe, or a heat transfer block) may be increased To reduce the heat flux load to be transferred from the PV cell to the environment in order to effectively cool the PV cell. The PV converter can include a shape that remains at the same distance from the black body radiator 5b4. The blackbody radiator can be spherical and the distance from the PV converter to the blackbody radiator can be constant to achieve the desired light intensity incident on the PV that can include a uniform illumination intensity. In an embodiment, the PV converter cooling system can include a spherical manifold that includes a coolant reservoir having a finned spherical surface boiling surface that includes a heat sink and a boiler plate on the back side of the PV cell. The boiler plate can be coated with pins to increase the surface area for heat transfer. The coolant can be flowed by at least one pump. The flow may comprise a spherical flow from at least one inlet at the top and at least one outlet at the bottom of the chiller. The heated coolant can be pumped through the radiator to be cooled and returned to the reservoir. In another embodiment, the coolant may be pumped through a passage in the boiler plate that is joined to the back of the PC battery and receives heat from the PV cell. The heat transfer plate or element may comprise a porous metal surface coating such as a coating comprising sintered metal particles. The surface may provide a porous layer structure characterized by a pattern of interconnected vias. The passages are appropriately sized to provide a large number of stable locations for the vapor condensate to greatly increase the heat flux (up to 10 times) for the temperature difference between the given surface and the coolant saturation temperature. The surface coating can also increase the critical heat flux (CHF). The surface can comprise a conductive microporous coating that forms a microcavity for coagulating. An exemplary surface comprises a sintered copper microporous surface coating (SCMPSC, cf. Jun et al, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2016). Surface enhancement methods can be used in conjunction with short pins (also porous coated pins) to further increase surface area. Surface area enhancers, such as porous coated pins or studs, can be cast. In an exemplary embodiment, a short post (such as a copper stub) having a porous surface area reinforcement can be cast onto the back side of a heat transfer plate, such as a copper plate. The reflow from the radiator can be configured to provide convection on the surface of the boiler plate. A plurality of inlets divide the coolant flow into a plurality of inlet jets that are angled tangentially on the walls of the spherical and cylindrical coolant reservoirs to provide bulk vortex motion. This movement can cause convective boiling at the surface, which removes vapor bubbles from the nucleation site, thereby inhibiting CHF. In embodiments, coolants other than water may be used because of the boiling of fluids having less surface tension, such as organic liquids, refrigerants, and heat transfer fluids, in the presence of enhanced condensate sites. The coolant can be selected based on the saturated (P-T) state of the unpressurized system. In an embodiment, to achieve temperature uniformity and to account for variations in convective conduction across the coolant of the PV element, the same microchannel heat sink can be utilized to cool each element. In an embodiment, PV converter 26a may include a plurality of triangular receiver units (TRUs) each including a plurality of photovoltaic cells( Such as front concentrating photovoltaic cells, mounting plates and coolers on the back of the mounting plate. The cooler may include at least one of a multi-channel plate, a surface supporting a coolant phase change, and a heat pipe. The triangular receiver units can be coupled together to form at least a portion of the geodesic dome. The TRU can further include an interconnection of at least one of an electrical connector, a bus bar, and a coolant channel. In an embodiment, the receiver unit and the connection pattern may comprise a geometry that reduces the complexity of the cooling system. The number of PV converter components, such as the number of triangular receiver units of the geodesic spherical PV converter, can be reduced. The PV converter can include a plurality of segments. The segments can be joined together to form a portion of the casing surrounding the black body radiator 5b4. At least one of the PV converter and the black body radiator may be polyhedral, wherein the surfaces of the black body radiator and the receiver unit are geometrically matched. The casing may be formed by at least one of a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, or other geometric unit. The blackbody radiator 5b4 can comprise at least one of a square, a sphere, or other desirable geometry to illuminate each unit of the PV converter. In an exemplary embodiment, the casing may comprise five square cells surrounding a black body radiator 5b4 that may be spherical or square. The casing may further comprise a receiver unit that receives light from a substrate of the blackbody radiator. The geometry of the base unit can be the geometry that optimizes light collection. The casing may comprise a combination of squares and triangles. The casing may comprise a top square connected to the upper section comprising four alternating squares and a pair of triangles connected to the six squares as the middle section, the middle section being connected to at least four alternating squares and at least four pairs of triangles A portion of the lower section that is connected to a partially or non-existing bottom square. A schematic of the triangular elements of the geodesic dense receiver array of the photovoltaic converter is shown in Figure 2I133. The PV converter 26a may comprise a dense array of receivers consisting of triangular elements 200, each of which comprises a plurality of concentrating photovoltaic cells 15 capable of converting light from the black body radiator 5b4 into electricity. The PV cell 15 may comprise at least one of a GaAs P/N cell on a GaAs N wafer, InAlGaAs on InP, and InAlGaAs on GaAs. The batteries may each include at least one junction. The triangular element 200 can include a cover body 203 (such as a cover body comprising stamped Kovar sheets), a heat sink 202 and a cold head 204 (such as a cold head comprising a press-fit tube), and a connecting continuous triangular element Attachment flange 203 of 200 (such as an attachment flange comprising a stamped Kovar sheet). In an embodiment comprising a source of thermal power, the heat exchanger 26a includes a plurality of heat exchanger elements 200 (such as the triangular elements 200 shown in FIG. 2I 133) each including a hot coolant outlet 202 and cooler cooling a reagent inlet 204; and means for absorbing light from the black body radiator 5b4 and transferring the power as heat to the coolant flowing through the element. At least one of a coolant inlet and an outlet may be attached to a common water manifold. As shown in FIGS. 2I108 to 2I109, the heat exchanger system 26a further includes a coolant pump 31k, a coolant sump 31l, and a load heat exchanger (such as the radiator 31 and a fan that supplies hot air to the load by the flow of air through the radiator) 31j1). In addition to the geodesic geometry, heat exchangers having other geometries, such as those known in the art, are within the scope of the present invention. An exemplary cube geometry is shown in Figures 2I134 through 2I138, which respectively show a thermal load inlet line 31b and a low temperature outlet line 31c to a heat load, wherein the modular plate heat exchanger element 26b is not present in the PV cell 15 in. The heat exchanger 26a can have a desired geometry that optimizes at least one of heat transfer, size, power requirements, simplicity, and cost. In an embodiment, the area of the heat exchanger system 26a is scaled to the area of the black body radiator 5b4 such that the received power density is the desired power density. At least one receiver unit may be replaced or partially replaced by a mirror that performs at least one of: direct or indirect reflection of blackbody radiation to other receiver units or other receiver cells covered with PV cells position. The receiver unit may be filled with a PV cell in an optimal high intensity illumination region, such as a central circular region in the case of a spherical blackbody radiator 5b4, wherein the region not filled with PV may be covered by a mirror. Batteries that receive a similar amount of radiation can be connected to form an output of the desired matching current, wherein the batteries can be connected in series. The enclosures containing larger areas of receivers (such as square receiver units) may each include a corresponding cooler or heat exchanger 26b (Fig. 2I134 to Fig. 2I138). The cooler or heat exchanger 26b of each receiver unit (such as a square receiver unit) may comprise at least one of: a coolant housing comprising at least one coolant inlet and one coolant outlet; at least one cooling A distribution structure, such as a shunt baffle (such as a plate having a passage); and a plurality of coolant fins mounted to the PV cell mounting plate. The fins may comprise a highly thermally conductive material such as silver, copper or aluminum. The height, spacing and distribution of the fins can be selected to achieve a uniform temperature across the PV cell area. The cooler may be mounted to at least one of the mounting plate and the PV cell by a thermal epoxy. The front side (lighting side) of the PV cell can be protected by a cover glass or window. In an embodiment, the housing containing the receiver unit may comprise a pressure vessel. The pressure of the pressure vessel can be adjusted to at least partially balance the internal pressure of the molten metal vapor pressure inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment (Fig. 2I 143), the radius of the PV converter can be increased relative to the radius of the black body radiator to reduce the light intensity based on the radius dependence of the radius of the optical power flux. Alternatively, the light intensity can be reduced by a light distribution system comprising a series of semi-transparent mirrors 23 (Fig. 2I132) along a path of the black body radiator, the black body radiator light path partially reflecting the incident light to The PV cell 15 additionally transmits a portion of the light to the next component of the series. The light distribution system can include mirrors for reducing light intensity along a radial path, a Z-shaped path, or other paths that facilitate stacking a series of PV cells, and a mirror to achieve desired light intensity distribution and conversion. In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 can have a geometry that is compatible with the light distribution and PV conversion system, the light distribution and PV conversion system comprising a series of mirrors, lenses or filters in combination with corresponding PV cells. In an exemplary embodiment, the blackbody radiator can be square and match the linear light distribution and PV conversion system geometry. The parameters of the cooling system can be selected to optimize the cost, performance and power output of the generator. Exemplary parameters are coolant identification, coolant phase change, coolant pressure, PV temperature, coolant temperature and temperature range, coolant flow rate, radius of the PV converter and coolant system relative to the radius of the blackbody radiator. And a light recycling and wavelength selective filter or reflector on the front or back of the PV to reduce the amount of PV incident light that cannot be converted to electricity by PV or to pass through the PV cell Convertible PV incident light is recirculated. An exemplary coolant system is a system that performs at least one of: i.) forming steam, delivering steam, and condensing steam at the PV cell to release heat at the exchange interface using the environment; ii.) forming at the PV cell Vapor, condenses it back into the liquid, and exhausts heat from the single phase at the heat exchanger using an environment (such as a radiator); and iii.) removes heat from the PV cell with the microchannel plate and utilizes the environment at the heat exchanger Exhaust heat. The coolant may still be in a single phase during cooling of the PV cell. The PV battery can be mounted to a cold plate. Heat can be removed from the cold plate by a coolant conduit or coolant conduit to the cooling manifold. The manifold can include a plurality of annular conduits circumferentially surrounding the PV converter, which can be spaced apart along the vertical or z-axis of the PV converter; and the manifold includes a coolant conduit or coolant conduit separate therefrom. The black body radiator may comprise a plurality of parts that are sealed together to form a reaction cell chamber 5b31. The plurality of parts may include a lower hemisphere 5b41 and an upper hemisphere 5b42. Other shapes are within the scope of the invention. The two hemispheres can be fastened together at the seal 5b71. The seal can include a flange, at least one spacer 5b71, and at least one of a fastener such as a clamp and a screw. The seal may comprise a graphite gasket (such as Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso)) and a fire resistant bolt (such as graphite or W bolt and nut), wherein the metal bolt and nut (such as W bolt and nut) may further comprise graphite or Perma- Foil gaskets or gaskets to compensate for the different coefficients of thermal expansion between carbon and bolt and nut metal (such as W). The lower hemisphere of the black body radiator 5b41 and the reservoir 5c are engageable. The joint may comprise a sealing flange, a threaded joint, a welded joint, a glue joint or another joint such as a joint known to the present invention or known to those skilled in the art. The seal may comprise a glue or chemical bond seal formed by a sealant. Exemplary graphite gums are Aremco Products, Inc. Graphi-Bond 551RN graphite adhesive and Resbond 931 powder with Resbond 931 adhesive. The cemented carbon segments can be heat treated to form chemical carbon bonds. The key can be the same or similar to the structure of each piece. The bond can include graphitization. In an embodiment, two sheets, such as an upper hemisphere and a lower hemisphere, can be at least one of threaded and screwed together and glued. The engagement section can be tongue and grooved to increase the contact area. In an embodiment, the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the reservoir 5c may comprise a single piece. The reservoir may comprise a bottom plate attached by a joint such as a joint known to the present invention or known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the bottom panel and the reservoir body can comprise a unitary piece that can further comprise a sheet member having a lower hemisphere. The reservoir portion bottom plate may be coupled to a reservoir support plate 5b8 that provides a connection to the wall of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a to support the reservoir 5c. The EM pump tube 5k6 and the nozzle 5q can penetrate and connect to the reservoir 5c using a joint such as a mechanical fitting such as a joint sleeve type and a VCR type fitting 5k9 and a joint sleeve type engaging O-ring 5k10. The bottom plate (Fig. 2I69). In an embodiment, at least one of the top hemisphere 5b42, the bottom hemisphere 5b42, the reservoir 5c, the bottom plate of the reservoir 5c, the EM pump tube 5k6, the nozzle 5q, and the connector 5k9 includes W, Mo, and carbon. At least one. A carbon tube assembly (such as a carbon tube assembly having a bend, such as a carbon riser) or an ejector tube and nozzle can be formed by casting. In an embodiment, the bottom plates of the top hemisphere 5b42, the bottom hemisphere 5b41, the reservoir 5c, and the reservoir 5c contain carbon. In an embodiment, carbon battery components, such as reservoirs and blackbody radiators, may comprise a gasket. The liner prevents the underlying surface, such as the carbon surface, from being eroded. The liner may comprise at least one of a refractory sheet or web. The liner may comprise a W foil or a mesh or a WC sheet. The foil can be annealed. In embodiments, liners of graphite battery components, such as blackbody radiators, reservoirs, and interiors of VCR-type fittings, may include coatings, such as pyrolytic graphite, tantalum carbide, or the invention or known in the art. Another coating to prevent carbon attack. The coating can be stabilized at high temperatures by applying and maintaining a high gas pressure on the coating. In embodiments comprising a coating of a battery component, at least one of the coating and the substrate (such as carbon) can be selected such that the coefficient of thermal expansion matches. In an embodiment, at least one of the pair of electrodes comprises a liquid electrode 8. In an embodiment, the electrodes can comprise liquid and solid electrodes. The liquid electrode can comprise a stream of molten metal from an electromagnetic pump injector. The ignition system can include an electromagnetic pump that sprays molten metal onto the solid electrode to turn on the circuit. The turn-on of the ignition circuit can be caused by the flow of current from the power source 2 causing ignition. The solid electrode can be electrically isolated from the molten electrode. Electrical isolation may be provided by an electrically insulating coating of the solid electrode at its penetration, such as at the sidewall of the reservoir 5c. The solid electrode may comprise a negative electrode and the liquid electrode may comprise a positive electrode. Due to the higher heat from the high kinetics at the positive electrode, the liquid positive electrode eliminates the possibility of positive electrode melting. The solid electrode can comprise forged W. The electrode may comprise a conductive ceramic, such as at least one of: a carbide, such as one of WC, HfC, ZrC, and TaC; a boride such as ZrB₂ And complexes such as ZrC-ZrB which can gradually reach 1800 °C₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ - SiC composite. The electrically conductive ceramic electrode can comprise a coating or covering such as a sleeve or collar. In an embodiment, the SunCell® comprises at least two EM pump injectors that produce at least two streams of molten metal that intersect to form at least two liquid electrodes. The corresponding reservoir of the EM pump can be vertical with a nozzle that is offset from vertical so that the molten metal streams that are ejected intersect. Each EM pump injector can be connected to a source of opposite polarity such that current flows through the metal stream at the intersection. The positive terminal of the power source 2 can be connected to one EM pump injector and the negative terminal can be connected to another EM pump injector. The ignition electrical connection may comprise an ignition solenoid pump busbar 5k2a. The power source 2 supplies voltage and current to the ignition process while avoiding substantial electrical interference to the EM pump power supply. The power source 2 can include at least one of a floating voltage power supply and a switching power supply. The electrical connection may be at a conductive component of the EM pump, such as at least one of an EM pump tube 5k6, a heat transfer block 5k7, and an EM pump bus 5k2. Each of the heat transfer blocks 5k7 may be thermally coupled to the pump tube 5k6 by a conductive paste such as a metal powder such as W or Mo powder. The ignition power can be coupled to each set of heat transfer blocks 5k7 such that a good electrical connection of opposite polarity is established between the power source 2 and each set of heat transfer blocks 5k7. The heat transfer block distributes heat from the ignition power along the heat transfer block. The nozzle can be operated to be immersed in liquid metal to prevent arcing and heating losses. A level control system including a reservoir molten metal level sensor and an EM pump controller (such as an EM pump current controller) maintains the reservoir molten metal level within a reasonable tolerance, allowing the self-immersion nozzle The injection is at least one of the following: the EM pump is not significantly controlled by the immersion level change and the level control system to adjust the immersion level. The EM pump can pump metal from the immersion nozzle 5q such that the molten metal that is ejected can form a flow that travels relative to gravity. The stream can be directed to intersect the relative flow of the SunCell® embodiment comprising a dual molten metal injector. The SunCell® can contain at least one molten metal flow deflector. At least one stream, such as a submerged electrode stream, can be directed to the flow deflector. The flow deflector can redirect the flow to intersect the opposing flow of the dual molten metal injector embodiment. The deflector may comprise a refractory material such as carbon, tungsten or another material of the invention. The deflector may comprise an extension of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, such as an extension or extension of the lower hemisphere of the black body radiator 5b41. The deflector can comprise an electrical insulator. The insulator can electrically isolate the deflector. In a dual molten metal EM pump injector embodiment, such as an embodiment comprising at least one submerged nozzle (Fig. 2I139 to Fig. 2I147), at least one of the reservoir and the corresponding nozzle section of the EM pump tube 5k61 can be tilted to The molten stream is more directed through the center than the untilted condition. The inclined reservoir may comprise a sloping floor of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The reservoir support plate 5b8 may comprise a matching inclination to support the EM pump assembly 5kk Inclining the bottom plate. Alternatively, at least one of the accumulator 5c, the EM pump assembly 5kk, and the EM pump 5ka including the magnet 5k4 and the magnetic cooling 5k1 may be inclined away from the center at the base of the EM pump 5ka to cause the reservoir The top of the 5c is inclined inwardly. The reservoir support plate 5b8 may include a matching inclination to support the inclined reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5ka. The top of the reservoir tube 5c may be cut at an angle to have a black body radiator The bottom of the flat joint of the lower hemisphere of 5b41 is matched. Alternatively, the lower hemisphere of the black body radiator 5b41 may include a corresponding inclined joint, such as a tilt collar and a connector (such as a sliding nut extending from the lower hemisphere 5b41). The slanted sleeve of the connector) allows for a thermal gradient from the black body radiator 5b4 to the reservoir 5c. In an exemplary embodiment of the sliding nut joint 5k14, the reservoir 5c comprises boron nitride and the lower hemisphere 5b41 slides The nut connector comprises carbon, the nut comprises carbon, and the spacer 5k14a comprises carbon, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of the graphite and BN are selected to achieve a heat cycleable seal. In an embodiment, the carbon and BN components have a matching coefficient of thermal expansion, or The coefficient of thermal expansion of BN is slightly greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the carbon component that also constitutes the compression joint. The gasket can be compressed to prevent thermal expansion beyond the tensile strength of the carbon component. The compression can be reversible to allow for thermal cycling. The location can be selected to maintain the immersion nozzle during operation of the SunCell®. The inlet riser can include an open-ended tube in which flow into the tube occurs until the molten metal level is approximately the level of the tube opening. The tube end opening is cut at a matching tilt to the molten metal level. The tube opening can be sized to throttle or inhibit the inward flow rate to maintain the double molten metal spray Stability of level control between the two reservoirs of the system. The tube opening may contain a porous covering such as a mesh to achieve throttling. The EM pump rate can be throttled to maintain relative position stability The EM pump rate can be adjusted by controlling the EM pump current, wherein at least one of the tube opening control and the dynamic current adjustment range is sufficient for achieving relative level control stability for embodiments including one flow slightly tilted to the other. Alignment of the flow. The inlet riser may comprise a refractory electrical insulator, such as a BN tube, that may be inserted into or over the holder attached to the substrate of the EM pump assembly. In an exemplary embodiment, the holder comprises a shorter one. Metal tube, such as Mo or SS attached to the EM pump assembly base. The inlet riser (such as a top slotted BN tube) can be secured in the holder by a wire tensioner (such as a set screw) or by a compression fitting In place. The inlet riser can be connected to the holder by a coupler mounted above both ends of the inlet riser and the retainer. In an embodiment, the inlet riser may comprise carbon. The connection of the carbon inlet riser tube to the EM pump assembly 5kk can include at least one of a thread and a compression fitting to a retainer (such as a tube holder) that can be secured by fasteners (such as threads and welds) At least one of the) is fastened to the base of the EM pump assembly. A holder, such as a tube holder, can comprise a material that does not react with the inlet riser holder. An exemplary holder for securing a carbon inlet riser comprises a carbide resistant tube (such as a nickel or neon tube) or a carbonized SS tube (such as a tube comprising SS 625 or Haynes 230). The inlet riser (such as a carbon tube) can be changed to be coated with molten metal during operation, wherein the molten metal can protect the tube from reactive plasma attack. In an embodiment, at least one of the carbon inlet riser 5qa, the nozzle section of the EM pump tube 5k61, and the nozzle 5q may comprise an oxidatively stabilized refractory material, such as a refractory precious metal (such as Pt, Re, Ru, Rh, or Ir) ) or refractory oxides (such as MgO (MP2825 ° C), ZrO₂ (M.P.2715 ° C), for H₂ O-stabilized magnesia zirconia, yttrium zirconate (SrZrO₃ M.P. 2700 ° C), HfO₂ (M.P. 2758 ° C), cerium oxide (M.P. 3300 ° C) or another oxide of the invention). The ceramic pump injector components (such as the inlet riser 5qa, the nozzle section of the EM pump tubing 5k61, and the nozzle 5q) can be secured to the metal EM pump inlet or outlet near or in the EM pump assembly 5kk. The fastener may comprise a fastener of the invention. The fastener can comprise at least one of: a threaded or metallized and threaded ceramic component, a threaded pump component, and a metallized ceramic component that is brazed to the metal EM pump inlet or outlet near or in the EM pump assembly 5kk. Metallization can include metals that do not oxidize, such as nickel or refractory metals. The fasteners can include flared fittings. The ceramic component can comprise a flare, which can be conical or it can be flat. A male portion of the fastener can be attached to the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The raised portion of the flared fitting can include a metal threaded collar and a raised conduit section to mate with a female threaded collar that tightens the flare of the ceramic component when the mating thread is tightened to Projecting the conduit section. The fastener may further comprise a gasket such as a Graphoil or Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso) gasket. The metal component, such as the metal component of the EM pump assembly 5kk, may comprise a material that does not react with the gasket, such as nickel. Any void formed by the mating threaded member may be filled with an inert material to prevent the molten metal (such as molten silver) from wetting and acting as a member to relieve pressure from thermal expansion and contraction. The filling may comprise a gasket material, such as a gasket material of the invention, such as Graphi or Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso). In an exemplary embodiment, the ceramic tube to the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise at least one of: (i) a ceramic component and an EM pump assembly 5kk component thread; (ii) a ceramic component metallization And screwing or brazing the metal to the metal EM pump inlet or outlet near or in the EM pump assembly (alumina is a common material to be metallized and brazed); and (iii) flare fittings comprising ceramic tubes Each of the ceramic tubes has a conical or flat flared end and a threaded metal upper sliding collar for attachment to a threaded collar welded to the bottom of the EM pump assembly; the flared fitting may further comprise Graphi or Perma- Foil (Toyo Tanso) gaskets, and the EM pump assembly may contain nickel metal components to prevent reaction with carbon and water. Material, such as the material of the male fastener component, can be selected to match the coefficient of thermal expansion of the female component. In an embodiment, to avoid component corrosion, (i) the reaction cell chamber 5b31 (such as a carbon reaction cell chamber) may be at least one of the following; protected by a molten metal such as silver. a layer comprising a pyrolytic graphite or pyrolytic graphite surface coating, negatively biased, wherein the negative bias voltage is provided by at least one of an ignition voltage (such as a connection to a negative electrode injector and a reservoir); (ii) EM The inner surface of the pump tube may comprise a material that does not react with water, such as nickel; and (iii) the reservoir, the inlet riser, and the ejector may comprise ceramic (such as MgO) or other fire resistant materials known to those skilled in the art. Stable ceramics. In an embodiment, the negative bias applied to the lower carbon hemisphere 5b41 protects the carbon from the oxide reservoir (such as MgO or ZrO)₂ The reservoir) performs a carbon reduction reaction. A bias voltage can be applied to the carbon component rather than the contact oxide component. Alternatively, the bond between the oxide and carbon can include a wet seal or gasket to limit contact between the oxide and carbon. In an embodiment, the temperature and pressure are controlled such that it is thermodynamically possible for carbon reduction oxides (such as MgO). Exemplary pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions are approximately at T/P 0.0449 < 1200. The carbon may comprise pyrolytic carbon to reduce carbon reduction reactivity. The atmosphere can contain CO₂ To reduce the free energy of carbon reduction. The carbon may be coated with a protective coating (such as vaporized silver from molten silver) or a graphite Cova coating (Http :// Wwww . Graphitecova . Com / Files / Coating 4 . Pdf ). The Cova coating can comprise the following multiple layers: aluminum plus compound / aluminum plus alloy / pure aluminum / metal / graphite. In an embodiment, the graphite is coated with a coating to avoid reaction with hydrogen. Exemplary coatings include ZrC, Nb, Mo, and/or Nb-Mo alloys and/or MO₂ C consists of a metal layer and a non-metal layer. In an embodiment, at least one of the reservoir 5c, the lower hemisphere 5b41, and the upper hemisphere 5b42 comprises a ceramic, such as an oxide, such as a metal oxide (such as ZrO)₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ Or MgO). At least two of the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42, and the reservoir 5c may be glued together. In an embodiment, at least two of the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42, and the reservoir 5c can be molded as a single component. In an embodiment, the reservoir can be coupled to at least one of the lower hemisphere and the EM pump assembly 5kk by a sliding nut joint, a wet seal joint, a gasket joint, and another joint of the present invention. The sliding nut joint can include a carbon gasket. At least one of the nut, EM pump assembly 5kk, and lower hemisphere may comprise carbonization and carbide forming materials (such as nickel), carbon, and carbonized stainless steel (SS) (such as SS 625 or Haynes 230 SS). In an embodiment, the carbon lower hemisphere is at the joint between the carbon lower hemisphere and the oxide reservoir (such as the MgO reservoir) due to the proper length of the collar bonded to the carbon lower hemisphere of the oxide reservoir. The carbon reduction reaction is avoided by at least one member, such as a wet-sealed joint cooled to below the carbon reduction reaction temperature and a slip nut joint maintained below the carbon reduction reaction temperature. In an embodiment, the carbon reduction reaction is avoided by maintaining the linker comprising the oxide in contact with the carbon at a non-reaction temperature (temperature below the carbon reduction reaction temperature). In an embodiment, the MgO carbon reduction reaction temperature is in the range of from about 2000 °C to 2300 °C. Power conversion can be achieved using systems such as magnetohydrodynamics, which are capable of efficient conversion at non-reactive temperatures using joints. In an embodiment, the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42, and the reservoir 5c comprise ceramic, such as a metal oxide (such as zirconia), wherein the component is at least one of molded and glued together, and the EM pump combination The joint at the part contains a wet seal. In an embodiment, the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the reservoir 5c comprise zirconia, wherein the component is at least one of molded and glued together, and the joint at the EM pump assembly comprises a wet seal. In an embodiment, the blackbody radiator 5b4 comprises ZrO stabilized with MgO₂ TiO₂ Or bismuth oxide. Attributable to a lower ZrO of about 0.2₂ Emissivity, the radius of the PV dome can be reduced relative to the radius of the SunCell® with the same carbon blackbody radiator of incident power density. The more concentric geometry of the PV converter provides a more favorable black body radiation to the PV cell at approximately a positive incidence angle. In an embodiment comprising a lower hemisphere 5b41, the lower hemisphere comprises an electrical insulator, and the reservoir 5c may comprise a conductor, such as a metal (such as a refractory metal), carbon, stainless steel or other electrically conductive material of the invention, comprising an underlying hemisphere of the electrical insulator 5b41 may contain a metal oxide such as ZrO₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ Or MgO) or carbon coated with an insulator such as mullite or other electrically insulating coating of the present invention. In an embodiment, the emissivity of the black body radiator 5b4 is lower for light above the band gap of the PV cell and higher for radiation below the band gap of the PV cell. Light below the PV bandgap can be re-emitted into blackbody by reflection from the PV cell, by the blackbody radiator 5b4, and at the operating temperature of the blackbody radiator (such as in the range of about 2500 K to 3000 K). radiation. In an embodiment, the reflected radiation below the band gap may be transparent to the black body radiator 5b4 such that it is absorbed by the reaction cell chamber 5b31 by gas and plasma. The black body radiator can be heated by the absorbed reflected power to help maintain its temperature and thereby achieve recirculation of the reflected lower bandgap light. In embodiments comprising a black body radiator having a low emissivity and a high transmittance for light below the band gap, the black body radiator (such as a ceramic black body radiator, such as a zirconia black body radiator) contains an additive (such as a coating) Or an inner layer) to absorb light that is reflected below the band gap and recycle it to the PC battery. The coating or inner layer may contain a high emissivity such that it absorbs light reflected from the PV cell. The additive may comprise carbon, carbides, borides, oxides, nitrides or other refractory materials of the invention. An exemplary additive is graphite, ZrB₂ , zirconium carbide and ZrC composites (such as ZrC-ZrB₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ -SiC). The additive may comprise a powder layer. The black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a laminate structure such as an inner surface refractory such as a ceramic/intermediate high emissivity refractory compound/outer surface refractory material such as ceramic. Surface refractory materials such as ceramics are impermeable to water and oxygen. An exemplary laminate structure is the inner surface ZrO₂ /Intermediate ZrC/outer surface ZrO₂ . The laminate structure can be fabricated by casting an inner layer in a mold, spraying the cast layer with an intermediate layer compound, and then casting the outer layer in the mold. Since zirconia is used to deposit an optical coating and it is a high refractive material available from near UV to intermediate IR, the black body radiator contains zirconia, which is below the band gap due to its low absorption in this spectral region. Light is transmitted through the black body radiator, absorbed inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and recycled to the PV converter 26a. In an embodiment, the near UV to intermediate IR light is transparent to the black body radiator 5b4, such as a zirconia black body radiator. The black body emission of the plasma of the reaction cell chamber can be directly transmitted to the PV cell and absorbed to heat the black body radiator to its black body operating temperature. In an embodiment, the PV converter comprises a vaporized material that covers the PV cell and protects it from a blackbody radiator (such as a vaporized metal oxide such as MgO or ZrO)₂ The window of influence. The window may include an interface, such as a mechanical interface that automatically cleans the window. In an embodiment, the PV window comprises a material and design that forms a clear coating of the condensed vaporized metal oxide from the black body radiator 5b4. In an exemplary embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 comprises a material, such as zirconia, which is transparent to radiation in the wavelength range from about UV to intermediate IR such that zirconia deposition onto the PV window does not significantly The window becomes opaque and reaches the black body radiation from the black body radiator. In an embodiment, a high gas pressure (such as a gas pressure of an inert gas such as a rare gas such as argon) is maintained on the black body radiator to suppress vaporization. The gas pressure may be in the range of at least about 1 to 500 atm, 2 to 200 atm, and 2 to 10 atm. The gas pressure in the external pressure vessel 5b3a can be maintained. The pressure in the external pressure vessel 5b3a can be reduced during startup to reduce the power consumed by the inductively coupled heater, wherein the pressure can be reestablished after the battery produces power that exceeds the power required to maintain the desired operating temperature. Blackbody radiators, such as metal oxide blackbody radiators, may be coated with a coating to contain vaporization. The coating may comprise a coating of the invention. An exemplary metal oxide coating is ThO₂ (M. P. = 3390 ° C). Cerium oxide as well as yttria and zirconia can further act as a gas grid on the black body radiator 5b4 to produce higher PV conversion efficiency. In an embodiment, the metal oxide ceramic component (such as the black body radiator 5b4) is maintained in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as a system comprising H₂ O and O₂ An oxidizing atmosphere of at least one of which increases the stability of the metal oxide. In an embodiment, the SunCell® comprises a source of heated metal oxide, at least one of: acting as a source deposited on at least one component of the lost metal oxide by vaporization; and acting as a containment from at least one metal A source of vaporized vaporized metal oxide of an oxide cell assembly. In the embodiment, the inner wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 contains a refractory material that does not react with water. The refractory material may comprise at least one of cerium, lanthanum, and ceramics, such as a metal oxide (such as zirconia), a boride (such as zirconium diboride), and a carbide (such as tantalum carbide, tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide, and Carbide). The wall of the carbon reaction cell chamber 5b31 may contain niobium because it is resistant to carbide formation. The ruthenium coating can be applied to the carbon walls by chemical vapor deposition. The method may include the following methods: Yonggang Tong, Shuxin Bai, Hong Zhang, Yicong Ye, "Rhenium coating prepared on carbon substrate by chemical vapor deposition", Applied Surface Science, Vol. 261, November 15, 2012, Pp. 390-395, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A ruthenium coating on the wall of the carbon reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be applied to the ruthenium interlayer to increase the adhesion strength and mitigate some of the thermal expansion mismatch. The ruthenium coating can be applied to the carbon wall by chemical vapor deposition, and the ruthenium coating can be applied electrochemically. The method may include the following methods: Li'an Zhu, Shuxin Bai, Hong Zhang, Yicon Ye, Wei Gao, "Rhenium used as an interlayer between carbon-carbon composites and iridium coating: Adhesion and wettability", Surface & Coatings Technology, Vol. 235, (2013), pp. 68-74, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In an embodiment, the blackbody radiator comprises a ceramic that is stable to reaction with water coated with a material that is non-volatile at the operating temperature, such as ZrC, W, carbon, HfC, TaC, tantalum carbide or Other suitable refractory materials of the invention. The material that does not react with water may include the inner wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Illustrative examples include ZrO coated with graphite or ZrC₂ . In an embodiment, the carbon wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is coated with a coating that prevents carbon and oxygen sources or catalysts such as Li₂ O, at least one of water and HOH) reacts. The coating may comprise fluorine. The inner surface of the carbon reaction cell chamber may be coated with fluorine that is end bonded to carbon. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber contains a source of fluorine, such as a molten metal fluoride (such as silver fluoride) or a metal fluoride of a battery component in contact with the molten metal (such as nickel fluoride, cesium fluoride, fluorinated) Molybdenum or tungsten fluoride) to maintain fluorine-terminated carbon, which protects oxidation, such as by oxidation of oxygen sources or water. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 contains a source of material or material that is inserted into the carbon. The substance may comprise at least one of an alkali metal (such as lithium); a metal that reacts with water (such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal); and a metal that does not react with water (such as nickel, copper, silver or ruthenium). Lithium metal exchangeable Li formed by the reaction of intercalating lithium with water₂ O or LiOH. In an embodiment, the source of oxygen forming the HOH catalyst can comprise an oxide. The oxide may be insoluble in molten metal such as silver. The oxide may comprise lithium oxide. The walls of the reaction cell chamber may be coated with a molten metal such as silver. The source of oxygen can react with hydrogen to form a HOH catalyst. The silver coating protects the walls of the reaction cell chamber, such as the walls of the reaction cell chamber containing carbon from a source of oxygen. The silver coating protects the carbon walls from reaction with oxygen sources. The carbon wall can include intercalated lithium. Lithium can react with carbon to reduce it. Carbon can be reduced by applying a negative potential to carbon. The carbon may have the composition of a carbon anode of a lithium ion battery. The anode composition protects the carbon from oxidation by at least one of an oxygen source and HOH. The reduction potential may be applied with respect to at least one of a molten metal such as silver, at least one reservoir 5c, and at least one molten metal electrode such as a positive electrode. The carbon reduction reaction of the graphite wall by an oxygen source such as lithium oxide can be hampered by at least one of a silver coating, an intercalating metal ion such as lithium ion, and an applied voltage. Lithium carbide can be formed electrochemically, as is known to those skilled in the art. Lithiation can be formed by using carbon as an anode of an electrochemical cell having a lithium opposite electrode, wherein lithiation is formed by charging a battery. In an embodiment, the molten metal, such as silver, comprises an intercalation such as lithium. The intercalate can be inserted into the carbon by applying a negative potential to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The reaction cell chamber can include an electrochemical cell to form lithium intercalated carbon. The carbon dome can be electrically connected to the negative molten metal injector system. The carbon dome can be connected to a negative polarity reservoir. The negative polarity reservoir can contain carbon. The carbon dome can be connected to the carbon reservoir by a joint such as a sliding nut. The carbon dome and negative polarity reservoir can comprise a single unit. The carbon reservoir can be joined to the EM pump assembly 5kk substrate by wet sealing or another joint known in the art or in the art. The positive molten metal injector can serve as the opposite electrode of an electrochemical cell that performs at least one of: forming and maintaining embedded carbon (such as lithium intercalated carbon). In an embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may comprise a surface coating such that the ratio of selective emission of high energy light is greater than that of black body radiation. The coating may permit the black body radiator 5b4 to operate at a lower temperature, such as a temperature in the range of about 2500 K to 3000 K, while achieving a PV conversion efficiency corresponding to a higher blackbody temperature. Black body radiator 5b4 (such as a metal oxide black body radiator, such as ZrO₂ Or HfO₂ The blackbody radiator can be operated at a suitable operating temperature range to avoid vaporization while achieving the desired PV conversion efficiency due to the coating. The coating may comprise a thermal photovoltaic filter known in the art or in the art. The coating may comprise a selective line emitter such as a mesh coating. Exemplary mesh covers on black body radiator 5b4 for producing higher PV conversion efficiencies are ruthenium oxide and ruthenium oxide. In an embodiment, light can be directly propagated directly from the low energy hydrogen plasma to the PV cells of PV converter 26a. Due to the transparency of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be maintained at a lower blackbody temperature for a given optical power flow to the PV cell (Fig. 2I146 to Fig. 2I147). The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise a transparent material such as a transparent refractory material such as ceramic. The ceramic may comprise a metal oxide. The metal oxide can be polycrystalline. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise optically transparent alumina (sapphire) Al₂ O₃ Zirconium oxide (cubic zirconia) ZrO₂ , yttrium oxide (HfO₂ ), yttrium oxide ThO₂ At least one of its mixture. The low-energy hydrogen plasma held inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can emit light, such as a black body and a line that is transparent to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Transparency can be used for wavelengths having at least an energy higher than the band gap of the PV cells of PV converter 26a. The PV cell can reflect unconverted light having an energy above at least one of a band gap and a lower band gap. Light may be reflected to the mirror, at least one of the other PV cell and the black body radiator that may include the plasma inside the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Due to the scattering, ionization, and blackbody characteristics of the plasma, the plasma can be highly absorptive to reflected radiation. The reflected light can be recycled back to the PV cell for further conversion to electricity. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 can include a section having a mirror for reflecting light to at least one of the PV cell and recycling the light. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise an opaque section. The opaque section can be at least one of: opaque or cooler. A silver mirror can be formed at the desired location to maintain opacity. The mirror can be formed by condensing from molten silver. At least one of the lower portion of the reservoir 5c and the lower hemisphere 5b41 may be opaque. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be operated at a temperature above the boiling point of the molten metal, such as silver, to avoid condensation of the metal on the transparent section. The dome 5b4 can be capable of operating at a temperature above the boiling point of silver (2162 °C) such that it remains transparent to the plasma blackbody radiation to illuminate the PV cell. An exemplary transparent ceramic capable of operating above the boiling point of silver (B.P. = 2162 ° C) is zirconia (cubic zirconia) ZrO₂ , yttrium oxide (HfO₂ ), yttrium oxide ThO₂ And mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the transparent dome 5b4 (such as a sapphire dome) can operate below the boiling point of the molten metal, wherein the plasma overheats the molten metal to prevent it from condensing on the transparent dome section. Components of the battery, such as the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42, and the reservoir 5c, may comprise a single component or may comprise a plurality of bonded components. Bonding can be by means of the invention, such as by gluing the components together using ceramic glue. In an embodiment, the transparent dome 5b4 can comprise a plurality of transparent domes each having a smaller diameter. The plurality of domes may comprise a single piece or a composite dome glued together. In an embodiment, the plasma temperature inside the transparent reaction cell chamber 5b31 is maintained at a temperature that is about optimal for electrical conversion by the PV cell, such as a commercial PV cell, such as based on Si and III. At least one of a PV cell of the V semiconductor, such as a PV cell of the invention, wherein the battery can comprise a concentrating cell. The blackbody temperature can be maintained at a temperature of the sun (such as about 5600K). In an embodiment, the radiator 5b4 (such as a transparent dome that transmits most of the plasma radiation) includes a cooling system to cool the dome to avoid exceeding its maximum operating temperature. The cooling system can include gas held in the housing 5b3 to remove heat by at least one of conduction, convection, and forced convection. The cooling system can include a forced gas cooling system with a gas chiller. Alternatively, the cooling system can include at least one coolant line, a coolant line surface mesh on a transparent dome surface, a substantially transparent coolant, a coolant pump, and a chiller. The substantially transparent coolant may comprise a molten salt such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal molten salt such as a halide salt. In an embodiment, the base of the dome can be cooled to prevent photoresist. In an embodiment, the dome may be covered with a fire resistant conductor strip to allow heat to flow to the perimeter for removal by the cooling system. In an embodiment, portions of the dome may be covered with a high emissivity refractory material, such as the refractory material of the present invention, to enhance the radiative heat loss from the dome to cool the dome. In embodiments including a plurality of element domes that may comprise a single piece or a composite dome glued together, the cooling system may include a coolant line extending along the seam between the element domes. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reactive plasma is maintained in the center of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 containing the transparent spheres to achieve a thermal gradient from the center of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 to the transparent dome 5b4. The low energy hydrogen reaction rate can be spatially controlled to be localized to the sphere by controlling the injection of low energy hydrogen reactants and controlling reaction conditions, such as maintaining the conductive molten metal matrix to the center, and controlling ignition parameters such as voltage and current. The center. In another embodiment, the non-plasma gas of the buffer layer can be sprayed along the inner sidewall of the dome 5b4 to prevent direct contact of the low energy hydrogen plasma with the wall. Alternatively, the SunCell® can include a source of charge (such as an electrical power supply and electrodes) such that the walls and plasma can be equally charged to cause an electrical repulsion between the plasma and the wall to prevent direct contact of the plasma with the walls. In an embodiment, SunCell® may contain a source of magnetic field for plasma magnetic confinement. The plasma can be bound to the approximate center of the dome by a magnetic field. The dome may comprise a magnetic bottle in which the plasma is constrained to the center such that the transparent wall does not overheat. In an embodiment, at least one of the inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61 tube may comprise carbon or ceramic. Ceramics can contain not with H₂ O-reactive ceramics (such as oxides such as ZrO₂ HfO₂ , MgO, Al₂ O₃ At least one of the ceramics of the present invention and ceramics known to those skilled in the art. The ceramic may comprise a carbide which is at least one of: forming a protective oxide coating and resisting reaction with water, such as ZrC. The tube can include threads at the base end and can be threaded into the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. In an embodiment, at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the injector 5k61, and the reservoir 5c is at least partially electrically conductive and negatively biased to avoid corrosion. Exemplary electrically conductive refractory ceramics are niobium carbide, yttria stabilized zirconia and others known to those skilled in the art. A negative biasing member, such as at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the injector 5k61, and the reservoir 5c, may comprise a refractory conductor, such as graphite. The positively biased component can comprise an oxidatively stable refractory material such as a refractory precious metal such as Pt, Re, Ru, Rh or Ir or a refractory oxide such as MgO or other oxides of the invention. In embodiments, the battery assembly may include a non-reactive surface coating to avoid corrosion, such as corrosion due to oxidation with oxidants such as oxygen and water vapor. The coating of exemplary components, such as at least one of EM pump tube 5k4, inlet riser 5qa, and injector 5k61, may comprise Ni, Co, refractory precious metals (such as Pt, Re, Ru, Rh, or Ir) or ceramics (such as MgO, Al₂ O₃ , mullite or another oxide of the invention). With high temperature H₂ The O-contact component may comprise an oxidation resistant stainless steel, such as at least one of the following: Haynes 230, Pyromet® Alloy 625, Carpenter L-605 alloy, and BioDur® Carpenter CCM® alloy. Parts that operate at elevated temperatures may be coated with a non-reactive refractory coating. Coating can be accomplished by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as by electroplating, chemical deposition, spray coating, and vapor deposition. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the Mo or W inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61 may be coated with ruthenium (MP = 3180 ° C), ruthenium (MP = 2410 ° C), and corresponding alloys. At least one. In an embodiment, components such as Mo tube injector 5k61 and W nozzle 5q may be coated with tantalum using a carbonyl thermal decomposition process. Twelve carbonyl ruthenium (Re₂ (CO)₁₀ ) Decompose at 170 ° C, Re₂ (CO)₁₀ It can be vaporized and decomposed to parts that are maintained at temperatures in excess of 170 °C. Other suitable coating methods are those known in the art, such as electroplating, vapor deposition, and chemical deposition methods. A weld or fastener (such as a flared fitting) can be used to connect at least one of the metal inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61 (such as at least one of the Re-plated Mo and W injectors) to the EM pump combination The bottom plate of 5kk. Like nickel, under normal conditions, hydrazine does not react with water. The metal that does not react with water can be at least one of: protected from oxidation; and the oxide can be reduced to metal and water by maintaining an atmosphere containing hydrogen. Nickel oxide and ruthenium oxide can each be formed by reacting with oxygen. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of nickel oxide and cerium oxide may be reduced by maintaining a hydrogen atmosphere. The EM pump assembly 5kk may include a collar for the inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61. The collar can be welded to the base plate or machined to a base plate. The collar and the inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61 tube can contain resistance and H₂ O-reactive material. The collar, the inlet riser 5qa, and the ejector 5k61 tube may be at least one of nickel coated, platinum coated, precious metal coated, and tantalum coated. At least one of the coated inlet riser 5qa and the injector 5k61 can be joined to the bottom plate of the EM pump assembly 5kk by threading to the collar. The pyrolytic graphite hardly reacts with hydrogen and does not insert silver; therefore, the carbon member (such as the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31) may contain pyrolytic graphite which can be used together with a hydrogen atmosphere and molten silver. Silver also has the advantageous property that it does not form alloys from many metals, such as nickel and niobium. The joining or joining between the battery components can include a hard weld. The hard solder joint may comprise joints known to those skilled in the art, such as in the article R. M. do Nascimento, A. E. Martinelli, A. J. A. Buschinelli, "Review Article: Recent advances in metal-ceramic brazing",One of the joints described in vol. 49, (2003) pp. 178-198, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Brazing parts can include commercial brazing, such as including S-Bond^® Hard soldering of reactive solder (http://www.s-bond.com) that enables the bonding of ceramics (such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, carbon/graphite tellurides, sapphire, and others) To the metal and to each other. S-bonded gold active elements such as titanium and tantalum are added to the Sn-Ag, Sn-In-Ag, and Sn-Bi alloys to form a solder that directly reacts with the ceramic and sapphire surfaces prior to bonding. S-bonded gold utilizes all metals (including steel, stainless steel, titanium, nickel alloys, copper, and aluminum alloys) to produce a reliable hermetic bond with the constraint of managing thermal expansion mismatch at the joint temperature. In an embodiment, at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the injector 5k61 tube, and the reservoir 5c may be brazed to the EM assembly 5kk floor. At least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the ejector 5k61, and the reservoir 5c may comprise a ceramic that can be brazed to the bottom of the EM assembly 5kk, such as a metal oxide (such as ZrO)₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ At least one of them). The EM assembly 5kk bottom plate may comprise a metal such as stainless steel (SS) (such as 400 series SS), tungsten, nickel, titanium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, ceramic (such as ZrO)₂ Or another oxide of the invention). The bottom plate may comprise a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of a reservoir. The braze may comprise a filler metal, which may comprise a noble metal such as at least one of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, and alloys thereof such as Pd-Au alloys. An active metal such as at least one of cerium, zirconium and titanium may be added to a filler metal such as a noble metal. An active metal in the form of a fine powder can be added. An active metal in the form of a hydride such as titanium hydride may be added which decomposes during brazing to form fine titanium particles. The active metal can be added to the filler metal to achieve brazing at a desired percentage of moles, such as in the range of about 1 to 2 mole percent. Active metals can be used to wet the ceramic. The active metal may partially replace the ceramic metal to achieve at least one of wetting the ceramic and bonding with the ceramic. The thermal coefficient of the joined component can be matched as closely as possible while achieving the desired operational characteristics of the component. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one component, such as at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the injector 5k61 tube, and the reservoir 5c, may comprise ZrO₂ HfO₂ And Al₂ O₃ At least one of them is brazed to the 5kk bottom plate of the molybdenum EM assembly. In another exemplary embodiment, at least one component, such as at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the injector 5k61 tube, and the reservoir 5c, may comprise ZrO₂ HfO₂ And Al₂ O₃ At least one of them is brazed to a base of a 410 stainless steel EM assembly 5kk, wherein the braze comprises a Paloro-3V palladium-gold-vanadium alloy (Morgan Advanced Materials). The metal percentage of the alloy can be adjusted to achieve the desired maximum operating temperature, such as a temperature in the range of from about 1150 °C to 1300 °C, wherein the braze temperature can be higher, such as 100 °C higher. The thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the bonded battery components can be at least partially corrected by the use of a transition element comprising a metal connector that is brazed to the EM assembly 5kk backplane and the ceramic component. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal connector can more closely match the coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic component. The connector accommodates a large thermal mismatch with the EM assembly 5kk backplane due to the deformability of the backplane and connector metal. An exemplary connector is a molybdenum collar having one end brazed to a metal oxide component and the other end brazed or welded to a stainless steel EM assembly 5kk bottom plate, wherein the thermal expansion coefficients of molybdenum and ceramic (such as zirconia) are more closely Matching, and the deformation of the metal accommodates the higher thermal expansion mismatch stress at the joint of the two metals. In another embodiment, the connector can include a bellows to accommodate differential expansion. The bellows can be electroformed. Brazing can be carried out in a vacuum. Brazing can be carried out in a high temperature vacuum furnace. The melt fill and active metal can be formed into a geometry that matches the geometry of the joint (such as a ring) to form a braze material. The components can be juxtaposed with the brazing material intervening between the components. The furnace can be operated at a temperature that is about the melting point of the brazing material to melt the brazing material and form a braze. The brazed metal part may be coated with an oxidation resistant coating such as nickel, a precious metal, or a platinum coating or another coating of the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the EM assembly 5kk bottom plate, the EM pump tube 5k6, and the EM pump bus bar 5k2 contain molybdenum. The components can be welded together by means known in the art, such as laser or electron beam welding. The collar for the inlet riser 5qa and the ejector 5k61 can be machined into a bottom plate, and the inlet riser 5qa and the ejector 5k61 can be threaded to the bottom plate during assembly. ZrO is contained using a palladium filler having 1 to 2 mol% of titanium fine powder as an active metal₂ HfO₂ Or Al₂ O₃ The reservoir 5c is brazed to the molybdenum EM assembly 5kk bottom plate. The reservoir is placed on the bottom plate of the assembled EM assembly 5kk using a brazing material interposed between the brazed components. Brazing was carried out in a vacuum oven at about 1600 ° C to melt the palladium (M. P. = 1555 ° C). Alternatively, the filler may comprise an alloy such as Pd-Au 90% (M. P. = 1300 ° C). The surface of the bottom plate of the interior of the reservoir 5c and the interior of the EM pump tube 5k6 are coated with an oxidative protective coating such as platinum or nickel. The coating can be formed by electroplating, vapor deposition, or other methods known to those skilled in the art. A rigid struts, such as metal or ceramic struts, can support the reservoir support plate 5b8. The former may be electrically isolated by mounting the struts on an insulator such as an anodized aluminum backing, wherein the connection between the struts and the bottom plate may comprise an anodized fastener such as a bolt or a screw. The metal pillars may be coated with an insulating coating such as BN, SiC, mullite, black oxide or other coatings of the invention. In another embodiment, the nozzle 5q can include at least one hole, slit or small opening that transfers molten metal at a low flow rate to coat the nozzle. The flow continuously regenerates the surface of the molten metal lost by vaporization of the plasma rather than the nozzle. The holes can be formed by drilling, electrode discharge machines, laser drilling, and during fabrication, such as by casting and by other methods known in the art. In another embodiment, the nozzle 5q can include a flow splitter that directs a portion of the molten metal that is ejected to flow over the nozzle to protect the nozzle from plasma vaporization. In another embodiment, the ignition circuit including the power source 2 further includes an arc sensor that senses an arc at the nozzle rather than through the flow of molten metal; and an arc protection circuit that terminates the arc current on the nozzle. In an embodiment, the injection tube 5k61 can be bent to place the nozzle 5q at approximately the center at the top of the reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, the spray tube 5k61 can be angled from vertical to center the nozzle 5q at the top of the reservoir 5c. The angle is fixed at the connector at the bottom of the reservoir 5k9. The connector establishes an angle. The connector may include a joint sleeve 5k9 having a lock nut to the reservoir base; and further comprising an angled female connector to the threaded end spray tube 5k61. The female connector can include a curved collar or angled nut with a female connector to tilt the angle of the female thread. Alternatively, the reservoir substrate can be angled to establish the angle of the injector tube. In another embodiment, the threads in the reservoir floor can be tilted. The joint bushing fitting 5k9 can be screwed into a slanted or angled thread. The connected straight spray portion of the EM pump tube 5k61 can be angled due to the angled threads. This angle places the nozzle 5q in the center of the reservoir 5c. An adapter sleeve fitting 5k9 angled relative to the base of the reservoir can be coupled to an angled collar below the reservoir floor to permit approximately perpendicular connection to the EM pump tube 5k6, wherein the EM pump tube is connected for wear Through the reservoir bottom plate. The pump tube 5k6 may contain stainless steel (SS) that resists reaction with water, such as SS used in boilers. The pump tubing can be welded to an EM pump tubing assembly (such as a tilted EM pump tubing assembly). In an embodiment, the SunCell® generator includes two reservoirs 5c and one molten metal injector in one of the reservoirs (jet reservoirs). The molten metal injector can include an EM pump injector. Another reservoir, a non-injector reservoir, can be filled with molten metal. Excess molten metal injected by a single injector can overflow and return to the reservoir with the injector. The lower hemisphere 5b41 can be tilted to return the metal flow to the jet reservoir. The reservoir can act as a terminal or electrode of opposite polarization by being electrically connected to the corresponding terminal of the ignition source 2. The polarity can be such as to prevent the nozzle 5q of the injector from being damaged by the violent low energy hydrogen reaction plasma. The non-injector reservoir can include a positive electrode and the injector reservoir can include a negative electrode. The reservoir support plate or bottom plate 5b8 may comprise an electrical insulator such as SiC or boron nitride. Alternatively, the support plate can be a metal that can be operated at local temperatures, such as titanium. The metal can be at least one of non-magnetic and highly conductive to limit the RF power absorbed by the inductively coupled heater and have a high melting point. Exemplary metals are W and Mo. The bottom plate can contain carbon. The electrical isolation of the metal backplane 5b8 can be provided by an insulator between the board and the mounting fixture and between the reservoir and the board. The insulator may comprise an insulator gasket or bushing such as a SiC or ceramic gasket or bushing. The support plates of the dual reservoirs can be one or a separate support plate. The reservoir support plate can include a longitudinal splitter plate with an insulator collar or bushing (such as a SiC or BN collar or bushing) to electrically isolate the reservoir. The reservoir support plate can comprise a longitudinally separated two-piece base plate having a slot for a gasket on which the reservoir is placed, such as an electrically insulating gasket, such as a SiC or BN gasket. Alternatively, each reservoir can be supported by a separate backplane such that there is a current interruption between the backplanes. The backplane may comprise a material having a low absorption cross section for the RF power of the inductively coupled heater. The bottom plate may comprise a thermal shock resistant ceramic such as tantalum carbide or boron nitride. The backplane can comprise a metal with low RF absorption. The bottom plate may comprise a metal coated with a coating that may have a low RF absorption cross section, such as a coating of the present invention. The intersection can be any desired, such as in the region ranging from the reservoir to the region at the top of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The intersection point can be approximately at the center of the reaction cell chamber. The intersection can be controlled by pumping and at least one of the nozzles from a relative curvature or inclination of the vertical. The reservoirs can be individually and electrically isolated. Molten metal, such as molten silver, can flow back from the reaction cell chamber to each reservoir to be recycled. The return flow of silver can be prevented from electrically shorting across the two reservoirs by a metal flow interrupter or splitter to interrupt the continuity of the silver that would otherwise bridge the two reservoirs and provide a conductive path. The splitter can comprise an irregular surface consisting of a material that causes the silver to beaded to interrupt the electrical connection between the reservoirs. The splitter can include an interruption of each reservoir wall at the shorted region such that the silver drops fall over the interrupted or dripping edge to disrupt continuity. The splitter may comprise a dome or hemisphere covering the intersection of the two reservoirs, wherein the base of the dome or hemisphere contains an interruption for each reservoir. In an embodiment, the two reservoirs 5c and their bottom or bottom plates and the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 may comprise a sheet. The lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 may include a raised dome or a transverse ridge in the bottom of the set reservoir. In an embodiment, the top of each reservoir may contain a ring plate or gasket that acts as a lip on which the returning silver flows. The lip causes an interruption in the flow of metal to each reservoir to destroy any current path between the reservoirs that can otherwise flow through the returning silver. The top of each reservoir may include a machined circumferential groove in which a gasket is placed to form a lip or drip edge 5ca, as shown in Figure 2I83. At least one battery component (such as a splitter (such as a dome or hemisphere splitter), a reservoir 5c, a lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41, a convex or dome bottom of the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 and each The lip on the reservoir can contain carbon. In an embodiment, the substrate of the blackbody radiator, such as the bottom layer of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, such as the bottom layer of the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41, may include grooves or channels to direct the flow of molten metal in the preferred path to The inlet of the reservoir 5c causes any electrical connection between the two reversely charged reservoirs to be destroyed or substantially destroyed. The passage directs the molten metal to at least one of a front side, a side surface, and a back side of the reservoir. The channels may each include a gradation to cause gravity flow into the reservoir. The channel can be at least one of: graded and tilted. This level can cause a weft to the desired reservoir position (such as the back of the reservoir) relative to the center of the reaction cell chamber. The inclined grading channel that directs the flow to a given one of the two reservoirs of the dual injector embodiment may be a mirror image opposite the channel of the other reservoir to cause flow to the opposite relative position. In an exemplary embodiment having a designated xy coordinate system at the center of the bottom layer of the reaction chamber of the reservoir at positions (-1, 0) and (1, 0), the grading and oppositely inclined channels The flow directs the molten metal to a relative polar angle centered on each reservoir (3/2π And 1/2 π). The bottom layer can include at least one extension at the center and front of each reservoir opening. It may preferably flow to at least one of the side and the back of the reservoir. In an embodiment, the generator includes a sensor and an ignition controller for reducing at least one of an ignition voltage and a current to prevent damage to the component caused by a short circuit of the battery component (such as the lower hemisphere 5b41) . The electrical shorting sensor can include a current or voltage sensor that feeds the signal into an ignition controller that controls at least one of the ignition current and the voltage. In an embodiment, in the case of flow from an overfilled reservoir to an underfilled reservoir, the molten metal may passively flow through the conduit between the two reservoirs. The battery can include a rotary separator in the conduit between the reservoirs to interrupt circuitry within the molten metal. An electrical short through the ignition current of the molten metal may be interrupted by a splitter (such as an electrically insulating gate) that includes a movable device. The gate can include a movable device having a plurality of vanes to interrupt the molten metal conductive path. An exemplary design is an impeller design that can include a refractory material such as SiC or boron nitride. The impeller can be housed in the conduit and permit metal flow without permitting electrical connection between the reservoirs. In an embodiment, the returning molten metal stream may be interrupted by at least one system comprising: (i) a drip edge, such as a flat gasket placed in the top of the reservoir inlet; (ii) a nozzle 5q, molten metal Level and at least one of the reduced riser tubes in the reservoir 5c; (iii) the lower hemisphere 5b41 returns to the molten metal flow path, which disperses the flow to avoid large flows or interrupt any connected current path; Iv) a plurality of electrically insulating projections from the wall of the reservoir; (iv) a plurality of electrically insulating corrugations or projections cut into the edge of the drip, a reservoir inlet or reservoir wall; (v) a grating, such as An electrically insulating grating on top of the reservoir; and (vi) an applied magnetic field that generates a Lorentz force as the electrical short circuit current flows through the flow to deflect the flow into the bead. In an embodiment, the SunCell® includes a reservoir silver level quasi-equalization system that includes a silver level quasi-sensor, an EM pump current controller, and receives input from a level sensor and drives the current controller in the reservoir. A controller that maintains approximately the same metal level in 5c, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC) or computer 100. In an embodiment, the SunCell® comprises a molten metal equalizer that is maintained at approximately the same level (such as a silver level) in each reservoir 5c. The equalizer can include a reservoir level sensor and an EM pump rate controller on each of the reservoirs and a controller to activate each of the EM pumps to maintain approximately the same level. The sensor can include a sensor based on at least one physical parameter such as radioactive opacity, resistance or capacitance, thermal emission, temperature gradient, sound (such as ultrasonic frequency, level-dependent acoustic resonance frequency) , impedance or velocity), optics (such as infrared emission); or parameter changes known in the art that are suitable for detecting the change of the reservoir by a parameter change due to a change in level or a change in the level interface. Other sensors for the level of parameters. The level sensor can indicate the activation level of the EM pump and thereby indicate the flow of molten metal. The ignition state can be monitored by monitoring at least one of the ignition current and the voltage. The sensor may comprise a source 5s1, such as a radioactive nucleus, such as at least one of: a sputum that emits 60 keV gamma rays (such as²⁴¹ Am),¹³³ Ba,¹⁴ C,¹⁰⁹ Cd,¹³⁷ Cs,⁵⁷ Co,⁶⁰ Co,¹⁵² Eu,⁵⁵ Fe,⁵⁴ Mn,^{twenty two} Na,²¹⁰ Pb,²¹⁰ Po,⁹⁰ Sr,²⁰⁴ Tl or⁶⁵ Zn. Radioactive nuclear radiation can be collimated. The collimator can generate a plurality of beams, such as two beams, each at 45[deg.] to the central axis, wherein one source of radioisotope can form two fan beams to penetrate each of the two reservoirs and then change It is the corresponding detector that is incident on a pair. The collimator can include a shutter to block radiation when the sensor is not in operation. Source 5s1 may comprise X-ray and gamma ray generators, such as brake radiation X-ray sources, such as those at http://www.source1xray.com/index-1.html. The sensor can further include at least one radiation detector 5s2 on the opposite side of the reservoir relative to the source. The sensor can further include a position scanner or member (such as a mechanical member) for moving at least one of the radiation source and the radiation detector along the vertical reservoir axis while maintaining the source and the detector Alignment. This movement can span the molten metal level. The scanner can include an actuator that moves the inductively coupled heater antenna 5f, where the radiation source (such as²⁴¹ At least one of the Am source and the radiation detector can be attached to at least one of the coil 5f, the coil capacitor box 90a, and the movable actuator mechanism. The level can be identified as the change in the through-radiation count as the collimated radiation exceeds the level. Alternatively, the scanner can cyclically change the relative orientation of the source and detector to scan above and below the metal level to detect metal levels. In another embodiment, the sensor can include a plurality of sources 5s1 arranged along the vertical axis of each reservoir. The sensor can include a plurality of radiation detectors 5s2 on opposite sides of the reservoir relative to the corresponding source. In an embodiment, the radiation detector can be paired with the radiation source such that the radiation travels from the source through the reservoir along the axial path to the detector. The radiation source can be attenuated by the reservoir metal (if present) such that the radiation detector will record a lower signal when the level rises above the radiation path and will record a higher level when the level is below the path. signal. The source may comprise a wide beam or a beam having a wide range of radiation angles that traverse the reservoir to a spatially extended detector or an expanded detector array (such as an X-ray sensitive linear diode array) to A measure of the longitudinal or depth distribution of the metal content of the reservoir in the radiation path is provided. An exemplary X-ray sensitive linear diode array (LDA) is X-Scan Imaging Corporation XI8800 LDA. The attenuation of the metal level pair count can indicate the level. An exemplary source can include a diffused beam from a radioactive or X-ray tube source, and the detector can include an expanded scintillation or gate counter detector. The detector can include at least one of the following: a Geiger counter, a CMOS detector, a scintillator detector, and a scintillator having a photodiode detector (such as sodium iodide or cesium iodide). The detector can include an ionization detector, such as a MOSFET detector, such as a MOSFET detector in a smoke detector. The ionization chamber electrode can comprise at least one thin foil or wire grid on the incident side of the radiation and a typical opposing electrode as in a smoke detector circuit. In an embodiment, the sensor including the source of the radiation (X-ray), the detector, and the controller further includes processing the intensity of the signal received from the source at the detector as a reservoir molten metal The algorithm for level readings. The sensor can include a single wide-angle emitter and a single wide-angle detector. X-rays or gamma rays can penetrate the interior of the reservoir at an angle to the lateral plane of the reservoir to increase the length of the path through the flight region containing the molten metal to the detector. This angle can sample a larger depth of molten metal to enhance the identification of the depth of the molten metal used to determine the reservoir. The detector signal strength can be calibrated for known molten metal levels. As the level rises, the detector intensity signal decreases, with the level determined from the calibration. Exemplary sources are radioisotopes (such as 鋂241) and X-ray sources (such as brake radiation devices). Exemplary detectors are a Geiger counter and a scintillator and a photodiode. The X-ray source can include an AmeTek source, such as a Mini-X, and the detector can include a NaI or YSO crystal detector. At least one of a radiation source (such as an X-ray source) and a detector can be scanned to obtain a longitudinal distribution of X-ray attenuation and thereby obtain a metal level. The scanner can include a mechanical scanner, such as a cam driven scanner. The cam is rotatable by a rotating shaft that can be driven by an electric motor. The scanner may include mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, servo motor driven scanners or components or other such scanners or components known to those skilled in the art to reversibly shift or redirect the X-ray source and At least one of the detectors obtains a depth profile of the metal level. The radioisotope (such as ruthenium) may be encapsulated in a refractory material (such as W, Mo, Ta, Nb, alumina, ZrO, MgO) or another refractory material (such as the refractory material of the present invention) to permit high temperatures Place it in close proximity to the reservoir. At least one of the X-ray source and the emitter and the detector can be mounted in a housing that can have at least one of controlled pressure and temperature. The housing can be mounted to the external pressure vessel 5b3a. The housing can be removed to permit easy removal of the external pressure vessel 5b3a. The housing can be removed in a horizontal manner to permit vertical removal of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a. The housing may have an inner window for transmitting X-rays while maintaining a pressure gradient across the window. The window can comprise carbon fiber. The outer end of the housing can be open or closed to the atmosphere. In an embodiment, the level sensor comprises a source of X-rays or gamma rays that are inside the casing or housing inside the reservoir 5c. The source of X-rays or gamma rays can be a radioactive nucleus, such as⁴¹ Am,¹³³ Ba,¹⁴ C,¹⁰⁹ Cd,¹³⁷ Cs,⁵⁷ Co,⁶⁰ Co,¹⁵² Eu,⁵⁵ Fe,⁵⁴ Mn,^{twenty two} Na,²¹⁰ Pb,²¹⁰ Po,⁹⁰ Sr,²⁰⁴ Tl or⁶⁵ Zn. The sleeve can be fastened to the bottom plate of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The radioactive nucleus can be encapsulated in a refractory material such as carbon, W, boron nitride or tantalum carbide. The radioactive nucleus may comprise a refractory alloy. The radionuclide species may comprise an element or compound having a high melting point, such as¹⁴ C, Ta₄ Hf¹⁴ C₅ (M.P. 4215 ° C),¹³³ BaO,¹⁴⁷ Pm₂ O₂ ,¹⁴⁴ Ce₂ O₃ ,⁹⁰ SrTiO₃ ,⁶⁰ Co,²⁴² Cm₂ O₃ or¹⁴⁴ Cm₂ O₃ . The casing wall may comprise a material that is easily penetrated by X-rays or gamma rays. An exemplary sleeve is a boron nitride sleeve. The reservoir may comprise a material that is easily penetrated by X-rays or gamma rays, such as a boron nitride or tantalum carbide reservoir. The level sensor can include a plurality of X-ray or gamma-ray sources that can be calibrated to form a plurality of beams. The level sensor can include a plurality of X-ray or gamma ray detectors that are outside the walls of the reservoir and are positioned to incident X-rays or gamma rays when not attenuated by molten metal, such as silver. The beam attenuation difference position indicates the position of the liquid level as determined by the processor. In an embodiment, the source of X-rays or gamma rays, such as radionuclides within the cannula, may not be collimated. The intensity of the X-ray or gamma ray signal can be detected at at least one detector external to the reservoir. The detector may comprise a scintillator crystal and a photodiode (such as a Gadox, CsI, NaI or CdW photodiode). The signal strength as a function of the level of the molten metal can be calibrated. The level sensor can include a processor that processes the measured signal strength and calibration data from the lookup table and determines the molten metal level. In an embodiment, the level sensor comprises a particle backscatter type. The level sensor can comprise a source of particles, such as at least one of erbium ions, protons, X-rays or gamma rays, electrons, and neutrons. The source may include a collimated source. The particles may be incident on the reservoir 5c at a plurality of vertical coordinate positions or may scan a plurality of vertical positions over time. When incident on the reservoir at a position above the level of the molten metal below the level of the molten metal, the particles may be backscattered as a function of intensity. The change in intensity can be increased or decreased depending on the particle and its energy. The X-rays may be absorbed by a molten metal, such as silver, such that the backscatter from the far reservoir wall is reduced by the intervention of the molten metal. Thus, when the X-rays are incident on the reservoir at a lower coordinate position below the level, the intensity of the backscattered X-rays can be reduced. The energy of the X-rays can be selected to have a higher attenuation in the molten metal, such as silver, as compared to the attenuation in the reservoir walls. The X-ray energy can be selected to be energy that is higher than the binding energy of the electron shell just at the edge of the electron. The X-ray source can comprise a radioisotope or an X-ray generator. In an embodiment, the reduction of backscattered X-rays is detected as a means of identifying levels, wherein the X-ray energy is selected such that it is backscattered compared to a column of silver that is not above the level. The signal is attenuated by a lower level of silver. Energy with a high absorption rate can be at the edge, such as 25 keV energy at the edge of the silver K. In an embodiment, the incident particles may produce secondary particles or the same particles having different energies. The intensity change of the secondary particle emission can be used to detect the level. In an exemplary embodiment, X-rays having a first energy are incident on the reservoir at different vertical positions, and X-rays having a second energy are detected by the detector. The change in the intensity of the X-ray or fluorescent X-ray having the second energy as it passes over the level between the beams indicates the level. For example, the detector can be at a position that maximizes the fluorescent X-ray signal, such as along the same axis as the incident beam of 0° or 180° or 90°. In an embodiment, the fluorescent X-rays of the silver increase as the incident beam enters a reservoir that is lower than the level above the level. The level sensor can include an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) system as is known in the art. The X-ray source can comprise a radioisotope or an X-ray generator. The EDXRF system can contain sources of energetic particles such as electrons or protons. The detector can include a 矽 drift detector or other detectors known to those skilled in the art. The intensity can be increased when the neutrons are backscattered from the silver column indicating the liquid level position. Neutron can be self²⁴¹ Am and base metals are produced. The neutron source can include a neutron generator, such as a neutron generator that uses an electric field to accelerate at least one of the erbium and erbium ions to cause D-D or D-T fusion with neutron production. The backscattered particles can be detected by a corresponding detector, such as an X-ray or neutron detector. In another embodiment, particles may be detected from a source on one side of the reservoir and on the same axis on another of the reservoirs. The position of the vertical reservoir that is detected as an increase in the attenuation of the particle beam as the detector is reduced in intensity can identify the position of the level. An exemplary neutron backscatter and gamma ray attenuation level sensor of the present invention is a sensor available from Thermo Scientific (https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/EPM-ANCoker- 0215.pdf), which is modified for the geometry of the reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, the level sensor can include a detector of electromagnetic radiation source and intensity of the reflected radiation that is selectively reflected from the molten metal below the molten metal level. This level can be detected by an enhanced laser reflection intensity below the level of the reflected intensity above the level. The position of the level can be determined from the position of the incident beam along the vertical reservoir axis that produces the enhanced reflection intensity. The radiation can include a wavelength that is sufficiently transparent to the reservoir wall such that it penetrates the wall and is reflected back to the detector. The wall of the reservoir 5c may be capable of transmitting light. The reservoir may comprise at least one of alumina, sapphire, boron nitride, and tantalum carbide that are transparent to visible and infrared light. Radiation can penetrate a thin film of molten metal. The laser can have sufficient power to penetrate the thin film of molten metal. In an embodiment, the reservoir wall may comprise boron nitride that has partial transparency to radiation in the range of wavelengths of radiation, such as in the UV to infrared range. The laser can include a high power visible or infrared light source laser. A battery component, such as a reservoir, can be transparent to the laser beam. Suitable refractory materials that are transparent to infrared light are MgO, sapphire and Al.₂ O₃ . The laser can include an infrared laser to better maintain focus. In embodiments comprising boron nitride, the wavelength can be about 5 microns because BN has a transmission window at this wavelength. In an embodiment, the laser has sufficient power to penetrate the reservoir wall (such as a boron nitride wall, any silver wall coating, and silver vapor) in an axial path from the laser to the detector. The wall can be thinned at the laser beam-wall contact spot. The walls can be machined to prevent the laser beam from spreading or spreading. The wall can be planed. The walls can be machined to form a lens that focuses light across the wall. The lens can be matched to the laser wavelength. The wall can include an embedded lens. The lens can comprise an anti-reflective coating. The lens can include a quarter wave plate to reduce reflection. The transmitted light signal indicates the absence of a reservoir silver column, and there is no optical signal indicating the presence of a silver column, and the vertical reservoir position of the optical signal discontinuity can be used to identify the level. The laser may include a lens to increase at least one of focus and power density (beam intensity). An exemplary commercial laser atHttp :// Wwww . Freemascot . Com / Match - Lighting - Laser . Html orHttp :// Wwww . Freemascot . Com / 50mw - 532nm - Handheld - Green - Laser - Pointer - 1010 - Black . Html ? Gclid = CNu8gJ - EqtICFZmNswodZLMNQA Give it. At least one of the laser and the detector can be remote from the reservoir for positioning in an area where the temperature does not rise excessively and compromises the function of the laser or detector. At least one of the laser and the detector (such as a photodiode) can be cooled. The molten metal may comprise silver. Silver has a transmission window at a wavelength of about 300 nm. The radiation can comprise a wavelength in the range of about 250 to 320 nm. The source of radiation may comprise a UV diode such as UVTOP 310. The UV diode may comprise a lens, which may comprise a hemispherical lens to make a directional beam. The source of radiation may include a laser, such as a diode pumped laser. Exemplary lasers in the wavelength region of the transmission window of silver are KrF excimer laser, Nd:YAF fourth harmonic laser, InGaN diode laser, XeCl laser, He-Cd laser, nitrogen laser , XeF excimer laser and Ne⁺ Laser. The detector can include a photodiode. The laser level level sensor can include a laser scanner that vertically moves at least one of the laser and the detector over time to intercept regions above, below, and below the level to detect the level. Alternatively, the current-radiation-type level sensor may comprise a plurality of radiation sources and corresponding detectors vertically spaced such that the level is at a position close to the plurality of sources such that the position of the level It can be detected by differential reflection between the source and its detector. The radiation source and detector can be angled relative to one another such that source radiation can be reflected from the molten metal column (if present) and become incident on the corresponding detector. The walls of the reservoir can be machined to be thinner when the radiation is incident and reflected to permit the radiation to propagate from the source to the detector after being reflected from the molten metal column. In another embodiment, the radiation can penetrate the two walls of the reservoir when there is no molten metal column in the beam path, and the column can block the beam when the beam path is below the level. The detector can be detected to transmit light through the reservoir, which can be located on the opposite side of the radiation source, such as a laser. The radiation source and the corresponding detector may be uniformly scanned, or the level sensor may include a plurality of radiation sources and corresponding detectors spaced along the vertical axis of the reservoir to be higher than relatively low This level is detected by the difference in the transmission of the beam at the molten metal level. In an embodiment, the RF coil 5f has openings for incident and reflected or transmitted beams. The coil 5f can be designed to compensate for any opening to provide the desired heating power distribution in the absence of an opening. The sensor may include at least one drip edge, a downward angled tube or a heat source (such as a laser, such as a diode laser) and a vibrator to at least partially eliminate the above-level A molten metal film on the wall of the metal reservoir that reflects radiation. In an embodiment, any molten metal film may be removed by a drip edge at the location of the reflow metal when the beam path intersects the reservoir wall. The battery can include at least one of a reservoir shaker or a waver and a heater. Any molten metal film at the intersection can be removed by vibration or by heating the wall at that point. The beam can be reinforced to penetrate the metal film by using at least one of a larger power beam and a lens. The laser beam can be oriented at an angle relative to the reservoir wall to cause an angled reflection to increase transmission through any thin silver layer such that reflection is reduced upon monitoring. In an embodiment, the laser beam angle is adjusted to produce a dissipative wave, wherein the reflection increases above the silver level below the silver level. In an embodiment, the sensor can comprise a fiber optic cable in the sleeve that has partial transparency if the reflected light is quantified. The intensity of the reflection detected by the detector (such as a photodiode) permits the position of the level to be determined by the processor. The laser wavelength can be selected to enhance transmission through the reservoir wall and any silver film coating. An exemplary wavelength is about 315 nm because silver has a transmission window at about 315 nm. A photodetector, such as a photodiode that optionally includes an optical wavelength bandpass filter, can selectively respond to the laser light. In an embodiment, the lamp can be used in place of a laser. The lamp can include a high power light emitting diode (LED) array. The level sensor can comprise a source of short wavelengths, such as a source capable of emitting UV light, such as in a region of wavelengths between about 315 and 320 nm. Short wavelength sources can include xenon lamps to illuminate the reservoir. The light can comprise a visible light or an infrared light. In an embodiment, the illumination source (such as short wavelength light above the silver level) may be a plasma emission. In an embodiment, the plasma illuminates the space above the molten metal level with strong light that is transparent to the reservoir. The transparent reservoir may comprise a transparent material such as at least one of boron nitride, tantalum carbide, and aluminum oxide. The molten metal level can be recorded by measuring the discontinuity of the light at the metal level using at least one photodetector, such as a photodiode. In an embodiment, the wall of the reservoir 5c is capable of transmitting light. The reservoir may comprise at least one of alumina, sapphire, boron nitride, and tantalum carbide that are transparent to visible and infrared light. In an embodiment, the molten metal level sensor including the light transmissive level sensor detects light transmitted from the inside of the accumulator 5c to the outside, and the vertical of the transmitted light intensity in the at least one photo sensor The change is processed by the processor to determine the level of molten metal. The processor can receive data from two reservoirs and correlate the data to remove any turbid effects from the flow of molten metal on the walls of the reservoir, which can additionally erroneously indicate the presence of molten metal levels. In the embodiment, the plasma generated by the ignition in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 illuminates the wall of the reservoir 5c, and a portion of the light selectively penetrates the wall in the region above the molten metal level. A light sensor, such as a camera or photodiode, can detect light that is transmitted through the walls of the reservoir. A light sensor (such as a photodiode) can be scanned vertically, or a level sensor can include a plurality of vertically separated light sensors, such as a photodiode. In one embodiment, to determine the level of molten metal, the processor processes at least one of: i) a difference in light intensity above the camera image; ii) a difference in light intensity between the plurality of light sensors; And iii) the difference in light intensity between the vertical positions of the scanned photosensor. To facilitate the transmission or transmission of plasma light through the reservoir walls to the light sensor, the reservoir may comprise at least one light path, such as a dimple, recess or thinned region in the wall. At least one light sensor (such as a camera), a plurality of optical sensors, or a scanned optical sensor (such as a diode) can record a change in transmitted light along the path height of the reservoir via a fiber optic cable ( Light, such as a high temperature fiber optic cable, such as a quartz cable, is conducted to each of the remote light sensors. A fiber optic cable or other light pipe can increase the intrinsic light signal above the background black body light. The intrinsic signal from the plasma light can be increased beyond the blackbody radiation by using a photodetector whose spectrum relative to the black body radiation from the outer reservoir wall is selective for shorter wavelengths. The detector can include a selective short wavelength detector or a filter on the detector. A detector or filter can permit selective detection of blue or UV radiation. The detector can detect short wavelength light transmitted through the reservoir wall, such as light longer than about 320 nm in the case of a boron nitride wall. The light-shielding cover with the penetrating member can be used to block background light such as black body radiation along the line of sight of the light path. The level sensor can include at least one stationary or scanned mirror to reflect transmitted light from at least one wall location to the distal light sensor. In an exemplary embodiment, to accommodate the heater antenna 5f in close proximity to the reservoir 5c, the transmitted light is reflected downwardly to the base of the generator for incidence to the photodetector. The mirror can be mounted on the antenna 5f. The processor can receive and process the photosensor data to determine the level of molten metal. In an embodiment, the level sensor comprises a field source (such as a current coil, an antenna, or a light inside the battery (such as inside a reservoir) that carries a field (such as at least one of a magnetic field and electromagnetic radiation) Transmit to an external field detector. The intensity or spatial variation of the detected signal is a function of the level of the molten metal, and the processor uses the corresponding data to identify the molten metal level. In an embodiment, the light transmissive molten metal level sensor includes a light source that illuminates the reservoir wall to produce an image or vertical light intensity change input to the processor to identify the level. The light source can include at least one of a lamp, a laser, and a plasma. The light can be inside the reservoir. The lamp may comprise an incandescent lamp, such as a W lamp or a W halogen lamp. The lamp may comprise bare W filaments that are connected to leads encapsulated in an electrical insulator, which may comprise a refractory ceramic such as SiC or BN. The lamp can include two separate electrodes that can support a plasma, such as an arc plasma. The lamp can contain a carbon arc. The insulator can act as a bracket or the lamp can include a conduit that acts as a bracket. The conduit may comprise a refractory material such as the refractory material of the present invention. Leads to an external power supply can power the lamp. The power supply can be a power supply that is shared with at least one of an EM pump power supply, an ignition power supply, and an inductively coupled heater power supply. The power supply can be in the second chamber of the outer battery housing. The leads may penetrate the reservoir at the feedthrough in the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The lamp can be housed in a sleeve that can penetrate at the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The casing wall can be at least partially transparent to the interior light. The sleeve can comprise a refractory material, such as at least one of alumina, sapphire, boron nitride, and tantalum carbide that are at least partially transparent to light. In an embodiment, the lamp can illuminate the interior of the tank. The light can be below the slot. The sleeve can include at least one mirror or light diffuser for radially transmitting light from the slot (in the horizontal plane). The light sensor eliminates interference from background blackbody emissions from the reservoir wall. The light sensor can selectively respond to plasma or light. The light sensor can include a filter to deliver selective wavelength region characteristics of the plasma or light. The light sensor can respond to a plurality of wavelength characteristics of the plasma or light. The light sensor can include an optical pyrometer or an optical temperature sensor. In an embodiment, the battery is heated to a desired temperature profile that supports plasma formation and molten metal recirculation and is approximately at the beginning of the EM pump injection of molten metal. The heater coil 5f can extend over at least a portion of the blackbody radiator 5b4 to heat it to a desired temperature profile. The heater can be replaced by an actuator. An ignition voltage can be applied such that ignition and plasma formation occurs when the molten metal streams from the dual EM pumps intersect. The plasma light can be transmitted through the reservoir wall either directly or via a via to permit detection of molten metal levels. The sensor can include at least one of a series of electrical contacts spaced along a vertical axis of the reservoir and a conductivity meter and a capacitance meter for measuring at least one of electrical conductivity and capacitance between the electrical contacts Where at least one of conductivity and capacitance varies measurably across the level of molten metal within the reservoir. The electrical contacts may each comprise a conductive ring that surrounds an inner or outer circumference or a portion of the circumference of the reservoir. The conductivity meter can include an ohmmeter. In an embodiment, at least one of the conductive or capacitive detectors can include a plurality of leads that enter the EM pump tube at a plurality of spatially separated locations within a desired height range of molten metal levels, traveling along the EM pump tube And exit the EM pump tube. The lead outlet can be terminated in the sensor or detector. Alternatively, the wire can travel in a sleeve that can be welded into the bottom of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The detector can contain a conductor or a capacitor. The level of molten metal can be detected using conductivity between individual detectors or relative conductivity at individual detectors, where conductivity increases as the detector contacts the molten metal. The lead wires may comprise electrically insulated wires that penetrate the EM pump tube outside the reservoir at a sealed feedthrough such as a joint sleeve. The leads may exit the EM pump tube inside the reservoir via an electrically insulating penetration that may or may not be sealed. The wire may be coated with a refractory electrical insulator such as boron nitride or another refractory coating of the present invention. The wire can be coated with an anodized Al. The wire may comprise a refractory conductor such as Mo, W or another refractory conductor of the present invention. In an embodiment, the wires may be replaced by a refractory fiber optic cable, wherein the level may be sensed in an optical fiber manner. In embodiments including a reservoir, the reservoirs comprise electrical insulators (such as SiC, BN, AUO)₃ Or ZrO₂ A plurality of longitudinally spaced wires may pass through the wall of the reservoir and span the extent of the molten metal level. The wires can be bare. The wire can be sealed by a compression seal. During manufacture of the reservoir, the wires can be sintered or cast in place. Alternatively, the wires can be inserted through a tight fit penetration. Penetrating members, such as holes, can be machined. Discharge grinding, water jet drilling, laser drilling or other methods known in the art are produced. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the tight fit wire may be higher than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the reservoir material such that a compression seal is formed when the reservoir is heated. The wire can sense at least one of a change in conductivity and a change in capacitance as a function of the level of molten metal. A level sensor that senses the level of molten silver by at least one of changes in conductivity, inductance, capacitance, and impedance as a function of molten metal level can include a reference electrical contact (such as in an EM pump assembly) A reference electrical contact on the base of 5kk) and at least one detector wire housed in the sleeve secured to the bottom of the reservoir (such as at the bottom of the EM pump assembly 5kk). The capacitive sensor can include two plates that can be filled with molten metal and respond to the level depending on the level. The inductive sensor can comprise a coil, wherein the flux connected by the coil depends on the level of molten metal. The sleeve can be fastened by a fastener, such as a joint sleeve, or can be welded to the bottom of the EM pump assembly. The wires can be attached electrically and physically to the inner wall of the sleeve at the end of each wire. The corresponding electrical contacts of the at least one wire may be vertically spaced apart. An exemplary sleeve includes a refractory metal tube (such as a Mo tube) that can be fastened at the bottom of the EM pump assembly 5kk with a slotted stainless steel joint sleeve with a conductive detector wire insulated by an alumina sheath entering the bottom The open end travels within the tube and is attached to the Mo vertebral body by a weldment that is welded at the end of the tube. A metal detector capable of recrystallization at high temperatures can be preheated to recrystallize the metal when it is used as a detector. The conductivity between the detector wires and the reference contacts attached to the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk is measured. In another embodiment, the outlet portion of the EM pump tube 5k6 acts as a slot. As the silver level rises, the conductivity between the detector and the reference decreases due to the parallel path of the detector current through the molten metal. Conductivity can be calibrated as a function of metal level. Calibration can be done according to the casing temperature. The cannula may further contain a thermocouple to measure the cannula temperature at the detector to permit selection of a corresponding calibration. Alternatively, the conductive sensor can include two matched detectors in a separate reservoir (such as two matched recrystallized W conduits), wherein the relative EM pumping rate is controlled to match the conductivity of the two detectors to control And matching the level of molten metal in the two reservoirs. The sensor can further include a calibration curve for any offset conductivity between the detectors that varies with at least one of average conductivity and operating temperature. The conductivity detector may comprise an electrically insulating sheath or coating to prevent arc breakdown with ignition power while maintaining sufficient electrical connection to sense electrical conductivity. The conductivity detector can comprise a semiconductor that can be doped. Conductivity can be measured using a high frequency detector current or voltage and a corresponding voltage or current signal to determine that the conductivity can be further filtered to remove the effects of noise, such as noise caused by the ignition current. A level sensor that senses a level of molten silver by at least one of a plurality of conductors or a plurality of differential conductances or capacitances at a plurality of conductors that vary with the level of molten metal may comprise a plurality of conductors, such as A wire that passes through the wall of the reservoir. The reservoir wall can comprise an electrical insulator such as boron nitride or tantalum carbide. Due to the differential expansion of the wire relative to the wall material, the wire can be sealed by compression. For example, Mo, Ta, and Nb each have an advantageous thermal expansion coefficient higher than that of SiC. The sealing of the battery can be achieved at room temperature by performing at least one of the following initial steps: by inserting a tightly fitting wire through the hole in the wall of the reservoir in the absence of wall heating or wire cooling, by means of The wall and the cooling wire are heated, such as by application of a refrigerant such as liquid nitrogen. In another embodiment, the wires can be sealed by molding, gluing or sealing. Alternatively, the seal can be achieved by incorporating the wires into the wall material during manufacture. Adhesives or sealants can be used during the manufacture of the reservoir to seal the wires in place. The sensor can include a level dependent acoustic resonant frequency sensor. The reservoir can contain a cavity. In general, cavities, such as musical instruments, such as partially filled water bottles, each have a resonant frequency, such as a pitch, depending on the level of water filling. In an embodiment, the reservoir cavity has a resonant acoustic frequency that depends on the level of molten metal filling. The frequency may shift as the molten metal level changes and the volume of the gas filled portion of the reservoir air changes relative to the metal filled portion. At least one resonant sound wave in the reservoir can be supported with a frequency that depends on the fill level. The fill level and corresponding frequency calibration sensor can be used for given operating conditions (such as reservoir and battery temperature). The resonant acoustic sensor can include a member for exciting an acoustic wave, such as a standing acoustic wave, and an acoustic frequency analyzer for detecting the frequency of the level dependent acoustic wave. The means for exciting the sound in the reservoir cavity may comprise mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, servo motor drive source members to reversibly deform the walls of the reservoir. A member for exciting and receiving at least one of sounds in the reservoir cavity may include a drive diaphragm. The diaphragm allows sound to propagate into the reservoir. The diaphragm may comprise a component of a battery, such as at least one of an EM pump, an upper hemisphere, and a lower hemisphere. The contact between the acoustic excitation source and the component for acoustic excitation can be via a detector, such as a refractory detector that is temperature stable to the point of contact with the component. The means for exciting the sound in the reservoir cavity may comprise a waver, such as a sonar waver. The frequency analyzer can be a microphone that can receive the resonant frequency response of the reservoir as a sound that passes through the gas surrounding the assembly. Components for receiving and analyzing sound may include a microphone, a transducer, a pressure transducer, a capacitor plate that is deformable by sound and may have residual charge, and may include other sound analyzers known in the art. In an embodiment, at least one of the means for causing acoustic excitation of the reservoir and the means for receiving the resonant acoustic frequency may comprise a microphone. The microphone can include a frequency analyzer to determine the fill level. At least one of the excitation source and the receiver may be located outside of the external pressure vessel 5b3a. In an embodiment, the acoustic sensor comprises a piezoelectric transducer of sound frequency. The sensor can receive sound via a sound guide such as a hollow catheter or a solid catheter. The sound can be excited by the reservoir waver. Piezoelectric transducers can include automotive knock sensors. The knock sensor can match the acoustic resonance characteristics of a reservoir having silver at the desired level. Accelerometers can be used to determine resonance characteristics. The sound conduit conductor can be attached directly to the reservoir and the transducer. The sound conductor may comprise a refractory material such as tungsten or carbon. The transducer can be located outside of the hot zone, such as outside of the external pressure vessel 5b3a. In an exemplary embodiment, the knock sensor is screwed into a hole in the bottom plate 5b3b of the outer container 5b3a connected to the sound conductor, the sound conductor being in contact with the reservoir at the other end. The conduit can travel along the vertical axis to avoid movement of the coil 5f. The notch filter can selectively pass a frequency suitable for sensing the level of silver in the reservoir. The controller can adjust the EM pump current to change the silver level to the desired level, as determined by the frequency of the self-leveling function. The acoustic sensor can include at least one detector or cavity inside the reservoir. The cavity can include a slot. The sleeve can be welded to the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The sleeve can be hollow or solid. The detector may comprise a closed end tube or rod that is coupled to the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk by a fastener, such as a joint sleeve. The detector or cavity can be caused to vibrate by the waver. The wave generator can be positioned outside of the high temperature region by a connecting rod such as a refractory connecting rod such as a connecting rod for a wave-transmitting action of a transmission waver comprising Mo, W or Ta or stainless steel. Orientation can be the most efficient orientation under vibration excitation. A vibration sensor, such as a microphone, can sense the frequency of the vibration, where the frequency is characteristic and is used to determine the level of molten metal around the detector or air. The detector or cavity can be selected to facilitate acoustic frequency sensing of the molten metal level. The frequency dependence of the melting level can be calibrated. The calibration can be adjusted for the measurable operating temperature. A metal detector capable of recrystallization at elevated temperatures can be preheated to recrystallize the metal prior to use as a detector. Alternatively, the acoustic sensor can include two matched detectors in a separate reservoir (such as two W-tubes that match recrystallization), wherein the relative EM pumping rate is controlled to match the frequency of the two detectors to control and Matches the level of molten metal in the two reservoirs. The sensor can further include a calibration curve for any offset frequency between the detectors that varies with at least one of an average frequency and an operating temperature. The detector or cavity may comprise a refractory material such as at least one of: Mo, titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM), molybdenum-niobium-carbon (MHC), molybdenum-niobium oxide (ML), molybdenum-ILQ ( MoILQ), molybdenum-tungsten (MoW), molybdenum-niobium (MoRe), molybdenum-copper (MoCu), molybdenum-zirconia (MoZrO)₂ ), W, carbon, Ta, alumina, zirconia, MgO, SiC, BN, and other refractory metals, alloys, and ceramics of the present invention, as well as refractory metals, alloys, and ceramics known in the art. The metal detector may comprise an electrically insulating cover or sheath or an electrically insulating coating such as mullite, SiC or the other of the invention to prevent arc breakdown using ignition power. The ceramic detector can comprise a hollow cavity, such as a hollow tube that is end sealed. The ceramic detector can be secured to the bottom of the EM pump assembly by a threaded joint, such as a mating threaded weld collar on the base of the EM pump tube assembly. Other exemplary fasteners include a locking collar, a clamp, a set screw collar or retainer, and a joint sleeve retainer device. An exemplary ceramic detector includes an outwardly opening boron nitride (BN) tube having one end unopened and the other end sealed, the other end being screwed into a threaded stainless steel collar welded to the base of the EM pump tube assembly. The detector can further include a pin that penetrates the base of the EM pump assembly and the sealed end of the ceramic detector to penetrate the hollow portion. The pins can be threaded. The pin can be screwed into at least one of the base of the EM pump assembly and the sealed end of the ceramic tube. The tube can comprise boron nitride. The pin can be used in at least one of the following: transmitting and receiving acoustic energy along the detector. The detector can include a piezoelectric or microelectromechanical system (MEMS) in which excitation and sensing of at least one of acoustic frequency, vibration, and acceleration can be achieved by applying and sensing a piezoelectric voltage or MEMS signal. The sensor can include an accelerometer that measures the molten metal damping acceleration or the detector vibration frequency. The same device can be used to achieve excitation and sensing. The wave-sensing sensing members can be combined in the same device. The molten metal level can be controlled to match the acoustic response of individual detectors in a separate reservoir, where any offset can be determined by calibration and used in matching control algorithms. In an embodiment, the acoustic sensor may comprise a waver that excites a motion such as vibration in an exit portion of the EM pump tube 5k6. The excitation can be continuous or discontinuous at the desired frequency, such as the mechanical resonant frequency of the EM pump tube. The end of the EM pump tube can include an attached vibration damper. The shock absorber can include blades that are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the EM pump tube. The vibration damper may comprise a refractory material. The material can be an electrical insulator such as boron nitride or SiC. The damper can be fastened to the nozzle 5q by a fastener. Fastening can be achieved using threaded parts. The thread damper and the end of the nozzle or EM pump tube can be screwed together. The damper can be close to the surface of the molten metal. The damper can be submerged or partially above the metal surface. The depth of the damper in the molten metal determines the amount of damping. The damping can be measured by at least one of a change in frequency, acceleration or amplitude in the acoustic energy re-emitted by the EM pump tube. The emitted acoustic energy can be sensed on the EM pump tube, such as at a location other than the reservoir. Alternatively, the emitted acoustic energy can be sensed from the reservoir wall. A high temperature capable catheter that can be attached to the reservoir wall can transmit sound. The attachment may include a threaded screw-on connection or a clamped collar that surrounds the reservoir. In an embodiment, the acoustic sensor includes an external sound suppression or cancellation component to improve the acoustic signal to noise ratio. The restraining member may comprise a sound absorbing material such as a sound absorbing material known in the art. The muffling member can include an active noise cancellation system, such as a muffling system known in the art. Alternatively, a vibrating object inside the reservoir, such as an EM pump tube or detector, can transmit its vibrations to the reservoir wall that will vibrate in the same manner. The reservoir wall vibration can be electromagnetically measured by means for detecting a change in the frequency or position of the reflected light initially incident on the vibrating wall. Incident electromagnetic radiation can be in a range of wavelengths with high reflectivity, such as in the visible region of the microwave. The analyzer may include a position sensor that measures a change in frequency other than a differential meter or an interferometer or a measurement position change. The analyzer can include components that convert the reflected beam into an electrical signal, such as a photovoltaic cell, a photodiode, or a phototransistor. The sensor can include a signal processor that processes the frequency or positional changes as an acoustic signal as a function of the melting level. The acoustic sensor can include a visible, infrared or microwave laser interferometer microphone. The laser can include a diode laser. An exemplary laser microphone that relies on the frequency variation of the transmitted or reflected laser beam caused by the movement of the reservoir wall (where the frequency change is detected by the interferometry) is given by Princeton University (http:// Www.princeton.edu/~romalis/PHYS210/Microphone/). An exemplary laser microphone that relies on a change in position of a reflected or reflected laser beam caused by movement of the reservoir wall by Lucidscience (Http://www.lucidscience.com/pro-laser%20spy%20device- 1 . Aspx HackadayHttp://hackaday.com/2010/09/25/laser-mic-makes- Eavesdropping - Remarkably - Simple / ) given. In another embodiment, the time-varying time of flight of the laser pulse is used to measure the wall displacement and the frequency and amplitude of the acoustic signal. The acoustic sensor can include a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system. A microphone that can be attached to the wall of the reservoir can measure wall vibration. The microphone can include a piezoelectric device. The acoustic analyzer can be one of the ones disclosed herein, such as a microphone and a frequency analyzer. The acoustic level of the independent sensor of the independent reservoir can be controlled by the fusion level, where any offset can be determined by calibration and used to match the control algorithm. Alternatively, the sensor can include a detector that further includes a vibration attenuator at its end. The attenuator can increase the signal due to any change in the melting level. The sensor can include two parallel plates that introduce an electronic sensing connection through hole penetration in the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The molten metal can fill the plates to a melting level. The metal plate can be caused to vibrate by the wave generator. At least one of the inductance and the capacitance changes due to a change in the vibration frequency as a function of the melting level between the plates. In another embodiment, at least one of the magnetic coil and the capacitor plate of the docking pair is embedded in an electrical insulator sleeve, such as an electrically insulating sleeve comprising boron nitride. The waver can vibrate the slot and at least one of the inductance and capacitance between the coils or plates can be read via an electrical connector, wherein the parameters are a function of the level between the pair of docking components. Reading can be achieved by applying at least one of current and voltage to the coil and the board. The level sensor may include a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system in which the laser of the self-sensor is emitted, reflected from the liquid surface, and detected by the detector of the sensor. The time is measured by a sensor to obtain the position of the melting level. In another embodiment, the level sensor can include a guided radar system. Different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (such as radar) can replace the light of the LIDAR system. In another embodiment, the level sensor may comprise an ultrasonic device, such as a time-of-flight sensing melting level comprising a sonic energy pulse that is transmitted to the interior of the reservoir and reflected back from the interior of the reservoir. Thickness gauge for ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. The sound can travel vertically to sense the depth of the molten metal. The transmitter and receiver may be located at the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk to transmit and receive sound along a vertical or reservoir longitudinal axis (also referred to as the z-axis). In another embodiment, the transmitter and receiver can be located at the side of the reservoir. Sound can be sent and received along a lateral axis or plane. When the position is intercepted, the reflection may be from the opposite wall of the reservoir or the molten metal surface. The transmitter and receiver may comprise a plurality of devices that spatially separate along the z-axis to image the level. The transmitter and receiver may comprise the same device, such as a piezoelectric transducer. The transducer can be in direct contact with the base or reservoir wall of the EM pump assembly 5kk. Alternatively, sound can be transmitted using a sound conduit that can operate at high temperatures. An exemplary thickness sensor is the Elcometer MTG series gauge (Http :// Wwww . Elcometerusa . Com / High speed - Ndt / Material - Thickness - Gauges / ). Time-of-flight data can be processed by a calibrated processor to determine metal levels from the data and control the relative EM pump rate to control the reservoir level. In another embodiment, the level sensor can include at least one stub sensor known in the art, such as a microwave stub sensor. A short line sensor can be scanned in the melting level region to detect the melting level. Scanning can be accomplished by an actuator, such as a mechanical, electromechanical, piezoelectric, hydraulic, pneumatic or other type of actuator known in the art or in the art. Alternatively, the level sensor can include a plurality of short line sensors that can sense levels by comparing signals between the plurality of short line sensors. In an embodiment, the level sensor can include an eddy current level measurement sensor (ECLMS). The ECLMS can include at least three coils, such as one primary and two secondary sensing coils. The ECLMS can further comprise a high frequency current source, such as an RF source. An RF current can be applied to the primary coil to generate a high frequency magnetic field that thus creates eddy currents on the surface of the molten metal. The eddy currents sense the voltages in the two sensing coils that can be positioned on either side of the primary coil. The voltage difference of the sense coil varies with the different distances from the sensor to the metal surface. The ECLMS can be calibrated to a melting level to allow it to read levels during battery operation. The sensor can include an impedance meter that is responsive to the silver level of the reservoir. The impedance meter can include a coil that is responsive to the inductance of the level. The coil can include an inductively coupled heater coil. The coil may comprise a high temperature or refractory metal wire such as W or Mo coated with a high temperature insulator. The wire spacing of the coils can be such that the non-insulated wires do not electrically short. The molten silver may comprise additives such as ferromagnetic or paramagnetic metals or compounds, such as metals or compounds known in the art, to increase the inductive response. The inductance can be measured by the phase shift between the current and voltage measured by the AC waveform drive coil. The frequency can be a radio frequency such as in the range of about 5 kHz to 1 MHz. In an embodiment, the level sensor can include an imaging sensor, the imaging sensor including a plurality of transmitters and receivers, the plurality of transmitters transmitting electromagnetic signals from a plurality of locations, and the plurality of receivers A signal is received at a plurality of locations to image the level. The imaging signal can be calibrated for level. The transmitter and receiver may comprise an antenna, such as an RF antenna. The frequency range is in the kHz to GHz range. An exemplary range is 5 to 10 GHz RF. The imaging sensor can include an RF array to construct data from the reflected signals. The sensor can include a processor that provides density type feedback from the original data to identify the level. An exemplary imaging sensor is a Walabot that includes a programmable 3D sensor that looks like an object using radio frequency technology that passes through the walls of the reservoir. Walabot uses an antenna array to illuminate its front area and senses the return signal. The signal is generated and recorded by the VYYR2401 A3 system single-chip integrated circuit. The data is communicated to the host device using a USB interface implemented using a Cypress controller. The sensor can include an RF filter that removes RF interference from the inductively coupled heater. The sensor can include a series of temperature measuring devices that measure the temperature between the temperature measuring devices, such as a thermistor or thermocouple spaced along the vertical axis of the reservoir, wherein the temperature spans the interior of the reservoir The melting level can be measured quantitatively. In an embodiment, the sensor includes a plurality of thermocouples that are spatially separated at different heights within the reservoir. The sensed temperature is a function of the level of molten silver. The thermocouple can be wrapped in a thermowell that can be soldered to the bottom of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The heat pipe may comprise a refractory material such as Mo, Ta or another element of the invention. The heat pipe can be fastened by fasteners such as Swagelok. Thermocouples such as the present invention can withstand high temperatures. Multiple thermocouples can be vertically spaced apart in a single heat pipe. The outlet of the EM pump tube 5k6 can serve as a heat pipe. The penetration of the EM pump tube outside of the reservoir can include penetrations known in the art, such as entering a Swagelok or an electronic feed. The thermocouple can be replaced by another temperature sensor, such as an optical temperature sensor. The sensor can include an infrared camera. Infrared temperature markers can vary across the silver level. The level sensor can include at least one bushing and a source of electromagnetic radiation and a corresponding detector. The cannula can include a closed conduit that enters the interior of the reservoir 5c, which can be attached to the base of the reservoir. Attachment can be at the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The sleeve may comprise electromagnetically transparent material such as an electrical insulator such as alumina, MgO, ZrO_{2 ,} Boron nitride and tantalum carbide. The sensor can illuminate the inside of the cannula with electromagnetic radiation that can pass through the wall of the cannula and reflect the melting level. The sensor for imaging the melting level detects the reflected electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can include beams that can be scanned across a level region. The sensor can include a processor that processes the reflected image to determine the level of melting. The reflected electromagnetic radiation can illuminate the area on the electromagnetic radiation detector. The area can vary with the level, the incident electromagnetic radiation, and the relative position of the detector. The size of the illuminated detector region can be varied in response to the level and the corresponding cross-section of the tapered sleeve at the intersection with the melting level. For example, due to the higher level, the reflection can include a ring that can have a smaller diameter. The electromagnetic radiation of the sensor can be selected to reduce background electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation of the sensor may comprise a wavelength that does not have a substantial background intensity by the black body radiation of the heated jacket or cell. The electromagnetic radiation can include at least one of infrared, visible, and UV radiation. An exemplary wavelength range is from about 250 nm to 320 nm, with silver having a transmission window such that the reflection is selective due to the silver line rather than the thin silver film. In an embodiment, the sensor comprises a pressure sensor, wherein the pressure increases as the level increases. Due to the extra weight of the molten metal rows in the reservoir 5c, the increase in pressure can be attributed to an increase in discharge pressure. In an embodiment, the sensor includes a weight sensor that detects a change in the weight of the at least one reservoir or a change in the center of gravity between the reservoirs, wherein the weight increases as the reservoir melting level increases . The differential weight distribution between the reservoirs shifts the center of gravity of the measurements. The weight sensor can be located at a position having an increased displacement or pressure change in response to a mass in the corresponding reservoir. This position can be on the bracket of the corresponding reservoir. The weight sensor can be internal to the reservoir, wherein the sensor can be responsive to at least one of a weight and a pressure change with the melting level. The sensor can transmit its signal on at least one of the wires that can penetrate the cell. The melt level can be controlled to match the weight or pressure of an independent detector in an independent reservoir, where any offset can be determined by calibration and used to match the control algorithm. The wire may extend from the sensor inside the reservoir to the inlet of the EM pump tube 5k6 and through the EM pump tube 5k6 on the section outside the reservoir 5c. Penetration can be sealed using a feedthrough through hole or fastener such as Swagelok. The weight sensor can include a sensor that requires a pressure with minimal displacement. The sensor can include a piezoelectric sensor or other such sensor known to those skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the weight or pressure sensor can be housed in a housing that is removed from the high temperature electrolysis cell while maintaining pressure or weight continuity. Pressure or weight connectivity can be achieved by a molten metal connection from a battery assembly such as a reservoir or EM pump tube (such as a portion of the tube outside of the reservoir). The molten metal joint may comprise a row of molten metal having a higher density than the density of the molten metal in the reservoir. For example, a gold row contained in a tube connected to an EM pump tube outside the reservoir can be connected to a housing containing a weight or pressure sensor. In an embodiment, the continuous connector may comprise a metal having a higher density than the metal in the reservoir and a metal melting point lower than the metal melting point of the metal in the reservoir to facilitate at low temperatures Operational weight or pressure sensor use. The level sensor responsive to the weight of the molten metal may comprise a balance, wherein the tilt of the balance varies with the silver level. The balance can contain two rigidly connected arms. The arm can be attached to the bracket at the fulcrum. The balance can include contacts at the ends of each arm. Each contact can abut a diaphragm or bellows on the bottom of the reservoir. The diaphragm may be recessed, such as recessed outward to provide more movement. The diaphragm can be hemispherical. The diaphragm can be displaced downward as the weight of the molten metal in the corresponding reservoir changes. At least one of the arms or portions of the contacts can be electrically insulated to prevent current from flowing between the reservoirs. The balance may comprise a balance rail with an attached piston at each end of the crossbar. The piston can comprise an electrical insulator. Each piston can abut its diaphragm in the base of the reservoir. A tilt sensor, such as at least one of a displacement, stress or torsion sensor, can sense the tilt of the crossbar or arm. The tilt sensor can include an extension from a magnifying crossbar that is sensed by the tilt sensor. An exemplary tilt sensor can include a connector from at least a portion of the arm or balance rail to the strain gauge. An exemplary balance includes a metal crossbar, such as a stainless steel crossbar with an alumina or boron nitride piston at the end. Each piston can be contacted with a thin stainless steel diaphragm in the base of the EM pump assembly, wherein the tilt can be measured by a strain gauge through a connector to one end of the crossbar. This connector allows the strain gage to be removed from the high temperature area of SunCell®. In an embodiment, at least one of the connector and the piston may comprise a refractory material that is also resistant to heating by the inductively coupled heater. The adjustable balance achieves the balance between the ends or arms of the crossbar at the desired level of molten metal reservoir. Balance can be achieved by adding weight to one rail end or one arm. Alternatively, the position of the fulcrum can be adjusted. In an embodiment, the balanced sensor further includes a processor that receives the tilt data and adjusts the EM pump current to equalize the melting level of the reservoir. The level-integrated sensor including the balance type may further include a sensor for a force caused by a translational motion such as in the case of a prosthetic source SunCells®. The balanced level sensor can further include at least one of an accelerometer, a MEMS device, and a gyroscope to provide data to a processor that modifies the response to the tilted data to correct for external translational triggering under control of the relative EM pump rate Power. The balanced level sensor may further comprise a vibration suppression or counteracting member, such as at least one of a restraining mount or bushing, a shock absorber, and an active vibration cancellation system, such as those known in the art, such that Reduce the effects of external vibrations. In an embodiment, the gravimetric level sensor includes an extensometer, such as a rupture opening displacement (COD) gauge. Exemplary COD gauges are one of the ε model 3548 COD, 3448 COD, 3549 COD, and 3648 COD extensometers each of which is stress-regulated. The extensometer can include a rod that contacts the diaphragm in the EM pump tube assembly 5kk, such as alumina or a carbonized mast. The extensometer can include a non-contact type, such as a non-contact type that includes a laser that measures the distance. Exemplary sensors are ε model LE-05 and LE-15 laser extensometers, each of which includes a high speed laser scanner that determines the spacing between reflection points, such as reflection points on each of the two diaphragms. The diaphragm may include a reflective surface for reflecting the laser beam. An exemplary reflective surface comprising a non-oxidized reflective foil having a high melting point is a Pt foil (MP = 1768 ° C). The extensometer signal can be filtered to remove noise such as from vibration. In an embodiment, the diaphragm includes a substantial portion of the bottom region of the EM pump assembly 5kk to maximize sensitivity to line height variations and corresponding weight changes. In an embodiment, the diaphragm has a relatively low resistance to deformation compared to the compression resistance or spring constant of the displacement gauge or extensometer. In this case, the level detection becomes less sensitive to the temperature of the diaphragm that can change its resistance to deformation. In an embodiment, the diaphragm comprises a material that changes its resistance to deformation. The diaphragm may include a foot of a Wheatstone bridge that senses deformation of the melt level as a function of calibration resistance. In an embodiment, the level sensor comprises a driven mechanical detector that is at least partially submerged in the molten metal when the level is at a desired height, the molten metal resists movement of the driven detector, and the resistance is measured as self-resistance The input of the processor that determines the level. The detector can be at least one of a rotation and a translation. The detector may comprise a refractory material such as W, SiC, carbon or BN. The detector can penetrate the reservoir 5c at the EM pump assembly 5kk. Mechanical motion can be supported by bearings that can withstand temperatures such as 962 ° C to 1200 ° C. The sensor can include a bellows that permits longitudinal translation. Resistance to position can be measured using strain measurement. In an embodiment, the level sensor includes a time difference electronic parameter sensor (such as time difference reactance, impedance, resistance, etc.) that measures at least one electronic parameter of the electromagnetic pump depending on the molten metal discharge pressure at the electromagnetic pump At least one of an inductor, a capacitor, a voltage, a current, and a power sensor. At least one electronic parameter can be varied and the EM pump and electronic parameter response can be measured, wherein the response is a function of the discharge pressure. The processor can use the response data and the search calibration data set to determine the melting level. In an embodiment, the generator includes a circuit control system that senses the level of molten silver in each of the reservoirs and adjusts the EM pump current to maintain an approximately matched level in the reservoir. The control system can continuously maintain a minimum injection pressure on each of the EM pumps such that the butted molten silver streams intersect to ignite. In an embodiment, the injection system includes two metal streams in the same plane, wherein the flow impingement has a non-matching EM pump speed such that the speed can be controlled indefinitely to maintain a matching reservoir silver level. In an embodiment, the generator may include a level sensor on the reservoir instead of including two level sensors, one for each reservoir. The total amount of molten metal such as silver is constant in the case of the closed reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31. Therefore, by measuring the level in one of the reservoirs, the level in the other reservoir can be determined. The generator may contain a circuit control system for the EM pump of one reservoir instead of two circuit control systems, one for each reservoir. The current of the EM pump without the reservoir of the level sensor can be fixed. Alternatively, an EM pump for a reservoir without a level sensor may include a circuit control system responsive to the sensed level in a reservoir having a level sensor. The spontaneous increase in the flow rate of molten metal through the EM pump may occur due to the increased discharge pressure at which the melting level in the corresponding reservoir increases. The discharge pressure can help pump pressure and produce a corresponding contribution to the flow rate. In an embodiment, the reservoir height is sufficient to increase a sufficient discharge pressure difference between the extreme values including the lowest and highest desired melting levels to provide a control signal for the at least one EM pump to maintain an approximately equal melting level. The EM pump sensor can include a flow sensor, such as a Lorentz force sensor or other EM pump flow sensor known in the art. The flow rate can vary due to changes in discharge pressure due to changes in the level of discharge. At least one flow rate parameter, such as individual EM pump flow rate, combined flow rate, individual differential flow rate, combined differential flow rate, relative flow rate, rate of change of individual flow rates, rate of change of combined flow rate, change in relative flow rate Rate, other flow rate measurements can be used to sense the melting level in at least one of the reservoirs. The sensed flow rate parameter can be compared to at least one EM pump current to determine a control adjustment of the at least one EM pump current to maintain approximately equal reservoir melt levels. In an embodiment, the lower hemisphere 5b41 may include a specularly imaged highly graded channel to overflow directly from one reservoir 5c to another reservoir and further facilitate the return of molten metal, such as silver, to the reservoir. In another embodiment, the level is equalized by a conduit that connects the two reservoirs to the drip edge at each end of the conduit to prevent shorting between the two reservoirs. The silver in the overfilled reservoir flows back through the conduit to another reservoir to equalize the level to a greater extent. In an embodiment, the level of melting between the reservoirs 5c is substantially the same by at least one of the active and passive mechanisms. The active mechanism can include adjusting the EM pump rate in response to the melting level measured by the sensor. The passive mechanism may include a spontaneous increase in the rate of molten metal passing through the EM pump due to increased discharge pressure as the melting level increases in the corresponding reservoir. The discharge pressure can contribute to a fixed or varying EM pump pressure to maintain approximately equal reservoir levels. In an embodiment, the reservoir height is sufficient to increase the sufficient discharge pressure difference between the extreme values including the lowest and highest desired melting levels such that the reservoir levels remain approximately the same during operation. This retention can be achieved due to the differential flow rate, due to the differential discharge pressure corresponding to the difference in the melting level between the reservoirs. In an embodiment, the EM pump includes an inlet riser 5qa (Fig. 2I138) on which a plurality of molten metal inlet openings or apertures are included. The inlet riser 5qa may comprise a hollow conduit, such as a tube. The conduit can be connected to the EM pump tube 5k6 on the inlet side of the EM pump magnet 5k4. The connector can be located at the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The connector may comprise one of the inventions, such as a matching thread or Swagelok. The inlet riser may comprise a refractory material such as refractory metal, carbon or ceramic, such as one of W, Mo, SiC, boron nitride, and other refractory materials of the present invention. The inlet riser can have a height that is less than the height of the nozzle 5q to reduce or eliminate the potential energy of the ignition current to electrically short the inlet riser. In an embodiment, the lowest inlet to the inlet riser may have a greater height than the top of the nozzle 5q of the EM pump injector such that the nozzle remains submerged. The immersion nozzle can be a positive electrode that can be submerged to protect it from forming a low energy hydrogen reactive plasma. The inlet riser can be non-catheter. The inlet riser can be coated with a coating such as the coating of the present invention. The coating can be a non-conductor. An inlet riser that may contain a refractory metal such as Mo may be covered with a skin or cladding. The sheath or cladding may comprise a non-conductor. A skin such as a BN skin can be held to the inlet riser by thermal compression. In an embodiment, at least one of the base of the EM pump tube assembly 5kk and the union of at least one of the inlet riser 5qa and the EM pump injector 5k61 may comprise a mating threaded bond. The tubes may be screwed to the inlet and outlet of the EM pump at the base of the EM pump tube assembly 5kk, respectively. An exemplary inlet riser having a reservoir of submerged nozzles includes a BN tube that is screwed into the EM pump assembly base at the EM pump outlet; the inlet includes a V-shaped groove on the side of the tube and the open top is more than the nozzle The height of the tip is greater and the height has a V bottom such that the nozzle remains submerged, wherein the nozzle can comprise a positive electrode. In another embodiment, the bottom of the inlet riser tube may comprise a first material that can be screwed or welded to the EM pump tube outlet at the base of the EM pump assembly (such as, for example, a metal such as stainless steel or a refractory metal such as Mo) And further comprising an upper portion comprising a second material such as a non-conductor or a conductor coated or coated with a non-conductor. The exemplary upper inlet riser section includes a BN that can be screwed in and compressed to at least one of the lower tube sections. The inlet opening can be tapered from above to below the inlet riser to automatically control the pump rate and silver level by controlling the inlet flow rate to the EM pump. In an embodiment, the inlet riser 5qa includes vertically spaced openings such that as the reservoir melting level increases, the EM pumping rate increases due to at least one of the following effects: (i) molten metal is faster Flow into the inlet riser because the total opening cross-section increases with the melting level; (ii) the height of the molten metal in the inlet riser increases as the melting level increases, and the melting level follows the EM pump The discharge pressure is increased correspondingly to increase; and (iii) the flow restriction is reduced, since the larger total opening cross section or region reduces any corresponding pressure drop according to Bernoulli's equation and can be in the absence of flow restriction The lower inlet flow rate limit further increases the discharge pressure when the inlet riser is filled to its maximum height. In contrast, the reverse inlet riser and syringe of the dual injector electrode system can experience the opposite effect and corresponding reduced EM pumping rate due to the relatively molten level of the drop. In an alternative embodiment to a plurality of vertically spaced openings that define an inlet flow from top to bottom within the opening range, the inlet riser may include at least one vertical slot at the top end of the inlet riser, the vertical slots may span The height range of the desired height range, such as the melting level. The trough can gradually reduce the width of the trough from top to bottom such that the corresponding flow restriction has a molten metal height. The top of the inlet riser can be open or closed. In another embodiment, a plurality of vertically spaced holes entering a single EM pump inlet tube may be replaced by corresponding inlet tubes. In an embodiment, the plurality of inlet tubes are combined before or after the magnets 5k4, or they remain independent such that they each act as an individual EM pump injector that is selectively pumped as the molten metal flows into its corresponding inlet end at its characteristic height. In an embodiment, the EM pump can include at least one of a voltage and current sensor that measures a total voltage and current or at least one of an individual voltage and current. The processor can control the total pumping rate or the individual pumping rate using sensor data and controlling at least one of a total voltage and current or individual voltages and currents. The reservoir height and the average molten metal depth may be selected to achieve at least one of a desired discharge pressure and a discharge pressure drop by restricting the flow restriction through the opening. The level of molten metal tends to balance due to the automatic influx of relative molten metal level changes with the EM pumping drive of the reservoir of the dual molten metal injector electrodes and the corresponding pumping rate adjustment. The EM pump of each injector can be set to approximately constant current. The current may be sufficient to intersect the dual jet metal stream at about the center of the reactant unit chamber 5b31 with a small variant that is eccentric to either side of the pumping rate, causing level changes and corresponding pump inflow and EM pump Pumping rate. The current supplied by each EM pump power supply 5k13 can be set to a desired constant level. Alternatively, the SunCell® can include an EM pump power supply 5k13, an EM pump power supply current sensor and controller, an ignition current sensor, and a processor. Each EM pump current can be sensed by its current sensor and adjusted by the controller to obtain the desired initial firing current as measured by the ignition current sensor and processed by the processor. The ignition controller can also control the ignition power parameters. The current can be maintained within a range that provides stability of the intersection of the molten metal stream in about the middle of the reactant unit chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, the current is maintained at a level greater than a threshold of the flow intersection and below a level that causes one flow to be non-intersecting to propagate to the relative reservoir. For example, the EM pump current has an indicative current interval of about 300 A to 550 A. The currents of the two pumps can be equal. The EM pump speed may be controlled by at least one of: an inlet flow rate controller, a horizontally correlated inlet riser tube flowing into the cross section and by a molten metal level sensor; a level processor; and an EM pump current Controller. A change in at least one of the resistance, current, voltage, and power of the EM pump power supply 5k13 can be sensed by a corresponding sensor, and the EM pump current can be controlled to further control the relative EM pumping rate to achieve a reservoir A rough balance between the levels of molten metal. In an embodiment, the EM pump 5ka may include a power limiter to prevent overheating of the EM pump tube resistance and corresponding high temperatures in the event that the EM pump tube 5k6 resistance is excessively increased due to lower molten metal loading and flow. In an embodiment, the inlet riser opening may comprise a protective member such as an inlet guard for particles such as charcoal or metal oxide particles that can block openings or block the riser riser and EM At least one of the pump tubes 5k6. In an exemplary embodiment, the inlet riser opening has a span of approximately 1 cm at the top of the inlet riser, wherein the desired top molten metal level is at the top of the upper opening and the minimum opening is slightly larger than the maximum corrosion product, while The flow of unrestricted EM pumping rate flow provides a limit. Each EM pump can be powered by an independent power supply. Alternatively, a plurality of EM pumps (such as two EM pumps) may be powered by a common power supply via parallel electrical connections. The current of each pump can be controlled by the current regulator of each parallel circuit. Each parallel circuit can include an insulating diode to electrically insulate each circuit. Electrical insulation prevents shorting of the ignition power between the EM pump injectors. In an embodiment, the EM pump coolant line 5k11 may be common to both EM pump assemblies 5ka. In an embodiment, the nozzle 5q of at least one EM pump injector may be submerged in molten silver. This immersion can at least partially prevent the nozzle from being deteriorated by the plasma. The nozzle 5q can be lower than the molten metal level to prevent the nozzle from being damaged by the plasma. Alternatively, the nozzle section 5k61 of the pump tube can be raised and the nozzle can include side holes to cause lateral injection toward the opposite matching nozzle such that the equal flows intersect. The nozzles can be placed at an angle such that the intersection of the dual streams is at the desired location. The nozzle may include a spherical tube end with a hole at the angular position on the spherical surface to direct the molten metal to a desired location in the reactant unit chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, the nozzle 5q includes an extension to direct the direction of the flow of molten metal. The extension may include a short tube to flow the flow toward the point of intersection by the relative flow of the dual molten metal injection system. Nozzle tube segments (such as fire resistant, such as those containing W or Mo) can be vertical. It may comprise a threaded connection to another section of the pump tube. It may comprise a threaded connection to a joint sleeve or a VCR joint, such as one of the reservoir penetrations 5k9. The nozzle 5q (such as a fire resistant person such as W or Mo) may have a slanted outlet. The nozzle can engage the nozzle section 5k61 of the pump tube by threaded engagement. The screw in the nozzle can be maintained at a desired location that causes the flow of molten metal to intersect near or near the fastener such as a set screw or lock nut. The weldment can include a laser weldment. In one embodiment, the lower hemisphere of the black body radiator 5b41 comprising two reservoirs and two EM pumps (serving as two liquid electrodes) is divided into at least two sections joined by an electrically insulating seal. The seal can include flanges, gaskets, and fasteners. The gasket can comprise an electrical insulator. The seal electrically insulates the two liquid electrodes. In an embodiment, the electrically insulating boundary between the two reservoirs can be achieved by orienting the flanges and spacers of the upper hemisphere 5b41 and the lower hemisphere 5b42 vertically rather than horizontally such that the blackbody radiator 5b4 comprises The left and right halves of the joint at the vertical flange. Each half may include a black body radiator 5b4 and a vertically divided half of a reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 comprises a separate piece having two reservoirs 5c fastened or connected thereto. The connections may each comprise a threaded joint or joint. Each of the reservoirs 5c may include threads that cooperate with the threads of the lower hemispheres 5b41 on the outer surface at the top. The threads may be coated with a paste or coating that at least partially electrically isolates each reservoir from the lower hemisphere to further electrically isolate the two reservoirs from each other. The coating may comprise one of the inventions, such as ZrO. In an embodiment, the electrically insulating surface coating may comprise at least one of the coating of the present invention or a high temperature material, such as ZrO, SiC, and functionalized graphite. The insulating surface coating may comprise a ceramic such as a zirconium based ceramic. An exemplary zirconia coating comprises yttria stabilized zirconia, such as 3 wt% yttria. Another possible zirconium ceramic coating is zirconium diboride (ZrB)₂ ). The surface coating can be applied by thermal spraying or other techniques known in the art. The coating may comprise an impregnated graphite coating. The coating can be multiple layers. An exemplary multilayer coating comprises alternating layers of zirconia and alumina. The functionalized graphite can comprise blocked graphite. The capped graphite may comprise at least one of H, F, and O capped graphite. In an embodiment, at least one of the reservoirs may be electrically insulated and at least one other may be in electrical contact with the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 such that the lower hemisphere may comprise an electrode. The lower hemisphere may comprise a negative electrode. In one embodiment, the connection between each reservoir 5c and the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41 is remote from the reactant unit chamber 5b31, maintaining the electrically insulating coating of the connection below, such as SiC or ZrO. The temperature at which the coating melts or decomposes. Electrical insulation between the reservoirs can be achieved by spacers comprising electrical insulators, such as tantalum carbide spacers. The lower hemisphere 5b41 can include an elongated connection to the spacer that is sufficiently extended from the body of the lower hemisphere such that the temperature of the joint is suitably below the temperature of the spacer. The spacer may be threaded at the extended connection and connectable to the reservoir 5c. The connection to the reservoir 5c can include threads. The spacer may comprise a tantalum carbide cylinder threaded to an extension of the lower hemisphere 5b41 and threaded to the reservoir 5c at the opposite end of the SiC cylinder. The union may be directly sealed by a thread and may further comprise at least one of a seal and a gasket, such as one of a joint between the spacer and the lower hemisphere and one of a joint between the spacer and the reservoir . The gasket may comprise graphite (such as Toyo Tanso or flexible graphite) or one of hexagonal boron nitride. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as one containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391) or another material of the invention. The SiC spacer can comprise SiC that combines the reactants. The spacer comprising the threads may initially comprise Si that is carbonized to form a threaded SiC spacer. The spacer may be coupled to the lower hemisphere and the upper portion of the corresponding reservoir. The bond can comprise a chemical bond. The bond may comprise SiC. The SiC spacers can be fused to a carbon component, such as a corresponding lower hemisphere and a reservoir. This fusion can occur at high temperatures. Alternatively, the bond may comprise an adhesive. The spacer may comprise a drip sputum to prevent the return flow of molten metal from electrically shorting the reservoir. The drip can be machined or cast into a spacer such as a SiC spacer. Alternatively, the spacer may include a recess for insertion of a drip, such as a ring-shaped drip. The spacer may comprise other refractory materials, electrically insulating materials of the invention (such as zirconia), yttria stabilized zirconia, and MgO. In an embodiment, the ignition system includes a safety cutoff switch to sense an electrical short between the dual reservoir-injector and terminate the ignition power to prevent damage to the injector (such as nozzle 5q). The sensor can include a current sensor that passes current between the collector circuits of the lower hemisphere 5b41. In one of the embodiments shown in Figures 2I95 through 2I147, the number of contacts of the unit is reduced to avoid the risk of failure. In one embodiment, at least one of (i) the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42, (ii) the lower hemisphere and the non-conductive spacer, and (iii) the contact between the non-conductive spacer and the reservoir are removed. . Contact removal can be achieved by forming a single piece rather than joining the pieces. For example, the lower and upper hemispheres may be formed to include a single halves 5b4. (i) at least one contact between the lower hemisphere and the non-conductive spacer and (ii) the non-conductive spacer and the reservoir can be removed by forming a single piece. The lower and upper hemispheres may comprise a single piece or two pieces, wherein (i) at least one contact between the lower hemisphere and the non-conductive spacer and (ii) the non-conductive spacer and the reservoir may be formed by One piece to remove. A single piece can be formed by at least one of the following methods: casting, molding, sintering, stamping, 3D printing, electrical discharge machining, laser ablation machining, by chemical etching (such as carbon and oxygen in an atmosphere containing oxygen) Laser ablation of combustion, laser or liquid machining (such as water jet machining), chemical or thermal etching, tool machining, and other methods known in the art. In an embodiment, at least one section of the battery assembly, such as blackbody radiator 5b4 (such as a hemispherical blackbody radiator) and at least one reservoir 5c, is electrically non-conductive. The circumferential section of at least one of the reservoir 5c and the blackbody radiator comprising the hemispherical 5b4 or the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42 may be non-conductive or comprise a non-conductor. The non-conducting section of the blackbody radiator may comprise a plane transverse to the line between the two nozzles of the dual liquid ejector embodiment. The non-conductor can be formed by converting the material of the sections of the assembly to be non-conductive. The non-conductor may comprise SiC or boron carbide (such as B)₄ C). SiC or B of battery assembly₄ The C segment can be formed by reacting a carbon battery module with a helium source or a boron source, respectively. For example, the carbon reservoir can be reacted with at least one of a liquid helium or neodymium polymer, such as poly(methylaniline) to form a niobium carbide segment. The polymer can be formed at a desired section of the assembly. The battery assembly can be heated. The current can pass through the assembly to cause the reactant to form a non-conducting section. The non-conducting section can be formed by other methods known to those skilled in the art. The outer surface of the reservoir 5c can include a raised circumferential band. To maintain molten niobium or boron during the conversion of carbon to niobium carbide or boron carbide in the desired section. Tantalum carbide can be formed by reactant bonding. An exemplary method of forming boron carbide from boron and carbon isHttps :// Wwww . Google . Com / Patents / US3914371 Given above, the above is incorporated by reference. The niobium carbide or boron carbide segment can be obtained byHttps :// Www3 . Nd . Edu /~ Amoukasi / Burning _ Synthesis _ Of_silicon Carbo . Pdf The combustion synthesis given in and the Study Of Silicon Carbide Formation By Liquid Silicon Infiltration By Porous Carbon Structures by Jesse C. Margiotta is incorporated by reference. Other suitable reservoir materials are non-conductive graphite (such as pyrolytic graphite or doped graphite), SiC, tantalum nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride, zirconia, alumina, AlN, AlN-BN (such as SHAPAL Hi Msoft (Tokuyama Corporation), titanium diboride and other high temperature ceramics. The reservoir can be a composite material in which the non-conducting segments are formed for a parent reservoir material such as carbon. The reservoir may comprise a material coated with a refractory electrical insulator such as SiC, zirconia or alumina. The coated material can be an electrical conductor such as carbon that is electrically insulated by the coating. In an exemplary embodiment, the carbon reservoir comprises a continuous nucleated graphite, such as Minteq Pyroid SN/CN pyrolytic graphite, which may be anisotropic, wherein the low conductivity may be in a transverse plane and the end of the reservoir The portion may be coated with a non-conductor such as SiC to prevent current from flowing along the longitudinal reservoir axis. In an embodiment, the porous SiC reservoir may be coated with carbon to seal the pores. It can be applied by vapor deposition from carbon from a source such as an electric carbon arc. As shown in Figures 2I95 through 2I147, the hemisphere 54b and the reservoir 5c can comprise a single piece. A single piece can be achieved by machining a material that loves that battery assembly into a single piece. Alternatively, a single piece in this example may initially comprise a plurality of sections, components or assemblies joined by at least one seal, which may comprise a glued or chemically bonded seal formed by a seal. Other sheets, components or components of the invention may similarly be glued or chemically bonded. Exemplary graphite gums are Aremco Products, Inc. Graphi-Bond 551RN graphite adhesive and Resbond 931 powder with Resbond 931 adhesive. The reservoir may contain a non-conducting section near the top of the hemisphere. The reservoir can be connected to the base plate. The reservoir can rest in a concave collar. At least one of the outer surface of the collar at the distal end of the top of the collar and the end of the reservoir may be threaded. A nut fastened to the thread engages the reservoir and the bottom plate. The threads can be tilted such that the rotation of the nut drags the reservoir and the bottom plate together. The threads may have opposing spacing on opposing sections having mating nut threads. The reservoir may include a sliding nut 5k14 at the end of the bottom plate 5b8, wherein the sliding nut is fastened to the externally threaded bottom ring 5k15 to form a secure joint. In an embodiment, the sliding nut can include a groove and a gasket. A sliding nut can be attached to the reservoir at the groove. The grooves can be cast or machined into cylindrical reservoir walls. An O-ring or gasket can be pressed into the groove and the sliding nut can be fastened to the externally threaded floor collar 5k15 to form a forbidden engagement. The externally threaded bottom collar can be further wedged to accommodate the reservoir. The sliding nut 5k14 fastener may further comprise a gasket 5k14a or an O-ring (such as a flexible graphite or Toyo Tanso), or a hexagonal boron nitride spacer or a ceramic rope O-ring to seal the reservoir To the bottom plate. The protrusion of the wall of the BN reservoir 5c may comprise a hexagonal boron nitride spacer. The BN gasket can be machined or poured into the wall of the BN reservoir 5c. The gasket may comprise the same material as the material of the reservoir. The gasket can be screwed onto the reservoir. The gasket can comprise a wider width, such as a width ranging from about 1 mm to 20 mm wide. The EM pump assembly 5kk collar and the nut of the slip nut may include a flange-like mounting surface for the BN gasket. The gasket can fill a cavity containing a nut, a reservoir wall, and a gasket holder for the 5kk collar of the EM pump assembly. In an exemplary embodiment, the wide threaded BN gasket is screwed onto the BN reservoir, wherein the collar and nut seat for the gasket are matched in width to create a larger gasket placement and sealing area. The BN gasket can be applied to the space filled void of the sliding nut seal with BN glue. Exemplary glues are Cotronics Durapot 810 and Cotronics Durapot 820. In order to avoid the formation of carbon-containing gaskets to form carbides such as iron carbide, parts comprising iron or other materials such as carbon-reactive metals may be coated with an inert coating such as mullite, SiC, BN, MgO, Tellurate, aluminate, ZrO or other materials of the invention. The coating may comprise a sealant such as Cotronics Resbond 920 ceramic adhesive, Cotronics Resbond 940LE ceramic adhesive or one of the present invention. The coating may comprise metals or elements that do not form carbides, wherein the elements may comprise alloying elements such as alloying elements in steel. Exemplary elements that do not form carbides in steel are Al, Co, Cu, N, Ni, and Si. Engagement members that contact carbon, such as carbon gaskets, such as nuts for threaded collars and slip nut joints, may or may be plated with a metal that does not form carbides or forms carbides that are unstable at the operating temperature of the battery, such as nickel. The joint member may be coated with a carbide-resistant forming material such as nickel. To avoid the formation of iron carbide reactions, the gasket may be a material other than carbon in the case where the gasket contacts iron or a component such as a nut containing iron. The joint component can comprise a carburized stainless steel such as Hayes 230. In an embodiment, the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise carbon such that it is compatible with a graphite sliding nut gasket, wherein the nut may also comprise carbon. At least one of the injection section of the EM pump tube 5k61 and the inlet riser 5qa may contain carbon. The carbon component can be formed by at least one of 3D printing, casting, molding, and machining. Other such chemical incompatibility should also be avoided. The gasket or O-ring may comprise a metal such as nickel, niobium or tantalum. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as one containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391) or another material of the invention. The joint between the reservoir (such as a reservoir containing BN) and the collar of the EM pump assembly 5kk (such as an EM pump assembly comprising stainless steel) may comprise a bond between the BN and a metal such as stainless steel. Chemical bond. In one embodiment, the interior of the EM pump assembly collar is BN coated, and then the BN reservoir tube is bonded to the interior of the collar by at least one of a compression joint and heating. The chemical bond can be formed by other methods known in the art, such as by "Diffusion bonding of boron nitride on metal substrates by plasma activated sintering process", Scripta Materialia, Vol. 34, No. 9, ( 1996), pages 1383 to 1386, the above is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The joint may comprise at least one of the group consisting of: diffusion bonding under applied pressure, thermal spraying or mechanical bonding, sintering bonding using P/M technology (such as sintering of ceramic powder and bonding to a metal substrate) At the same time, a thermal equilibrium pressurization (HIP) and a plasma assisted sintering (PAS) process are used to produce a good diffusion bond between the BN ceramic layer and the metal substrate when the ceramic layer is sintered. The bond between the BN reservoir and the metal EM pump assembly collar may comprise a binder, a compound or a composite ceramic having at least one of tantalum nitride-alumina and titanium nitride-alumina ceramics (such as comprising BN) Composite ceramics), BN reinforced alumina and zirconia, borosilicate glass, glass ceramics, enamel, and ceramics having titanium boride, titanium boride-aluminum nitride and tantalum carbide-boron nitride compositions. The joint may comprise a sliding nut or a filling box type of the invention. A gasket coated with a binder, compound or composite ceramic such as a hexagonal BN or alumina-phthalate fiber gasket may be chemically bonded (glued) to the surface using at least one bonding reaction condition such as heat and pressure. Roughened ceramic reservoirs (such as BN reservoirs). The gasket may comprise a hexagonal BN or cloth or tape (such as one comprising ceramic fibers) comprising a high amount of alumina and a refractory oxide (such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391), and the binder may comprise a ceramic bond such as Cotronics Resbond. A sealant for agents such as Resbond 906. In an embodiment, the seal may comprise a joint sleeve. In an embodiment, the seal may comprise Gyrolok, such as Gyrolok comprising at least one of a front ferrule, a rear ferrule, a butt seal, a body and a nut, wherein the front ferrule, the rear ferrule and the butt seal At least one of the pieces may comprise a gasket such as one of the present invention. The ferrule can be chamfered. The seal component can be chemically compatible with the gasket; for example, the component in contact with the carbon gasket can comprise nickel. The collar may include an internal taper to accommodate the reservoir to compress the gasket by the tightening of the sliding nut. The reservoir may include an outer taper to be received by the collar to compress the gasket by the tightening of the sliding nut. The collar may include an outer taper to apply tension to the O-ring by fastening of the sliding nut. The bottom plate can contain carbon. The reservoir can contain straight walls. The reservoir wall can include at least one groove for the at least one spacer. In addition to the threads on the exterior of the collar that receives the sliding nut, the EM pump tube assembly 5kk collar can be internally threaded to accommodate matching threads on the ends of a reservoir such as a reservoir containing boron nitride. The thread can be wedged. The thread can include a conduit thread. The union between the reservoir and the EM pump tube assembly 5kk collar may include an internal gasket between the inner portion of the collar and the reservoir, such as between the inner base of the collar and the end of the reservoir one of. The end of the reservoir can be wedged to retain the gasket. The taper traps the gasket between the outer wall of the reservoir and the inner wall of the collar. The gasket seal can be at the base of the reservoir. At least one of the gasket and the thread may be further sealed by a sealant such as Cotronics Resbond 920 ceramic adhesive or Cotronics Resbond 940LE ceramic adhesive. In an embodiment, the union may include a mating threaded joint. The 5kk collar of the reservoir and EM pump tube assembly can be screwed together. The sealant can be applied to the threads. Exemplary sealants are Cotronics Resbond 920 ceramic adhesive and Cotronics Resbond 940LE ceramic adhesive. The abutment or other abutting threads of the present invention can comprise a soft metal alloyed with at least one of the joined components. In an exemplary embodiment, the soft metal may form an alloy with the collar, wherein the alloy may have a high melting point. The tin metal can act as a soft metal sealant for the collar to the reservoir threads, wherein the collar can comprise at least one of nickel and iron, and the reservoir can comprise boron nitride or tantalum carbide. The collar may be coated with Sn by at least one of the following methods: immersing the collar in molten tin, vapor deposition, and electroplating. The bottom plate may include fasteners by at least one of the shims to the EM pump tube (such as a joint sleeve), such as flexible graphite or Toyo Tanso, hexagonal boron nitride or niobate shims And sealant. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as one containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391) or another material of the invention. Alternatively, the bottom plate may comprise a metal such as stainless steel or a refractory metal. The EM pump tube can be fastened to the metal base plate by welding. The base metal can be selected to match the thermal expansion of the reservoir to the joint components. The sliding nut and washer accept the difference between the expansion of the base plate and the reservoir assembly. In an embodiment, the upper slide nut may comprise graphite that engages matching threads on the graphite lower hemisphere 5b41. The EM pump assembly 5kk can comprise stainless steel. The lower sliding nut may comprise a metal such as Mo, W, Ni, Ti, or a different stainless steel type having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the EM pump assembly stainless steel (SS) such that the sliding nut remains pressed against the sliding nut spacer. An exemplary combination is 17.3×10, respectively^{- 6} m/mK and 9.9×10^{- 6} SS austenite (304) and SS ferromagnet (410) with a linear temperature expansion coefficient of m/mK. Alternatively, the sliding nut may comprise a material having a coefficient of expansion similar to that of the reservoir. In the case where the reservoir is boron nitride or tantalum carbide, the sliding nut may comprise graphite, boron nitride or tantalum carbide. At least one component of the sliding nut engagement portion, such as the threaded portion of the EM pump assembly, can include a thermally expandable groove. The thermally expandable grooves may allow for thermal expansion in a desired direction, such as narrowing the groove circumferentially and radially expanding. In one embodiment, the expansion groove is cut across the entire collar of the EM pump tube assembly 5kk. The cut can be extremely thin such that it is sealed by thermal expansion of the collar where more or less is added to achieve a seal assembly operating temperature such as about 1000 °C. Cutting can be accomplished by means such as machining, water jet cutting and laser cutting. The nut may comprise carbon, boron nitride or SiC. A type of material such as carbon or boron nitride may be selected to allow some of the nut to expand to avoid cracking at battery operating temperatures, such as temperatures ranging from about 1000 °C to 1200 °C. The number, placement and width of the grooves or cuts can be selected to match the amount of collar metal expansion at the battery operating temperature. In an embodiment, the expansion groove may be only partially extended via the collar, such as 50% to 95% of the width of the extension collar to prevent leakage of molten metal. The cutting may extend inwardly from the external thread to allow expansion of the threaded area of the collar, wherein the opposing nut threads of the sliding nut cooperate when the nut is tightened. The cutting can substantially cover a portion of the threaded collar that is covered by the nut when the nut is tightened. The cutting may be provided by pressing the entire collar of the material with the added metal liner, such as by welding, to provide an extruded or incomplete area. The metal lining added may be the same or different metals. The added material or metal can be extensible. In an embodiment, the abutment between the reservoir 5c of the boron nitride tube reservoir and the EM pump tube assembly 5kk may comprise a compression fitting. The union can include an internal threaded EM pump tube assembly collar, a double-sided threaded cylindrical insert, and a threaded end reservoir. The collar of the EM pump tube assembly 5kk may comprise a material having a first coefficient of thermal expansion, such as 400 stainless steel or 410 stainless steel. The double-sided threaded cylindrical shape may comprise a material having a second coefficient of thermal expansion that may be higher than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the collar, such as 304 stainless steel. Other material combinations are possible, such as a 304 SS or 410 SS collar with a 304 SS backplane, wherein 304 is welded in the EM pump tube 5k6; and is included in an operating temperature range such as one of about 1000 ° C to 1200 ° C Inserts of non-melting metals, metals such as Ni, Ti, Nb, Mo, Ta, Co, W, 304 SS or 400 SS, 410 SS, nickel steel (FeNi36), Inovco (F333Ni4.5Co), FeNi42 or Kovar Alloy (FeNiCo alloy). The reservoir tube can be screwed into the internal threads of the insert and the insert can be screwed into the interior of the collar. Alternatively, the insert can be screwed only to the inside and can be welded to the collar at the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk. In an embodiment, at least one of the interior of the collar, the exterior of the insert, the interior of the insert, and at least two of the reservoirs is unthreaded. In an embodiment, the insert has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the collar; therefore, the insert can expand inwardly to compress the reservoir tube for mating the insert surface and the collar surface with the reservoir surface therein At least one of the threads forms a compression seal and a thread seal. The compression insert can be formed into a tight seal by expansion to avoid creating a gap between the mating surfaces and not causing excessive pressure on the reservoir tube that can cause it to fail. In another embodiment, the union comprises a compression seal wherein the reservoir is press fit into the collar with or without a sealant. In an embodiment, at least one of the EM pump assembly-reservoir union assembly, such as at least one of a group of unthreaded collars, threaded collars, threaded inserts, and unthreaded inserts, is heated to Fit it or fit it to the corresponding component of the joint or inflate it before pressing it into the corresponding component. In an embodiment, at least one of the EM pump assembly-reservoir union assembly, such as at least one of a threaded insert, a threadless insert, and a reservoir tube, is cooled to fit or Mount it to the corresponding component of the joint or shrink it before pressing it into the corresponding component. It can be cooled to a low temperature. Cooling can be achieved by exposing the assembly to a cryogenic agent such as liquid nitrogen. The corresponding joint may include at least one of a compression fitting, a threaded fitting, and a sealing fitting. In an embodiment, a reservoir tube, such as a BN tube, can be placed in a recessed recess in the base of the EM pump assembly. In another embodiment, the water reservoir is welded or chemically bonded to the EM pump assembly substrate. BN can be bonded to the metal substrate by roughening the BN surface and allowing the weld metal to flow into the corresponding pores to bond to the metal substrate. An exemplary EM pump assembly-reservoir joint includes 410 SS, nickel steel (FeNi36), Inovco (F333Ni4.5Co), FeNi42 or Kovar alloy (FeNiCo alloy) collars, where the 304 SS backplane has 304 SS or 铌A bilaterally threaded or unthreaded insert and a mating threaded or unthreaded collar and BN reservoir, wherein the unthreaded portion may comprise a compression fitting formed by a portion of the compression fitting achieved by differential heating or cooling. The sliding nut seal can include a plurality of seals. The sliding nut seal can include a back-to-back sliding nut. The sliding nut seal can include a standard nut and a sliding nut and washer that are turned upside down. In an embodiment, the sliding nut can include an upper nut and a lower nut and a gasket sandwiched therebetween, wherein the two nuts can be screwed onto the external threads of the collar of the EM pump assembly 5kk. The pressure applied to the gasket by screwing the threads can push the gasket into the reservoir tube 5c to form a tight compression seal. The reservoir 5c can include a groove at the location of the compression pad to better accommodate the gasket and improve the seal. The seal between the reservoir and the EM pump assembly can include a gland seal or a stuffing box seal. The gasket can comprise the gasket of the present invention. The stuffing box seal may further comprise a sealer, such as a sealer comprising an inert refractory fines (such as a sealer of the present disclosure). The sealer can have a high coefficient of thermal expansion to fill the stuffing box at elevated temperatures. In an embodiment, the EM pump assembly base can replace the bottom nut of the stuffing box seal, wherein the slip nut can include an upper nut. The fill can be the circumference of the reservoir, wherein the reservoir can include a filled recess. The reservoir may further comprise a compression-filled upper flange inside the sliding nut. In an embodiment, the abutment may only include an outer threaded reservoir, such as a boron nitride reservoir that is screwed into an inner threaded collar, such as a 304 stainless steel collar. The threads of the abutment of the present invention, such as the union between the reservoir and the collar, may comprise pipe threads. The union may further comprise at least one of a thread sealant and a slip nut seal. Exemplary sealers are Cotronics Resbond 920 ceramic adhesive and Cotronics Resbond 940LE ceramic adhesive. In an embodiment, the encapsulant may comprise a soft metal alloyed with the insert or collar, wherein the alloy may have a high melting point. The tin metal can act as a soft metal sealant for the insert or collar comprising at least one of nickel and iron. At least one of the insert and the collar may be coated with Sn by at least one of a group of immersion inserts, vapor deposition, and electroplating in molten tin. In an embodiment, the union may comprise at least one of a union of the present invention, such as a threaded or a non-threaded union (such as a compression seal), and the union may further comprise a seal that includes flush Adjacent to the bottom edge of the reservoir on the substrate of the EM pump assembly. The seal between the bottom edge of the reservoir and the EM pump assembly base may further comprise a gasket, such as comprising Celmet, MoS₂ Or a cloth or chain cloth (such as a cloth or chain cloth comprising ceramic fibers comprising a high alumina and refractory oxide such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391). The union may further comprise a sliding nut connection. The reservoir tube (such as a BN reservoir tube) can include a smaller upper outer diameter (OD) and a larger lower outer diameter. In the case of a sliding nut that is threaded through the EM pump assembly collar, the sliding nut can be tightened to the EM pump assembly base by tightening against a flange containing two diameters to tighten the bottom edge of the reservoir . In another embodiment, the flange may be replaced with a fastener such as a stud that is tightened to secure the nut. The sliding nut joint including the nut, the threaded collar, and the reservoir tube may further include a gasket between the top of the flange and the interior of the nut. Flange gaskets can include Celmet, MoS₂ Or a cloth or chain cloth (such as a cloth or chain cloth comprising ceramic fibers comprising high alumina and refractory oxides such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391). An exemplary joint includes a 410 SS collar, a 410 SS substrate, a BN reservoir with flanges at the collar threads containing the smaller upper OD and a larger lower OD, a 410 SS sliding nut, and a Celmet gasket, where BN The lower edge of the reservoir abuts the base of the EM pump assembly and the abutment is secured by tightening the sliding nut against the flange as the sliding nut is screwed onto the collar. In an embodiment, the reservoir bonded by the joint at the dome 5b4 may comprise an insulator such as ceramic (such as SiC, tantalum nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride, zirconia, alumina or other high temperature ceramic). . Exemplary ceramics having the desired high melting point are magnesium oxide (MgO) (MP = 2852 ° C), zirconia (ZrO) (MP = 2715 ° C), boron nitride (BN) (MP = 2973 ° C), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂ ) (M.P.=2715°C), lanthanum boride (HfB)₂ (M.P.=3380°C), niobium carbide (HfC) (M.P.=3900°C), Ta₄ HfC₅ (M.P.=4000°C), Ta₄ HfC₅ TaX₄ HfCX₅ (4215 ° C), tantalum nitride (HfN) (M.P. = 3385 ° C), zirconium diboride (ZrB₂ (M.P.=3246°C), zirconium carbide (ZrC) (M.P.=3400°C), zirconium nitride (ZrN) (M.P.=2950°C), titanium boride (TiB)₂ (M.P.=3225°C), titanium carbide (TiC) (M.P.=3100°C), titanium nitride (TiN) (M.P.=2950°C), niobium carbide (SiC) (M.P.=2820°C), tantalum boride (TaB)₂ (MP=3040°C), tantalum carbide (TaC) (MP=3800°C), tantalum nitride (TaN) (MP=2700°C), niobium carbide (NbC) (MP=3490°C), tantalum nitride (NbN) ) (MP = 2573 ° C). The insulator reservoir 5c may include a drip edge at the top to prevent metal shorting by reflowing the molten metal. The union may include a sliding nut abutment, such as a sliding nut union of the same type as a sliding nut joint between the reservoir and the bottom plate. The sliding nut may comprise at least one of a refractory material (such as carbon, SiC, W, Ta) or another refractory metal. The ceramic reservoir can be ground by means of, for example, diamond tool grinding to form a precision surface suitable for achieving a sliding nut seal. In one embodiment of a ceramic reservoir, such as a ceramic reservoir comprising an alumina tube, at least one end of the reservoir can be threaded. Threads can be achieved by attaching a threaded collar. The threaded collar can be attached by an adhesive, adhesive or glue. The glue may comprise a ceramic glue. The joint surface of the intervening gasket or O-ring can be roughened or grooved to form a high pressure capable seal. The gasket or O-ring can be further sealed with a sealer. Niobium (such as tantalum powder or liquid helium) may be added to a gasket or O-ring containing carbon, wherein the reaction to form SiC may be carried out at a high temperature to form a chemical bond as a blocking agent. Another exemplary blocking agent is graphite gum, such as the graphite gum of the present invention. In addition to forming a shim or O-ring seal slip nut, the engagement portion can include mating threads to prevent separation of the portions due to higher reaction cell chamber pressure. The joint may further comprise a structural support between the black body radiator 5b4 and the reservoir 5c or the bottom of the bottom plate to prevent the abutment from separating under internal pressure. The structural support can include at least one clamp that holds the portions together. Alternatively, the structural support can include an end screw having an end nut that bolts the blackbody radiator and the bottom of the reservoir or base plate, wherein the blackbody radiator and the bottom of the reservoir or base plate contain structural anchors for the rod. The rod and nut may contain carbon. In an embodiment, the union may comprise at least one end flange and an O-ring or gasket seal. The union can include a sliding nut or a clamp. The sliding nut can be placed on the jointed part before the flange is formed. Alternatively, the sliding nut can comprise a metal (such as stainless steel or refractory metal) welded together from at least two parts around at least one of the reservoir and the collar. In one embodiment, at least one of the reservoir 5c of the blackbody radiator 5b4 and the bottom collar and the reservoir and the bottom plate - the EM pump - the injector assembly 5kk can be threaded (which can be reversed At least one of the ends of the reservoir and the sliding nut are coupled to each other with an opposite pitch. At least one of the threaded thread, the nut of the sliding nut, and the nut runner can be glued by the glue of the present invention, such as SiC which can be formed from carbon or carbon glue. In one embodiment, a less conductive or insulating reservoir (such as SiC or B)₄ C reservoir) replaceable carbon reservoir. The insulating reservoir may comprise (i) at least one of a top connection to the lower hemisphere 5b41 or the one-piece black body radiator dome 5b4 and (ii) a reservoir bottom, wherein the reservoir and the reservoir The bottom of the unit is a one-piece piece. The SiC reservoir can be bonded to the lower carbon hemisphere by at least one of a gasket and a sealant comprising ruthenium, wherein the fluorenone can react with carbon to form SiC. Other blocking agents known in the art can also be used. The bottom of the reservoir may contain threaded penetrations for EM pump tube fasteners, such as Swagelok fasteners. The bottom of the reservoir can be a separate part, such as a base plate that can contain metal. The metal base plate may comprise a welded joint of the EM pump tube at the penetration. The bottom plate may include a threaded collar that is coupled to a mating fastener of the reservoir, such as a sliding nut. The collar can be tapered to accommodate the reservoir. The collar wedge can be inside. The end of the reservoir can be wedged. The reservoir wedge can be externally received within the collar. The fastener may comprise a gasket such as Grapho or Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso), hexagonal boron nitride or niobate gasket. The gasket or O-ring may comprise a metal such as nickel, niobium or tantalum. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as CelmetTM containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391), or another material of the invention. The fastening of the sliding nut applies compression to the gasket. In an embodiment, the blackbody radiator 5b4 may comprise a unitary piece (such as a dome) or may comprise an upper hemisphere 5b42 and a lower hemisphere 5b41. The dome 5b4 or the lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise at least one threaded collar at the base. The threads can cooperate with the reservoir 5c. The union and reservoir of the collar may include external threads that are screwed onto the reservoir in the internal threads of the collar or vice versa. The joint may further comprise a gasket. Alternatively, the union may include a sliding nut that is threaded onto the reservoir on the outer thread on the collar. The collar may include an inner wedge that receives the reservoir at the end. The joint may comprise a gasket such as Grapho or Perma-Foil (Toyo Tanso), hexagonal boron nitride or niobate gasket, pressed MoS₂ Or WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as CelmetTM containing Co, Ni or Titanium, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), ceramic rope or other high temperature gasket materials known to those skilled in the art, such as cloth or chain cloth (such as containing ceramics) A cloth or chain of fibers comprising high alumina and refractory oxides such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391). The gasket can be placed at the joint between the reservoir and the collar. The reservoir can contain such as SiC, B₄ C or a non-conductor of alumina. The reservoir can be cast or machined. The dome or lower hemisphere may contain carbon. The sliding nut may comprise a refractory material such as carbon, SiC, W, Ta or other refractory metal or material such as the refractory metal or material of the present invention. The reservoir can be further attached to the floor assembly at the end of the EM pump. The union can comprise the same type as at the end of the blackbody radiator. The base plate assembly can include (i) a union collar that can be internally or externally threaded to mate with a mating threaded reservoir, (ii) can be internally wedged at the end to accommodate the reservoir and threaded externally to a union collar mated with a sliding nut, (iii) a bottom of the reservoir, and (iv) an EM pump tube assembly in which the penetrating member can be joined by a weld. The base plate assembly and the sliding nut may comprise stainless steel. In an embodiment, a sliding nut can be attached to the reservoir at the flange or groove. The grooves can be cast or machined into a cylindrical reservoir wall. Both the reservoir and the collar may include a flange on at least one end, wherein the union includes a mating flange of the engagement part and the clamp (which bypasses the flange and drags it together when tightened) O-ring or gasket between. In another embodiment, the sealing or engagement, such as sealing or engagement between the reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5kk, may comprise a wet or cold seal (Fig. 2I139). The wet seal can have a wet seal design of a molten carbonate fuel cell. The wet seal can include a mating flange on each of the parts to be joined that forms a passage for the molten metal to fill such as the reservoir flange 5k17 and the EM pump assembly collar flange 5k19. In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2I140, the EM pump assembly collar flange 5k19 can be at least one of: (i) mated with the reservoir support plate 5b8, (ii) including a reservoir The support plates 5b8, and (iii) comprise a base of the reservoir support plate 5b8 and the EM pump assembly 5kk1 (which includes the inlet and outlet of the EM pump tube 5k4). The reservoir support plate 5b8 can be supported by a post 5b82 anchored to the support substrate 5b83. In one embodiment, the wet seal cooler 5k18 includes a cooler of at least one of the perimeter of the reservoir support plate 5b8 and the support column 5b82 that can dissipate the perimeter of the reservoir support plate 5b8. At least one of the reservoir flange 5k17, the reservoir support plate 5b8, the EM pump collar flange 5k19, the collarless EM pump flange 5k19, the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk1, and the reservoir 5c are inclined The reservoir design can be tilted. The flange can be engaged with fasteners such as jaws, bolts, screws, fasteners of the present invention, and fasteners known to those skilled in the art. At least one of the fastener penetration member, the reservoir flange 5k17, and the EM pump assembly collar flange 5k19 may include any seat for the differential expansion wet seal portion and the mount (such as the reservoir support plate 5b8) The structure of the frame. The wet seal coolant loop 5k18 passage can be radially extended such that the passage extension zone can be maintained at a temperature below the melting point of the molten metal, such as below 962 ° C in the case of silver. The wet seal region of the cured metal may include areas that contact the fastener (such as the bolt 5k20) to avoid leakage at the fastener. The bolt may comprise carbon and may further comprise a carbon gasket (such as a Perma-Foil or Graphoil gasket) to act as an expansion liner. In an exemplary embodiment, the wet seal may comprise a collar flange on the reservoir 5c, such as a boron nitride tube, which may be a collar flange glued onto the collar of the EM pump assembly 5kk and Screw on at least one of the collar flange and the welded collar flange. A wet seal flange (such as a flange of a ceramic reservoir) can be at least screwed and glued to a cylindrical reservoir (such as a BN reservoir) by at least a flange plate (such as a BN flange plate) One is formed. Exemplary glues are Cotronics Durapot 810 and Cotronics Durapot 820. Alternatively, a wet seal flange (such as a flange of a ceramic reservoir) can be formed by at least one of molding, hot pressing, and machining a ceramic such as BN. BN components, such as at least one of the reservoir 5c, the gasket, and the reservoir flange 5k17, can be fabricated by hot pressing of the BN powder and subsequent machining. Boron oxide can be added to the portion made of boron nitride powder for better compression. Other BN additives that change BN characteristics (such as thermal expansion, compressibility, and tensile strength and compressive strength) to their desired properties are CaO, B₂ O₃ SiO₂ AUO₃ , SiC, ZrO₂ And AlN. The boron nitride film can be produced by chemical vapor deposition from boron trichloride and a nitrogen precursor. Boron nitride grades HBC and HBT contain no binder and can be used up to 3000 °C. The outer edge of the channel may comprise a circumferential concentric band. The belt may include a circumferential edge of the EM pump assembly collar flange in which the BN flange is placed. The channel can be cooled to maintain a solid metal to the perimeter of the inlet of the channel and the molten metal. The joint cooling system can include a joint cooling system of the present invention, such as a joint cooling system that includes a liquid or gas coolant or radiator. The joint can be cooled at the perimeter by at least one coolant circuit 5k18. The coolant circuit 5k18 may include a line from the EM pump cooling heat exchanger 5k1, a coolant line 5k11 or a cold plate 5k12. The joint can be cooled at the perimeter by at least one heat sink, such as a radiator or convection or conductive fins. The joint can be cooled at the perimeter by at least one heat pipe. An exemplary wet seal cooler includes a copper tube coolant loop 5k18, wherein the coolant can comprise water. At least one of the flanges can have a circumferential groove that acts as a passage for the circumferential cooling circuit. The cooling circuit can be radially inward relative to a circumferential fastener, such as a bolt, to solidify the molten metal radially inward from the bolt. In an embodiment, the EM pump assembly collar flange 5k19 and the reservoir flange 5k17 may be wide enough such that the temperature at the perimeter of the seal is lower than the melting point of the molten metal, such that the coolant circuit 5k18 is not necessary of. The EM pump assembly collar flange 5k19 can include a reservoir support plate 5k8. The reservoir can be tilted to a horizontal reservoir flange 5k17. In other embodiments the flanges 5k17 and 5k19 and the reservoir 5c can be at any desired angle relative to each other to achieve sealing and to spray molten metal into the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In one embodiment, the material and thickness of the flanges (such as 5k17 and 5k19) can be measured for heat transfer and thereby cooled. In an exemplary embodiment, the reservoir flange 5k17 is directly mated with a plate comprising a reservoir support plate 5b8, an EM pump flange 5k19 and an EM pump assembly base 5kk, the EM pump assembly base further comprising an EM pump The inlet and outlet of the EM pump tube 5k4, and the reservoir flange 5k17 contains a BN having a high thermal conductivity. The thickness and width of the plate 5k17 and the mating plate 5k19 can be selected to provide sufficient cooling to maintain a wet seal. The seal may further comprise a cooler of the invention, such as a coolant circuit 5k18 embedded in the perimeter of at least one of the flanges 5k17 and 5k19. The plate 5k17 may comprise a collar with a tiltable attached reservoir 5c. The reservoir may be attached to the plate flange 5k17 by at least one of molding machining, screwing, and gluing. In an embodiment, the slanted/tilted reservoir may comprise a length suitable to cause a desired separation of the wet seal at the base of the reservoir. The wet seal can include a Faraday cage that covers the solidified metal portion to reduce heating of the portion. The wet-sealed mating flanges, fasteners, and any other components may include materials having low absorbance for RF from inductively coupled heaters, such as Mo and BN. The wet-sealed cooling circuit can at least cool the wet seal and can include a larger cooling system (such as further cooling the reservoir 5c, the EM pump magnet 5k4, the EM pump tube 5k6, and at least one of the other EM pumps or battery assemblies) Branch. The wet seal cooling system can include at least one cooling circuit, at least one pump, at least one temperature sensor, and a coolant flow controller. In an embodiment, the mating flange seal may comprise a gasket. The gasket forms a seal between the bolting flanges. The gasket can include a male component that is sealed to the female component. The BN gasket can include a protrusion of the BN reservoir flange 5k17, wherein the BN gasket can include a male gasket assembly. The gasket may comprise another gasket of the invention, such as an alumina-tantalate ceramic plate gasket. In another embodiment, the reservoir ceramic (such as BM) can comprise at least one of a metallized ceramic or a hardened seal of a metal EM pump assembly 5kk collar. Exemplary metallization materials and brazing include Ag, Ag-Cu, Cu, Mo-Mn, W-Mn, Mo-W-Mn, Mo-Mn-Ti, Cu-based alloys, Ni-based alloys, Ag-based alloys, Au At least one of a base alloy, a Pd-based alloy, and an active metal brazing alloy. In one embodiment of the sliding nut seal, at least one of the nut, the threaded coating on the nut, and the inner portion of the filler of the nut comprises a higher melting point than the molten metal formed by the reservoir molten metal (such as silver). The components of the alloy. The filling may comprise a powder or a cladding, such as a metal powder or a cladding. The seal may comprise a stuffing box type seal wherein the sealant comprises a fill or cladding. The blocking agent can comprise a gasket comprising an element. The element may include at least one of Pt, rare earth, Er, Gd, Dy, Ho, Pd, Si, Y, and Zr. In an embodiment, the seal may comprise a reverse slip nut design (Fig. 141), wherein the nut 5k21 is screwed onto the inside of the EM pump assembly 5kk collar, and the reservoir tube 5c is in the collar 5k15 of the EM pump assembly 5kk The outer portion slides upward, and the spacer 5k14a is located on the inner circumference of the reservoir tube 5c. Exemplary gaskets and reservoir tubes contain boron nitride. The EM pump assembly 5kk can comprise stainless steel. The reverse sliding nut seal may further comprise a compression retaining sleeve 5k16 (such as a compression retaining sleeve comprising W, Mo or C) that resists the expansion force (such as thermal expansion force) of the collar 5k15 and the reservoir 5c. The seal may further comprise Reverse compression type seal (Figure 142). In an exemplary embodiment, the EM pump assembly collar 5k15 expands against the reservoir tube 5c as the temperature increases from room temperature. The material of the reservoir and EM pump assembly collar can be selected to have a desired coefficient of thermal expansion to achieve a compression seal without damaging the reservoir tube. In one embodiment of the reverse compression type seal, the seal further includes a compression retaining sleeve 5k16 around the reservoir tube 5c to increase the tensile strength of the tube. The compression retaining sleeve 5k16 can have a desired low coefficient of thermal expansion to prevent the reservoir 5c from rupturing due to internal expansion of the EM pump assembly collar 5k15. The exemplary compression retaining sleeve 5k16 can comprise a refractory material such as W, Mo or C. An exemplary compression seal can comprise at least one of thin walled collars 5k16 comprising stainless steel having a low coefficient of thermal expansion, such as 410 SS, nickel steel (FeNi36), Inovco (F333Ni4.5Co), FeNi42 or Kovar (FeNiCo) Alloy) to reduce thermal expansion to prevent cracking of the BN reservoir 5c and the graphite compression retaining sleeve 5k16. The seal can include at least one of a reverse slip nut and a compression seal. In an embodiment, the joint (such as at least one of a reverse sliding nut and a compression seal) may further comprise a threaded portion, such as an EM pump sleeve that is screwed into the interior of the outer reservoir tube with a compression seal The outside of the ring. In an embodiment, the threaded crown can be lowered in height relative to the threaded recess to include an expansion joint along the compression joint contact area. The bottom plate and EM pump portion can be assembled to include a bottom plate-EM pump-injector assembly 5kk (Fig. 2I98 and Fig. 2I147). In the case of a dual molten metal injector embodiment, the generator includes two electrically isolated backplane-EM pump-injector assemblies. Electrical isolation can be achieved by physically separating the two assemblies. Alternatively, the two assemblies are electrically isolated by electrical insulation between the assemblies. The nozzles of the dual liquid ejector embodiment can be aligned. The reservoir can be placed upside down or in an inverted position, and the metal acting as a molten metal can be added to the reaction cell chamber via the open end of at least one of the reservoirs. The bottom plate-EM pump-injector assembly can then be connected to a reservoir. This connection can be achieved by the connector of the present invention, such as a wet seal, compression or slip nut collar connector. The bottom plate-EM pump-injector assembly can comprise at least one of stainless steel or a refractory metal such as at least one of Mo and W. Portions of the EM pump tube, such as the connector, the bottom of the reservoir, the nozzle, the bottom plate, and the mating collar, may be welded and fastened together. The fastener can include a threaded joint. The two substrate plates 5b8 of the dual melt ejector embodiment may be fabricated by electrically insulating plates (such as ceramic plates such as SiC, SiN, BN, BN+Ca, B).₄ C, alumina or zirconia plates) are joined by means of fasteners such as bolts to form a single reservoir structural support which can be made of columns (such as ceramic columns or electrically insulated 410 SS, nickel steel (FeNi36), Inovco (F333Ni4) .5Co), FeNi42 or Kovar (FeNiCo alloy) column is raised to attenuate the thermal expansion effect. The column can contain tubes to attenuate thermal expansion effects. In an embodiment, the reservoir support plate 5b8 may include a single or multiple pieces with brackets to form a continuous plate to avoid thermal deformation. The reservoir structural support may be a column that may include a tube to attenuate the thermal expansion effect (such as a ceramic column or an electrically insulating 410 SS, a nickel steel (FeNi36), an Inovco (F333Ni4.5Co), a FeNi42 or a Kovar alloy (FeNiCo alloy) column). high. In an embodiment, the SunCell® includes a reservoir position adjustment system or a reservoir regulator to control the alignment of the molten metal injector. In one embodiment comprising a dual molten metal injector, the SunCell® comprises means for aligning the length of the column supporting the reservoir support plate 5b8 with the nozzle 5q such that the two melt streams intersect. The SunCell® can include a reservoir support plate actuator, such as at least one of a mechanical actuator, a pneumatic actuator, a hydraulic actuator, an electrical actuator, and a piezoelectric actuator, such as the present invention. Reservoir support plate actuator. The nozzle may lose alignment due to the differential expansion of the reservoir support post when the battery is heated. In order to avoid misalignment caused by thermal expansion, the column may comprise a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion, such as a refractory material. The column may be insulated and cooled to prevent it from expanding. The SunCell® can include a column cooler such as a heat exchanger or a conductive or convection cooling component. Cooling can be achieved by conducting heat along the column to the heat sink. The SunCell® can include members that align the nozzles by selectively controlling the length of the columns that support the reservoir support plate by at least one of controlling and causing thermal differential expansion or contraction between different columns. 5b8. The SunCell® may include at least one or more column heaters and column coolers to selectively and differentially heat or cool the reservoir support column such that the length is selectively varied by expansion or contraction such that the injector alignment. In an embodiment, the SunCell® includes a reservoir position adjustment system or a reservoir regulator, such as a mechanical regulator, such as a push rod adjuster that can penetrate the housing 5b3a. The push-pull can be provided by a threaded mechanism acting on the rod at the wall of the housing 5b3a. The adjuster can provide movement along or around at least one axis. The adjuster can have the ability to push or pull at least one of the reservoirs vertically or horizontally or to rotate them about the x-axis, the y-axis, or the z-axis. Adjustments can be made to optimally intersect the molten metal flow of the dual molten metal injectors. In one embodiment where the reservoir and EM pump assembly can be securely coupled by means such as a wet seal, the reservoir can be rotated at the joint of the reservoir 5c having the lower hemisphere 5b41. The center axis of the reservoir 5c and the central axis of the EM pump assembly 5kk with the nozzles can be along the same axis. An exemplary connector that permits rotation of the BN reservoir is a sliding nut connector that includes a BN reservoir 5c, a graphite lower hemisphere 5b41, a graphite gasket, and a graphite nut. Both h-BN and graphite may contain a lubricant. The connections of the EM pump (such as the current 5k2 and the junction of the ignition 5k2a busbar) may include components such as joints or pivots to cause the reservoir to rotate sufficiently to cause alignment of the jetted molten metal stream. The bus bar can at least partially include stacked sheets or cables (such as braided cables) to permit alignment motion. In an embodiment, adjusting the EM pump current while controlled by the controller controls the vertical position of the flow, and the lateral position of the flow can be controlled by the reservoir regulator. In one embodiment in which the reservoir is securely fixed, the alignment can be implemented as a service operation in which the SunCell® is partially disassembled, the nozzles are aligned, and the SunCell® is reassembled. In embodiments including a dual molten metal injector, the track of the molten metal stream from one nozzle may be in a first plane, and the plane of the orbit of the molten metal stream from the second nozzle may be in two flutes surrounding the first plane A second plane in which at least one of the Cartesian axes rotates. The streams can approach each other along an inclined path. In an embodiment, the track of the molten metal flow of the first nozzle is in the yz plane, and the second nozzle is movable laterally from the yz plane and rotated toward the yz plane such that the streams are obliquely approaching. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the track of the molten metal flow of the first nozzle is in the yz plane, and the orbit of the molten metal flow of the second nozzle is in a plane defined by the rotation of the yz plane about the z-axis such that the second nozzle It can be moved laterally from the yz plane and rotated towards the yz plane such that the streams are obliquely close. In an embodiment, the trajectory intersections at the first flow height and the second flow height are each adjusted to cause intersection. In one embodiment, the outlet tube of the second EM pump is offset from the outlet tube of the first EM pump sleeve, and the nozzle of the second EM pump is directed toward the nozzle of the first EM pump such that the melt streams are obliquely close to each other and the flows intersect. This is achieved by adjusting the relative height of the flow. The flow height can be controlled by a controller such as one of the EM pump currents that control at least one EM pump. In an embodiment comprising two nozzles of two injectors initially aligned in the same yz plane, the relative tilting trajectory of the jet molten metal stream that intersects the jets is achieved by at least one corresponding reservoir 5c This is achieved by at least one of a slight rotation about the z-axis and an operation of slightly bending the nozzle translated from the yz plane by rotating towards the yz plane. The inductively coupled heater antenna 5f, such as a pie portion, can be bent non-planar to accommodate the corresponding EM pump sleeve 5k6. Rotate other components and connectors as needed. For example, the EM pump magnet 5k4 can also be rotated to maintain its vertical position relative to the EM pump sleeve 5k6. In another embodiment, the injection system can include a field source such as a source of at least one of a magnetic field and an electric field that deflects at least one stream of molten metal to achieve alignment of the jets. At least one of the injected molten metal streams may be deflected by Lorentz force due to movement of the corresponding conductor via the applied magnetic field and a force between at least one of a current such as a Hall and an ignition current and the applied magnetic field. . The deflection can be controlled by controlling at least one of magnetic field strength, molten metal flow rate, and ignition current. The magnetic field may be provided by at least one of a permanent magnet, an electromagnet (which may be cooled), and a superconducting magnet. The magnetic field strength can be controlled by controlling the current to control at least one of a distance between the magnet and the melt stream and a magnetic field strength. Measuring the ignition current or resistance determines the best intersection. Optimal alignment is achieved when the current is maximized at a set voltage or minimum resistance. A controller that can include at least one of a programmable logic controller and a computer can be optimized. In an embodiment, each of the reservoirs may include a heater such as an inductively coupled heater to maintain a reservoir metal such as silver in at least the activated molten state. The generator may further comprise a heater surrounding the black body radiator to prevent the molten metal, such as silver, from adhering at least during startup. In embodiments where the black body radiator 5b4 heater is not required, black body radiators such as 5b41 and 5b42 may comprise materials to which they are not adhered with molten metal such as silver. Non-adhesion can occur at temperatures reached by heat transfer from the heater of the reservoir 5c. The black body radiator may contain carbon and may be heated to a temperature at or above the molten metal such as silver that did not adhere before the EM pump was started. In an embodiment, the blackbody radiator is heated by the reservoir heater during startup. The black body radiator 5b4 wall may be sufficiently thick to allow heat transfer from the reservoir to the black body radiator, thereby allowing the black body radiator to achieve at least one of a temperature above the molten metal adhered to the black body radiator and greater than a melting point of the molten metal. temperature. In one embodiment, an inductively coupled heater (ICH) antenna that is proximate to the heated battery assembly (such as wound around the reservoir 5c) is well thermally insulated from the battery assembly, with RF radiation from the ICH penetrating the insulator. The thermal insulator reduces the heat flow from the battery assembly to the coolant of the ICH antenna to the desired flow rate. The system further includes a startup power/energy source such as a battery such as a lithium ion battery. Alternatively, an external power source such as a gate power source for startup may be provided via a connection from an external power source to the generator. The connector can include a power output bus. In an embodiment, the black body radiator may be heated by an external radiant heater such as at least one heat lamp during startup. The heat lamp can be external to the PV converter 26a and can provide radiation via removal of a panel in the PV converter. Alternatively, the blackbody radiator can be heated during startup and the heater can be removed after the battery is continuously operated and sufficient screen is created to maintain the reaction cell chamber 5b31 at a sufficient temperature to maintain the hydrino reaction. In the case where the inductively coupled heater is inefficient in heating a reservoir such as a ceramic reservoir (such as a BN or SiC reservoir), the reservoir may comprise a refractory covering capable of effectively absorbing radiation from the inductively coupled heater Or sleeve. An exemplary RF of the absorbing sleeve contains carbon. The generator may include, for example, a machine (such as a rack and pinion, a screw, a linear gear, and others known in the art) for applying and retracting at least one of a heater coil and a storage heater coil, pneumatically, hydraulically, and An actuator 5f1 of at least one of the electromagnetic systems. The electromagnetic actuator can include a speaker mechanism. Pneumatic and hydraulic can include pistons. The heater antenna can include a flexible section that allows for telescoping. An exemplary flexible antenna is a copper braided wire braided Teflon sleeve. In an embodiment, the outer pressure vessel 5b3a can include a concave chamber that houses the retracted antenna. The inductively coupled heater antenna 5f can include a movable section. The inductively coupled heater may include at least one coil 5f (Fig. 2I84 to Fig. 2I152) that is retractable by each of the reservoirs. The coil may comprise a shape or geometry that effectively applies the screen to the reservoir. The exemplary shape is for a bracket of a cylindrical reservoir or an adjustable clamshell. The carrier can apply RF power to the corresponding reservoir during heating and thereafter can contract. Each of the brackets may comprise a pie-shaped coil and is attached to a common pie-shaped coil oriented in a plane parallel to the plane formed by the EM pump sleeve of the EM pump 5kk under its base. Each of the tray pie coils can be attached to the common pie coil by a flexible or expandable antenna segment. A common pie coil can be attached to an inductively coupled heater capacitor box mountable on the actuator. Alternatively, each of the brackets can be attached to a corresponding capacitor box and an inductively coupled heater, or two separate capacitor boxes can be connected to a common inductively coupled heater. At least one of the tray pie coil, the common pie coil, the common capacitor box, and the split capacitor box can be mounted or attached to the actuator to achieve the act of storing the antenna after startup. In an embodiment, a heater such as an inductively coupled heater includes a single retractable coil 5f (Fig. 2I93 to Fig. 2I94, Fig. 2I134 to Fig. 2I135, and Fig. 2I148 to Fig. 2I152). The coil may be around the circumference of at least one of the reservoirs 5c. The heater may comprise a single multi-crimp coil around the two reservoirs 5c. The heater can contain a low frequency heater such as a 15 kHz heater. The frequency of the heater can be in at least one of about 1 kHz to 100 kHz, 1 kHz to 25 kHz, and 1 kHz to 20 kHz. A single coil can be telescopic along the vertical axis of the reservoir. The coil 5f can be moved along the vertical axis by an actuator driven by an actuator such as one of the present invention (such as pneumatic, hydraulic, electromagnetic, mechanical) or a servo motor. The coils can be moved by mechanical means known to those skilled in the art, such as screws, racks and gears, and pistons. Actuator components such as gear teeth or glide members that are mechanically moved above each other can be used, for example, hexagonal boron nitride, MoS₂ Or graphite high temperature lubricant lubrication. Others are talc, calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, tungsten disulfide, soft metals (indium, lead, silver, tin), polytetrafluoroethylene, some solid oxides, rare earth fluorides and diamonds. The coil can be mounted to the actuator at one or more side or end positions or other suitable locations that permit the desired movement without overloading the actuator. The antenna can be connected to the screen feeder via a flexible antenna section to allow for movement. In an embodiment, the inductively coupled heater includes a splitting unit having a transmitter assembly separate from the remainder of the heater. The separate transmitter component can include a capacitor/RF transmitter. The capacitor/RF transmitter can be mounted on the actuator. The capacitor/RF transmitter can be connected to the remainder of the heater by flexible wires and cooling lines in the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1. These lines can pass through the wall of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a. The capacitor/RF transmitter can be mounted on an actuator connected to the RF antenna, wherein the antenna is also mounted on the actuator. The capacitor can be mounted in a cooled enclosure. The box may contain a heat reflective coating. The enclosure can act as a mounting fixture. The box can contain mounting brackets for rails and other drive mechanisms. Inductively coupled heaters may include parallel resonant model heaters that use a long heater such as a 6 to 12 meter long heater. A heat exchanger such as a cooling plate can be mounted on the capacitor/RF transmitter with cooling provided by the antenna cooling line. The actuator may be driven by an electric servo motor or a gear motor controlled by a controller that is responsive to a temperature distribution input to obtain a desired generator assembly such as a reservoir 5c, an EM pump, a lower hemisphere 5b41, and an upper hemisphere 5b42. Temperature Distribution. In one embodiment, a heater such as an inductively coupled heater comprises a single retractable coil 5f (Fig. 2I93 to Fig. 2I94, Fig. 2I134 to Fig. 2I135, and Fig. 2I148 to Fig. 2I152) surrounding a battery assembly that is desired to be heated A circumference, such as at least one of a black body radiator 5b4, a reservoir 5c, and at least a portion of an EM pump assembly such as an EM pump sleeve 5k6. In an embodiment, the heater can be fixed during heating. The geometry and coil turns density can be configured to selectively apply the desired heating power to each battery component or region of each battery component to achieve a desired temperature range of components or zones, such as in the range of 970 °C to 1200 °C. Due to previous heating calibration and heater design, monitoring of the temperature of a limited number of points on the battery provides the temperature of the point monitored on the battery. In an embodiment, heater power and heating duration may be controlled to achieve a desired temperature range, where temperature monitoring may not be required. Controlling at least one of the molten metal pumping to the reaction cell chamber and the application of ignition power can control the heating of the black body radiator. A temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or optical temperature sensor that provides input to a temperature controller can monitor the black body radiator temperature. An exemplary optical temperature sensor that can be scanned is Ω iR2P. Alternatively, the timing sequence of EM pumping and ignition power and inductively coupled heating power can be used to achieve a desired battery temperature profile, such as where the temperature of the battery component in contact with the molten metal is above one of the melting points of the metal. Simultaneously heating the heater coil 5f of the desired battery assembly may allow elimination of at least one of the heat transfer block 5k7, the particle insulator, the particle insulator reservoir 5e1, and the control system to perform vertical movement of the heater and control heating when the heater is vertically moved. At least one of the power levels. The magnet of the inductively coupled heater 5k4 may include an RF shield and at least one of sufficiently cool water provided by a cooling system, such as a cooling system including an EM pump coolant line 5k11 and an EM pump cold plate 5k12, to prevent the magnet from overheating The point of magnetization loss caused by the heat applied by the level of the EM pump casing 5k6. The RF shield can comprise a multilayer RF reflective material such as a highly conductive material, such as Al, Cu or Ag, which can comprise a metal foil or screen. In an embodiment, the inductively coupled heater shield may comprise a magnetic material to attenuate magnetic flux incident on the EM pump magnet. Exemplary magnetic materials include Permalloy or high-resistance high-permeability alloys (Mu-Metal), such as nickel-based metals with high magnetic permeability, such as about 300,000 permeation at low saturation levels. The rate of metal. In embodiments where the applied magnetic field strength of the heater is high, the magnetic material may comprise a relatively high saturation material such as a magnetic metal such as carbon steel or nickel. In one embodiment, the magnetic material may have a negative for the permanent magnetic field lines of the permanent EM pump magnet due to the permanent magnetic field being absorbed by the shield metal and the permanent magnetic field being attenuated in the liquid metal in the EM pump casing. Minimize the design and penetration rate of the impact. In another embodiment, the shield comprises a Faraday cage 5k1a (Fig. 2I115) comprising a high conductivity metal, such as copper, surrounding the intended shielded component, such as the EM pump magnet 5k4. A Faraday cage member 5ka1 such as a panel may be secured with a fastener such as a highly conductive screw 5k1b (such as a copper screw). In an embodiment, the Faraday cage 5k1a does not affect the static magnetic field of the permanent magnet 5k4 so that the cage can completely enclose the magnet. The Faraday cage can be cooled. Cooling can be provided by EM pump cold plate 5k12 and EM pump coolant line 5k11. In an embodiment, the cold plate may comprise a design to cool a concentrating PV cell, such as a concentrating PV cell comprising a microchannel. In an embodiment, each magnet may comprise a separate Faraday cage (Fig. 2I116). The wall thickness of the Faraday cage may be greater than the penetration depth of the RF emission of the inductively coupled heater. In one embodiment, the inductive heating frequency has a penetration depth of less than 0.3 mm; therefore, the cage wall may be thicker than 0.3 mm for increasing the wall thickness and increasing the shielding of the shield. In an embodiment, the EM pump magnet 5k4 may include a yoke 5k5 or a trapezoidal magnet that directs magnetic flux through the EM pump sleeve 5k6, and may further comprise a magnetic circuit, wherein the magnet 5k4 and the magnet cooling system 5k1 may be located at a center such as The position of the portion of the EM pump casing 5k6 outside the collector 5c. The magnetic circuit may include a yoke that directs the magnetic flux across the current at the location of the EM pump rod body 5k2. In an embodiment, the magnet 5k4 may comprise a conical magnet that enriches the high magnetic field along the x-axis via the wall of the EM pump casing 5k6 with current flowing along the z-axis and the pump flowing along the y-axis. In an embodiment, an EM pump busbar such as at least one of 5k2 and 5k3 may comprise a highly conductive conductor, such as Mo, capable of operating at high temperatures. The magnetic circuit may comprise an EM pump magnet 5k4, a core comprising a highly permeable material, which may further comprise a gap in its section, a circuit for the EM pump sleeve 5k6 and an EM pump sleeve at the gap The tube 5k6 causes the magnetic flux to enrich the magnet between the yokes. The core may comprise an upward C-shaped permeable material such as ferrite iron, wherein the gap is in the opening of C. In another embodiment, the EM pump includes a stator having a plurality of windings and at least one cylindrical conduit containing molten metal to be pumped. In an exemplary embodiment, a stator having three pairs of helical windings produces a rotating torsional magnetic field. The axial thrust and the resulting rotational torque act on the molten metal in the cylindrical conduit. In an embodiment, the inductively coupled heater coil 5f may further include a concentrator to enhance the electromagnetic field in the desired region by increasing the corresponding current in the region of the battery assembly or battery assembly. Exemplary concentrators can include high frequency ferrite iron and low frequency gasket steel. A concentrator can be used to achieve the desired temperature distribution of the battery. In embodiments that include a battery assembly that is desired to be heated but does not include materials that are easily coupled to the RF power of the inductively coupled heater, the assembly may be coated with an RF absorbing material such as carbon. The cladding may contain split or expanded gaps to accommodate expansion of different thermal coefficients. The exemplary embodiment includes a cylindrical BN reservoir 5c that is coated with a cylindrical graphite sleeve that is separated to accommodate differential thermal expansion. In an embodiment, the water-coolable inductively coupled heater antenna coil 5f may comprise a portion of a coil or coil that is circumferential for at least one of the two reservoirs and a circumference of at least a portion of the blackbody radiator 5b4. The coil may further comprise at least one pie coil. The plane of the pie coil can be parallel to the plane of the EM pump casing outside the reservoir. The pie coil can be placed along at least one side of the outer portion of the EM pump sleeve. The pie coil can heat the two EM pump sleeves. Alternatively, the antenna 5f may comprise a plurality of pie coils, wherein the pie coils may individually or collectively heat the respective EM pump sleeves. The pie coil can be stretched along the vertical axis of the generator. The pie coil can be telescoped with the reservoir coil and can be part of the reservoir coil. The antenna can include a plurality of separate components. The antenna may comprise two antennas each comprising a pair of pie coils. The two pie coils may each comprise an upper coil that heats a portion of the blackbody radiator and at least one of the reservoirs. The upper pie coil can be fitted around the heated surface. The exemplary shapes are respectively a C-shape surrounding the bottom of the spherical or elliptical black body radiator and a U-shape surrounding the cylindrical reservoir. The coil can be telescoped along a plurality of axes, such as the horizontal axis and then the vertical axis, for storage after startup. The actuator can move each antenna 5f along such an axis to achieve storage. The connecting portion of the antenna may comprise a flexible water conduit line, such as a flexible metal sleeve, such as a telescoping sleeve. The sleeve can comprise copper. In an embodiment, the pie or other coil 5f can comprise at least one flexible section. The flexible section may allow the coil to contract around a battery assembly such as an EM pump magnet 5k4, a yoke 5k5 or a protrusion on a Faraday cage that houses at least one magnet that optionally includes a magnetic flux concentrating yoke. Alternatively, the EM pump may comprise at least one of a movable yoke (such as a yoke slidable outside the Faraday cage) and a movable magnet 5k4 on the track to facilitate the pie coil Telescopic. In an embodiment, a section of the heating assembly of the EM pump sleeve 5k6 at the region of the EM pump ignition busbar 5k2a may be selectively heated by the inductively coupled heater antenna 5f by including a portion of its coil proximate the component At least one of the antennas and by a component comprising a material that is preferably coupled to the RF field, such as stainless steel or a magnetic steel above the molybdenum. Similar materials can be attached with the transition of the magnetic metal. Exemplary attachments are welds and bolt and nut fasteners. The EM pump ignition busbar 5k2a may comprise stainless steel welded to a stainless steel pump casing 5k6 and a magnetic steel welded or fastened to the stainless steel portion of the EM pump ignition busbar 5k2a. In an embodiment, the ignition bus bar 5k2a can be attached to the bottom plate 5b8. The antenna coil 5f can include at least one coiled loop, wherein the coil loop can be reversibly extended and telescopic such that the coil can be folded in close proximity to the battery to achieve good RF power coupling and then expanded to allow for telescoping and storage of the antenna. Antenna storage can be accomplished with the actuator of the present invention. Each loop of the coil can include a telescoping or telescoping section. In an embodiment, at least one loop of the antenna coil 5f is reversibly expandable and expandable. The loop can include a retractable or telescoping section. Water cooling can be obtained by sealing the sleeve within the reversible expansion of the coil loop and the interior of the telescoping section. The sleeve can include a Teflon or other high temperature water jacket that can be inserted into the interior of the lead coil loop to bridge at least the reversibly expandable and telescoping sections. The sleeve may be coated with a conductor, such as a flexible conductor, such as a braided metal, such as a braided copper wire. An exemplary flexible antenna segment is a wire braided Teflon sleeve or an elastomeric sleeve, such as a surgical cannula. The wire braid can include a copper braid. Alternatively, the extendable section may comprise a metallized plastic such as a polyester film. The antenna coil 5f may further include an actuator that expands or expands at least one loop. In an embodiment, the retractable loop is to achieve immediate proximity to a heated battery assembly, such as a reservoir. Proximity can achieve a large RF coupling to the battery assembly. The same or at least one additional actuator expands the loop to allow the same or another actuator to move the coil to store it. Can be moved vertically. It can be stored in the lower chamber 5b5. The coil can be expanded and expanded by the water and vacuum pressure applied to the antenna coil, wherein the inductively coupled heater power supply and the capacitor's cooling circuit can be bypassed by the solenoid valve. The actuator linearly moves the expandable coil downwardly moving the spring loaded coil over the spreader. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 2I148 through 2I152, the circumferential coils surrounding at least one of the two reservoirs 5c and at least a portion of the blackbody radiator 5b4 of the dual molten metal injection system are reversibly expandable and expandable. The coil can be vertically separated at two locations of each loop of the coil extending axially (perpendicular to the cell). A flexible electrical connector such as a wire (such as a stranded enameled wire) can bridge separate circuit sections. The wires can be highly conductive, such as copper wires. The wire can be refractory, such as W or Mo. The bridges, such as wires, can be cooled externally by means such as conduction, convection, and radiation. The bridging member can be cooled via a gas, such as a gas having a high heat transfer capability, such as helium. The bridge gas cooling system can include a forced convection or conduction system. The bridge cooling system can include an external heat exchanger, such as an external coolant heat exchanger. When in the folded position, a bridge such as a wire can be crimped. The bridging coil can include a spring wire that extends in a reverse direction and telescopes. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna may include a refractory metal spring to electrically bridge the retractable coil segments of the inductively coupled heater antenna. The jumper may be cooled by helium or cooled by other external systems, such as a separate crimping system that is in thermal contact with the antenna wire jumper, such as a heat exchanger. Alternatively, the jumper wires may not be actively cooled. In an embodiment in which the elliptical helical coil is separated, the connector between the opposing split coil loop sections includes a contact connector (Fig. 2I151 to Fig. 2I152). The contact point can include a coil loop end plate. The contact points on the ends of the opposing coil loop sections may include an anode connector 5f4 and a cathode connector 5f5 or other electrical contact connectors known to those skilled in the art. The contact point can be engaged and disengaged by the actuator 5f1 as it moves the split coil section horizontally into and out of the contact point. Each of the anode plug connectors 5f4 may include a circular or pointed end such that it is more easily aligned with the cathode connector 5f5 when the two antenna halves slide together. An elliptical spiral can be formed by connecting two half antenna segments. When in a closed (inserted together) configuration, the antenna can operate as an elliptical helix with attached vertical planar pie coils. In another embodiment, the antenna includes a separate elliptical coil, wherein each of the two segments includes an attachment member that optionally includes a pair of pie coils for the mating electrical connectors. When the antenna is configured to be closed (plugged together), the antenna can operate as an elliptical helix with a vertical planar pie coil containing two connected or unconnected segments. Where the closed antenna comprises two unconnected members of two pie-shaped coils, each member may comprise a separate system of water-cooled connectors. In an embodiment, at least one EM pump magnet 5k4 of the Faraday cage 5k1a may be further included by the reverse movement of the actuator to accommodate engagement and disengagement of the split antenna. The expansion and contraction of the magnet may allow the pie coil to pass during its movement by the actuator. After the pie coil has moved to its operational position, the magnet can be moved to an operational position, such as in close proximity to the EM pump sleeve 5k6. The coil circuit of each half of the split coil may comprise a water conduit 5f2 extending between the ends of the vertically adjacent coil loops. The catheter can be screwed in the opposite direction to screw to the surface or edge of the coil. The loop of the antenna can be separated by the antenna spacer and supported by the support 5f3. In an embodiment, the water conduit 5f2 and the coil circuit section provide a continuous flow path for a coolant such as water. The coolant conduit can be electrically insulated or comprise an electrical insulator such as a high temperature polymer, ceramic or glass. The coolant conduit can include a conductor that is electrically insulated at the coil loop. The coolant conduit can be thermally shielded. An exemplary Teflon or Delrin acetal water conduit connects the ends of the adjacent loop sections of each of the half coils to each of the water cooled half coils. The catheter can be manufactured by extrusion, injection molding, stamping, milling, machining, and 3D laser printing. The conduit can be connected to a coolant jacket that can be soldered to the antenna coil loop. A water conduit such as a Teflon conduit can also serve as a structural support. In an embodiment, the water cooling tube passages may be bidirectional within each circuit section. In an embodiment, the antenna may comprise a separate coolant conduit such as a Teflon water conduit 5f2 and a structural support or spacer 5f3. The structural support can comprise a refractory insulator spacer such as boron nitride or tantalum nitride which can be further resistant to thermal shock. In one embodiment, each of the half coils is connected to a capacitor box of the antenna RF power supply 90a. The electrical connector can be cooled and act as a coolant line. Each of the half coils may further comprise another coolant line or a connector coolant line to act as a conduit to form a closed coolant loop via a corresponding half antenna and a heat exchanger such as a chiller. Each of the connector coolant lines may be used only for cooling, where each may include or be electrically isolated from the antenna. In one embodiment, the SunCell® includes a plurality of antennas, such as two coils, encasing and heating the reservoir 5c and at least one pie coil, the at least one pie coil heating the EM pump sleeve 5k6. Each coil may include at least one of its own capacitor box and screen feeder. The power supply can include a power splitter. The antenna may comprise two upper C-shaped coils and at least one pie-shaped coil, the at least one pie-shaped coil may comprise separate power sources, each comprising a temperature sensor, and a separate controller, such as an infrared sensor, such as an optical pyrometer And power controller. When not in operation, the coil can be telescoped by at least one actuator. In an embodiment, at least one coil, such as a pie coil or coil, can vent coolant and remain in an operational position (not telescoping) when not in use. The coil may include a pump, a coolant reservoir or a supply and a controller to add and discharge the coolant in a reverse direction in the operating and storage modes, respectively. In one embodiment, the SunCell® comprises a plurality of antennas, such as two coils, encasing and heating the reservoir 5c and at least one pie coil, the at least one pie coil heating the EM pump sleeve 5k6, wherein each antenna The cutoff frequency is independently modulated to prevent coupling between the antennas. At least one of the antennas is expandable and contractible. The SunCell® can include at least one actuator for telescoping. Alternatively, at least one antenna may be fixed. The fixed antenna can act as a secondary role as a heat exchanger to remove overheating during the SunCell® filter generation operation. The heat exchanger antenna may comprise a conductor having a high melting point, such as a refractory metal such as molybdenum or the other of the present invention. The antenna may comprise water or another coolant such as molten metal, molten salt or the other of the invention or known in the art. The fixed antenna coolant can be drained after SunCell® is turned on. Alternatively, the coolant can be used to remove heat from the SunCell® when operating to create a screen. The fixed antenna can be used to heat at least one SunCell® component during startup and to cool at least one component during filter generation. The SunCell® component can be a battery component such as at least one of an EM pump 5ka, a reservoir 5c, and a reaction cell chamber 5b31, and such as an MHD nozzle section 307, an MHD generator section 308, an MHD condensation section 309. At least one of the group of components of the MHD converter of at least one of the return conduit 310, the return reservoir 311, the return EM pump 312, and the return EM pump sleeve 313. In an embodiment, the antenna 5f can include an RF coupling material that can transfer heating power to the reservoir. The RF coupling material can comprise carbon. The carbon may comprise blocks that are adapted into the antenna to be filled and form the antenna and the reservoir. The RF coupling material can be deformed to allow the antenna to be stored after battery startup. The carbon block can be deformed. The carbon block can be collapsible. The collapsible carbon block can be spring loaded to provide good RF coupling and thermal contact to the reservoir. The carbon block is telescopic so that the antenna can be stored. The graphite block can be extended and contracted by an actuator system, such as a pneumatic, hydraulic, electronic, mechanical system, or other actuator of the present invention. The hydraulic system can apply pressure from the antenna coolant provided by the coolant pump, where the inductively coupled heater cooling circuit can be bypassed using a solenoid valve. The pneumatic system can apply the vacuum or pressure provided by the vacuum pump. Mechanical actuators can include rack and pinion or ball screw actuators or others of the present invention. Each magnet can be housed in a separate Faraday cage (Fig. 2I116). In another embodiment, the pie coil can be shaped to have sections below each EM magnet to allow it to expand and contract. The retractable cake coil on one side of the plane defined by the EM pump sleeve may comprise at least one of an inverted double back or loopback C-shaped coil and a double back W-shaped coil, wherein the coils are at their positions Each magnet passes underneath. The coil 5f such as a pie coil may be a circumference such as a heating portion of the EM pump sleeve to increase heating efficiency. When reducing the application of RF power to the magnet, coils of the double-back W-shaped coils such as those shown in Figures 2I151 through 2I152 can selectively heat at least a portion of each of the EM pump sleeves, such as the inlet side and the outlet side. To achieve good RF power transfer from the double-back W-coil to the EM pump casing, the EM pump casing can be sufficiently spaced apart in the middle between the reservoirs to allow the legs of the antenna to be inverted V-shaped at the antenna. The corresponding pump sleeve in the section extends outside. At least one of the EM pump bushing and the antenna can be fabricated by a system and method that uses a coil bushing to achieve a tight fit within the pump casing of the antenna coil. In another embodiment, the windings of the dual coils cross the antenna coil in an outer-inner-outer-inside-outer-outer-inner-inner manner in such a path. The coil 5f, such as at least one of a circumference and a pie coil, may be electrically insulating. The conduit of the antenna may include a wide flat tube to cover more surface area to better couple heating power to the battery assembly. Components that do not effectively absorb RF power, such as boron nitride reservoirs, may be covered with an RF absorber cover that may contain materials such as carbon that have better RF coupling or absorption. When indirect RF heating for a reservoir such as a BN reservoir can be attached when a segment such as two circumferential clamshells can be held in place by a fastener such as a W clamp, strip or wire carbon. In an embodiment, the clamshell is designed to prevent electrical contact between the electrodeized components of the battery to avoid electrical shorting. In order to avoid the formation of iron carbide reactivity, the carbon shell should not be in contact with the component containing iron; in the case where the shell contacts iron or a component such as a nut containing iron, the shell may contain materials other than carbon. Other such chemical incompatibility should also be avoided. In an embodiment, the RF absorber cover may comprise a material such as a carbon fabric, honeycomb or foam for absorbing RF power from an inductively coupled heater and acting as a thermal insulator. The antenna electrical insulation may comprise at least one of Fibrex, Kapton tape, epoxy, ceramic, quartz, glass, and cement. At least one coil can be shrunk and stored after activation. The reservoir may be in a second chamber within the chamber that houses the blackbody radiator. Other special geometry coils such as hairpins or pie coils, such as coils along portions of the ends, sides or bottom of the EM pump tube outside the reservoir, are within the scope of the present invention. Any of the coils can include a concentrator. In another embodiment, the generator includes a plurality of coil actuators, wherein the antenna for heating the pool can include a plurality of coils that can be contracted along a plurality of axes. In an exemplary embodiment, the coils may contract horizontally and then contract vertically. In an embodiment, the generator can include at least one EM pump tube heater coil and at least one coil actuator and at least one EM pump magnet actuator. One or more heater coils may heat the EM pump tube section external to the reservoir with the EM pump magnet contracted, one or more coils may be contracted by one or more coil actuators, and one or more The EM pump magnet actuator can move the EM pump magnet to position to support pumping before the EM pump tube cools below the melting point of the internal molten metal, such as silver. Coordinates coil contraction and magnet positioning motion. This coordination can be achieved by mechanical connection or by a controller such as a controller including a computer and a sensor. In an embodiment, the EM pump tube 5k6 is selectively heated while maintaining the EM pump magnet 5k4 cooling by at least one of: (i) using an RF shield and a magnetic shield or a Faraday cage. At least one of which reduces the RF power of the incident EM pump magnet, (ii) uses a concentrator to selectively enhance the electromagnetic field at the EM pump tube and thus increases the RF current and heats the EM pump tube, where the concentrator The magnetic field can be along to avoid interference with the direction of the EM pump, such as in the direction of the EM pump current or in the direction of the EM pump tube, (iii) using the RF coil 5f that selectively heats the EM pump tube 5k6, (iv) using heat a transfer member, such as a heat transfer block 5k7, an EM pump tube or a heat pipe having a larger cross section to transfer heat from the heated upper battery assembly to the less heated EM pump tube, and (v) increase by such as The cooler cooled by the electromagnetic pump heat exchanger 5k1. The reservoir floor may contain a material such as ceramic that prevents absorption of RF from the inductively coupled heater such that more power can be selectively absorbed by the EM pump tube by heating applied in the corresponding zone. The heater coil and capacitor box can be mounted to an actuator that can be moved to a heated position during startup and retracted into the reservoir chamber when not in use. The reservoir chamber may comprise a section in the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 that may also contain a power conditioner. The coil can be further used for water cooling to cool the reservoir of the power conditioner. The means for moving the heater may comprise one of the present invention, such as a motor-driven ball screw or rack and pinion mechanism mountable in a heater reservoir chamber. The heater reservoir chamber can include a power conditioning device chamber. In an embodiment, the actuator may include a drive mechanism, such as a servo motor, mounted in a recessed chamber, such as one of the bases of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b. A servo motor or gear motor can drive a mechanical moving device such as a screw, piston or rack and pinion. At least one of the coil 5f and the capacitor for the inductively coupled heater can be moved by the mobile device, wherein the movement can be achieved by moving the guide mount to which the moving assembly is attached. In an embodiment, the actuator can be at least partially positioned outside of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a. The actuator can be at least partially positioned outside of the base of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b. The lifting mechanism can include at least one of a pneumatic, hydraulic, electromagnetic, mechanical or servo motor driven mechanism. The coils can be moved by mechanical means known to those skilled in the art, such as screws, racks and pinions, and pistons. The actuator may comprise at least one lift piston having a piston penetrating member sealable in the bellows, wherein the mechanism for vertically moving the piston may be external to the pressure vessel 5b3a, such as the base of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b. An exemplary actuator of this type includes an actuator such as the MBE/MOCVD system of the Veeco system, which system includes an exemplary shutter blade bellows. In an embodiment, the actuator may comprise a magnetic coupling mechanism, wherein the external magnetic field may cause mechanical movement inside the outer pressure vessel 5b3a. The magnetic coupling mechanism can include an external motor, an external permanent magnet or electromagnet, an internal permanent magnet or electromagnet, and a mechanical moving device. An external motor can cause rotation of the external magnet. A rotating outer magnet can be coupled to the inner magnet to cause the inner magnet to rotate. The inner magnet can be coupled to a mechanical moving device such as a rack and pinion or a screw, wherein rotation causes the device to move at least one of the coil 5f and the capacitor. The actuator can include an electronic external source of rotating magnetic field and an internal magnetic coupler. In an embodiment, the external rotating magnetic field coupled to the internal magnet can be obtained electronically. The rotating external field can be generated by the stator and coupled to an internal rotor such as one of the electric motors. The stator can be of the electronic rectification type. In another embodiment, actuator components that are mechanically moved above each other, such as gear teeth or glide components, may be by, for example, MoS₂ Or graphite high temperature lubricant lubrication. In an embodiment such as that shown in Figures 2I95 through 2I149, a motor 93, such as a servo motor or gear motor, can drive a mechanical moving device, such as a ball screw 94 with a bearing 94a, a piston, a rack and pinion, or a suspension. a tight cable on the pulley. At least one of the antenna and the inductively coupled heater actuator housing can be attached to a cable that is moved by a drive pulley that is rotated by an electric motor. A drive connection between the motor 93 and a mechanical moving device such as the ball screw mechanism 94 can include a gearbox 92. A motor such as a gear motor and a mechanical moving device such as a rack and pinion or ball and screw 94 and a guide rail 92a may be internal or external to the outer pressure vessel 5b3a, such as outside the bottom plate of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b, and may further comprise a linear Bearing 95 and a bearing shaft that can have at least one of high temperature and high pressure. The linear bearing 95 can comprise a slip material such as Glyon. The bearing shaft may penetrate the outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1, such as through the bottom plate of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b, and be attached to at least one of the heater coil 5f and the heater coil capacitor box to be in the upward or downward direction of the shaft It causes vertical movement when it is driven vertically by a mechanical moving device. The linear bearing can be mounted in a recessed chamber, such as one of the bases of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b. The bearing shaft can penetrate the bottom plate of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b through a hole. At least one of the coil 5f and the capacitor 90a for the inductively coupled heater can be moved by the mobile device, wherein the movement can be achieved by moving the guide mount to which the moving assembly is attached. In an embodiment, the battery components (such as the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42), the reservoir 5c, and the connector may be capable of being pressurized to a silver corresponding to 10 atm at an operating temperature of a blackbody radiator such as 3000 K. The pressure of the vapor pressure. The black body radiator can be covered with a mesh bottle of carbon fiber to maintain high pressure. The outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 may not be pressurized to balance the pressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The external pressure vessel can have an atmospheric pressure or a subatmospheric pressure. The outer pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 can be maintained under vacuum to avoid heat transfer to the chamber walls. The actuator may comprise a sealed bearing at the bottom plate 5b3b of the outer container 5b3a for a penetrating member of a steering or drive shaft driven by an external motor, such as by servo or stepping of a controller such as a computer Motor controller. The drive system can include at least one of a stepper motor for increasing torque, an encoder and a controller, a positive belt, a tension pulley, a drive pulley, or a gearbox. The drive shaft can rotate gears such as worm gears, helical gears, rack and pinion gears, ball screws and nuts, swashplates or other mechanical components to move the heater coil 5f. The bearing for driving the shaft penetration member can be sealed with respect to at least one of vacuum, atmospheric pressure, and high pressure. The bearings can be operated at high temperatures. In an embodiment, the bearing can be offset from the bottom plate 5b3b by a collar or tube and flange fitting to position the bearing in a lower operating temperature environment. It has been well established that the vapor pressure of any gas that is in equilibrium with its liquid phase is the vapor pressure of the coldest liquid that it contacts and balances. In one embodiment, the temperature of the molten metal liquid in the reservoir 5c at ambient contact with the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is much lower than the temperature of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, such that the reaction cell chamber 5b31 The metal vapor pressure is much lower than the silver vapor pressure at the temperature of the black body radiator. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the silver liquid in contact with the reaction cell chamber 5b31 at its surface is in the range of about 2200 ° C to 2800 ° C, so that the silver vapor pressure in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is slightly higher. Pressure above which this will result in an atmosphere of condensation to the liquid at the gas-liquid interface. In an embodiment, the battery includes means for establishing a high temperature gradient between the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the interior of the reservoir 5c. The high temperature gradient ensures that the molten metal liquid-vapor interface is at a temperature sufficiently below the melting point of the reservoir 5c. The temperature also provides the desired vapor pressure of the metal. The temperature gradient member may include at least one of a heat shield, a baffle, an insulator, and a narrower diameter of the reservoir and narrowing an opening between the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the reservoir 5c. Another option is to narrow the wall thickness of the reservoir, increase the reservoir wall area, and maintain the reservoir by heat exchangers and heat exchangers such as water-cooled radiators that increase heat transfer from the reservoir. At least one of cooling. In one embodiment, to increase the thermal gradient from the liquid metal interface of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 to the reservoir 5c, wherein the electricity in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is primarily transmitted by radiation and the molten metal such as silver has For very low emissivity of molten metal and its vapor, substantially all of the electricity from the reaction cell chamber 5b31 is reflected at the liquid silver interface. In an embodiment, the reservoir is designed to return to the reflection in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 using electrical power. The reservoir can include at least one of a reflector and a baffle to create a temperature gradient at the reservoir 5c by at least one of a mechanism that increases reflection, reduces conduction, and reduces convection. In another embodiment, a molten metal such as silver comprises an additive comprising a lower density material that floats on top of the liquid metal and changes the emissivity at the interface to increase electrical reflection. The additive may also function to increase the condensation rate of the metal vapor and reduce the vaporization rate of the metal vapor. In an embodiment, the power may be supplied to the external pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 through the feedthrough to the system power supply, the power system of the system being at least one system (such as an inductively coupled heater, at least one electromagnetic Power is supplied to at least one of a pump, an ignition system, and at least one vacuum pump. In one embodiment, power to operate at least one of the helium systems is provided by the output of PV converter 26a. The system power supply can include at least one power conditioner that receives power output from the PV converter 26a within the external pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 and powers at least one auxiliary system. The helium system power supply may include an inverter sufficient to provide power to parasitic generator loads, such as inductively coupled heaters, at least one of the electromagnetic pumps, and the ignition system. The ignition system can be powered by AC power directly from the inverter or indirectly after power conditioning. The ignition system can be powered by DC power that can be supplied by the PV converter 26a. The PV converter can charge a capacitor bank capable of outputting a desired voltage and current, such as a voltage in the range of about 1 V to 100 V and a current in the range of about 10 A to 100,000 A. The main power of the PV can be output as DC power via the feedthrough. The corresponding external feedthrough of the parasitic load can be replaced by an internal power supply that includes internal regulated power from the PV converter. In an embodiment, the external pressure vessel chamber 5b3a1 may include a power conditioning device chamber that houses at least one power conditioner. The power conditioning device chamber can be at least one of thermally shielded, thermally insulated, and cooled. The outer pressure vessel 5b3a can comprise a housing that can be operated at about atmospheric pressure, such as atmospheric pressure within plus or minus 100%. The outer pressure vessel 5b3a can be any desired shape such as a rectangle. The generator can include a heater system. The heater system can include a moveable heater, actuator, such as thermoelectric to receive sensor inputs such as the temperature of battery components such as the upper hemisphere, the lower hemisphere, the reservoir, and the EM pump assembly. Even temperature sensors and controllers. The thermocouple can be included in one of a thermowell that provides access to at least one of a temperature inside the battery, such as a temperature inside the EM pump tube and a temperature inside the reservoir. The thermocouple can penetrate through the wall of the EM pump tube into at least one of the EM pump tube and the reservoir. The thermocouple measures the temperature of the EM pump tube and the connector of the reservoir, such as the joint casing temperature, which can be measured inside the EM pump tube. The joint sleeve temperature can be measured by an external thermocouple having good thermal contact with the surface of the joint sleeve by a member such as a joint member or a heat conductor such as a hot paste. The thermocouple can be mounted in a heat pipe, such as one of the EM pump assemblies 5kk. The controller can perform at least one of: driving the actuator to move the heater coil and controlling heater power to control the temperature of the battery assembly within a desired range. The ranges may each be above the melting point of the molten metal and below the melting point or point of failure of the battery component. The thermocouple can be capable of high temperature operation, such as one of lead selenide, tellurium, and other compositions known in the art. Thermocouples can be electrically isolated or biased to prevent interference with external power sources such as inductively coupled heaters. Electrical isolation can be achieved by an outer sheath that is electrically insulating, such as a ceramic sheath, that can withstand high temperatures. The thermocouple can be replaced by an infrared temperature sensor. The optical sensor can include a fiber optic temperature sensor. At least one fiber optic cable can transmit light emitted by the black body radiator 5b4 to the optical thermal sensor to measure the temperature of the black body radiator 5b4. An exemplary optical temperature sensor that can be scanned is Ω iR2P. The optical sensor can be spatially scanned to measure the temperature of a plurality of locations on the generator. Spatial scanning can be accomplished by actuators such as the present invention or electromagnetic or other actuators known to those skilled in the art. A thermocouple that measures at least one of a lower hemisphere temperature and an upper hemisphere temperature may be telescopic. The reaction can take place when the measured temperature reaches the upper limit of its operation. The retractor can include mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, servo motor driven or other such retractors known to those skilled in the art. The shrinkage can be within or further from the cooled PV converter. A temperature above the operating temperature of the thermocouple of at least one of the lower hemisphere and the upper hemisphere may be measured by a response of at least one of an optical sensor or spectrometer such as a pyrometer and by a PV converter. The coil can be lowered after the pool is started. The bottom plate 5b3b can have a recessed outer casing for the coil 5f and at least one of the corresponding capacitor banks mounted on the actuator. The coil may comprise a water cooled radio frequency (RF) antenna. The coil can further serve as a heat exchanger to provide cooling water cooling. The coil can be used to water-cool the electromagnetic pump when the operating temperature of the electromagnetic pump is due to the low energy hydrogen reaction heating in the reaction cell chamber 5b31, wherein heat is conducted along the reservoir 5c to the EM pump. A battery assembly, such as an EM pump and a reservoir, can be insulated to maintain the desired temperature of the assembly by reducing or terminating the heating power, wherein the antenna can also provide cooling to the non-insulated assembly. An exemplary desired temperature is above the melting point of the molten metal sprayed by the EM pump. In an embodiment, if necessary, such as during startup, the inductively coupled heater may extend to the EM pump region to heat the EM pump tube to maintain molten metal. The magnet may include electromagnetic radiation shielding to reflect a major portion of the heating power from the inductively coupled heater. The shield may comprise a highly conductive covering such as one comprising aluminum or copper. The EM pump magnet can be shielded by an RF reflector to allow the coil 5f to be on the horizontal plane of the magnet. Avoiding heating the EM pump magnet can be achieved, at least in part, by using a notched coil design where the gap is at the magnet location. Inductively coupled heater power can increase as EM pump power decreases, and vice versa, to maintain a stable temperature to avoid rapid changes in EM pump and reservoir connector thread failure. The EM magnet 5k4 may contain a conduit for internal cooling. The internal cooling system can contain two concentric water lines. The water line may include an inner tube and an outer return water line that deliver water to the EM pump tube end of the magnet. The water line may include a bend or elbow to permit the vertical outlet of the outer pressure vessel 5b3a to pass through the base 5b3b. The two concentric internal water lines of each magnet can be on the central longitudinal axis of the magnet. The water line can be pressed into the passage in the magnet. The internal cooling system can further include a heat transfer paste to increase thermal contact between the cooling line and the magnet. The internal water-cooled line can reduce the size of the magnet cooling system to allow the heater coil 5f to move vertically in the region of the EM pump. The magnet may include a non-linear geometry to provide an axial magnetic field across the pump tube while further providing a tight design. The design allows the coil 5f to pass over the magnet. The magnet may comprise an L shape with an L orientation such that the cooling line can be guided in a desired direction to provide a tight design. The water line can be directed downward towards the base of the outer pressure vessel 5b3b or horizontally towards the center between the two reservoirs. Consider a clockwise circular path following the condition of the axes of the four EM pump magnets of the two reservoirs. The poles can be oriented as S-N-S-N//S-N-S-N, where // indicates that the current orientation of the two sets of EM pump magnets and one EM pump relative to the other EM pump can be reversed. Other compact magnet cooling designs are within the scope of the coolant jackets and coils of such assembled magnets of the present invention. The EM pump may include an RF shield at the EM pump magnet 5k4 to prevent the magnet from being heated by the inductively coupled heater coil 5f. When the RF coil 5f contacts the shield in a cooling mode in which the RF coupling of the inductively coupled heater is turned off, the shield can later function as a heat transfer plate. In another embodiment, a coolant line can penetrate the side of the magnet in the coolant circuit through each magnet. Other coolant geometries may be used that facilitate the removal of heat from the magnet while permitting the heater coils to pass through the other coolant geometries as they move vertically. In one embodiment, the heater indirectly heats the pump tube 5k6 by heating the reservoir 5c and the molten metal contained in the reservoir. The heat is transferred to the pump tube, such as a section having a applied magnetic field that passes through at least one of a molten metal such as silver, a reservoir wall, and a heat transfer block 5k7. The EM pump may further comprise a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or a thermistor. Temperature readings can be input to a control system such as a programmable logic controller and a heater power controller that reads the pump tube temperature and controls the heater to maintain the temperature at a level such as above metal in the case of molten silver The melting point (such as within 100 ° C of the melting point of the molten metal) and the desired range below the melting point of the pump tube (such as in the range of 1000 ° C to 1050 ° C). A battery assembly such as at least one of the lower hemisphere 5b41, the upper hemisphere 5b42, the reservoir 5c, the heat transfer block 5k7, and the EM pump tube 5k6 may be insulated. The insulator can be removable after startup. The insulation can be reusable. The insulating member may comprise at least one of particles, beads, granules, and sheets, such as one comprising at least one of MgO, CaO, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, ceric acid such as mica, and aluminum silicate such as zeolite. By. The insulating member may comprise grit. The insulation can be dried to remove water. The insulating member can be held in the container 5e1 (Fig. 2I102 and Fig. 2I103) which can be transparent to the radiation from the inductively coupled heater. The container can be configured to permit the heater coil 5f to move along a vertical axis. In an exemplary embodiment, the insulating member containing the grit is contained in the glass fiber or ceramic container 5e1, wherein the heater coil is vertically movable along the container inside the coil 5f. The particulate insulating container 5e1 may include an inlet 5e2 and an outlet 5e3. The insulating member can be discharged or added back to change the insulating member. The insulating member can be discharged from the container by gravity. Removal may cause the insulation to be removed in order from the top of the reservoir to the bottom of the EM pump tube. The insulators can be removed in the most recent to farthest order from the power that produces a low energy hydrogen reaction. The removed insulation can be stored in an insulator reservoir. The insulation can be recovered by returning it to the container. The insulator can be returned by at least one of a mechanical member and a pneumatic member. The insulating member can be mechanically moved by an auger or a conveyor belt. The insulating member can be pneumatically moved by a fan or a suction pump. The insulator can be moved by other components known to those skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the particulate insulation such as grit may be replaced by a heat transfer medium such as copper pellets that may be added from the storage vessel after the generator is started to move from at least one of the reservoir and the EM pump In addition to heat. The heat transfer can reach the water-cooled antenna of the inductively coupled heater. The reaction itself can be maintained under reaction conditions such as at least one of elevated battery temperature and plasma temperature. The reaction conditions can support pyrolysis at a sufficient rate to maintain temperature and low energy hydrogen reaction rates. In an embodiment wherein the low energy hydrogen reaction becomes self-sustaining, at least one of the startup power sources, such as at least one of heater power, ignition power, and molten metal pumping power, may be terminated. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic pump can be terminated when the battery temperature is sufficiently raised to maintain a sufficiently high vapor pressure of the molten metal such that metal pumping is not required to maintain the desired low energy hydrogen reaction rate. The elevated temperature can be higher than the boiling point of the molten metal. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the wall of the reaction cell chamber including the black body radiator 5b4 is in the range of about 2900 K to 3600 K, and the molten silver vapor pressure is in the range of about 5 atm to 50 atm, wherein the reaction The cell chamber 5b31 acts as a boiler for reflowing molten silver so that the EM pump power can be eliminated. In one embodiment, the molten metal vapor pressure is sufficiently high that the metal vapor acts as a conductive matrix to eliminate the need for arc plasma and thereby the need for ignition current. In one embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction provides heat to maintain the battery components, such as reservoir 5c, lower hemisphere 5b41, and upper hemisphere 5b42, at the desired elevated temperature such that the heater power is removable. The desired temperature can be higher than the melting point of the molten metal. In an embodiment, battery activation may be achieved by at least one decimated power source such as at least one of a scrubber heater, an ignition, and an EM pump power source. Once started, the battery can operate in continuous operation. In an embodiment, activation may be achieved by an energy storage device such as at least one of a battery pack and a capacitor (such as a supercapacitor device). The device can be powered by the power output of the generator or by an independent power source. In an embodiment, the generator may be started at a plant that uses a stand-alone power supply and shipped in a continuous operation that lacks a starting power supply, such as at least one of a heater, an ignition, and a pumping power supply. . In an exemplary embodiment, the SunCell® comprises molten aluminum (MP = 660 ° C, BP = 2470 ° C) or molten silver (MP = injected into the reaction cell chamber 5b31 by a dual EM pump in a carbon reservoir). 962 ° C, BP = 2162 ° C), the reaction cell chamber comprises a carbon lower hemisphere 5b41 and a carbon upper hemisphere 5b42, the double EM pump comprising stainless steel, Ti, Nb, W, V and Zr fasteners such as Hayes 230 (such as At least one of the joint sleeves 5k9), and at least one of stainless steel, Ti, Nb, W, V and Zr EM pump tubes, carbon or iron heat transfer blocks 5k7 such as Haynes 230 or SS 316, nozzle pump tubes At least one of the stainless steel, Ti, Nb, W, V, and Zr initial sections of the W-end nozzle section 5k61 having the pump tube and the W nozzle positioned and welded. Each EM pump tube may further comprise an ignition source busbar for connection to a terminal of a power source 2 comprising the same metal as the EM pump tube. In an embodiment, the ignition system can further include circuitry including a switch that shorts the ignition source EM pump tube busbar to heat the pump tube when closed during startup. A switch in an open position during battery operation causes current to flow through the intersecting flow of molten metal. The carbon heat transfer block may comprise heat transfer carbon powder to divide the dents of the EM pump tube by wires. The reservoir can be made longer to reduce the temperature at the EM pump assembly such as fastener 5k9 and EM pump tube 5k6. With added hydrogen source (such as argon-H₂ (3%)) The oxide source of the HOH catalyst may comprise CO, CO₂ LiVO₃ Al₂ O₃ And NaAlO₂ At least one of them. HOH can be formed in the ignition plasma. In an embodiment, the battery component in contact with the molten aluminum may comprise a ceramic such as SiC or carbon. The reservoir and EM pump tubing and nozzles can contain carbon. The assembly may comprise a metal coated with a protective coating such as ceramic, such as stainless steel. Exemplary ceramic coatings are of the present invention, such as graphite, aluminosilicate refractories, AlN, Al₂ O₃ , Si₃ N₄ And aluminum oxynitride ceramics. In an embodiment, the battery component in contact with the molten aluminum may comprise at least one corrosion resistant material such as Nb-30Ti-20W alloy, Ti, Nb, W, V, Zr; and ceramics such as graphite, aluminum silicate refractory Material, AlN, Al₂ O₃ , Si₃ N₄ And SiAlON. In an embodiment, the separator includes an EM pump that can be located at the junction region of the two reservoirs. The EM pump can include at least one of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet. The polarity of at least one of the current on the EM pump bus and the electromagnet current may be periodically reversed to direct return silver to one reservoir and then to another reservoir to avoid between the reservoirs Electrical short circuit. In one embodiment, the ignition circuit includes an electrical diode that forces current through the dual EM pump injector liquid electrode in one direction. In one embodiment, a battery assembly comprised of carbon is coated with a coating such as a carbon coating capable of maintaining a vapor pressure of about zero at the operating temperature of the battery assembly. An exemplary operating temperature for a blackbody radiator is 3000 K. In an embodiment, the coating for suppressing sublimation applied to a surface of an outer surface such as a carbon battery assembly such as blackbody radiator 5b4 or reservoir 5c comprises pyrolytic graphite, Pyrograph coating ( Toyo Tanso), graphitized coating (Poco/Entegris), tantalum carbide, TaC, or another coating known in the art or known in the art to inhibit sublimation. The coating can be stabilized at high temperatures by applying and maintaining a high gas pressure on the coating. In an embodiment, the EM pump tube 5k6, the current bus bar 5k2, the heat transfer block 5k7, the nozzle 5q, and the fitting 5k9 may include at least one of Mo and W. In an embodiment, the joint bushing type and VCR type fitting 5k9 may comprise carbon, wherein the reservoir may comprise carbon. The carbon fitting may comprise a gasket such as a refractory metal mesh or a foil such as W. In one embodiment, the electrode penetrates at least one of the pressure vessel wall and the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the reservoir 5c of the black body radiator 5b4 at the feedthrough 10a. The electrode 8 can be locked in place by the electrode O-ring lock nut 8a1. The electrode bus bars 9 and 10 can be connected to the power source via the bus bar collector 9a. The electrode penetrating member may be coated with an electrical insulator such as ZrO. Since C has low conductivity, the electrodes can be directly sealed by a sealant such as a graphite paste at a penetrating member such as a penetrating member at the wall of the reservoir. Alternatively, the electrode can be sealed at the penetration by a VCR or a joint casing feedthrough. Mechanical engagement of components having different coefficients of thermal expansion, such as the EM pump tube and the base of the reservoir 5c and at least one of the VCR or swaged fitting between the electrode and the reservoir wall, may comprise a compressible seal , such as carbon gaskets or gaskets, such as Perma-Foil or Graphoil gaskets or gaskets or hexagonal boron nitride gaskets. The gasket can contain pressed MoS₂ WS₂ , CelmetTM (such as one containing Co, Ni or Ti, such as porous Ni C6NC (Sumitomo Electric)), cloth or chain cloth (such as cloth or chain cloth containing ceramic fibers, which contains high alumina and refractory oxide, Such as Cotronics Corporation Ultra Temp 391) or another material of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction cell chamber power is 400 kW, the 6 吋 diameter carbon black body radiator operates at 3000 K, and the EM pump pump rate is about 10 cc/s for melting. The inductively coupled heater power of silver is about 3 kW, the ignition power is about 3 kW, the EM pump power is about 500 W, and the reaction cell gas contains Ag vapor and argon/H.₂ (3%), the external chamber gas contains argon/H₂ (3%), and the pressure of the reaction cell and the external chamber were each about 10 atm. The external pressure vessel may be pressurized to balance the pressure of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, wherein the latter pressure is attributed to the increase in temperature of the matrix metal such as silver. The pressure vessel can be initially pressurized, or the pressure can increase as the temperature of the reaction cell chamber increases. Hydrogen can be added to the pressure vessel to penetrate into the reaction cell chamber. In an embodiment wherein the blackbody radiation is isotropic carbon, the dome is at least partially permeable to the gas at equilibrium pressure and supplies hydrogen to the reaction, such as hydrogen and an inert gas such as argon. At least one. In one embodiment, the electrical power may be controlled by hydrogen controlled to the low energy hydrogen reaction in the flow reaction cell chamber 5b31. The low energy hydrogen reaction can be stopped by purging or evacuating hydrogen. Purging can be achieved by flowing an inert gas such as argon. SunCell® may comprise a high pressure water electrolyzer having water at high pressure to provide high pressure hydrogen, such as one comprising a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyte. H₂ And O₂ Each of the chambers may be included to eliminate contaminants separately₂ And H₂ The composite. The PEM can act as at least one of a separator of the anode and cathode compartments and a salt bridge to allow hydrogen to be produced at the cathode and oxygen to be generated as a separation gas at the anode. The cathode can comprise a dichalcogenide hydrogen evolution catalyst, such as one that can further comprise sulfur, including at least one of rhodium and ruthenium. The cathode can comprise one known in the art, such as Pt or Ni. Hydrogen can be produced under high pressure and can be supplied to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 either directly or by infiltration, such as a permeated black body radiator. SunCell® can include a hydrogen line from the cathode chamber to the point where hydrogen is delivered to the battery. SunCell® can include an oxygen line from the anode chamber to the point where oxygen is delivered to the storage vessel or vent. In one embodiment, the SunCell® includes a sensor, a processor, and an electrolysis current controller. The sensor can sense at least one of: (i) hydrogen pressure in at least one chamber such as an electrolytic cathode chamber, a hydrogen line, an external chamber 5b3a1, and a reaction cell chamber 5b31, (ii) SunCell® The power output, and (iii) the electrolysis current. In one embodiment, the supply of hydrogen to the battery is controlled by controlling the electrolysis current. The hydrogen supply can increase with increasing electrolysis current and vice versa. Hydrogen can be at least one of the high pressure and low inventory, such that the hydrogen supply to the battery can be controlled in a fast time response by controlling the electrolysis current. In another embodiment, hydrogen can be produced by using the supplied water and thermal pyrolysis produced by SunCell®. The pyrolysis cycle can comprise one of the invention or one of those known in the art, such as based on one of a metal and an oxide thereof, such as at least one of SnO/Sn and ZnO/Zn. In an embodiment where the inductively coupled heater, EM pump, and ignition system consume power only during startup, hydrogen can be generated by pyrolysis such that parasitic power requirements are extremely low. The SunCell® may include a battery pack, such as a lithium ion battery, to provide power to operate a system such as a gas sensor and control system, such as those used to react plasma gases. The pressure of the reaction chamber 5b31 can be measured by measuring the extension or displacement of at least one of the battery components due to internal pressure. The extension or displacement due to internal pressure can be at least at least given by measuring the internal pressure caused by the non-condensing gas at a given reaction chamber temperature at a given reaction chamber 5b31 temperature. One is calibrated. In an embodiment, the coating of the graphite battery component, such as the surface of the blackbody radiator, the reservoir, and the VCR-type fitting, may comprise pyrolytic graphite, tantalum carbide, or the present invention or non-hydrogen known in the art. Another coating that reacts. The coating can be stabilized at high temperatures by applying and maintaining a high gas pressure on the coating. In an embodiment, the negative (reduction) potential is applied to withstand H₂ A battery assembly of an oxidation reaction of at least one of O and oxygen, such as at least one of a black body radiator 5b4, a reservoir 5c, and a pump tube. The generator can include a voltage source to apply a negative voltage to the battery component, at least two electrical leads, a conductive substrate, a positive electrode, and an opposite electrode. In an embodiment, at least one of the black body radiator 5b4, a reservoir 5c, and an EM pump 5ka may be biased by a negative voltage or a reduction voltage. The negative electrode of the pair of electrodes 8 may comprise at least one component of a group of EM pumps 5ka, black body radiators 5b4 and a reservoir 5c such that the components are biased by a negative voltage or a reduction voltage. Electrode 8 can comprise a molten metal injector electrode. The electrically conductive substrate can comprise at least one of a plasma and a metal vapor. The positive melting electrode may include a first EM pump 5ka and a first reservoir 5c, the first reservoir and the black body radiator 5b4, the other or second reservoir 5c, and the other or second EM pump 5ka At least one of them is electrically isolated. The first reservoir 5c can at least partially comprise an electrical insulator. At least one of the ignition power and the positive bias of the first EM pump 5ka may be supplied by the power source 2. The first injector nozzle 5q of the first positive bias EM pump 5ka can be immersed. Immersion reduces or prevents damage to the nozzle by at least one of the plasma and water reactions. At least one of the black body radiator 5b4, the second reservoir 5c, and the second EM pump 5ka may be biased by a negative voltage or a reduction voltage. At least one of the ignition power and the negative bias voltage for at least one of the black body radiator 5b4, the second reservoir 5c, and the second EM pump 5ka may be supplied by the power source 2. The second reservoir can comprise an electrical conductor such as graphite. Alternatively, the second reservoir may comprise an electrical insulator, and the battery further comprises an electrical short from a source of negative bias (such as the ignition solenoid bus 5k2a) to the blackbody radiator 5b4. The short circuit may comprise an electrical conductor between the conductive portion of the EM pump assembly 5kk and the black body radiator 5b4. An exemplary short circuit comprises a graphite shell lid applied to a boron nitride tube, wherein the shell lid contacts the EM pump assembly 5kk and the black body radiator 5b4. The shell lid can also help absorb RF radiation from the inductively coupled heater. The black body radiator 5b4, the second reservoir 5c, and the second EM pump 5ka can be electrically connected under a negative bias. The negative bias may be sufficient to prevent at least one of the black body radiator 5b4, the second reservoir 5c, and the second EM pump 5ka from being H₂ At least one of O and oxygen reacts. At least one of the molten metal vapor (such as silver vapor) in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the plasma supported by the ignition and low energy hydrogen reaction may serve as a battery assembly for completing the positive electrode and the unfavorable bias (such as the black body radiator 5b4). Means of an electrolytic circuit between at least one of the second reservoir 5c and the second EM pump 5ka. H₂ O, H₂ , CO and CO₂ At least one of the permeable body can penetrate through at least one of the black body radiator 5b4 and the at least one reservoir 5c. H₂ O, H₂ , CO and CO₂ At least one of them may be supplied by a passage to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 such as a reaction cell chamber containing the EM pump tube 5k6. H₂ O can serve as a source of at least one of the H and HOH catalysts. Hydrogen can be at least one of: acting as a source of H to form low energy hydrogen and reacting with oxygen to form water, wherein the oxygen can be from H as a source of H to form a low energy hydrogen.₂ The product of O. The carbon oxidation reaction can be further suppressed by maintaining an atmosphere of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. In an embodiment, the generator may include only the first reservoir 5c and the first EM pump 5ka including the molten metal injector electrodes. The counter electrode may include a black body radiator 5b4. The electrodes can be powered by the power source 2. The molten metal injector electrode can be positive and the black body radiator electrode is negative. Black body radiator that can at least partially protect against unfavorable biases from H₂ O and O₂ At least one of them reacts. Such as CO, CO₂ , H₂ And H₂ The gas of at least one of O can be supplied by the system and method of the present invention. H₂ O, H₂ , CO and CO₂ At least one of the permeable body can penetrate through at least one of the black body radiator 5b4 and the reservoir 5c. H₂ O, H₂ , CO and CO₂ At least one of them may be supplied by a passage to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 such as a reaction cell chamber containing the EM pump tube 5k6. In one embodiment, the SunCell® comprises a molten metal additive that chemically prevents oxidation or chemically reduces at least one oxidized battery component, such as at least one of an EM pump tube, a black body radiator, a water riser, and a nozzle. . A reducing agent/protecting agent can be added to the silver to prevent the EM pump tube from being H₂ O and O₂ At least one of them is oxidized. The additive may comprise a reducing agent known in the art, such as thiosulfate, Sn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu or Bi. The additive reduces the reaction of the carbon reaction cell chamber with at least one of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. When a carbon component is positively biased, such as reaction cell chamber 5b31, the additive protects the carbon from oxidation reactions. The additive may comprise at least one of carbon, a hydrocarbon, and hydrogen. In another embodiment, at least one of the molten metal and the additive can coat or wet the wall of the battery component to protect against oxidation. At least one of the interior of the EM pump tube 5k6 and the reaction cell chamber 5b31 (such as a carbon reaction cell chamber) may be protected. Supplying low energy hydrogen reactants (such as H₂ O) may be supplied via the EM pump tube 5k6 in the case where the corresponding gas is impermeable to the battery assembly (such as the black body radiator 5b4) or the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31 (such as a carbon reaction electrolytic cell chamber) due to coating or wetting. . The EM pump tube can also be protected by applying a negative potential. A negative potential can be applied using the ignition power source 2. The potential can be reversibly applied to each of the two EM pump tubes of the dual molten metal injector. The ignition power source 2 can include a switch that cyclically reverses the polarity at each of the ignition bus bars 5k2a. The SunCell® may include a blackbody radiator 5b4, such as a carbon black body radiator, which further includes a busbar to the negative terminal of the voltage source. The voltage source can include an ignition power source 2. The negative bus bar can be connected to a top sliding nut that connects the reservoir to the base of the black body radiator 5b4. The connector to the hot carbon component such as the top slide nut may contain carbon to avoid metal carbide formation of the metal connector. Any metal carbon connection can be made via expansion of the connections in the placement area, where the connection temperature is below the temperature that would result in metal carbide formation. The negative potential can comprise a constant negative potential. The bus bar may comprise a refractory electrical conductor such as Mo or W. In an embodiment, the connection providing the negative bias to the blackbody radiator may comprise a mechanical jumper to reversibly form an electrical connection directly or indirectly with the ignition busbar and the base of the blackbody radiator. The connection may comprise at least one reversible mechanical switch and a conductor covering one portion of the reservoir 5c, such as a carbon shell cover on the exterior of the reservoir (such as on the exterior of the BN tube). Chemical incompatibility should be avoided. For example, since iron and carbon can react to form iron carbide, parts containing iron should be prevented from coming into contact with components containing iron. The oxidizing additive can be regenerated after reduction of the oxidized battery component by electrolytic reduction or by chemical reduction. Electrolytic reduction can be provided by a negative potential applied to at least one of the battery components. The reaction cell chamber atmosphere 5b31 may contain water vapor. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 can comprise an electrolytic cell cathode, wherein the plasma completes the circuit between the cathode and the anode. The anode can comprise a positively biased molten metal electrode. Hydrogen formed at the negative (cathode) discharge electrode of the battery (such as at the wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31) protects the electrode (wall) from H₂ O oxidation. The water reduction/oxidation reaction can be cathode: 2H₂ O + 2e^- To H₂ + 2OH^- (41) Anode: 4OH^- To O₂ + 2H₂ O + 4e^- (42) In an embodiment, the inside of the EM pump tube 5k6 may be coated with a molten metal coating to protect it from at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the reservoir 5c, and the EM pump tube 5k6. Species corrosion, such species as water, CO₂ , Co and O₂ At least one of them. A silver wetting coating protects at least one component of the SunCell®. In an embodiment, at least one metal surface, such as a metal surface inside the EM pump tube 5k6, may be treated to remove the oxide coating to permit the molten metal, such as silver, to wet the surface. The oxide coating can be removed to improve the electrical conductivity across the busbar of molten metal, such as silver. The oxide coating can be removed by at least one method, such as one or more of mechanical and chemical removal. The oxide coating can be removed by using an abrasive tool such as a wire brush or by sand blasting. Can be etched by an etchant such as an acid such as HCl or HNO₃ Or a reducing agent (such as hydrogen) removes the oxide coating. A molten metal such as silver may be supplied from the coating to protect the inside of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the reservoir 5c, and the EM pump tube 5k6. At least one of the electrodes can be immersed to protect it from corrosion or erosion by the plasma. In one embodiment, the wall of the reaction cell chamber may comprise at least one of silver coated carbon, hot carbon, and silver coated hot carbon, such as isotropic carbon. The silver plated layer may be formed during battery operation or may be applied by a coating process such as plasma spraying, electroplating, vapor deposition, and other methods known to those skilled in the art. The assembly of batteries can include at least one of materials and coatings to prevent or reduce oxidation reactions, such as oxidation reactions with at least one of oxygen and water vapor. In an embodiment, the EM pump tube 5k4 may comprise boiler grade stainless steel or nickel, or the tube may be internally coated with nickel. In an embodiment, the refractory EM pump tube 5k61 may comprise a water resistant material, such as a Mo superalloy, such as TZM. The nozzle or spray portion of the EM pump tube 5k61 may contain carbon, such as hot carbon. The inside of the EM pump tube can be coated with silver to prevent reaction with water. In an embodiment, at least one of the inlet riser 5qa, the nozzle portion of the EM pump tube 5k61, and the nozzle 5q may comprise a refractory material that is stable to oxidation, such as a refractory oxide, such as MgO (MP 2825 ° C), ZrO₂ (M.P. 2715 ° C), magnesium oxide, H₂ O-stabilized zirconia, yttrium zirconate (SrZrO₃ M.P. 2700 ° C), HfO₂ (M.P. 2758 ° C), cerium oxide (M.P. 3300 ° C) or another oxide of the invention. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may comprise carbon that may be coated with protective silver, such as hot carbon. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be unfavorably biased to protect it from the oxidation reaction. The reservoir may comprise boron nitride, which may contain additives or surface coatings to protect it from oxidation reactions, such as CaO, B₂ O₃ SiO₂ AUO₃ , SiC, ZrO₂ And at least one of AlN, wherein at least one of water and oxygen may comprise an oxidant. Boron nitride may comprise a crystalline structure that is resistant to water reactions, such as alpha BN. The reaction mixture may contain additives such as H_x B_y O_z ), which may contain a gas to inhibit the oxidation reaction of BN. In an embodiment, the cellular component such as reservoir 5c may comprise a refractory oxide such as MgO (M.P. 2825 ° C), ZrO₂ (M.P. 2715 ° C), magnesium oxide, H₂ O-stabilized zirconia, yttrium zirconate (SrZrO₃ M.P. 2700 ° C), HfO₂ (M.P. 2758 ° C) or cerium oxide (M.P. 3300 ° C) which is stable to oxidation at the working temperature. In one embodiment, a gaseous source of oxygen (such as water vapor, CO)₂ , CO and O₂ ) can be floated to the top of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In addition to metal vapors (such as silver vapor), the reaction cell chamber gas contains a shift of water vapor to the top dense gas (such as helium) of the reaction cell chamber due to the higher buoyancy of the water. In one embodiment, the silver vapor is maintained at a pressure sufficient to cause the water vapor to rise to the top of the reaction cell chamber. The upward shift of the water vapor prevents it from being corroded by the battery pack (such as the EM pump tube 5b6). At least one reactant gas (such as H₂ O and H₂ ) can be supplied via EM pump tubing. The chemical reduction can be provided by a reducing gas such as hydrogen. An exemplary reducing atmosphere containing Ar/H₂ (3%) gas. Hydrogen gas can permeate through at least one of the battery components, such as at least one of the black body radiator 5b4 and the EM pump tube 5k6. The EM pump tube may comprise a hydrogen permeable metal such as stainless steel (SS) such as 430 SS, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum, or nickel. Hydrogen is permeable to the medium injection into the positive EM pump tube. In this case, oxidation of oxygen can be avoided, wherein the oxidation reaction can comprise: Anode: 2OH^- + H₂ To 2H₂ O + 2e^- (43) In an embodiment, the SunCell® further includes a positive electrode, a bias voltage source for applying a potential between the positive electrode and the at least one battery component, and a controller for biasing the power source. The positive electrode can comprise a molten metal electrode. The positive electrode may comprise at least a portion of a molten metal such as silver, such as molten metal in at least one of the lower hemisphere of the reservoir 5c or the black body radiator 5b41. The positive electrode may comprise a conductor that is stable to the oxidation reaction, such as a noble metal, which may also be a refractory metal such as Pt, Re, Ru, Rh or Ir. A positive bias can be applied external to the EM pump tube such that the interior of the tube is not positively biased. The inside of the pump tube can contain a Faraday cage. The EM pump tube can include a positive electrode that is at least one of immersion silver and silver coated on the surface. The flowing silver may form a hole in at least one of the nozzle and the EM pump tube. The apertures are selectively on the EM pump tube portion that is exposed to the plasma. At least one of the battery components, such as at least one of the black body radiator 54b, the reservoir 5c, and the EM pump 5ka, may be protected from battery reactants or products by applying a negative bias between the battery assembly and the positive electrode (such as Oxygen source, CO, CO₂ , H₂ O and O₂ Oxidation reaction of at least one of them. The bias potential can be a potential that causes at least one of reducing the oxide of the battery component and preventing oxidation of the battery component. The bias voltage can be in a range of at least one of about 0.1 V to 25 V, 0.5 V to 10 V, and 0.5 V to 5 V. The positive electrode can be at least one of consumable and replaceable. The positive electrode can comprise carbon. A carbon positive electrode can be attached to the positive EM pump tube and nozzle 5q, wherein the positive electrode can be closer to the reaction cell chamber than the tip of the nozzle. The positive electrode can be in electrical contact with the positive EM pump tube and the nozzle. Source of at least one of hydrogen and oxygen may comprise H₂ O. The low energy hydrogen reaction product may comprise H₂ (1/p), such as H₂ (1/4) and oxygen. The positive electrode can react with the oxygen product. Carbon electrode reacts with excess oxygen and forms CO₂ . CO can be removed from the reaction cell chamber 5b31₂ . The CO may be removed by at least one of pumping and diffusing via at least one battery component, such as blackbody radiator 5b4₂ . In one embodiment shown in FIGS. 2I80 to 2I173, at least one of an inert gas, water or steam, hydrogen, and oxygen may be supplied to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 by at least one of: spraying To the pump tube 5k6 (such as at the end of the nozzle 5q); and to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The generator may comprise at least one inert gas, water or steam, hydrogen and a source of oxygen, such as a sump and a transfer line. A valve such as a flow valve or a pressure valve, such as a solenoid valve, can control the injection. In one embodiment, the SunCell® may include a water ejector including a nozzle, a water line, a flow and pressure controller, a water source (such as a water reservoir), and vaporized water to form a gaseous H.₂ At least one of the components of O. Vaporize water to form a gaseous H₂ The component of O can include a steam generator. Water flowing into the interior of the battery prevents the molten metal from flowing back into the nozzle. The size of the nozzle opening or orifice can be set such that the minimum desired flow rate to maintain a low energy hydrogen reaction can be provided by the water pressure in the line, which is at least the line that reacts the pressure of the electrolytic cell chamber 5b31. Increasing the water pressure in the line provides a higher water supply rate. At least one of the nozzle and the nozzle orifice may comprise a material that is resistant to corrosion and erosion due to high pressure water jetting. Materials such as ceramics can be extremely hard and resistant to oxidation reactions, such as oxide ceramics, such as Al.₂ O₃ , zirconia or yttria. In one embodiment, the source of the HOH catalyst and the source of H comprise water that is sprayed into the electrode. A high current is applied to cause the ignition to be a bright luminescent plasma. The source of water can include bound water. The solid fuel injected into the electrode may comprise water and a highly conductive matrix, such as a molten metal, such as at least one of silver, copper, and a silver-copper alloy. The solid fuel can comprise a compound comprising bound water. The water-binding compound that can be supplied to the ignition may contain a hydrate such as BaI having a decomposition temperature of 740 ° C.₂ 2H₂ O. Cocoa, which may contain water-binding compounds, is miscible with molten metal such as silver. The miscible compound may comprise a flux, such as hydrated Na₂ CO₃ , KCl, carbon, borax (such as Na₂ B₄ O₇ ·10H₂ O), at least one of calcium oxide and PbS. The bound water compound is stable to water loss up to the melting point of the molten metal. For example, the combined water can be stable above 1000 ° C and lose water at the ignition event. The compound comprising bound water may comprise oxygen. In the case of releasing oxygen, the molten metal may contain silver because the silver does not form a stable oxide at its melting point. The compound comprising bound water may comprise: hydroxides such as alkalis, alkaline earths, transition metals, internal transition metals, rare earths, 13, 14 groups, 15 groups and 16 groups of hydroxides; minerals such as talc, having the chemical formula H₂ Mg₃ (SiO₃ )₄ Or Mg₃ Si₄ O₁₀ (OH)₂ a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium citrate, and muscovite or mica, having the formula KAl₂ (AlSi₃ O₁₀ )(F,OH)₂ Or (KF)₂ (Al₂ O₃ )₃ (SiO₂ )6(H₂ O) Alumina and potassium citrate minerals. In one embodiment, the dehydrated compound acts as a desiccant to maintain low reaction cell chamber pressure. For example, barium hydroxide decomposes into barium oxide and H when heated to 800 ° C.₂ O, and the resulting BaO has a boiling point of 2000 ° C such that it is still substantially vaporized for a plasma temperature above 2300 K. In one embodiment, the source of water comprises an oxide and hydrogen that can also serve as a source of H. The hydrogen source can comprise hydrogen. The oxide may be capable of being reduced by hydrogen to form H₂ O. The oxide may comprise at least one of the following: Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag , Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W and Zn. Controllable H₂ Source of O compound, H₂ At least one of a concentration of the source of the O compound, a water vapor pressure in the reaction cell chamber, an operating temperature, and an EM pumping rate to control the amount of water supplied to the ignition. H₂ The concentration of the source of the O compound may range from at least about 0.001 mol% to 50 mol%, 0.01 mol% to 20 mol%, and 0.1 mol% to 10 mol%. In one embodiment, water is dissolved in the fuel melt, such as a fuel melt comprising at least one of silver, copper, and a silver-copper alloy. The solubility of water increases with the partial pressure of water in contact with the melt, such as the partial pressure of water vapor in the chamber of the reaction cell. The water pressure in the chamber of the reaction cell can be balanced by the water vapor pressure in the chamber. The balance can be achieved by the means of the invention, such as for other gases such as argon. The water vapor pressure in the reaction cell chamber may be in the range of at least about 0.01 Torr to 100 atm, 0.1 Torr to 10 atm, and 0.5 Torr to 1 atm. The EM pumping rate can range from about 0.01 ml/s to 10,000 ml/s, 0.1 ml/s to 1000 ml/s, and at least one of 0.1 ml/s to 100 ml/s. The SunCell® may include at least one of a radiant heat exchanger and a radiant boiler (Fig. 2I153 to Fig. 2I160). The SunCell® may comprise a radiant energy absorber, such as a primary heat exchanger 87 surrounding the black body radiator 5b4. The radiant energy absorber may comprise a black body absorber (such as a carbon absorber) and may further comprise a boiler tube to receive heat from a black body absorber where steam may form in the tube and exit via hot water or steam outlet 111. The tube can be embedded in a black body absorber. The steam can be delivered to a load such as a city steam heating system. The SunCell® may include a secondary heat exchanger 87a that may transfer heat absorbed by the black body radiator 5b4 or the reaction cell chamber 5b31 by the primary heat exchanger 87 and transfer the heat to the secondary medium, such as a solid, liquid Or gaseous medium. In one embodiment, the secondary heat exchanger can transfer heat to the air that can be purged or blown through the heat exchanger 87a by the fan 31j1. Air can exit the hot air duct 112 to flow to the thermal load. In the thermal generator embodiment shown in Figures 2I156 through 2I160, cold coolant (such as cold water) is supplied to the thermal generator via water inlet 113 and output via at least one of steam and hot water outlet 111 At least one of hot water and steam. The heat generated in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be radiated to the boiler tube of the upper heater exchanger 114 to generate steam in the boiler chamber 116. The steam boiler further includes a high pressure upper heat exchanger and a boiler chamber casing 5b3a and a bottom plate 5b3b. Heat from the reservoir 5c and the lower battery assembly can be radiated to the lower heat exchanger 115 to form at least one of hot water and steam exiting the outlet 111. In an embodiment, the boiler tube can carry hot water instead of steam. SunCell® power can be used as thermal power in the form of direct radiation, hot air, hot water and steam. In another embodiment, the boiler or heat exchanger can comprise a liquid droplet radiator comprising a particulate absorbent (such as an aerosol or metal vapor) entrained in a gas stream or fluid stream, wherein the particles absorb heat flux and deliver It moves the gas or fluid coolant. The droplet cooling system can include a droplet spray and collection system, such as a system including an inkjet printer. The heat transfer from the black body radiator to the particle absorber can be predominantly radiation in nature. An exemplary embodiment comprising refractory particles and a gas having a higher heat transfer capacity comprises tungsten microparticles suspended in a stream of hydrogen or helium. In another embodiment, the boiler or heat exchanger may comprise a heat transfer medium (such as a solid that transfers heat from at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 or the black body radiator 5b4 to the coolant of the boiler or heat exchanger. , liquid or gaseous medium). The heat transfer mechanism can include at least one of radiation, convection, and conduction. An exemplary liquid heat transfer medium comprises at least one of water, molten metal, and molten salt. The exemplary gaseous heat transfer medium can include at least one of an inert gas, hydrogen, helium, a rare gas, and nitrogen. The boiler or heat exchanger may comprise a gaseous heat transfer medium and means for regulating its pressure, such as a supply source such as a sump, regulator, pressure gauge, pump and controller to achieve a desired constant or a desired variable pressure to control the heat transfer rate. . The SunCell® may comprise a heat exchanger 87, such as a tab on the outer surface 5b4 of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, to heat a flowing working medium, such as a coolant (such as a molten salt), such as a eutectic mixture, molten metal, water Or a gas (such as air). The heat exchanger may also include a heat transfer fin on the heat sink and the heat sink, wherein the heat transfer absorbs heat from the black body radiator 5b4. The tabs exchange heat with the gas or fluid coolant/working medium. The absorber can comprise a higher emissivity material such as carbon. The Braden cycle system can include a closed pressurized gas circuit and a turbine and ambient heat exchanger where the gas is heated by SunCell®, flows to the gas turbine at the highest pressure, and can be passed to the environment via a heat exchanger The heat is lost while the pressure is lowered at the rear end of the turbine. The chemical system can include components, such as thermal decomposition systems, to convert water to H using heat from low energy hydrogen reactions.₂ . Hydrogen can be used in known converters, such as combustion turbines or fuel cells, such as PEM fuel cells, to generate electricity. Alternatively, the electrochemical cycle can comprise a fuel cell having a hydride ion electrolyte, a hydrogen cathode, and a metal hydride anode. The metal hydride can be thermally decomposed to maintain a reversible metal hydride/metal hydrogenation cycle that uses electricity from the low energy hydrogen process to generate electricity. A hydride ion fuel cell is described in my prior application, such as a U.S. patent application, such as the Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT/US11/28889, filed March 17, 2011;₂ O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT/US12/31369 filed on March 30, 2012; CIHT Power System, PCT/US13/041938 filed on May 21, 2013; and Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding Same PCT/IB2014/058177, filed on Jan. 10, 2014, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In an embodiment, a plurality of generators may be coupled to provide a desired power output. A plurality of generators may be interconnected in at least one of series and parallel to achieve a desired power output. The system of coupled generators can include a controller to control at least one of a series connection and a parallel connection between the control generators that control the superimposed output power of the plurality of coupled shaft generators At least one of power, voltage, and current. A plurality of generators may each include a power controller to control the power output. The power controller can control the low energy hydrogen reaction parameters to control the generator power output. Each generator may include a switch between at least one of a PV cell or a PV cell of PV converter 26a and further comprising a controller to control at least one of a series connection and a parallel connection between the PV cells or groups thereof One. The controller can switch the interconnect to achieve at least one of a desired voltage, current, and electrical power output from the PV converter. The central controller of the plurality of generators can control at least one of the series interconnection and the parallel interconnection between the coupled shaft generators, at least the low energy hydrogen reaction parameters on the generator, and the plurality of coupled shafts A connection between a PV cell or a PV cell of at least one PV converter of at least one generator of the generator. The central controller can control at least one of the generator and the PV connection and the low energy hydrogen reaction parameters either directly or via an individual generator controller. The power output can include DC or AC power. Each generator may include a DC to AC inverter, such as an inverter. Alternatively, the DC power of a plurality of generators may be combined via a connection between the generators and converted to AC power using a DC to AC converter, such as an inverter capable of converting superimposed DC power. An exemplary output voltage for at least one of the PV converter and the coupled-shaft generator system is about 380V DC or 780V DC. Approximately 380 V output can be converted to a two-phase AC. The approximately 760 V output can be converted to a three-phase AC. The AC power can be converted to another desired voltage, such as about 120 V, 240 V, or 480 V. A transformer can be used to convert the AC voltage. In an embodiment, the IGBT can be used to change the DC voltage to another DC voltage. In an embodiment, at least one IGBT of the inverter can also be used as an IGBT of the inductively coupled heater 5m. In an embodiment, the converter includes a plurality of converters that are coupled to include a combined cycle. The combined cycle converter can be selected from the group consisting of a photovoltaic converter, a photoelectric converter, a plasma power converter, a heat exchanger, a thermoelectric converter, a Stirling engine, a Breiden cycle engine, a Rankine cycle engine. And heat engine and heater. In one embodiment, the SF-CIHT battery primarily produces ultraviolet light and extreme ultraviolet light. The converter may comprise a combined cycle comprising an optoelectronic converter followed by a photoelectric converter, wherein the photoelectric converter is transparent to ultraviolet light and may primarily respond to extreme ultraviolet light. The converter may further include additional combined loop converter components, such as at least one of a thermoelectric converter, a Stirling engine, a Breiden cycle engine, a Rankine cycle engine, and a magnetohydrodynamic converter.Magnetic fluid power ( MHD ) converter Charge separation based on the formation of mass flow of ions or conductive media in a crossed magnetic field is a well-known technique for magnetic fluid dynamic (MHD) power conversion. The cations and anions flow in the opposite direction through the Lorentz direction and are received at the respective MHD electrodes to affect the voltage between them. Mass flow rate of forming ions A typical MHD method is to expand a high pressure gas seeded with ions via a nozzle to create a high velocity flow through a crossed magnetic field, wherein a set of MHD electrodes intersect with respect to the deflection field to receive the deflected ions. In one embodiment, the pressure is typically greater than atmospheric pressure, and the directional mass flow can be achieved by reaction to form a plasma and highly conductive, high pressure and high temperature molten metal vapor that is amplified to produce a pass through the MHD converter. High-speed flow of the transverse magnetic field portion. The flow that can pass through the MHD converter can be axial or radial. Other directional flows may be achieved by constraining magnets, such as Helmholtz coils or magnetic cylinders. In particular, the MHD electric power system shown in Figures 2I161 to 2I195 may comprise a low energy hydrogen reactive plasma source of the invention (such as a plasma source comprising an EM pump 5ka), at least one reservoir 5c, at least two Electrodes (such as electrodes comprising dual molten metal injectors 5k61), sources of low energy hydrogen reactants (such as sources of HOH catalysts and H), ignition systems (including applying voltage and current to the electrodes to form electricity from low energy hydrogen reactants) Pulp power supply 2) and MHD electric power converter. The assembly of the MHD power system comprising the low energy hydrogen reactive plasma source and the MHD converter may be comprised of at least one of an antioxidant material such as an antioxidant metal, a metal comprising an antioxidant coating, and a ceramic such that the system It can be operated in the air. In a dual molten metal injector embodiment, a high electric field is achieved by maintaining a pulsed injection comprising intermittent current. Disconnect and reconnect the pulsed plasma by a silver stream. A voltage can be applied until a double molten metal stream is connected. The pulses may comprise high frequencies corresponding to high frequencies by causing the metal flow to be disconnected-reconnected. The connection-reconnection can occur spontaneously and can be controlled by the low energy hydrogen reaction power of the components (such as the invention) and by the molten metal injection rate of the invention (such as by controlling the EM pump current) At least one of them is controlled. In an embodiment, the ignition system can include a source of voltage and current, such as a DC power supply and a set of capacitors to deliver pulsed ignition with the ability to pulse high currents. The magnetohydrodynamic power converter shown in Figures 2I161 through 2I195 can include a source of magnetic flux transverse to the z-axis of the MHD converter 300 that passes through the direction of axial molten metal vapor and plasma flow. The conductive flow may have a preferred velocity along the z-axis due to the gas expanding along the z-axis. Other directional flows may be achieved by constraining magnets, such as Helmholtz coils or magnetic cylinders. Therefore, metal electrons and ions propagate into the region of the transverse magnetic flux. The Lorentz force on the propagating electrons and ions is given byF =e v × B (44) The force is transverse to the charge velocity and magnetic field and in the opposite direction of the cation and anion. Therefore, a lateral current is formed. The source of the transverse magnetic field may comprise a component that provides a transverse magnetic field of different strengths depending on the position along the z-axis to optimize the cross-deflection (equation (44)) of the flow charge with parallel velocity dispersion. The reservoir 5c molten metal may be in at least one of a liquid state and a gaseous state. The reservoir 5c molten metal may be defined as an MHD working medium and may also be referred to as an MHD working medium or as a molten metal, wherein it implies that the molten metal may be further in at least one of a liquid and a gaseous state. It is also possible to use a specific state such as molten metal, liquid metal, metal vapor or gaseous metal, in which another physical state may exist. An exemplary molten metal is silver that can be in at least one of a liquid and a gaseous state. The MHD working medium can further comprise an additive comprising at least one of: an added metal that can be at least one of a liquid and a gaseous state at an operating temperature range; a compound, such as one of the present invention, that is at work The temperature range may be at least one of a liquid and a gaseous state; and a gas such as a rare gas (such as helium or argon), water, H₂ And at least one of the other plasma gases of the present invention. The MHD working medium additive can be in any desired ratio to the MHD working medium. In one embodiment, the ratio of medium to additive medium is selected to provide the power conversion performance of the MHD converter as appropriate. Working media such as silver or silver-copper alloys can be operated under supersaturated conditions. In an embodiment, the MHD generator 300 can include at least one of a Faraday, a channel Hall, and a disk Hall type. In a channel Hall MHD embodiment, the expansion or generator channel 308 can be oriented vertically along the z-axis, with molten metal plasma (such as silver vapor and plasma) flowing through the accelerator portion (such as the restriction or nozzle introduction port 307). Then, the portion 308 is expanded. The channel may comprise a solenoid magnet 306, such as a superconducting or permanent magnet, such as a Halbach array transverse to the flow direction along the x-axis. The magnet can be fixed by the MHD magnet mounting bracket 306a. The magnet may comprise a liquid cryogen or may comprise a cryogenic refrigerator with or without a liquid cryogen. The cryogenic refrigerator can include a dry dilution refrigerator. The magnet may comprise a return path for the magnetic field, such as a yoke, such as a C-shaped or rectangular anti-yoke. An exemplary permanent magnet material is SmCo, and an exemplary yoke material is magnetic CRS, cold rolled steel or iron. The generator may include at least one set of electrodes, such as a segmented electrode 304 along the y-axis that is transverse to the magnetic field (B ) to receive lateral Lorentz deflected ions that generate a voltage across the MHD electrode 304. In another embodiment, at least one channel, such as generator channel 308, may comprise a geometry other than a geometry having a planar wall, such as a cylindrical wall channel. Magnetohydrodynamic generation is described by [EM Walsh, Energy Conversion Electromechanical, Direct, Nuclear, Ronald Press Company, NY, NY, (1967), pp. 221-248, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. in. The MHD magnet 306 can include at least one of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. The electromagnet 306 can be at least one of an uncooled magnet, a water cooled magnet, and a superconducting magnet having corresponding low temperature management. An exemplary magnet is a solenoid or saddle coil that magnetizes the MHD channel 308 and the racetrack coil, which magnetizes the disk channel. The superconducting magnet may comprise at least one of a cryogenic refrigerator and a cryogen dewar system. The superconducting magnet system 306 can comprise: (i) a superconducting coil that can comprise a superconductor wire spiral of NbTi or NbSn, wherein the superconductor can be coated with a transient localized quenching that protects against superconductor states induced by means such as vibration On a normal conductor (such as a copper wire) or a high temperature superconductor (HTS), the high temperature superconductor such as YBa₂ Cu₃ O₇ , commonly referred to as YBCO-123 or YBCO only; (ii) liquid helium dewar, which provides liquid helium on both sides of the coil; (iii) liquid nitrogen dewar, inside the solenoid magnet and The outer radius has liquid nitrogen, wherein both the liquid helium and the liquid nitrogen dewar may comprise a radiation baffle and a radiation shield (which may comprise at least one of copper, stainless steel and aluminum) and a high vacuum insulated at the wall; And (iv) an inlet for each magnet that can be attached to a cryopump and a compressor that can be powered by the power output of the SunCell® generator via its output power terminals. In one embodiment, the magnetohydrodynamic power converter is a segmented Faraday generator. In another embodiment, the lateral current formed by the Lorentz deflection of the ion current undergoes further Lorentz deflection in a direction parallel to the input stream of the ions (z-axis) to at least relatively shift along the z-axis. A Hall voltage is generated between the first MHD electrode and the second MHD electrode. This device is referred to in the art as a Hall generator embodiment of a magnetohydrodynamic power converter. A similar device in which the MHD electrode is angled with respect to the z-axis in the xy plane includes another embodiment of the present invention and is referred to as a diagonal generator having a "window frame" configuration. In each case, the voltage can drive current through the electrical load. Examples of segmented Faraday generators, Hall generators and diagonal generators in Petrick [JF Louis, VI Kovbasyuk, Open-cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical Power Generation, M Petrick and B. Ya Shumyatsky, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne , Illinois, (1978), pp. 157-163, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In another embodiment of a magnetohydrodynamic power converter,The ion current along the z-axis can then enter a compressed portion containing an increased axial magnetic field gradient, parallel to the z-axisThe direction of the electronic motion component is at least partially converted to vertical motionThis is due to the adiabatic invariant= constant. due toTherefore, an azimuthal current is formed around the z-axis. The current is radially deflected by the axial magnetic field in the plane of motion, and a Hall voltage is generated between the inner ring and the outer ring MHD electrode of the disc generator magnetic fluid power converter. The voltage drives the current through the electrical load. The plasma power can also be used with the power device of the present invention or known in the art.Direct converters or other plasmas are converted to electricity. The MHD generator can include a condenser passage portion 309 that receives the expansion flow and the generator further includes a return passage or tube 310 in which the MHD working medium (such as silver vapor) is cooled because it loses temperature, pressure, and At least one of the energy flows back to the reservoir via the channel or tube 310. The generator may include at least one return pump 312 and a return pump tube 313 to pump the reflux to the reservoir 5c and the EM pump injector 5ka. The return pump and the pump tube can pump at least one of a liquid, a vapor, and a gas. The return pump 312 and the return pump tube 313 may include an electromagnetic (EM) pump and an EM pump tube. The inlet to the EM pump can have a larger diameter than the outlet pump tube diameter to increase the pump outlet pressure. In an embodiment, the return pump may comprise an injector of the EM pump injector electrode 5ka. In a dual molten metal injector embodiment, the generator includes a return reservoir 311 each via a corresponding reflux pump, such as a return EM pump 312. The reflux reservoir 311 can perform at least one of: balancing reflux molten metal (such as molten silver) flowing and condensing or separating silver vapor mixed with liquid silver. The reservoir 311 can include a heat exchanger that condenses silver vapor. The reservoir 311 can include a first stage electromagnetic pump to preferably pump liquid silver to separate the liquid from the gaseous silver. In an embodiment, liquid metal can be selectively injected into the return EM pump 312 by centrifugal force. The return conduit or reflux reservoir can comprise a centrifugal portion. The centrifugal reservoir can be wedged from the inlet to the outlet such that the centrifugal force is greater at the top than at the bottom to force the molten metal to the bottom and separate it from gases such as metal vapor and any working medium gas. Alternatively, the SunCell® can be mounted on a centrifuge table that rotates about an axis perpendicular to the direction of flow of the reflowed molten metal to create a centrifugal force that separates the liquid and gaseous species. In one embodiment, the condensed metal vapor flows into two separate reflux reservoirs 311, and each reflux EM pump 312 pumps molten metal into the corresponding reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, at least one of the two return reservoirs 311 and the EM pump reservoirs 5c comprises a content control system, such as one of the present inventions, such as a water riser 5qa. In one embodiment, the reflowed molten metal may be pumped into the reflux reservoir 311 due to the higher or lower rate depending on the amount in the reflux reservoir, wherein the suction rate is controlled by the corresponding content control system ( Such as the inlet pipe) control. In an embodiment, the MHD converter 300 can further include at least one heater, such as an inductively coupled heater. The heater can preheat the components in contact with the MHD working medium, such as the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle portion 307, the MHD generator portion 308, the MHD condensing portion 309, the return conduit 310, the reflux reservoir 311, the return EM pump At least one of 312 and return EM pump tube 313. The heater can include at least one actuator that engages and retracts the heater. The heater can include at least one of a plurality of coils and a coil portion. The coils may comprise coils known in the art. The coil portion may comprise at least one separate coil, such as one of the present invention. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include at least one cooling system, such as heat exchanger 316. The MHD converter can include a cooler for at least one battery and MHD assembly, such as at least one of the following groups: chamber 5b31, MHD nozzle portion 307, MHD magnet 306, MHD electrode 304, MHD generator portion 308, MHD The condensing portion 309, the return conduit 310, the reflux accumulator 311, the reflux EM pump 312, and the return EM pump tube 313. The cooler may remove heat loss from the MHD flow channel, such as heat loss from at least one of: chamber 5b31, MHD nozzle portion 307, MHD generator portion 308, and MHD condensation portion 309. The cooler may remove heat from the MHD working medium return system, such as at least one of a return conduit 310, a return reservoir 311, a return EM pump 312, and a return EM pump tube 313. The cooler can include a radiant heat exchanger that can vent heat to the ambient atmosphere. In an embodiment, the cooler may include a recirculator or reheater that transfers energy from the condensing portion 309 to at least one of the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the nozzle 307, and the MHD channel 308. The transferred energy, such as heat, may comprise heat from at least one of residual thermal energy, pressure energy, and vaporization heat of the working medium, such as at least one of a gasification metal, a kinetic aerosol, and a gas (such as a rare gas). The working medium of one. The heat pipe is a passive two-phase device that is capable of transferring a large amount of heat flux (such as up to 20 MW/m) over a distance of a few meters with a temperature drop of a few tenths of a degree.² Therefore, the thermal stress on the material is significantly reduced, so that only a small amount of working fluid is used. The sodium and lithium heat pipes deliver a large amount of heat flux and remain nearly isothermal in the axial direction. Lithium heat pipes can deliver up to 200 MW/m² . In an embodiment, a heat pipe such as a molten metal such as a liquid alkali metal such as sodium or lithium coated in a refractory metal such as W can transfer heat from the condenser 309 and recycle it to the reaction electrolysis The groove chamber 5b31 or the nozzle 307. In one embodiment, at least one heat pipe recovers and recirculates the heat of vaporization of the silver such that the recovered heat power is a portion of the power input to the MHD channel 308. In one embodiment, at least one of the components of the SunCell®, such as a component including an MHD converter, can include a heat pipe for at least one of: transferring heat from one portion of the SunCell® generator to another Portioning and transferring heat from a heater (such as an inductively coupled heater) to a SunCell® component, such as an EM pump tube 5k6, a reservoir 5c, a reaction cell chamber 5b31, and a MHD molten metal reflux system, such as an MHD return conduit 310, MHD return reservoir 311, MHD return EM pump 312 and MHD return EM tube. Alternatively, the SunCell® or at least one component can be heated in an oven, such as an oven known in the art. In an embodiment, at least one SunCell® component can be heated for at least a startup operation. The heater can be a resistive heater or an inductively coupled heater. In one embodiment, the heat of the low energy hydrogen reaction can be heated at a SunCell® component. In an exemplary embodiment, a heater such as an inductively coupled heater heats the EM pump tube 5k6, the reservoir 5c, and at least the bottom of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. At least one other component may be heated by heat release from a low energy hydrogen reaction, such as the top of reaction cell chamber 5b31, MHD nozzle 307, MHD channel 308, MHD condensing portion 309, and MHD molten metal reflux system. At least one of the MHD molten metal reflux systems such as the MHD return conduit 310, the MHD reflux reservoir 311, the MHD return EM pump 312, and the MHD return EM tube. In an embodiment, the MHD molten metal reflow system such as the MHD return conduit 310, the MHD reflux reservoir 311, the MHD return EM pump 312, and the MHD return EM tube may be heated with a high temperature molten metal or metal vapor such as molten silver or steam. The high temperature molten metal or metal vapor has a temperature of from about 1000 ° C to 7000 ° C, from 1100 ° C to 6000 ° C, from 1100 ° C to 5000 ° C, from 1100 ° C to 4000 ° C, from 1100 ° C to 3000 ° C, from 1100 ° C to 2300 ° C, from 1100 ° C to Temperatures in at least one of 2000 ° C, 1100 ° C to 1800 ° C, and 1100 ° C to 1500 ° C. High temperature molten metal or metal vapor can cause flow through the MHD assembly in the event of bypass or deactivation of MHD conversion to electricity. Disabling can be accomplished by removing the electric field or by electrically shorting the electrodes. In an embodiment, at least one component of the battery and the MHD converter can be insulated to prevent heat loss. At least one of the groups of the following may be insulated: a chamber 5b31, an MHD nozzle portion 307, an MHD generator portion 308, an MHD condensation portion 309, a return conduit 310, a return reservoir 311, a return EM pump 312, and The EM pump tube 313 is returned. Heat loss from the insulation can be dissipated in the corresponding cooler or heat exchanger. In an embodiment, a working fluid such as silver can act as a coolant. The EM pump injection rate can be increased to provide silver absorbing heat to cool at least one battery or MHD assembly, such as MHD nozzle 307. The gasification of silver cools the nozzle MHD 307. The circulator or reheater can contain a working medium for cooling. In an exemplary embodiment, silver is pumped through the component to be cooled, which is injected into the reaction cell chamber and the MHD converter to recover heat while providing cooling. At least the high pressure components such as the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, and the high pressure portion of the MHD converters 307 and 308 can be held in the pressure chamber 5b3a1 including the housings 5b3a and 5b3b. The pressure chamber 5b3a1 can be maintained under pressure to at least counterbalance at least a portion of the high internal reaction chamber 5b31 and the MHD nozzle 307 and the MHD generator passage 308. Pressure equalization can reduce the tension on the joints of the generator assembly, such as between the reservoir 5c and the EM pump assembly 5kk. The high pressure vessel 5b3a can selectively house a high pressure component, such as at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the reservoir 5c, and the MHD expansion channel 308. Other battery components can be housed in a low pressure vessel or housing. Such as H₂ O, H₂ CO₂ The source of the low energy hydrogen reactant of at least one of the CO and the CO is permeable through at least one of the permeable battery assembly, such as the tank chamber 5b31, the reservoir 5c, the MHD expansion passage 308, and the MHD condensation portion 309. The low energy hydrogen reactive gas may be introduced to at least one of the low energy hydrogen reaction gas, such as via the EM pump tube 5k6, the MHD expansion channel 308, the MHD condensation portion 309, the MHD return conduit 310, the reflux reservoir 311, the MHD return pump 312, the MHD return EM pump tube 313 In the molten metal stream in the position. A gas injector, such as a mass flow controller, can be capable of being injected at a high pressure on the high pressure side of the MHD converter, such as via at least one of an EM pump tube 5k6, an MHD return pump 312, and an MHD return EM pump tube 313. The gas injector may be capable of injecting a low energy hydrogen reactant at a lower pressure, such as via the MHD condensation portion 309, the MHD return conduit 310, and the reflux reservoir 311, on a low pressure side of an MHD converter, such as at least one location. In an embodiment, at least one of water and water vapor may be injected by the fluid controller via the EM pump tube 5k4, the flow controller may further comprise a pressure trap and prevent molten metal from flowing back to the water supply (such as The reverse flow check valve in the mass flow controller can spray water via a selectively permeable membrane such as a ceramic or carbon membrane. In an embodiment, the converter can include a PV converter, wherein the low energy hydrogen reactant injector can supply reactants by at least one of means such as by infiltration or injection at a transfer position operating pressure. In another embodiment, the SunCell® can further comprise a source of hydrogen and a source of oxygen, wherein the two gases are combined to provide water vapor in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The hydrogen source and the oxygen source may each comprise at least one of a corresponding tank, a gas flowing directly or indirectly to the reaction cell chamber 5b31, a flow regulator, a flow controller, a computer, a flow sensor, and at least one valve. . In the latter case, the gas can flow continuously into the chamber by the reaction cell chamber 5b31, such as the EM pump 5ka, the reservoir 5c, the nozzle 307, the MHD channel 308, and other MHD. At least one of a converter assembly, such as any return line 310a, conduit 313a, and pump 312a. In an embodiment, H can be₂ And O₂ At least one of the injectors is injected into the injection portion of the EM pump tube 5k61. Injection of O through a separate EM pump tube of a dual EM pump injector₂ And H₂ . Alternatively, a gas such as at least one of oxygen and hydrogen may be added to the interior of the battery via an ejector in an area having a lower silver vapor pressure, such as MHD channel 308 or MHD condensing portion 309. At least one of hydrogen and oxygen may be injected via a selective membrane such as a ceramic membrane, such as a nanoporous ceramic membrane. Oxygen can be supplied via an oxygen permeable membrane such as Bi₂₆ Mo₁₀ O₆₉ BaCo coated to increase oxygen permeability_{0 . 7} Fe_{0 . 2} Nb_{0 . 1} O_{3 - δ} (BCFN) One of the present inventions for oxygen permeable membranes. Hydrogen gas may be supplied via a hydrogen permeable membrane such as a palladium-silver alloy membrane. SunCell® can include electrolyzers such as high pressure electrolyzers. The electrolyser can comprise a proton exchange membrane wherein pure hydrogen can be supplied by the cathode compartment. Pure oxygen can be supplied through the anode compartment. In an embodiment, the EM pump component is coated with a non-oxidized coating or an oxidative protective coating and two mass flow controllers are used (where the flow can be controlled based on the battery concentration sensed by the corresponding gas sensor) Hydrogen and oxygen are separately injected under controlled conditions. In one embodiment, at least one component of the SunCell® and the MHD converter including the internal compartment (such as the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the nozzle 307, the MHD channel 308, the MHD condensation portion 309, and other MHD conversions) The components (such as any return line 310a, conduit 313a, and pump 312a) are housed in a gas-tight housing or chamber with internal diffusion through a membrane that is permeable to gases and impermeable to silver vapor. The gas in the cell balance chamber. The gas selective membrane may comprise a semipermeable ceramic, such as one of the present inventions. The cell gas may comprise at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, and a noble gas such as argon or helium. The outer housing can include a pressure sensor for each gas. SunCell® can include sources and controllers for each gas. Sources of rare gases such as argon may comprise a sump. A source of at least one of hydrogen and oxygen may comprise an electrolyzer, such as a high pressure electrolyzer. The gas controller can include at least one of a flow controller, a gas regulator, and a computer. The gas pressure in the housing can be controlled to control the gas pressure of each gas in the interior of the battery, such as in the reservoir, the reaction cell chamber, and the MHD converter assembly. The pressure of each gas may range from about 0.1 Torr to 20 atm. In one exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 2I179 through 2I195, the linear MHD channel 308 and the MHD condensing portion 309 include a gas housing 309b, a pressure gauge 309c, and a gas supply and evacuation assembly 309e that incorporates The gas line, the air outlet line and the flange, wherein the gas permeable membrane 309d can be installed in the wall of the MHD condensation portion 309. The mount may comprise sintered joints, metallized ceramic joints, brazed joints or others of the present invention. The gas housing 309b can further include an access port. Gas housing 309b may comprise a metal such as an oxidation resistant metal (such as SS 625) or an anti-oxidation coating on a metal (such as a tantalum coating on a metal suitable for CTE (such as molybdenum)). Alternatively, the gas housing 309b may comprise a ceramic such as a metal oxide ceramic such as zirconia, alumina, magnesia, yttria, quartz or the other of the present invention. Ceramics that penetrate through the metal gas housing 309b (such as the MHD return conduit 310) can be cooled. The penetration may comprise a carbon seal wherein the sealing temperature is below the carbonization temperature of the metal and the carbon reduction temperature of the ceramic. The seal can be removed for hot molten metal to cool it. The seal may include cooling, such as passive or pressurized air or water cooling. In an exemplary embodiment, the inductively coupled heater antenna 5f may include a coil, three separate coils as shown in FIGS. 2I178 through 2I179, three consecutive coils as shown in FIGS. 2I182 through 2I183, Two separated coils or two consecutive coils as shown in Figures 2I180 through 2I181. An exemplary inductively coupled heater antenna 5f includes an upper elliptical coil and a lower EM pump tube pie coil, and the lower EM pump tube pie coil may include a spiral coil, which may include a concentric box having a continuous circumferential current direction (Fig. 2I180 to Figure 2I181). The reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD nozzle 307 can comprise planar, polygonal, rectangular, cylindrical, spherical or other desired geometries, as shown in Figures 2I162 through 2I195. The inductively coupled heater antenna 5f can comprise a continuous set of three turns including two spirals surrounding each reservoir 5c and a pie coil parallel to the EM pump tube, as shown in Figures 2I182 through 2I183. The turns of the opposing spirals around the reservoir can be wound such that the currents are in the same direction to strengthen the magnetic fields of the two coils or in opposite directions to eliminate the magnetic field in the space between the spirals. The inductively coupled heater antenna 5f can be further used to cool at least one component, such as at least one of the EM pump 5kk, the reservoir 5c, the wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, and the yoke of the induction ignition system. The at least one cooling component may comprise a ceramic, such as one of the present invention, such as tantalum nitride, quartz, alumina, zirconia, magnesia or yttria. The SunCell® may comprise an MHD working medium return conduit from the end of the MHD expansion channel to the reservoir 5c, wherein the reservoir 5c may comprise a sealed cap that will lower the pressure and higher in the reservoir The reaction cell chamber 5b31 is pressure-separated. The EM pump injector portion 5k61 and the nozzle 5q can penetrate the cover to spray molten metal, such as silver in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Penetration may include the seal of the present invention, such as a compression seal, a sliding nut, a gasket braze, or a fill box seal. The accumulator may include a water riser 5qa to control the molten metal content of the accumulator 5c. The covered reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5kk receiving the flow of reflowed molten metal may comprise a first injector of a dual molten metal injector system. The second injector comprising the second reservoir and the EM pump assembly can include an open reservoir that indirectly receives backflow from the first injector. The second injector can include a positive electrode. The second injector maintains the molten metal content immersed in the reservoir. The submerged riser 5qa can control the immersion. The SunCell® can include at least one gaseous metal return conduit 310 from the end of the MHD generator channel 308 to at least one reservoir 5c of the molten metal injector system. The SunCell® can include two return conduits 310 from the end of the MHD generator channel 308 to the two corresponding reservoirs 5c of the dual molten metal injector system. Each reservoir 5c can include a sealed top cover that pressure separates the lower pressure in the reservoir 5c from the higher reaction cell chamber 5b31. The EM pump injector portions 5ka and 5k61 and the nozzle 5q can penetrate the reservoir top cover to spray molten metal, such as silver in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Penetration may include the seal of the present invention, such as a compression seal, a sliding nut, a gasket, a braze or a fill box seal. Each of the accumulators 5c may include a water inlet pipe 5qa to control the molten metal content in the accumulator 5c. The temperature of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may be higher than the boiling point of the molten metal such that the liquid metal injected into the reaction cell chamber is vaporized and refluxed via the return conduit 310. The SunCell® can include at least one MHD working medium return conduit 310 from the end of the MHD condenser channel 309 to at least one reservoir 5c of the molten metal injector system. The SunCell® can include two MHD working medium return conduits 310 from the end of the MHD condenser channel 309 to the two corresponding reservoirs 5c of the dual molten metal injector system. Each reservoir 5c can include a sealed top cover that pressure separates the lower pressure in the reservoir 5c from the higher reaction cell chamber 5b31. The EM pump injector portions 5ka and 5k61 and the nozzle 5q can penetrate the reservoir top cover to spray molten metal, such as silver in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Penetration may include the seal of the present invention, such as a compression seal, a sliding nut, a gasket, a braze or a fill box seal. Each of the accumulators 5c may include a water inlet pipe 5qa to control the molten metal content in the accumulator 5c. The temperature of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may be higher than the boiling point of the molten metal, so that the liquid metal injected into the reaction cell chamber is vaporized, the vapor is accelerated by the MHD nozzle portion 307, and the kinetic energy of the vapor is converted into the generator channel 308. The electricity, vapor is condensed in the MHD condenser portion 309, and the molten metal is refluxed via the return conduit 310. The SunCell® can include at least one MHD working medium return conduit 310, a return reservoir 311, and a corresponding pump 312. Pump 312 can include an electromagnetic (EM) pump. The SunCell® can include a dual molten metal tube 310, a reflux reservoir 311, and a corresponding EM pump 312. The molten metal content in each of the reflux accumulators 311 can be controlled corresponding to the inlet riser 5qa. The return EM pump 312 can pump the MHD working medium from the end of the MHD condenser channel 309 to the return reservoir 311 and then to the corresponding injector reservoir 5c. In another embodiment, the molten metal is recirculated directly via the return conduit 310 to the corresponding reflux EM pump 312 and then to the corresponding injector reservoir 5c. In one embodiment, an MHD working medium, such as silver, is pumped for a pressure gradient (such as about 10 atm) to complete the molten metal flow circuit, including injection, ignition, expansion, and reflow. To achieve high pressure, the EM pump can contain a range of levels. The SunCell® may comprise a dual molten metal injector system comprising a pair of reservoirs 5c each comprising an EM pump injector 5ka and 5k61 and an inlet riser 5qa for controlling the corresponding reservoir 5c Molten metal content. The return can enter the base 5kk1 of the corresponding EM pump assembly 5kk. In one embodiment, the velocity of the working medium in at least one location (including the location in the MHD assembly, such as the inlet of the nozzle, the nozzle, the outlet of the nozzle, and the desired portion of the MHD channel) may be sufficiently high that even if the metal is satisfied In the case of vapor saturation conditions, condensation (such as impingement condensation) does not occur. Condensation may not occur due to the shorter transition time compared to the condensation time. The condensing kinetics can be altered or selected by controlling plasma pressure, plasma temperature, jet velocity, working medium composition, and magnetic field strength. Metal vapor, such as silver vapor, can condense on condenser 309, which can have a relatively high surface area, and the collected liquid silver can be recirculated via a return conduit and an EM pump system. In one embodiment, a shorter transition time in the nozzle that avoids impact condensation is utilized to allow for the creation of favorable MHD transition conditions in the MHD channel 307 that would otherwise cause impact condensation. In an embodiment, it is also known that the MHD expansion or generator channel as the MHD channel includes a flared MHD channel to continuously derive a capability transition in which the thermal gradient is converted to a pressure gradient that drives the kinetic energy flow. The heat from the condensation of the silver can contribute to the pressure gradient or mass flow in the MHD channel. The heat of vaporization released by the condensed silver acts as a post-combustor in the jet engine to produce a higher velocity flow. In an exemplary embodiment, the heat of silver vaporization acts as a combustion function in a jet afterburner to increase or contribute to the speed of the silver jet stream. In one embodiment, the heat of vaporization released by the condensed silver vapor is increased by a pressure that is higher than the pressure in the absence of condensation. The MHD channel may contain geometry (such as a flash flame or nozzle geometry) to convert the pressure into steered energy that is directed or converted to electricity by the MHD converter. The magnetic field provided by the MHD magnet 306 can be adjusted to prevent the plasma from stagnating if the silver vapor changes condensation by a corresponding conductivity. In one embodiment, the walls of the MHD channel 308 are maintained at a high temperature to prevent metal vapor from condensing onto the wall by corresponding mass and kinetic energy losses. Higher electrode temperatures also prevent plasma arcing, which can occur in contrast to cooling electrodes that have less conductive or more insulating boundary layers relative to the hotter plasma. The MHD channel 308 can be maintained at the desired elevated temperature by transferring heat from the reaction cell chamber 5b31 to the wall of the MHD channel. The MHD converter can include a heat exchanger that transfers heat from the reaction cell chamber to the wall of the MHD channel. The heat exchanger can comprise a conductive or convection heat exchanger, such as a heat exchanger comprising a heat transfer block that transfers heat from the reaction cell chamber to the wall of the MHD channel. The heat exchanger can include a radiant heat exchanger, wherein at least a portion of the outer wall of the reaction cell chamber includes a black body radiator to emit power and at least a portion of the wall of the MHD channel can include a black body radiator to absorb black body radiation. The heat exchanger can include a coolant that can be pumped. The pump may comprise an EM pump wherein the coolant is molten metal. In another embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction is further propagated and held in the MHD channel 308 to maintain the MHD channel wall temperature above the condensation temperature of the metal vapor flowing in the channel. The low energy hydrogen reaction can be maintained by supplying reactants such as H and HOH catalysts or sources thereof. The reaction can be selectively held at the electrode due to its support and promotion of conductivity at low energy hydrogen reaction rates. The MHD converter can include at least one temperature sensor that records the temperature of the MHD channel wall and a controller that controls at least one of the heat transfer members (such as a heat exchanger) and a low energy hydrogen reaction rate that maintains the desired MHD channel wall temperature . The low energy hydrogen reaction rate can be controlled by means of the present invention, such as a member that controls the flow of low energy hydrogen reactants to the MHD channel. In another embodiment, at least one of the plasma, metal vapor, and condensed metal vapor is confined in the channel and is prevented by a channel limiting member, such as a member comprising a source of at least one of electrical and magnetic fields. Collected on the MHD wall. The restraining member may comprise a magnetic limiting member, such as a magnetic bottle. The restriction member can include a field that is coupled inductively, such as an RF field. The MHD converter can include at least one of an RF power source, at least one antenna, an electrostatic electrode and a power source, and at least one source of magnetostatic magnetic fields to achieve a limit. In one embodiment, the working medium comprises a vaporized metal in the MHD channel 308, wherein the pressure and temperature of the working medium are increased by the heat released by condensing the metal vapor along the MHD channel because it is lost due to the conversion of the MHD to electricity. kinetic energy. The energy from the condensation of silver can increase at least one of the pressure, temperature, velocity, and kinetic energy of the working medium in the MHD channel. The flow rate can be increased by utilizing the channel geometry of the Venturi effect or the Bernoulli principle. In an embodiment, the flowing liquid silver can act as an aspirator medium for the vapor such that it flows in the MHD channel. In one embodiment, at least one of the diameter and volume of the MHD channel 308 is reduced according to the distance along the flow or z-axis of the MHD channel from the outlet of the nozzle 307 to the outlet of the MHD channel 308. The MHD channel 308 can include channels that only aggregate the z-axis. In another embodiment, the channel size along the z-axis remains the same and diverges less than the channel size of a conventional seeded gas MHD working medium converter. When the silver condenses and releases heat to maintain high energy plasma, the channel volume can be reduced to maintain pressure and velocity along the z-axis. The vaporization heat released from the condensed silver vapor (254 kJ/mole) by the plasma flow along the z-axis increases the temperature and pressure of the working medium to increase non-condensed silver at any given position along the z-axis of the channel. flow. The increase in flow rate can be caused by the Venturi effect or the Bernoulli principle. The magnetic flux can be permanently or dynamically varied along the flow axis (z-axis) of the MHD channel to extract the MHD power as a function of the z-axis position to maintain the desired pressure, temperature, velocity, power, and energy inventory along the channel, with The channel size as a function of the distance of the shaft can match the z-axis flux variation to at least partially achieve the energy of the vaporized metal self-extracting heat of vaporization as electrical power. The plasma gas stream can also act as a carrier gas for the condensed silver vapor. The condensed silver may contain mist or mist. The fog state can be advantageous due to the tendency of the silver to form an aerosol at temperatures well below its boiling point at the given pressure. The working medium can comprise oxygen and silver, wherein the molten silver has a tendency to form an aerosol in the presence of oxygen at a temperature well below its boiling point at a given pressure, wherein the silver can absorb a significant amount of oxygen. The working medium may comprise an aerosolizing gas such as nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor or a rare gas such as argon, other than a metal vapor such as a silver vapor that forms an aerosol of condensed silver. In one embodiment, the pressure of the aerosolized gas throughout the reaction cell chamber and the MHD channel can be maintained at its steady state distribution under operating conditions. The MHD converter may further comprise a supply of aerosolized gas, such as a reservoir of aerosolized gas, a pump, and at least one gauge that selectively measures the pressure of the aerosolized gas at one or more locations. The pump and aerosolized gas supply can be used to maintain the aerosolized gas inventory at the desired level by adding or removing an aerosolized gas. In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid silver forms a mist or aerosol at a temperature only above the melting point such that a constant ambient pressure aerosolized gas (such as argon) in the MHD channel 308 causes the silver vapor to liquid to gas The form of the sol occurs, which can carry a plasma flow and collect on the MHD condenser 309. In one embodiment, the rate of condensed vapor is stored in the condensate. The velocity of the condensate can be increased by the release of heat of vaporization. The MHD channel can include a geometry that converts vaporization heat into condensate kinetic energy. In an embodiment, the passage may be narrow to convert vaporization heat to condensate kinetic energy. In another embodiment, the heat of vaporization increases the channel pressure and the pressure is converted to kinetic energy by the nozzle. In an embodiment, the copper or silver-copper alloy can replace silver. In one embodiment, the molten metal that serves as a source of metal aerosol comprises at least one of silver, copper, and a silver-copper alloy. The aerosol can be formed in the presence of a gas such as at least one of oxygen, water vapor, and a noble gas such as argon. In one embodiment, the SunCell® comprises means for maintaining the flow of the cell gas in contact with the molten silver to form a molten metal aerosol, such as a silver aerosol. The gas stream can comprise at least one of a pressurized gas stream and a convective gas stream. In an embodiment, at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the reservoir 5c may include at least one baffle to circulate the cell gas to increase gas flow. The flow may be driven by at least one of convection and pressure gradients, such as caused by at least one of a heat gradient and a pressure from the plasma reaction. Gases can contain rare gases, oxygen, water vapor, H₂ And O₂ At least one of them. The means for maintaining the gas flow may comprise at least one of a gas pump or a compressor, such as an MHD air pump or compressor 312a, an MHD converter, and a disturbance caused by at least one of an EM pump molten metal injector and a low energy hydrogen plasma reaction. flow. At least one of the gas flow rate and the composition can be controlled to control the rate of aerosol production. In one embodiment, wherein the water vapor is recycled, SunCell® further comprises heating to H₂ And O₂ Any H₂ O reorganized into H₂ a recombinator of O, a condenser that condenses water vapor to liquid water, and a liquid water pump that injects pressurized water into a line supplying at least one internal battery component, such as a reservoir 5c or a reaction cell chamber 5b31, wherein the pressurized water can be converted to steam in the path to be sprayed inside the battery. The recombiner can be a recombiner known in the art, such as a recombiner comprising at least one of Raney nickel, Pd, and Pt. The water vapor may be recirculated in a circuit comprising a high pressure compartment, such as between the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the reservoir 5c. In one embodiment, at least one of the reservoir 5c and the reaction cell chamber 5b31 comprises a source of gas having a sufficiently low temperature to perform at least one of: condensing the silver vapor into a silver aerosol and cooling the silver Aerosol. Silver vapor is formed by the heat released by the high energy and low energy hydrogen reaction. Gasification can occur in low energy hydrogen reactive plasma. The ambient gas in contact with the low energy hydrogen contains the cell gas. Part of at least one of the cell gas and the aerosol may be heat exchanged within the region of at least one of the reservoir containing at least one of the gas aerosol and the plasma and the chamber of the reaction cell Cooler and chiller. At least one of the cell gas and the aerosol may be sufficiently cooled to perform at least one of: condensing the silver vapor into an aerosol and cooling the aerosol. At least one of the vapor condensation rate and the temperature and pressure of the cooled cell gas-aerosol-vapor mixture can be controlled by controlling the heat transfer during cooling and cooling the temperature and pressure of the cell gas and aerosol. In one embodiment, to avoid mass loss along the channel, the silver vapor causes fog to form upon condensation of the vapor. The mole fraction of kinetic energy that loses its power along the channel can result in the formation of a mist in which the corresponding vaporization heat imparts kinetic energy to the corresponding aerosol particles to maintain a constant initial velocity of otherwise lost mass. Since a portion of the atoms are polymerized into aerosol particles that flow with the remaining gas atoms, the channels can be in a straight line to maintain a rate that is accompanied by a reduced number of particles. In an embodiment, the walls of the MHD channel 308 can be maintained at a temperature such as greater than the melting point of silver to avoid condensation formation by the condensed liquid by supporting the mist. In one embodiment, the silver plasma spray contact MHD channel assembly and surface may comprise a material that is resistant to wetting by a silver liquid. At least one of the MHD channel wall 308 and the MHD electrode 304 can comprise a surface that is resistant to wetting. Aerosol particles can be charged and collected. Collection can occur at the end of the MHD channel. The aerosol particles can be removed by electrostatic precipitation or electrospray precipitation. In an embodiment, the MHD converter may comprise an aerosol particle charging member (such as at least one particle charging electrode), an electrical energy supply source (such as a high voltage source), and an electrical bias to collect charged particle charged particle collectors (such as at least One electrode). Charged particles can be collected at the end of the MHD channel by applying an electric field. In one embodiment, the metal vapor droplets are carried out by a plasma flow. The droplets may form a film on the surface of at least one of the MHD electrode and the MHD channel wall. The surplus condensed liquid can be mechanically ablated and carried by the plasma and mass flow. In one embodiment, the Faraday current passes through a condensed metal vapor (such as condensed silver vapor) and produces a Hall current that causes a trajectory of the condensed silver particles along the plasma jet from the MHD nozzle 307. The Hall current allows the condensed silver to flow out of the MHD channel to reflux to the reservoir 5c. Due to the higher conductivity than the metal vapor, current can preferably flow through the condensed silver. In another embodiment, the delivery may be assisted by at least one of divergence and convergence of the MHD channel. In an embodiment, an MHD converter such as a disk generator may include an electrode that contacts the plasma at the inlet and outlet of the MHD channel to improve the effect of shorting of the molten metal in the channel. In one embodiment, the working medium comprises a metal (such as silver) that can sublime at a temperature below its boiling point to prevent metal from condensing on the walls of the MHD channel such that it flows to the recirculation system. In one embodiment, the pressure at the outlet of the MHD channel is maintained at a low pressure (such as a pressure below atmospheric pressure). The vacuum can be maintained at the exit of the MHD channel such that the working medium metal vapor does not condense in the MHD channel 308. The vacuum can be maintained by an MHD air pump or compressor 312a (Fig. 2I67 to Fig. 2I73). In an embodiment, the MHD channel may include a generator in the inlet portion and a compressor in the outlet portion. The compressor can cause the condensed vapor to be pumped out of the MHD channel. The MHD converter can include a current source and a current controller to controllably apply a current to the working medium of the MHD channel in a vertical direction of the applied magnetic field such that the condensed working medium vapor flows from the channel, wherein the channel condition can be Control is such that the vapor condenses to effect the release of vaporization heat of the vapor. In another embodiment, the vaporization heat of the metal vapor, such as silver metal vapor, may be condensed by condensing the vapor at a heat exchanger such as MHD condenser 309. Condensation can occur at temperatures above the boiling point of the metal such as silver. Heat can be transferred to a portion of the reservoir 5c by means known in the art, such as by convection, conduction, radiation, or by a coolant. The heat transfer system can include a refractory heat transfer block that transfers heat by conduction, such as Mo, W or carbon blocks. Heat can vaporize the silver in the reservoir. Heat can be stored in the heat of vaporization. The low energy hydrogen reaction can further increase the pressure and temperature of the vaporized metal. In one embodiment comprising a working medium additive, such as a rare gas, such as argon or helium, the MHD converter further includes a gas pump or compressor 312a (Fig. 2I67 through Fig. 2I73) to recycle gas from low pressure to MHD conversion The high voltage part of the device. The air pump or compressor 312a can include a drive motor 312b and a scraper or vane 312c. The MHD converter can include a pump inlet and a pump outlet, the pump inlet can include a gas passage 310a from the MHD condensing portion 309 to the pump inlet, the pump outlet can include a gas passage from the pump or compressor 312a to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 313a. The pump can pump gas from a low pressure, such as about 1 to 2 atm, to a high pressure (such as about 4 to 15 atm). The inlet pipe 310a from the MHD condensing portion 309 to the pump 312a may include a filter, such as a selective membrane or metal condenser at the inlet, to separate a gas, such as a rare gas, from a metal vapor, such as silver vapor. The baffle 309a in the MHD condenser portion 309 can direct molten metal, such as molten metal condensed in the MHD condensing portion 309, into the MHD return conduit 310. At least one of the height of the baffle in the center and the molten metal return inlet of the MHD return conduit 310 may be at a position where the rising gas pressure exceeds the force of gravity on the condensed or liquid molten metal particles to facilitate its flow into the MHD Return to the conduit 310. The SunCell® can include a metal vapor condenser (such as a constant pressure condenser) that can be located in the MHD condensation section 309 and can include a heat exchanger 316. The working medium may comprise a carrier of a metal vapor seed or a working gas, such as a rare gas of silver vapor seed, such as helium or argon. The condenser can condense the metal vapor so that the liquid metal and the rare gas can be pumped separately. Separation can be accomplished by at least one of the following methods: gravity deposition, centrifugation, cyclonic separation, filtration, electrostatic precipitation, and other methods known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, the separated rare gas is removed from the top of the condenser and the separated liquid metal is removed from the bottom of the condenser. The liquid and gas may be separated by at least one of: a baffle 309a, a filter, a selectively permeable membrane, and a liquid barrier through which the gas may pass. The compressor 312a can pump gas or recirculate the gas to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The EM pump 312 can pump liquid silver to return it to the reservoir 5c for reinjection into the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The compressor 312a and the EM pump 312 are respectively pressurized with a working medium gas such as argon or helium and a liquid metal such as liquid silver. The working medium gas can be returned to the reaction cell chamber via conduit 313a, which can connect at least one of the EM pump tube 5k6, the reservoir 5c, the base 5kk1 of the EM pump assembly 5kk, and the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Alternatively, the gas may be returned to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 via the tube 313a, which is connected to the transfer tube 313b, such as a transfer tube provided to the reservoir 5c or the guide passage in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Gas can be used to inject molten metal into the reaction cell chamber. The molten metal can become entrained in the gas jet to replace or supplement the EM pump molten metal injector. Controlled sprayed molten metal and vapor by controlling gas flow rate, gas pressure, gas temperature, reservoir temperature, reaction cell temperature, nozzle inlet pressure, MHD nozzle flow rate, MHD nozzle outlet pressure, and low energy hydrogen reaction rate Flow rate (such as liquid and gaseous silver vapor). A return conduit 313b for at least one of a working medium gas and a molten metal, such as a working medium gas and molten metal extending through the molten metal of the reservoir 5c, may comprise a refractory material such as Mo, W, 铼, Bi-coated Mo or W, ceramic (such as metal oxides, such as ZrO₂ HfO₂ , MgO, Al₂ O₃ At least one of the above and others of the present invention. The tube may comprise a refractory tube threaded into a collar or base in the EM pump tube assembly base 5kk1. The height of the return conduit 313b may be such that the desired performance of the other components (such as metal propellant) is allowed while the gas is being delivered, and the content is controlled by the injection portions of the EM pump tube 5k61 and the inlet riser 5qa, respectively. The height may be about the reservoir molten metal content. In one embodiment shown in Figures 2I71 through 2I73, the air pump or compressor 312a can pump a mixture of gaseous working medium species such as rare gases, molten metal seeds, and molten metal vapors (such as silver). At least two of the vapors. In an embodiment, the air pump or compressor 312a can pump both gaseous and liquid working media, such as at least one of a noble gas, a metal vapor, and a liquid molten metal, such as liquid silver. The liquid and gas may be returned to the reaction cell chamber via tube 313a, which may connect at least one of the EM pump tube 5k6, the reservoir 5c, the base 5kk1 of the EM pump assembly 5kk, and the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Alternatively, the gas may be returned to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 via the tube 313a, which is connected to the transfer tube 313b, such as a transfer tube provided to the reservoir 5c or the guide passage in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, the gas and liquid may flow through the EM pump tube 5k6. Gas can be used to inject molten metal into the reaction cell chamber. The molten metal may become entrained in the gas injection to perform at least one of: energizing and replacing the EM pump to pump the molten metal via the injector tube 5k61 and the nozzle 5q. The rate of injection can be controlled by controlling at least one of the flow rate and pressure of the air pump or compressor 312a and by other means of the present invention. The molten metal content of the reservoir 5c can be controlled by the horizontal sensor and controller of the present invention that controls at least one of the pressure and flow rate of an air pump or compressor 312a relative to the other pair. In an embodiment of a gas pump or compressor comprising pumping all working medium (such as a rare gas of silver seeds) and an embodiment comprising a gas pump or compressor pumping only rare gases, the compression can be operated isothermally. The MHD converter can include at least one of a heat exchange or a chiller: cooling the gaseous working medium before and during compression. The air pump or compressor may include an intercooler. The air pump or compressor may comprise a plurality of levels, such as a multi-stage intercooler compressor. Cooling increases the efficiency of the compressed gas to match the operating pressure of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. After the pumping phase in the reflux cycle, the refluxing gaseous working medium can be heated to increase its pressure. Heating may be accomplished by a heat exchanger that receives heat from the MHD converter or a regenerator that may receive heat from the MHD condensing portion 309 or other thermal components, such as at least one of the following groups: reaction cell chamber The chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle portion 307, the MHD generator portion 308, and the MHD condensing portion 309. In one embodiment, the pump power can be substantially reduced by using inlet and outlet valves for the gas flowing into the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and out of the MHD nozzle, respectively, wherein the low pressure gas is pumped to the reaction cell chamber. The pressure in the chamber is increased by the plasma reaction power to the desired pressure, such as 10 atm. The resulting pulsed MHD power can be adjusted to stabilize DC or AC power. The reflux MHD gas tube 313a may include a valve that opens to permit a gas flow at a lower pressure than the peak reaction cell chamber operating pressure, and the MHD nozzle portion 307 may include an opening to allow the high pressure gas to pass through the reaction cell chamber 5b31 The plasma flows out of the nozzle valve after heating the gas. The valve may assist in injecting low pressure gas into the reaction cell chamber by means of a gas pump or compressor, wherein the gas is heated to a high pressure by a low energy hydrogen reaction plasma. The valves can be synchronized to permit the accumulated reaction chamber pressure by plasma heating. The valve can be 180° out of phase. The valve can include a rotary stop type. The MHD nozzle can be cooled to permit operation of the MHD nozzle valve. The return gas line 313a valve may be at or near the base of the EM pump assembly 5kk1 to avoid condensation of silver in the corresponding gas delivery tube 313b. The MHD converter may include a pulsed power system including a power system that processes an inlet valve and an outlet valve of the working medium gas of the electrolytic cell chamber 5b31. The pulsed MHD power can be leveled to output a constant power by a power conditioning device, such as a device containing power storage, such as a battery pack or capacitor. In one embodiment, the recycled molten metal (such as silver) is still in a gaseous state, including the temperature of the MHD converter of any return line 310a, tube 313a, and pump 312a at the operating pressure or silver partial pressure in the MHD system. Maintain a temperature above the boiling point of silver. Pump 312a may comprise a mechanical pump, such as a gear pump (such as a ceramic gear pump), or other pump known in the art, such as a pump containing an impeller. Pump 312a can be operated at elevated temperatures, such as in a temperature range of about 962 °C to 2000 °C. The pump may comprise a turbine type, such as a turbine for a gas turbine or a turbine of the type used as a turbocharger for an internal combustion engine. The air pump or compressor 312a can include at least one of a screw pump, an axial compressor, and a turbine compressor. The pump can contain a positive displacement type. The air pump or compressor can convert a higher gas velocity that is converted to pressure in the fixed reaction cell chamber volume according to Bernoulli's law. The return gas line 313a can include a valve, such as a back pressure containment valve, to force fluid from the compressor to flow into the reaction cell chamber and then the MHD converter. Mechanical components that are susceptible to wear by the working medium, such as the pump 312a bucket or turbine blade, may be coated with molten metal, such as molten silver, to prevent wear or wear. In one embodiment, at least one component of a gas and molten metal reflux system comprising a gas pump or compressor (such as MHD return conduit 310a, reflux reservoir 311a, MHD return gas pump or compressor 312a in contact with return gas and molten metal) Components (such as vanes) and MHD pump tubing 313a (Fig. 2I67 through Fig. 2I73) include at least one function of performing thermal protection and preventing wetting by molten metal to facilitate the flow of reflux metal to the reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, during SunCell® startup, compressor 312a may recirculate a working medium, such as helium or argon, to preheat at least one of reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD assembly, such as the MHD nozzle portion. 307, MHD channel 308, MHD condensing portion 309, and at least one component of an EM return pump system including MHD return conduit 310, reflux reservoir 311, MHD return EM pump 312, and MHD return EM pump tube 313. The working medium can be split to at least one component of the EM return pump system. An inductively coupled heater, such as corresponding to antenna 5f, can heat a working medium that can be recirculated to preheat the reactive electrolysis cell chamber 5b31 and at least one of the at least one MHD assembly. In an exemplary embodiment, the MHD system includes a working medium comprising argon or helium inoculated with silver or inoculated with a silver-copper alloy, most of which may be attributable to argon or helium. The silver or silver-copper alloy mole fraction decreases as the partial pressure of a rare gas (such as argon) controlled by an argon supply, sensing, and control system is increased. The SunCell® can include a cooling system for reacting at least one of the electrolytic cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD assembly, such as the MHD nozzle portion 307, the MHD channel 308, and the MHD condensing portion 309. At least one parameter can be controlled, such as the wall temperature of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD channel and the reaction and gas mixing conditions to determine the optimum silver or silver-copper alloy inventory or vapor pressure. In one embodiment, the optimum silver vapor pressure is the silver vapor pressure that optimizes the conductivity and energy inventory of the metal vapor to achieve optimum power conversion density and efficiency. In one embodiment, some metal vapor condenses in the MHD channel to release heat that is converted to additional kinetic energy in the MHD channel and converted to electricity. The pump or compressor 312a may comprise a mechanical pump such as for both silver and argon, or the MHD converter may comprise two pump types, gas 312a and molten metal 312. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include a plurality of nozzles to produce a high velocity conductive stream of a plurality of levels of molten metal. The first nozzle may include a nozzle 307 coupled to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. Other nozzles may be located at the condensing portion 309 where heat released from the condensed silver may create a high pressure at the inlet of the nozzle. The MHD converter can include an MHD channel with crossed magnets and electrodes downstream of each nozzle to convert the high speed conduction stream to electrical power. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include a plurality of reaction cell chambers 5b31, such as in a position in close proximity to the aforementioned nozzles. In an embodiment that does not include the reflux reservoir 311, where the end of the MHD channel 309 behaves like the lower hemisphere of the blackbody radiator 5b41, and the backflow EM pump 312 is faster (without limiting the reflow rate), the silver will It is distributed back to the jet reservoir 5c in the same manner as in the black body radiator design of the present invention. The relative injection rate can then be controlled by the inlet riser 5qa of each reservoir 5c, as in the case of the black body radiator design of the present invention. In one embodiment, the SunCell® includes an EM pump at a location downstream of the accelerating nozzle 307 to pump the condensed molten metal back to at least one reservoir of the molten metal injector system, such as an open double molten metal The ejector system 5ka and the reservoir 5c of 6k61. In one embodiment, the SunCell® includes return conduits 310 and 310a, reflux reservoirs 311 and 311a, return EM pump 312 and compressor 312a, open injector reservoir 5c, which are selected by those skilled in the art. Other combinations and configurations of closed ejector reservoir 5c, open EM pump injector section 5k61 and nozzle 5q, and closed EM pump injector section 5k61 and nozzle 5q to achieve MHD working medium via reaction cell chamber The desired flow circuit of the chamber 5b31 and the MHD converter 300. In an embodiment, the molten metal content controller 5qa of any of the reservoirs, such as at least one of the reflux reservoir 311 and the jet reservoir 5c, may include the inlet riser 5qa, others of the invention, and familiarity with At least one of those known to the skilled artisan. In an embodiment, the working medium may comprise a mixture of a gaseous phase and a liquid phase, such as at least one of a liquid metal and at least one gas, such as at least one of a metal vapor and a gas such as a noble gas. Exemplary working media include liquid silver and gaseous silver or liquid silver, gaseous silver, and at least one other gas, such as a rare gas or other metal vapor. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include a liquid metal MHD (LMMHD) converter, such as a converter known in the art. The LMMHD converter may include a heat exchanger to cause heat to flow from the reaction cell chamber 5b31 to the LMMHD converter. The MHD converter can include a system that utilizes at least one of the Rankine, Brayton, Ericsson, and Allam cycles. In one embodiment, the working medium comprises a high density and maintains a high density relative to the noble gas such that at least one of the recovery of the working fluid and the recirculating pumping is maintained by less expansion of the working fluid and more heat retention. At least one of them is implemented. The working medium can comprise molten metal and its vapors, such as silver and silver vapor. The working medium may further comprise additional metals in at least one of a liquid and a vapor state and other known in the art such as rare gas, steam, nitrogen, Freon, nitrogen, and liquid metal MHD (LMMHD) converters. At least one of the gases of the person. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include at least one of an EM pump, an MHD compressor, and a mechanical compressor or pump to recirculate the working medium. The MHD converter may further comprise a mixer to mix the liquid with the gas, wherein at least one phase may be heated prior to mixing. Alternatively, the mixed phase can be heated. The hot working medium containing the mixture of phases flows into the MHD channel to generate electricity due to the pressure generated by heating in the working medium. In another embodiment, the liquid may comprise a plurality of liquids, such as a liquid that acts as a conductive substrate (such as silver) and another liquid that has a lower boiling point to act as a gaseous working medium due to its gasification in the reaction cell chamber. . Gasification of metals permits thermodynamic MHD cycling. The electrical energy generated by the two-phase conduction flows in the MHD channel. The working medium can be heated by a heat exchanger to create pressure to provide flow in the passage. The reaction cell chamber can provide heat to the inlet of the heat exchanger to the heat exchanger outlet and then to the working medium. In one embodiment, the low energy hydrogen plasma vapor is mixed with liquid silver in a mixer to form a two phase working medium. Heating produces a high pressure flow of the main molten silver through the MHD channel and the cooler in which thermal kinetic energy is converted to electricity, and the low pressure working medium at the outlet of the MHD channel is recirculated by the MHD EM pump. In one embodiment comprising a mixing cycle (open gas cycle and closed metal cycle), the working medium can comprise at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, and air inoculated with a metal vapor, such as a silver metal vapor. The liquid metal (such as silver) vaporized in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 to contain the gas seed can be condensed after leaving the MHD channel 308 and recycled to the reservoir 5c. The gas leaving the MHD channel, such as air, can be separated from the seed crystal and can be vented to the atmosphere. Heat can be recovered from the exhaust gas. The ambient gas such as air can be drawn in by the gas pump or compressor 312a. In an embodiment, the MHD converter can include a homogeneous MHD generator that includes a metal or metal mixture that is heated to vaporize the metal at the inlet to the MHD channel. The converter may further include a channel inlet heat exchanger to transfer heat from the reaction cell chamber to the working medium such that it vaporizes prior to entering the MHD channel. The homogeneous MHD generator may further include a channel heat exchanger at the outlet of the MHD channel to act as a regenerator to transfer heat to the working medium before it flows to the inlet heat exchanger. The inlet heat exchanger can include a working medium tube that passes through the reaction cell chamber. The metal working medium can be condensed at a condensing heat exchanger downstream of the outlet heat exchanger, wherein the molten metal is then pumped by a recirculating EM pump. In one embodiment, the working medium comprises a metal and a gas that is soluble in the molten metal at low temperatures and insoluble or less soluble in the molten metal at elevated temperatures. In an exemplary embodiment, the working medium can include at least one of silver and oxygen. In one embodiment, the oxygen pressure in the reaction cell chamber is maintained at a pressure that substantially prevents the molten metal, such as silver, from undergoing gasification. The low energy hydrogen reaction plasma heats the oxygen and liquid silver to the desired temperature, such as 3500K. The mixture containing the working medium can flow through the wedge-shaped MHD channel at a pressure such as 25 atm, where the pressure and temperature drop as the thermal energy is converted to electricity. A molten metal such as silver can absorb a gas such as oxygen due to a drop in temperature. The liquid can then be pumped back to the reservoir for recirculation in the reaction cell chamber, wherein the plasma heat releases oxygen to increase the pressure and temperature conditions of the desired cell chamber to drive the MHD transition. In one embodiment, the temperature of the silver at the exit of the MHD channel is about the melting point of the molten metal, wherein the solubility of oxygen is at one atmosphere O.₂ Below is about 20 cm of oxygen³ (STP) to 1 cm of silver³ . The recirculating pumping power of the liquid containing the dissolved gas can be much less than the power of the free gas. In addition, the gas cooling requirements and MHD converter volume that reduce the pressure and temperature of the free gas during the thermodynamic power cycle can be substantially reduced. In one embodiment, the MHD channel can be vertical and the pressure gradient of the working medium in the channel can be greater than the pressure equivalent due to the force of gravity, such that the working medium flow of the molten metal remains in the self-reactive cell chamber 5b31 to the MHD channel. In the circulation of the outlet, the molten metal is pumped back to the reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, the minimum pressure P isP = pgh (45) Where p is the density (for silver, 1.05×10⁴ Kg/m³ ), g is the gravity constant, and h is the height of the metal column. For illustrative purposes, h = 0.2 m, P = 0.2 atm. The expansion in nozzle 307 can be isentropic. In one embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction conditions in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 provide and maintain a temperature and pressure suitable for the MHD nozzle 307 such that the nozzle can produce a high velocity jet while avoiding condensation shock. At least one of about constant velocity conditions and continuity conditions may be maintained during expansion in the MHD channel 308 (and thus the product of density, velocity, and area is about constant). In an embodiment, ultrasonic silver vapor is ejected at an inlet from MHD nozzle 307 to MHD channel 308. Some silver can condense in the channel, but due to isentropic expansion, condensation can be limited. The residual energy in the jet comprising vapor and any condensed liquid and the heat of vaporization of the silver can be at least partially recovered by condensation at condenser 309 and recycled by a recycler or regenerator such as a heat pipe. In one embodiment, regeneration is achieved using a heat pipe that recovers at least the heat of vaporization of the silver and recycles it such that the recovered heat power is part of the power input to the MHD channel; then the component of the power balance only reduces the heat pipe Efficiency. The percentage of condensed metal vapor can be insignificant, such as in the range of about 1% to 15%. In an embodiment, the condensed vapor can result in the formation of an aerosol. The reaction cell chamber, nozzle, and MHD channel may contain a gas, such as argon, that causes condensation vapor to come from the aerosol. The vapor can condense at the end of the MHD channel 308 at a condenser, such as condenser 309. The liquid metal can be recycled, and the heat of vaporization can be at least partially recovered by a regenerator, such as a regenerator containing a heat pipe. In another embodiment, the vapor may be pressurized to condense in a desired region, such as a portion of nozzle 307. The nozzle expansion can be isentropic, with condensation of pure gas (such as silver vapor) limited to 50% liquid mole fraction starting at the critical temperature and an important pressure of 506.6 MPa and 7480 K for silver, respectively. In an embodiment, this condensation limitation from the expansion of the pressurized vapor can be overcome by means such as removing heat such that the entropy value can be reduced and the at least one of the condensation zones is pressurized with at least one other gas. . The gas pressure may be equal in all portions of the region where gas continuity exists, such as in the regions of reaction cell chamber 5b31, nozzle 307, and MHD channel 308. The MHD converter can further include a reservoir of other gases, a barometer, an air pump, and a gas pressure controller. At least one other gas pressure can be controlled by a pressure controller. The gas pressure can be controlled to condense the metal vapor to a greater extent than the isentropic expansion of the pure metal vapor. In an embodiment, the gas comprises a gas that is soluble in the vapor metal. In an exemplary embodiment the metal comprises silver and the gas comprises O₂ And H₂ At least one of O. In one embodiment, the pressure in at least one of the nozzle 307 and the MHD channel 308 is achieved by a condensation shock generated when the metal gas phase rapidly condenses onto the liquid metal stream, resulting in a two-phase to single-phase flow. Rapid conversion to release heat of vaporization. The energy release is the kinetic energy that appears as a liquid flow. The kinetic energy of the liquid stream is converted to electricity in the MHD channel 308. In one embodiment, the vapor condenses into a mist or aerosol. The aerosol can be formed in a gaseous ambient atmosphere, such as a gaseous ambient atmosphere comprising an aerosol forming gas such as oxygen and, optionally, a rare gas such as argon. The MHD channel 308 can be linear to maintain a constant velocity and pressure of the MHD channel flow. An aerosol forming gas (such as oxygen) and, optionally, a rare gas (such as argon) may flow through the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle 307, the MHD channel 308, and other MHD converter components (such as At least one of any return line 310a, tube 313a, and pump 312a). The gas can be recycled by the MHD return air pump or compressor 312a. In one embodiment, the nozzle 307 includes a condensing jet ejector that includes a two-phase injection device in which a molten metal in a liquid phase is mixed with its gas phase to produce a liquid stream having a pressure that is higher than two The pressure of any of the water streams. Pressure may be generated in at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the nozzle 307. The nozzle pressure can be converted to a flow velocity at the outlet of the nozzle 307. In one embodiment, the reaction cell chamber plasma comprises one phase of the injection device. The molten metal from the at least one EM pump injector may comprise other phases of the injection device. In an embodiment, the other phases, such as the liquid phase, may be injected by a separate EM pump injector, which may include an EM pump 5ka, a reservoir (such as 5c), a nozzle portion of the EM pump tube 5k61, and a nozzle. 5q. In one embodiment, the MHD nozzle 307 includes an aerosol jet injector that converts the high pressure plasma of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 into a high velocity aerosol stream or jet stream in the MHD channel 308. The kinetic energy of the jet may be derived from at least one source of the pressure group of the plasma in the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the heat of vaporization of the metal vapor condensed to form the aerosol jet. In one embodiment, the molar volume of the condensed vapor is less than about 50 to 500 times the corresponding vapor under standard conditions. Condensation of the vapor in the nozzle 307 can cause the pressure at the outlet portion of the nozzle to decrease. The reduced pressure can result in an increase in the velocity of the condensed fluid that can include at least one of the liquid and aerosol jets. The nozzles can be extended and can be pooled to convert local pressure into kinetic energy. The passage may contain a larger cross-sectional area than the area of the nozzle outlet and may be straight to allow the aerosol flow to propagate. Other nozzles 307 and MHD channel 308 geometries, such as geometries having collection, divergence, and linear cross-sections, may be selected to achieve the desired condensation of metal vapor, wherein at least a portion of the energy is converted to a conductive flow in MHD channel 308. In an embodiment, some of the residual gas may remain non-condensing in the MHD channel 308. Uncondensed gases support the plasma in the MHD channel to provide conductive MHD channel flow. The plasma can be maintained by a low energy hydrogen reaction that can propagate in the MHD channel 308. The low energy hydrogen reactant may be provided to at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD channel 308. In one embodiment, the pressure in at least one of the nozzle 307 and the MHD channel 308 is achieved by condensation of metal vapor (such as silver metal vapor) and release of heat of vaporization. The energy release appears as the kinetic energy of the condensate. The kinetic energy of the flow can be converted to electricity in the MHD channel 308. The MHD channel 308 can be linear to maintain a constant velocity and pressure of the MHD channel flow. In one embodiment, the vapor condenses into a mist or aerosol. The aerosol can be formed in an ambient atmosphere comprising an inert gas such as an inert gas comprising argon. Aerosols can be formed in an ambient atmosphere containing oxygen. The MHD converter can comprise a source of a metal aerosol, such as a silver aerosol. The source can include at least one of a dual molten metal injector. The aerosol source may comprise a separate EM pump injector, which may comprise an EM pump 5ka, a reservoir (such as 5c), a nozzle portion of the EM pump tube 5k61, and a nozzle 5q, wherein the molten metal propellant is at least partially converted For metal aerosols. The aerosol can flow or be sprayed into the area where it is desired to condense the metal vapor, such as in the MHD nozzle 307. The aerosol can condense the metal vapor to a greater extent than is possible for metal vapors subjected to isentropic expansion, such as isentropic nozzle expansion. Metal vapor condensation can release the vaporization heat of the metal vapor, which vaporization heat can increase at least one of the temperature and pressure of the aerosol. The corresponding energy and power can contribute to the kinetic energy and power of the aerosol and plasma flow at the exit of the nozzle. Due to the contribution of the power from the vaporization heat of the metal vapor, the power of the flow can be converted to electricity as efficiency increases. The MHD converter can include a source of metal aerosol source to control at least one of aerosol flow rate and aerosol mass density. The controller controls the rate of EM pumping from the EM pump source of the aerosol. The aerosol injection rate can be controlled to optimize the vapor condensation and MHD power conversion efficiency of the recovered vapor vaporization heat. In one embodiment, the heat of vaporization released by condensation of vapor in the nozzle is at least partially transferred directly or indirectly to the reactor cell plasma. The nozzle can include a heat exchanger to transfer heat to the reaction cell chamber. Heat can be transferred by at least one of radiation, conduction, and convection. The nozzle can be heated by the release of vaporization heat and heat can be transferred to the reaction cell chamber by conduction. The nozzle may comprise a highly thermally conductive material such as a refractory thermal conductor that may comprise an oxidation resistant coating. In an exemplary embodiment, the nozzle may comprise an available oxidation resistant refractory coating (such as ZrO)₂ Coating) coated boron nitride or carbon. Materials may include other refractory materials and coatings of the present invention. In one embodiment, the pressure in at least one of the nozzle 307 and the MHD channel 308 is achieved by condensation of metal vapor (such as silver metal vapor) and release of heat of vaporization. The energy release appears as the kinetic energy of the condensate. The kinetic energy of the flow can be converted to electricity in the MHD channel 308. The MHD channel 308 can be linear to maintain a constant velocity and pressure of the MHD channel flow. In one embodiment, the vapor condenses into a mist or aerosol. The aerosol can be formed in an ambient atmosphere, such as an ambient atmosphere comprising at least one of argon and oxygen. The aerosol can be formed by spraying, passively flowing or forcibly flowing through the liquid silver by at least one of oxygen and a rare gas. Compressor 312a can be used to recycle the gas. The gas may be recirculated in a high pressure gas flow loop, such as a loop that receives gas at reaction cell chamber 531 and recycles it to reservoir 5c, where the gas flows through the molten silver to increase aerosol formation. In an embodiment, the silver may comprise an additive to increase the rate and extent of aerosol formation. In an alternate embodiment, high velocity aerosol generation can be formed by circulating liquid metal at high speed. The metal can be sprayed at a high speed by at least one molten metal injector such as a dual molten metal injector including an EM pump 5kk. Pumping rates from about 1 g/s to 10 g/s, 10 g/s to 100 g/s, 1 kg/s to 10 kg/s, 10 kg/s to 100 kg/s and 100 kg/s Up to a range of 1000 kg/s. In one embodiment, the energy efficiency of forming a silver aerosol by pumping molten metal in a maintained battery atmosphere, such as an atmosphere containing a desired concentration of oxygen, may be higher than pumping gas through the molten silver. The MHD converter can comprise a source of a metal aerosol, such as a silver aerosol. The source may comprise at least one of a dual molten metal ejector and one or more of the aerosol formers from the at least one reservoir, wherein the temperature of the metal contained in the reservoir is higher than the melting point of the metal . The aerosol source may comprise a separate EM pump injector, which may comprise an EM pump 5ka, a reservoir (such as 5c), a nozzle portion of the EM pump tube 5k61, and a nozzle 5q, wherein the molten metal propellant is at least partially converted For metal aerosols. The aerosol can flow or be sprayed into the area where it is desired to condense the metal vapor, such as in the MHD nozzle 307. The aerosol can condense the metal vapor to a greater extent than is possible for metal vapors subjected to isentropic expansion, such as isentropic nozzle expansion. Metal vapor condensation can release the vaporization heat of the metal vapor, which vaporization heat can increase at least one of the temperature and pressure of the aerosol. The corresponding energy and power can contribute to the kinetic energy and power of the aerosol and plasma flow at the exit of the nozzle. Due to the contribution of the power from the vaporization heat of the metal vapor, the power of the flow can be converted to electricity as efficiency increases. The MHD converter can include a source of metal aerosol source to control at least one of aerosol flow rate and aerosol mass density. The controller controls the rate of EM pumping from the EM pump source of the aerosol. The aerosol injection rate can be controlled to optimize the vapor condensation and MHD power conversion efficiency of the recovered vapor vaporization heat. The entropy value of the silver vapor condensation caused during another isentropic expansion can be obtained by the entropy value of the gasification of silver given belowTo evaluate:among themIs the boiling point of silverIt is the silver carp for gasification. In the case of silver vapor contact with a silver mist or aerosol having an exemplary temperature of a 1500 K reservoir, the entropy value to reach the boiling point becomesamong themFor the difference smog,For fog temperature, C _p Is the specific heat capacity of silver under constant pressure, andIt is the reservoir and the starting fog temperature. Thus, where the mass flow rate of the mist is about 8 times the mass flow rate of the metal vapor, the metal vapor will condense in the nozzle to release its heat of vaporization, where the corresponding energy can be significantly converted to kinetic energy. Assuming that the exemplary molar volume of the condensed vapor as a mist or aerosol is less than about 50 times the corresponding vapor, the mist flow needs to be only about 15% of the total gas/plasma volume flow to effect vapor condensation to produce About pure mist or aerosol plasma flow. The mist flow rate can be controlled by controlling the reservoir temperature, the mist source injection rate (such as the EM pumping rate), and the aerosol-forming gas pressure (such as oxygen and optionally argon). In one embodiment, the MHD thermodynamic cycle includes a process of maintaining a low energy hydrogen reactive plasma (maintaining superheated silver vapor) and condensing into a high droplet kinetic energy aerosol jet by the addition of a cold silver aerosol or liquid silver metal propellant. The aerosol jet power inventory can include primary kinetic energy. The electrical power conversion can be primarily derived from kinetic energy changes in the MHD channel 308. The mode of operation of the MHD converter may include an operational mode that is opposite to the mode of operation of the track gun or an operational mode that is the opposite of the DC-conducting electromagnetic pump. Vapor condensation of the high kinetic energy jets that form liquid silver droplets can substantially avoid loss of heat of vaporization in energy and power balance. The cold silver aerosol may be formed in the reservoir and delivered to at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD nozzle 307. The battery may further comprise a mixing chamber at a downstream side of the plasma stream passing through the reaction cell chamber to the MHD converter. The mixing of the cold aerosol and the superheated vapor may occur in at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the mixing chamber, and the MHD nozzle 307. In one embodiment, the SunCell® contains a source of oxygen to form fumed molten silver to promote silver aerosol formation. Oxygen may be supplied to at least one of: a reservoir 5c, a reaction cell chamber 5b31, an MHD nozzle 307, an MHD channel 308, an MHD condensing portion 309, and other internal chambers of the SunCell®-MHD converter generator . Oxygen can be absorbed from the molten silver to form an aerosol. The aerosol can be enhanced by the presence of a rare gas such as an argon atmosphere inside the generator. The argon atmosphere can be added and maintained at a desired pressure by the system of the present invention, such as argon storage tanks, lines, valves, controllers, and injectors. The ejector can be in the condensing section 309 or other suitable area to avoid silver backflow. In an embodiment, the super-hot silver vapor may be condensed to form an aerosol jet by spraying silver directly or indirectly into the nozzle. In an embodiment, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be operated at at least one of a lower temperature and a lower pressure to permit a greater fraction of the vapor to be liquefied under expansion, such as an isentropic expansion. Exemplary lower temperatures and pressures are about 2500 K and about 1 atm, respectively, compared to 3500 K and 10 atm. In the case of a reduced flow rate, the density of the mist can be raised to maintain a constant flow in the channel. The density can be increased by polymerizing silver mist droplets. Channels can contain straight channels. In other embodiments, the channels may be pooled or diverged or have other geometries suitable for optimizing MHD power conversion. In an embodiment, the nozzle may include at least one passage for a relatively cool metal vapor aerosol and at least one passage for silver vapor or super-hot silver vapor. The channel can deliver a corresponding aerosol to be mixed in the nozzle 307. Mixing reduces the entropy value to cause the silver vapor to condense. Condensation and nozzle flow create a rapid aerosol jet at the nozzle outlet. The flow rate of the relatively cold aerosol can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the source, such as the reservoir temperature, where the reservoir can act as a source. The flow rate of the superheated vapor can be controlled by controlling at least one of a low energy hydrogen reaction rate and a molten metal injection rate. In one embodiment, the nozzle outlet pressure and temperature are about the same at the outlet of the MHD channel 308, and the input power at the inlet of the MHD channel 308For about by speedv Mass flow rateThe associated kinetic energy gives the input power.Power conversion power in MHD channelGiven byWhere V is the MHD channel voltage, I is the channel current, E is the channel electric field, J is the channel current density, L is the channel length,σ For flow conductivity, v is flow rate, B is magnetic field strength, A is current cross-sectional area (nozzle exit area), d is electrode spacing, and W is the load factor (the ratio of the electric field across the load to the open circuit electric field). effectivenessη Given by the ratio of power conversion power and input power (Equation (48)) in the MHD channel (Equation (49)):Mass flow1 kg/s, conductivityσ 50,000 S/m, speed 1200 m/s, magnetic fluxB 0.25 T, load factorW 0.5, the channel width and electrode spacing of an exemplary linear square rectangular channeld 0.05 m and channel lengthL For a case of 0.2 m, the power and efficiency are:andEquation (53) is the total enthalpy efficiency when the total energy inventory is substantially kinetic energy, wherein the heat of vaporization is also converted to kinetic energy in nozzle 307. In an embodiment, the differential Lorentz forcedF _L Differential distance from silver plasma flow rate and along MHD channel 308Dx Proportional:The differential Lorentz force (equation (54)) can be reconfigured to:orWhere (i) conductivityσ And the magnetic flux B can be constant along the channel, (ii) ideally there is no mass loss along the channel to make the massThe distance is constant and the mass flow rate in channel m is constant due to the constant rate of injection into the channel inlet and the continuity of flow under steady state conditions, and (iii) speed and distanceThe difference is independent of time under steady flow conditions. The constant mass flow rate as the velocity decreases along the channel may correspond to increasing the polymerization of the aerosol particles to limit complete disintegration at the exit of the MHD channel. Then, the rate of change of the speed with respect to the channel distance is proportional to the speed:among themk It is a constant determined by boundary conditions. Integration of equation (57) providesBy comparing equation (57) with equation (56), constantk forBy combining equation (58) and equation (59), the velocity as a function of channel distance isAccording to equation (49), the corresponding power of the channel is given byMass flow0.5 kg/s, conductivityσ 50,000 S/m, speed 1200 m/s, magnetic fluxB 0.1 T, load factorW 0.7, the channel width and electrode spacing of an exemplary linear square rectangular channeld 0.1 m and channel lengthL At 0.25 m, the power and efficiency are:andEquation (64) corresponds to 54% of the initial channel kinetic energy converted to power to the external load and 46% of the power dissipated in the internal impedance, where the electrical power density is 80 kW/liter. Electrical power is concentrated to the input to the MHD channelThe kinetic energy multiplied by the load factor of the MHD channelW . The power density can be increased by increasing the input kinetic energy and by reducing the channel size. The latter can be achieved by increasing at least one of mass flow rate, magnetic flux density, and flow conductivity. Mass flow2 kg/s, conductivityσ 500,000 S/m, speed 1500 m/s, magnetic fluxB 1 T, load factorW 0.7, the channel width and electrode spacing of an exemplary linear square rectangular channeld 0.05 m and channel lengthL For a case of 0.1 m, the power and efficiency are:andEquation (67) corresponds to 70% of the initial channel kinetic energy converted to power to the external load and 30% of the power dissipated in the internal impedance, where the electrical power density is 6.3 MW/liter. The power given by equation (61) can be expressed asamong themK ₀ For the starting channel kinetic energy. By acquiringP onW The derivative is set to equal 0 to determine the maximum power output.among themthen,In an exemplary case where equation (65-67) of s = 125, using an iterative method, power is optimal at W = 0.96. In this case, the efficiency for the condition of equation (65-66) is 96%. In one embodiment, at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the nozzle 307 can include a magnetic bottle that selectively forms a plasma jet along the longitudinal axis of the MHD channel 308. The power converter can include a magnetic mirror that is a source of magnetic field gradient in a desired direction of ion flow, wherein the plasma electronv _|| The initial parallel velocity increases because of the adiabatic invariant= constant, orbital speedAs the energy conservation decreases, linear energy is extracted from the orbital motion. As the magnetic flux B decreases, the ion cyclotron radius will increase, causing the flow rate πa² B remains constant. The invariance of the flow of the connected track is the basis of the mechanism of the "magnetic mirror". The principle of the magnetic mirror is that the charged particles are reflected by the region of the strong magnetic field and otherwise projected from the mirror at the initial velocity for the mirror. The adiabatic invariance of the flow through the ion orbit is a means of forming an ion current along the z-axis, whereConvert toMake. Two magnetic mirrors or more magnetic mirrors may form a magnetic bottle to limit the plasma, such as the plasma formed in the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The ions that are produced in the bottle contained in the central region will spiral along the axis but will be reflected by the magnetic mirror at each end. Higher energy ions having a high component parallel to the desired axis will escape at the end of the bottle. The bottle can leak more at the end of the MHD channel. Thus, the bottle can produce a substantially linear flow of ions from the end of the magnetic bottle to the channel inlet of the magnetohydrodynamic converter. In particular, the plasma can be magnetized by a magnetic mirror that is perpendicular to the MHD channel or the z-axis.The component of the ion motion in the direction due to the adiabatic invariant= constant and at least partially converted to parallel motion. The ions have a preferred velocity along the z-axis and propagate into the magnetohydrodynamic power converter, wherein the Lorentz deflected ions form a voltage at the electrode that intersects the corresponding lateral deflection field. The voltage drives the current through the electrical load. In an embodiment, the magnetic mirror comprises an electromagnet or permanent magnet that produces a field equivalent to a Helmholtz coil or an electromagnetic coil. In the case of an electromagnetic mirror, the magnetic field strength can be adjusted by controlling the electromagnetic current to control the rate at which ions flow out of the reaction cell chamber to control power conversion. inandIn the case of the entrance to the MHD channel 308, byThe speed given can be about 95% parallel to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction mixture can comprise at least one of oxygen, water vapor, and hydrogen. The MHD component may comprise a material such as ceramic, such as a metal oxide, such as at least one of zirconia and yttria, or vermiculite or quartz that is stable under an oxidizing atmosphere. In an embodiment, the MHD electrode 304 can comprise a material that can be less susceptible to corrosion or degradation during operation. In an embodiment, the MHD electrode 304 can comprise a conductive ceramic such as a conductive solid oxide. In another embodiment, the MHD electrode 304 can comprise a liquid electrode. The liquid electrode can comprise a metal that is liquid at the operating temperature of the electrode. The liquid metal may comprise a working medium metal such as molten silver. The molten electrode metal may comprise a matrix impregnated with molten metal. The substrate may comprise a refractory material such as a metal such as an electrically conductive W, carbon, ceramic or other refractory material of the invention. The negative electrode may comprise a solid refractory metal. Negative polarity protects the negative electrode from oxidation. The positive electrode can comprise a liquid electrode. The liquid electrode may comprise a member that applies an electromagnetic limit (Lorentz force) to hold the free surface liquid metal. The liquid metal electrode can include a magnetic field source and a current source to maintain electromagnetic confinement. The magnetic field source can include at least one of the MHD magnet 306 and another set of magnets, such as permanent magnets, electromagnets, and superconducting magnets. The current source can include at least one of an MHD current and an applied current from an external current source. In an embodiment, the conductive ceramic electrode may comprise one of the inventions, such as a carbide (such as ZrC, HfC or WC) or a boride (such as ZrB).₂ Or a composition having a 20% SiC composition that can be processed to 1800 ° C (such as ZrC-ZrB)₂ , ZrC-ZrB₂ -SiC and ZrB₂ ). The electrode can comprise carbon. In an embodiment, the plurality of liquid electrodes can supply liquid metal via the manifold. Liquid metal can be pumped by the EM pump. The liquid electrode can comprise a molten metal impregnated in a non-reactive matrix, such as a ceramic matrix, such as a metal oxide matrix. Alternatively, the liquid metal can be pumped through the substrate to continuously supply the molten metal. In an embodiment, the electrode may comprise a continuously ejected molten metal, such as an ignition electrode. The ejector may comprise a non-reactive refractory material such as a metal oxide such as ZrO₂ . In an embodiment, each of the liquid electrodes may comprise a flow stream of molten metal exposed to the MHD channel plasma. In an embodiment, the electrodes can be configured in a Hall generator design. The negative electrode is accessible to the entrance of the MHD channel and the positive electrode is accessible to the exit of the MHD channel. The electrode accessible to the entrance of the MHD channel can comprise a liquid electrode, such as a submerged electrode. The electrode proximate the exit of the MHD channel can include a conductor that is resistant to oxidation at the electrode operating temperature, wherein the operating temperature at the outlet can be significantly lower than at the inlet of the MHD channel. An exemplary antioxidant electrode at the MHD exit may comprise a carbide such as ZrC or such as ZrB₂ Boride. In an embodiment, the electrode may comprise a series of electrode portions separated by an insulator portion, the insulator portion comprising protrusions of an MHD channel wall that may comprise an electrical insulator. The raised portion can be maintained at a temperature that prevents condensation of the metal vapor. The insulating portion can include a wall strip, at least one of which is heated and insulated to maintain the strip temperature above the boiling point of the metal at the operating pressure of the MHD channel. The electrode at the exit of the channel may comprise an antioxidant electrode such as a carbide or boride that is stable to oxidize at the exit temperature. In one embodiment, the MHD channel can be maintained at a temperature below at least one of metal vapor condensation and electrode corrosion that results in an insulator portion of the wall, such as a carbide or boride electrode (such as comprising ZrC) Or ZrB₂ a carbide or boride) or a composition that can be processed to 1800 ° C (such as ZrC-ZrB₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ - SiC composition). In one embodiment, the working medium comprises a metal (such as silver) that can sublime at a temperature below its boiling point to prevent metal from condensing on the walls of the MHD channel such that it flows to the recirculation system. In an embodiment, the MHD magnet 306 can include an alternating field magnet (such as an electromagnet) that can apply a sinusoidal or alternating magnetic field to the MHD channel 308. The field applied by sinusoidal or alternating can cause the MHD power output to be alternating (AC) power. The alternating current and voltage frequency can be standard current and voltage frequencies, such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz. In one embodiment, the MHD power is transmitted from the channel by induction. The induction generator eliminates the electrodes that contact the plasma. The union and seal between the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD acceleration channel or nozzle 307 connected to the MHD expansion or generator channel 308 (such as the seal 314) may comprise a gasket flange seal or the present invention Other. Other seals, such as the return conduit 310, the return reservoir 311, the return EM pump 312, the jet reservoir 5c, and the seal of the jet EM pump assembly 5kk, may comprise one of the present inventions. An exemplary gasket comprises carbon (such as graphite or Graphi), wherein the bonded metal oxide portion (such as a metal oxide portion comprising at least one of alumina, yttria, zirconia, and magnesia) remains below carbon reduction Temperature (less than about 1300 ° C to 1900 ° C). The components may comprise different materials of the invention, such as refractory materials, and stainless steel based on their operating parameters and requirements. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the i.) EM pump assembly 5kk, the return conduit 310, the return reservoir 311, and the return EM pump tube 312 comprises stainless steel, wherein an internal oxidative protective coating (such as nickel) is available , Pt, bismuth or other precious metal) coating; ii.) at least one of the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the nozzle 307 and the MHD expansion portion 308 comprises an electrically insulating refractory material (such as boron nitride) or Refractory oxides (such as MgO (MP 2825 ° C)), ZrO₂ (M.P. 2715 ° C), magnesium oxide, H₂ O-stabilized zirconia, yttrium zirconate (SrZrO₃ M.P. 2700 ° C), HfO₂ (MP 2758 ° C), or cerium oxide (MP 3300 ° C) which is stable to oxidation at the working temperature; iii.) The reaction cell chamber 5b31 contains graphite (such as at least one of isotropic and hot graphite) And iv.) at least one of the inlet pipe 5qa, the nozzle portion of the electromagnetic pump tube 5k61, the nozzle 5q, and the MHD electrode 304 may comprise carbon, Mo, W, ruthenium, ruthenium coated Mo, ruthenium coating At least one of the W's. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the EM pump assembly 5kk, the return conduit 310a, the return reservoir 311a, and the return air pump or compressor 312a comprises stainless steel, wherein the interior may be coated with an oxidation reaction protective coating, The oxidation reaction protects the coating such as nickel, Pt, ruthenium or other precious metals. The electrodes may comprise conductors coated with precious metals, such as Pt on copper, nickel, nickel alloys and cobalt alloys, or such uncoated metals, which may be cooled by backing heat exchangers or cold plate applications. The electrode may comprise a spinel type electrode such as 0.75 MgAl₂ O₄ -0.25 Fe₃ O₄ , 0.75 FeAl₂ O₄ -0.25 Fe₃ O₄ And lanthanum lanthanum La(Mg)CrO₃ . In an embodiment, the MHD electrode 304 can comprise a liquid electrode, such as a liquid silver coated refractory metal electrode or a cooled metal electrode. At least one of Ni and tantalum coatings prevents coated components from being coated with H₂ O reaction. The MHD atmosphere may contain hydrogen to maintain metal reduction conditions, such as EM pump tube 5k6, inlet riser 5qa, nozzle portion of electromagnetic pump tube 5k61, nozzle 5q, and MHD electrode 304. The MHD atmosphere may contain water vapor to maintain oxide ceramics such as ZrO, yttria, and ceramic components.₂ Or MgO, such as at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the nozzle 307, and the MHD expansion portion 308. Ceramic glue (such as zirconia phosphate cement, ZrO)₂ The cement or calcium oxide-zirconia phosphate partially bonds or bonds the metal oxide together. Exemplary Al₂ O₃ Adhesives were Rescor 960 alumina (Cotronics) and Ceramabond 671. Additional exemplary ceramic adhesives are Resbond 989 (Cotronics) and Ceramabond 50 (Aremco). In an embodiment, the wall assembly may comprise an insulating ceramic that is stable with MgO (such as ZrO)₂ Or HfO₂ And the electrode insulator of the segmented electrode may comprise a thermally conductive ceramic such as MgO. To prevent loss of gasification from the outer surface, the ceramic may be sufficiently thick to be sufficiently cooled externally, actively or passively cooled, or coated in at least one of the insulation. Several oxides can be added to ZrO₂ (zirconia) or HfO₂ (yttria) to stabilize the material, such as yttria (Y₂ O₃ ), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium oxide (Ta₂ O₅ ), boron trioxide (B₂ O₃ ), TiO₂ , yttrium oxide (Ce₂ O₃ ), SiC, niobium and tantalum. The crystal structure may be a cubic phase, which is referred to as cubic stabilized zirconia (yttria) or stabilized zirconia (yttria). In one embodiment, at least one battery component, such as reaction cell chamber 5b31, is permeable to at least one of oxygen and oxide ions. An exemplary oxide permeable material is ZrO₂ . By controlling the transport of materials through oxides or oxides (such as ZrO)₂ The oxide diffusivity is used to control the oxygen content of the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The battery can include a voltage and current source on the oxide permeable material and a current control system wherein the flow of oxide ions on the material is controlled by voltage and current. Other suitable refractory components include SiC (M. P. = 2830 ° C), BN (M. P. = 2970 ° C), HfB₂ (M. P. = 3250 ° C) and ZrB₂ At least one of (M. P. = 3250 ° C). To avoid electrical shorting of the MHD electrodes by molten metal vapor, the electrodes 304 (Fig. 2I161) may comprise conductors, each mounted on a conductive pillar covered by an electrical insulator or as a lead 305 that acts as an insulated lead, the lead further acting as an electrode and generator channel 308 a spacer on the wall. Electrode 304 can be segmented and can include cathode 302 and anode 303. In addition to the insulated leads 305, the electrodes are free to float in the generator channel 308. The electrodes spaced along the vertical axis may be sufficient to prevent shorting of the molten metal. The electrode may comprise a refractory conductor such as W or Mo. Leads 305 can be connected to wires that can be insulated by a refractory insulator such as BN. The wire can be engaged in a wire bundle that penetrates a passage at the MHD busway feedthrough flange 301 that can include metal. Outside the MHD converter, the harness can be connected to a power combiner and an inverter. In an exemplary embodiment, the MHD is converted to black and white plasma initial and final temperatures of 3000K and 1300K during power. In an embodiment, the MHD generator is cooled on the low pressure side to maintain plasma flow. The Hall or generator channel 308 can be cooled. The cooling means can be one of the inventions. The MHD generator 300 can include a heat exchanger 316 (such as a radiant heat exchanger), wherein the heat exchanger can be designed to radiate power depending on its temperature to maintain a desired minimum channel temperature range, such as in the range of about 1000 °C to 1500 °C. The radiant heat exchanger can include a higher surface to minimize at least one of its size and weight. Radiation heat exchanger 316 can include a plurality of surfaces that can be configured to have a square or square face to increase the surface area of radiation. The radiant heat exchanger can be operated in air. The surface of the radiant heat exchanger may be coated with a material having at least one of the following characteristics: (i) capable of high temperature operation, such as refractory material, (ii) having a higher emissivity, (iii) being stable to the oxidation reaction, and providing a higher Surface area, such as an engraved surface with unobstructed or unobstructed discharge. Exemplary materials are ceramics, such as oxides, such as MgO, ZrO₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ And other oxidatively stable ceramics such as ZrC-ZrB₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ - SiC composition. The generator may further comprise a regenerator or a regenerative heat exchanger. In one embodiment, the fluid is returned to the injection system after passing in a countercurrent manner to receive heat in the expanded portion 308 or other heat loss region to preheat the metal injected into the battery reaction chamber 5b31 to maintain the reaction cell cavity. Room temperature. In one embodiment, a working medium (such as at least one of silver and a rare gas), a cell component (such as a reservoir 5c, a reaction cell chamber 5b31, and an MHD converter assembly (such as an MHD condensing portion 309 or other heat) At least one of at least one of a component (such as at least one of a group of the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle portion 307, the MHD generator portion 308, and the MHD condensing portion 309)) The heat exchanger may be heated by a heat exchanger from at least one other battery or MHD assembly (such as reservoir 5c, reaction cell chamber 5b31, MHD nozzle portion 307, MHD generator portion 308, and MHD condensing portion 309). At least one of the groups) receives heat. Regenerators or regenerative heat exchangers transfer heat from one component to another. In an embodiment, at least one of the emissivity, area, and temperature of the radiant heater exchanger 316 can be controlled to control the rate of heat transfer. The area can be controlled by controlling the extent of coverage of the thermal shield on the radiator. The temperature can be controlled by controlling the amount of heat flowing to the radiator. In another embodiment, the heat exchanger 316 can include a coolant loop, wherein the MHD heat exchanger 316 receives coolant via the MHD coolant inlet 317 and removes heat via the MHD coolant outlet 318. Heat can be used in regenerative heat exchangers to preheat the return silver flow, battery assembly or MHD assembly. Alternatively, heat can be used for heating and thermoelectric symbiosis applications. The nozzle introduction port 307 may comprise a refractory material resistant to wear, such as a metal oxide such as ZrO.₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ Or MgO), refractory nitrides, refractory carbides (such as tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide or tantalum carbide), hot graphite (such as tungsten) which may comprise a refractory coating or only other refractory materials or coated refractory materials of the invention Material on (such as carbon). Electrode 304 can comprise a fire resistant conductor such as W or Mo. Generator channels 308 or electrically insulating carriers such as electrodes 305 may be refractory insulators, such as one of the present invention, such as ceramic oxides, such as ZrO.₂ , boron nitride or tantalum carbide. In another embodiment in which the MHD assembly is cooled, the MHD assembly, such as at least one of the nozzle 307 and the passage 308, may comprise a refractory material (such as Al)₂ O₃ ZrO₂ , mullite or other) coated transition metal (such as Cu or Ni). The electrode may comprise a transition metal that may be cooled, wherein the surface may be coated with a refractory conductor such as W or Mo. Components that can be cooled by water, molten salts or other coolants are known to those skilled in the art, such as hot oils (such as ruthenium based polymers), molten metals (such as Sn, Pb, Zn, alloys), molten salts ( Such as alkaline salts) and eutectic salt mixtures (such as alkaline halide-alkali metal hydroxide mixtures (MX-MOH M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Cl, Br, I)) At least one of them. The hot coolant may be recycled to preheat the molten metal sprayed into the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The corresponding heat recovery system can include a reheater. In an embodiment, the MHD assembly (such as MHD nozzle 307, MHD channel 308, and MHD condensation portion 309) may comprise a refractory material, such as one of the present invention, such as at least one of carbide, carbon, and boride. And metal. The refractory material can be readily oxidized to at least one of oxygen and water. To inhibit the oxidation reaction, the oxygen source of the HOH catalyst can comprise a compound comprising oxygen, such as at least one of CO, an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxide, or other oxide or compound comprising oxygen of the present invention. The boride may comprise ZrB which may be doped with SiC₂ . Carbides may contain ZrC, WC, SiC, TaC, HfC and Ta₄ HfC₅ At least one of them. Conductive materials such as carbides may be electrically isolated by insulating spacers or bushings as indicated, such as in the case of electrical isolation of at least one of the ignition and MHD electrodes. An exemplary MHD volume conversion density of about 70 MW/m³ (70 kW / liter). Most of the problems in MHD in history have been attributed to the low conductivity characteristics of low conductivity and slagging environments in gas and coal-fired counterparts. The conductivity of silver SunCell® plasma is estimated to be approximately 1 mΩ based on 10,000 A at 12 V. According to the arc size, the corresponding conductivity is estimated to be 1×10 compared to about 20 S/m of the alkali-inoculated inert MHD working gas (where the power density is proportional to the conductivity).⁵ S/m. In an embodiment, the working medium may comprise at least one of silver vapor and a rare gas inoculated with silver vapor, such as He, Ne or Ar. In one embodiment, the conductivity of the working medium can be controlled by controlling at least one of molten metal vapor pressure (such as silver vapor pressure) and ionization of the working medium. By controlling the power of low-energy hydrogen, the intensity of EUV and UV light emitted by low-energy hydrogen reaction, ignition voltage, ignition current, EM pumping rate of molten metal flow, and operating temperature (such as gas, electron, ion and At least one of the blackbody temperatures) controls the ionization of the working medium. The at least one temperature can be controlled by controlling at least one of ignition and low energy hydrogen reaction conditions. Exemplary low energy hydrogen reaction conditions are gas pressure and gas composition, such as H₂ O, H₂ And inert gas components. The low energy hydrogen reaction conditions and corresponding controls may be one of the inventions or other suitable conditions. In one embodiment, the SunCell® may further comprise a molten metal overflow system, such as a system comprising an overflow sump, at least one pump, a battery molten metal inventory sensor, a molten metal inventory controller, a heater, a temperature control system, and a molten metal inventory, The molten metal is stored as needed and supplied to the SunCell®, which can be determined by at least one sensor and controller. The molten metal inventory controller of the overflow system may comprise a molten metal content controller of the present invention, such as a water riser and an EM pump. The overflow system can include at least one of an MHD return conduit 310, a return reservoir 311, a return EM pump 312, and a return EM pump tube 313. In one embodiment, the expansion of the working medium is maintained under conditions that ensure isentropic flow. In one embodiment, the inlet working medium conditions are selected for expansion of the ultrasonic nozzle that will ensure reversible expansion of the nozzle and a strong drive pressure gradient of the MHD channel. Due to saturation (if it occurs in the nozzle), the rapid cooling rate (such as about 15 K/us) will result in a strong column imbalance. Cooling and this can further trigger the condensation shock in the diverging portion of the nozzle, nozzle inlet The conditions can be highly superheated so that the vapor does not become saturated during expansion. In an embodiment, condensation shock will be avoided because it results in an irreversibility that deviates from the desired isentropic flow condition and drastically reduces the nozzle exit velocity, the resulting height entrained in the vapor stream in the ultrasonic/divergent portion of the nozzle. Dense liquid Ag droplets can cause accelerated erosion of the nozzle surface. In one embodiment where the Lorentz force adversely affects the direction of flow such that the weak drive pressure gradient in the MHD channel can produce a reduced volumetric flow through the system, the nozzle inlet temperature is as high as possible to allow proper overheating, and pressure It is also suitably high to ensure a strong driving pressure gradient in the MHD portion downstream of the nozzle. In an exemplary embodiment, the pressure of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 at the nozzle inlet is about 6 atm, and the plasma temperature is about 4000 K to cause isentropic expansion and dry steam at a rate of about 722 m/s and more. The pressure at 2 atm leaves the nozzle at approximately 1.84 Mach. Lower inlet temperatures are also possible, but these can each result in smaller outlet speeds and pressures. In one embodiment in which the Lorentz force can arrest the plasma jet prior to reaching the exit temperature of the desired MHD channel 308, plasma conductivity, magnetic field strength, gas temperature, electron temperature, ion temperature, channel inlet pressure, jet velocity, and At least one of the working medium flow parameters is optimized to achieve the desired MHD conversion efficiency and power density. In an embodiment comprising a molten metal inoculated rare gas plasma, such as a silver vapor inoculated argon or helium plasma, controlling the relative flow of metal vapor to a rare gas to achieve a desired conductivity, a plasma gas temperature, The reaction chamber 5b31 pressure and at least one of the MHD passage 308 inlet injection speed, pressure, and temperature. In one embodiment, the rare gas and metal vapor flow can be controlled by controlling a corresponding reflux pump to achieve the desired relative ratio. In one embodiment, the conductivity can be controlled by controlling the amount of relatively rare gas and metal injection rate by controlling the amount of inoculation into the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In one embodiment, the conductivity can be controlled by controlling the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. The low energy hydrogen reaction rate can be controlled by means of the present invention, such as by controlling the source of the catalyst, the source of oxygen, the source of hydrogen, water vapor, hydrogen, the flow of a conductive substrate (such as injection of molten silver), and ignition parameters (such as ignition voltage and The injection rate of at least one of at least one of the currents. In an embodiment, the MHD converter includes a sensor and control system for low energy hydrogen reaction and MHD operating parameters, such as (i) reaction conditions such as reactant pressure, temperature, and relative concentration, such as HOH and H or The flow of reactants from which they originate and the flow and pumping rates of conductive matrices such as liquids and silver sulfide, and ignition conditions such as ignition current and voltage; (ii) plasma and gas parameters, such as by MHD converters Stage pressure, velocity, flow rate, conductivity and temperature; (iii) reflux and recycle material parameters such as pumping rates and physical parameters of rare gases and molten metals such as flow rate, temperature and pressure; and (iv) A plasma conductivity sensor in at least one of the electrolytic cell chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle portion 307, the MHD channel 308, and the MHD condensing portion 309. In an embodiment, such as hydrogen (such as H)₂ Gas and H₂ A gas source of at least one of O is supplied to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The SunCell® can include at least one mass flow controller to supply a source of hydrogen, such as H, in at least one of a liquid and a gaseous form.₂ Gas and H₂ At least one of O. The supply may be via at least one of: a base of the EM pump assembly 5kk1, a wall of the reservoir 5c, a wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31, a jet EM pump tube 5k6, an MHD return conduit 310, an MHD return reservoir 311 The pump tube of the MHD return EM pump 312 and the MHD return EM pump tube 313. Gas added to the interior of the battery or MHD can be injected into the MHD condenser section 309 or at any convenient battery or MHD converter assembly that is connected to the interior. In an embodiment, hydrogen may be supplied via a selective membrane, such as a hydrogen permeable membrane. Hydrogen supply membrane can be packed with Pd or Pd-Ag H₂ The membrane is permeable or similar to those known to those skilled in the art. The penetration of the gas into the wall of the EM pump tube may include a flange that is welded or screwed into. Hydrogen can be supplied from a hydrogen storage tank. Hydrogen may be supplied from the hydride release, wherein the release may be controlled by means known to those skilled in the art, such as by controlling at least one of the pressure and temperature of the hydride. Hydrogen can be supplied by electrolyzing water. The water electrolyser can comprise a high pressure electrolyzer. At least one of the electrolyzer and the hydrogen mass flow controller can be controlled by a controller, such as a controller including a computer and a corresponding sensor. The hydrogen flow can be controlled based on the power output of the SunCell® that can be recorded by a converter such as a thermal meter, PV converter or MHD converter. In an embodiment, H can be₂ O is supplied to the reaction electrolytic cell chamber 5b31. The supply source may comprise a line such as a line through the EM pump tube 5k6 or the EM pump assembly 5kk. H₂ O can provide at least one of H and HOH catalysts. Low energy hydrogen reaction can produce O₂ And H₂ (1/p) and product. Such as H₂ (1/4) of H₂ (1/p) may diffuse from at least one of the reaction cell chamber and the MHD converter to an external region such as an ambient atmosphere or H₂ (1/p) Collection system. H₂ (1/p) may diffuse through the wall of at least one of the reaction cell chamber and the MHD converter due to its small volume. O₂ The product may diffuse from at least one of the reaction cell chamber and the MHD converter to an external region such as an ambient atmosphere or O₂ Collection system. O₂ It can be diffused via selective membranes, materials or values. The selective material or film may comprise a material or film capable of conducting a conductive oxide such as yttria, nickel/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/citrate layering or other oxygen or oxidation known to those skilled in the art. Selective membrane. O₂ It can be diffused via a permeable wall, such as a wall capable of conducting an oxide, such as a yttrium oxide wall. The oxygen permeable membrane may comprise a porous ceramic of a reaction cell and a low pressure component of the MHD converter, such as a ceramic wall of the MHD channel 308. The oxygen selective membrane can contain available Bi₂₆ Mo₁₀ O₆₉ BaCo coated to increase oxygen permeability_0.7 Fe_0.2 Nb_0.1 O_{3- δ} (BCFN) oxygen permeable membrane. The oxygen selective membrane can comprise Gd_{1 - x} Ca_x CoO_{3 - d} And Ce_{1 - x} Gd_x O_{2 - d} At least one of them. The oxygen selective membrane may comprise a ceramic oxide film such as SrFeCo_{0 . 5} O_x , SrFe_{0 . 2} Co_{0 . 5} O_x Ba_{0 . 5} Sr_{0 . 5} Co_{0 . 8} Fe_{0 . 2} O_x BaCo_{0 . 4} Fe_{0 . 4} Zr_{0 . 2} O_x La_{0 . 6} Sr_{0 . 4} CoO_x And Sr_{0 . 5} La_{0 . 5} Fe_{0 . 8} Ga_{0 . 2} O_x At least one of them. An EM pump or assembly such as at least one of an EM pump assembly 5kk, an EM pump 5ka, an EM pump tube 5k6, an inlet riser 5qa, and a spray EM pump tube 5k61 may comprise an oxygen stabilized material or coating, such as ceramic, Such as Al₂ O₃ , ZrC, ZrC-ZrB₂ , ZrC-ZrB₂ -SiC and ZrB with 20% SiC composition₂ At least one of, or at least one precious metal, such as at least one of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Rh), and iridium (Ir). In one embodiment shown in FIGS. 2I174 to 2I181, at least one of the EM pump assembly 5kk, the EM pump 5ka, the pump tube 5k6, the inlet riser 5qa, and the spray EM pump tube 5k61 may contain an oxidation reaction. Resistant ceramics. Ceramic can not be with O₂ reaction. The ceramic may comprise an electrical conductor that is stable to the reaction with oxygen at elevated temperatures. Exemplary ceramics are ZrC, ZrB₂ , ZrC-ZrB₂ , ZrC-ZrB₂ -SiC and ZrB with 20% SiC composition₂ . The conductive ceramic can be doped with SiC to provide protection from oxidation reactions.铱 (M.P. = 2446 ° C) does not form an alloy or solid solution with silver; therefore, ruthenium can act as a suitable oxidation resistant coating for at least one of the EM pump assembly 5kk and the EM pump tube 5k6 to avoid oxidation reactions. The tantalum coating can be applied to a metal that matches a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). In an exemplary embodiment, the interior of the EM pump assembly 5kk and the EM pump tube 5k6 are plated with helium, wherein the plated assembly comprises stainless steel (SS) having a CTE similar to helium, such as Haynes 230, 310 SS or 625 SS. . Alternatively the molybdenum EM pump assembly 5kk can be coated with ruthenium with a CTE match (eg, about 7 ppm/K). In one embodiment, a tube is used as the cathode to plate the interior of the EM pump tube, and the counter electrode may include a line having an insulating spacer that periodically moves on the counter electrode to a plated area covered by the spacer. In one embodiment, a ruthenium coating can be applied by vapor deposition, such as a method comprising chemically depositing an organic molecule comprising ruthenium, such as thermal decomposition of tetradecyl carbonyl to cause ruthenium to be deposited at elevated temperatures. On the surface. The crucible may be deposited by one or more methods known in the art, such as at least one of the following: magnetron sputtering (DC electromagnetic sputtering (DCMS) and radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS)) , chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metal organic CVD (MOCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), laser induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD), electrodeposition, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and double glow photovoltaic (DGP). In an embodiment, the interior of the EM pump 5k6 tube may be covered by a crucible. The ends of the coating may be coated with tantalum by means of the means of the invention, such as CVD or electroplating. In another embodiment, an EM pump assembly, such as a stainless steel EM pump assembly, may be coated with a refractory antioxidant coating, such as at least one of an oxide and a carbide. The coating may comprise carbides (such as tantalum carbide / niobium carbide (HfC / SiC)) and oxides (such as HfO)₂ ZrO₂ , Y₂ O₃ AUO₃ SiO₂ Ta₂ O₅ And TiO₂ At least one of at least one of them. In another embodiment, the EM pump tube 5k6 comprises an oxidation resistant stainless steel (SS), such as stainless steel for coal fireboxes and boiler tube coal water walls, such as austenitic stainless steel. Exemplary materials are Haynes 230, SS 310, and SS 625, which are a rare combination of austenitic nickel-chromium-molybdenum-bismuth alloys with excellent corrosion resistance and high strength combinations down to 1800 °F (982 °C). In an embodiment, a material such as Haynes 230, SS 310, or SS 625 can be pre-oxidized to form a protective oxide coating. The protective oxide coating can be formed by heating in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The SS such as Haynes 230 can be pre-oxidized in air or a controlled atmosphere such as an atmosphere containing oxygen and a rare gas such as argon. In an exemplary embodiment, Haynes 230, such as a Ni-Cr alloy with W and a Mo alloy, is pre-oxidized in air at 1000 ° C or in argon 80% / oxygen 20% for 24 hours. An oxide coating can be formed at the desired operating temperature and oxygen concentration. In an embodiment, metal components such as those containing SS 625 (such as EM pump assembly 5kk) may be 3D printed. In an embodiment, the exterior of the EM pump assembly can be protected from oxidation reactions. The protection may comprise a coating by an antioxidant coating, such as one of the present invention. Alternatively, at least a portion of the EM pump assembly 5kk can be embedded in an antioxidant material such as ceramic, quartz, glass, and cement. The protected portion can be operated in air by oxidation. In an embodiment, the molten metal such as silver may contain an additive that prevents or reduces the oxidation reaction inside the EM pump tube. The additive may comprise a reducing agent such as a thiosulfate or an oxidation product of the EM pump tube such that the additional oxidation reaction is inhibited by stabilizing the protective oxide of the tube wall. Alternatively, the molten metal additive may comprise a base that stabilizes the protective metal oxide on the wall of the pump tube. In an embodiment, the EM pump assembly can comprise a plurality of ceramics, such as conductive and non-conductive ceramics. In an exemplary embodiment, in addition to the EM pump busbar 5k2, the EM assembly 5kk may comprise a non-conductive ceramic such as an oxide such as Al.₂ O₃ , zirconia or yttria), and the EM pump busbar 5k2 may comprise conductive ceramics such as ZrC, ZrB₂ Or a composition such as ZrC-ZrB2-SiC. The reservoir 5c can comprise the same non-conductive ceramic as the EM pump assembly 5kk. In an embodiment, the ceramic EM pump can include at least one brazed or metallized ceramic portion to form a joint between the components. The electromagnetic pumps may each comprise one of two main types of electromagnetic pumps for liquid metal: an AC or DC conducted pump in which an AC or DC magnetic field is established on a tube containing liquid metal and the AC or DC current is fed separately a liquid through electrode connected to the wall of the tube; and an induction pump in which the mobile field senses the current required, such as an induction motor in which the current can intersect the applied AC electromagnetic field. Induction pumps can be in three main forms: toroidal linear, planar linear, and spiral. The pump may include other pumps known in the art, such as mechanical and thermoelectric pumps. The mechanical pump can include a centrifugal pump having a motor driven impeller. The molten metal pump may comprise a moving magnet pump (MMP), such as described in MG Hvasta, WK Nollet, MH Anderson "Designing moving magnet pumps for high-temperature, liquid-metal systems", Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 327, (2018) , Pumps on pages 228-237, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference. The MMP can generate a moving magnetic field by at least one of a spin array of permanent magnets and a multi-phase field coil. In an embodiment, the MMP can include a multi-stage pump, such as a secondary pump for MHD recirculation and ignition injection. The secondary MMP pump can include an electric motor, such as an electric motor that rotates the shaft. The secondary MMP may further comprise two rotating drums each comprising a set of circumferentially mounted magnets alternating in polarity fixed on the surface of each drum and a ceramic container having a U-shaped portion for receiving the drum, wherein each The drum can be rotated by the shaft to cause the molten metal to flow in the ceramic vessel. In another embodiment of the MMP, the drum of the alternating magnet is replaced by two discs of alternating polar magnets on the surface of each disc at opposite locations of the sandwiched ceramic container, the container containing the rotating disc The molten metal pumped by the sheet. In another embodiment, the container may comprise a magnetic field permeable material, such as a non-divalent iron metal (such as stainless steel) or ceramic (such as one of the present invention). The magnet can be cooled by means such as air cooling or water cooling to permit operation at high temperatures. An exemplary commercial AC EM pump is CMI Novacast CA15, where the heating and cooling system can be modified to support pumping molten silver. The EM pump tube containing the inlet and outlet portions and the heater containing the silver container can be heated by the heater of the present invention, such as a resistor or an inductively coupled heater. A heater such as a resistive or inductively coupled heater may be external to the EM pump tube and further include a heat transfer member to transfer heat from the heater to the EM pump tube (such as a heat pipe). The heat pipe can be operated at high temperatures, such as by a lithium working fluid. The electromagnet of the EM pump can be cooled by the system of the invention, such as by a water cooling circuit and a chiller. In an embodiment (Fig. 2I184 to Fig. 2I185), the EM pump 400 may comprise an AC induction type in which the Lorentz force on the silver is generated by a time varying current passing through the silver and a cross-synchronous time varying magnetic field. The time varying current through silver can be induced by the Faraday of the first time varying magnetic field generated by the EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a. The source of the first time varying magnetic field may comprise a primary transformer winding 401 and the silver may act as a secondary transformer winding, such as a single turn short winding comprising an EM pump bushing section 405 of the current loop and an EM pump current loop return section 406 . The primary winding 401 can include an AC electromagnet in which a first time varying magnetic field is conducted through the silver circumferential circuits 405 and 406, the inductive current loop is conducted by a magnetic circuit or an EM pump transformer yoke 402. Silver may be contained in a container such as ceramic containers 405 and 406, such as a container comprising the ceramic of the present invention, such as tantalum nitride (MP 1900 ° C), quartz, alumina, zirconia, magnesia or yttria. Protective SiO₂ The layer can be formed by controlled passivation oxidation on yttrium nitrite. The container may include channels 405 and 406 that enclose the magnetic circuit or EM pump transformer yoke 402. The container may include a flattened section 405 such that the induced current has components that flow in a vertical direction to a synchronous time varying magnetic field and a desired direction of flow of the pump according to the corresponding Lorentz force. The cross-synchronous time-varying magnetic field can be generated by an EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c including an AC electromagnet 403 and an EM pump electromagnetic yoke 404. The magnetic yoke 404 may have a gap at the flat section of the container 405 containing silver. The electromagnet 401 of the EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a and the electromagnet 403 of the EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c may be powered by a single phase AC power source or other suitable power source known in the art. The magnets can be positioned close to the loop bends such that there is a desired current vector component. The phase of the AC current of the power transformer winding 401 and the electromagnet winding 403 can be synchronized to maintain the desired direction of the Lorentz pumping force. In an embodiment (Fig. 2I184-2I185), the induced current loop may comprise an inlet EM pump sleeve 5k6, an EM pump sleeve section 405 of the current loop, an outlet EM pump sleeve 5k6, and a path through the silver in the reservoir 5c. The reservoir may comprise walls comprising a water riser 5qa and an ejector 5k61 in an embodiment of such components. The EM pump can include monitoring and control systems such as current and voltage for the primary winding and monitoring and control systems that use the pumping parameter feedback to control SunCell power generation. An exemplary measurement feedback parameter can be the temperature at the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the power at the MHD converter. The monitoring and control system can include corresponding sensors, controllers, and computers. In an MHD converter embodiment having only a pair of electromagnetic pumps 400, each MHD return conduit 310 extends to the inlet of the corresponding electromagnetic pump 5kk and is connected to the inlet. The connection may include a boss 308 such as a base having a reservoir of an input of the MHD return conduit 310 (such as a Y-joint) and a reservoir of a boss such as a reservoir floor assembly 409. In an embodiment comprising a pressurized SunCell® with an MHD converter, the injection side of the EM pump, the reservoir and the reaction cell chamber 5b31 operate at a high pressure relative to the MHD return conduit 310. The inlet of each EM pump may only include the MHD return conduit 310. The connection may include a splicing such as a splicing with an input of the MHD return conduit 310 (such as a Y-joint and reservoir pedestal), wherein pump power is prevented from returning from the inlet flow from the reservoir to the MHD return conduit 310. In an MHD power generator embodiment, the injection EM pump and the MHD return EM pump may comprise any of the present invention, such as a DC or AC conductive pump and an AC induction pump. In an exemplary MHD power generator embodiment (Fig. 2I184) In the injection EM pump may comprise an inductive EM pump 400, and the MHD return EM pump 312 may comprise an inductive EM pump or a DC conductive EM pump. In another embodiment, the jet pump may further act as an MHD return EM pump. The return conduit 310 can be input to the EM pump at a lower pressure location than the inlet from the reservoir. The inlet from the MHD return conduit 310 can be at a location suitable for the low pressure in the MHD condensation section 309 and the MHD return conduit 310. Entering the EM pump. The inlet from the reservoir 5c can be accessed at the location of the higher pressure EM pump casing, such as at a location where the pressure is the operating pressure of the desired reaction cell chamber 5b31. At the injector section 5k61 The EM pump pressure can be at least the required reaction cell chamber pressure The pressure may be attached to the EM pump at the casing and current loop section 5k6, 405 or 406. The EM pump may comprise a multi-stage pump (Fig. 2I186-2I195). The multistage EM pumps may each correspond to substantially only An input metal stream is received at a different pump stage that allows the forward molten metal stream to exit the EM pump outlet and the pressure of the injector 5k61, such as an input metal stream from the MHD return conduit 310 and an input metal stream from the susceptor of the reservoir 5c. In an embodiment, the multi-stage EM pump assembly 400a (FIG. 2I188) includes at least one EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a and further includes at least one AC EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c that includes an inductive current loop 405 And a transformer winding 401 and a transformer yoke 402. The AC EM pump electromagnetic circuit includes an AC electromagnet 403 and an EM pump electromagnetic yoke 404. The inductive current loop may include an EM pump bushing section 405 and an EM pump current loop return section. 406. The electromagnetic yoke 404 may have a gap at a flat section of the vessel or EM pump casing section containing a current circuit 405 such as silver pumped molten metal. In an embodiment, the multi-stage EM pump may comprise a supply perpendicular to the current. a plurality of AC EM pump electromagnetic circuits 403c of magnetic flux of the metal flow. The multi-stage EM pump can receive the inlet along the EM pump casing section of the current circuit 405 at a position where the inlet pressure is suitable for local pumping to achieve forward pumping Flow, wherein the pressure is increased in the next AC EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c. In an exemplary embodiment, the MHD return conduit 310 is in front of the first AC electromagnet circuit 403c including the AC electromagnet 403a and the EM pump electromagnetic yoke 404a The current loop is entered, such as the EM pump casing section of current loop 405. The inlet stream from the reservoir 5c can enter before the first AC electromagnet circuit 403c and after the second AC electromagnet circuit 403c, the AC electromagnet circuit comprising an AC electromagnet 403b and an EM pump electromagnetic yoke 404b, wherein the pump The molten metal pressure in current loop 405 is maintained, which maintains the desired flow from each inlet to the next pump stage or to the pump outlet and injector 5k61. The pressure of each pump stage can be controlled by controlling the current of the corresponding AC electromagnet of the AC electromagnet circuit. In an embodiment, the EM pump current loop return section 406, such as a ceramic channel, may comprise a molten metal flow restrictor or may be filled with a solid electrical conductor to complete the current flow of the current loop while preventing the molten metal from flowing back to the EM from a higher pressure. Lower pressure section of the pump casing. The solid may comprise a metal such as the stainless steel of the present invention, such as Haynes 230, Pyromet® Alloy 625, Carpenter L-605 alloy, BioDur® Carpenter CCM® alloy, Haynes 230, 310 SS or 625 SS. The solid may comprise a refractory metal. The solid may comprise a metal of an antioxidant. The solid may comprise a metal such as tantalum or a conductive cap layer or coating to avoid oxidation of the solid conductor. In an embodiment, the magnetic winding of at least one of the converter and the electromagnet is at a distance from the EM pump sleeve section 405 of the current loop, comprising at least one of the transformer yoke 402 and the electromagnetic circuit yoke 404 It extends to flow the metal. The extension allows for more efficient cooling of the more efficient heating of the inductively coupled heating of the EM pump sleeve 405 and at least one of the transformer winding 401, the transformer yoke 402, and the electromagnetic circuit 403c comprising the AC electromagnet 403 and the EM pump electromagnetic yoke 404 At least one of them. In the case of a secondary EM pump, the magnetic circuit can include AC electromagnets 403a and 403b and EM pump electromagnetic yokes 404a and 404b. At least one of the transformer yoke 402 and the electromagnetic yoke 404 may comprise a ferromagnetic material having a high Curie temperature, such as iron or cobalt. At least one of the EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a and the EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c may comprise a water cooling system such as one of the present inventions, such as one of the magnets 5k4 of the DC conductive EM pump (Fig. 2I115-2I116). At least one of the inductive EM pumps 400b can include an air cooling system 400b (Figs. 2I190-2I191). At least one of the inductive EM pumps 400c can include a water cooling system (Fig. 2I192). An exemplary transformer includes a silicon steel laminated transformer core. The ignition transformer may comprise (i) a number of windings in at least one of about 10 to 10,000 angstroms, 100 to 5,000 angstroms, and 500 to 25,000 angstroms; at about 10 watts to 1 MW, 100 watts to 500 kW, 1 kW to 100 kW and power in at least one of 1 kW to 20 kW, and (iii) in at least one of about 0.1 A to 10,000 A, 1 A to 5 kA, 1 A to 1 kA, and 1 A to 500 A Primary winding current. In an exemplary embodiment, the ignition current is in the range of about 6 V to 10 V and the current is about 1000 A; thus the winding with 50 turns operates at about 500 V and 20 A to provide 10 at 1000 A. The ignition current of V. The EM pump electromagnet may comprise flux in at least one of about 0.01 T to 10 T, 0.1 T to 5 T, and 0.1 T to 2 T. In an exemplary embodiment, the approximately 0.5 mm diameter magnetic wire is maintained at about 200 °C. The EM pump cannula can be heated using an inductively coupled heater antenna such as a pie coil antenna. The antenna can be cooled by water. In an embodiment, the reservoir 5c can be heated using an inductively coupled heater. The heater antenna 5f may comprise two cylindrical helices around the reservoir 5c that may be further connected to a coil such as a pie coil to heat the EM pump casing. The turns of the opposite spirals around the reservoir can be wound such that the currents are in the same direction to strengthen the magnetic fields of the two coils or in opposite directions to eliminate the magnetic field in the space between the spirals. In an exemplary embodiment, the inductively coupled heater antenna 5f may comprise a continuous set of three turns, as shown in Figures 2I182-2I183, 2I186, and 2I190-2I192, including two spirals of the circumference of each reservoir 5c. a wire and a pie coil parallel to the EM pump tube, wherein the two spirals are wound clockwise, and current flows from the top of one spiral to the bottom thereof, flows into the pie coil, and then from the second spiral The bottom flows to the top. The EM pump sleeve section 405 of the current loop may be an additive of EM pump sleeve 405 material by a flux concentrator, an additive such as quartz or tantalum nitride, and an absorbing carbon sleeve such as RF from an inductively coupled heater. At least one of the claddings of the pump casing 405 is selectively heated. In an embodiment, the EM pump cannula section 405 of the current loop can be selectively heated by an inductively coupled heater antenna that includes a helix around the pump cannula 405. At least one of the at least one of the MHD return conduit 310, the EM pump reservoir line 416, and the EM pump injection line 417 (FIGS. 2I192-2I195) may be heated by an inductively coupled heater, which may include An antenna 415 is wound around the pipeline of the water-coolable antenna. An assembly wound with an inductively coupled heater antenna such as 5f and 415 may include an inner insulating layer. The inductively coupled heater antenna provides dual function or heating and water cooling to maintain the desired temperature of the corresponding component. The SunCell can further include: a structural support 418 that secures components such as the MHD magnet housing 306a, the MHD nozzle 307, and the MHD channel 308, electrical outputs, sensors, and mountable to the structural support 418 and such as the EM pump reservoir line 416. And a control line 419 on the heat shield of 420 around the EM pump injection line 417. The EM pump casing section 405 of the current loop may include molten metal inlet and outlet passages connected to the corresponding EM pump casing 5k6 section (Fig. 2I185). Each inlet and outlet of the EM pump casing 5k6 can be fastened to the corresponding reservoir 5c, the inlet riser 5qa, and the injector 5k61. The fastener may comprise a joint, fastener or seal of the invention. Seal 407a can comprise a ceramic glue. The joints may each comprise a flange sealed with a gasket such as a graphite gasket. Each of the reservoirs 5c may comprise a ceramic such as a metal oxide connected to a reservoir bottom plate which may be ceramic. The backplane connection can include a flange and a gasket seal, wherein the gasket can comprise carbon. The bottom plate may include a reservoir floor assembly 409 (Fig. 2I 187) that includes a bottom plate 409a having an attached inlet riser 5qa and an ejector sleeve 5k61 having a nozzle 5q. The sleeve can penetrate the base of the reservoir bottom plate 409a as a boss 408. The boss 408 from the reservoir 5c can be coupled to the ceramic inlet and outlet of the EM pump sleeve of the inductive EM pump 400 by at least one of a flange joint 407 having a fastener and a gasket. Such as bolts, such as carbon, molybdenum or ceramic bolts, such as carbon gaskets, wherein the abutment comprising at least one ceramic component operates at a temperature below the carbon reduction temperature. In other embodiments, the union may include other abutments known in the art, such as Swagelok, sliding nut or compression fittings. In an embodiment, the ignition current is supplied by a power source having a positive terminal and a negative terminal connected to a conductive component of one of the pump casing, the reservoir, the boss, and the union. In another embodiment, the ignition system includes an inductive system (Fig. 2I186, 2I189-2I195) in which a power source is applied to the electrically conductive molten metal such that ignition of the low energy hydrogen reaction provides induced current, voltage, and power. The ignition system can include an electrodeless system in which the ignition current is applied by induction by the induction ignition transformer assembly 410. The induced current can flow through the intersecting molten metal stream from a plurality of injectors held by a pump such as EM pump 400. In an embodiment, the reservoir 5c may further comprise a ceramic interface 414, such as a channel between the bases of the reservoir 5c. The inductive ignition transformer assembly 410 can include an inductive ignition transformer winding 411 and an inductive ignition transformer yoke 412 that can extend through the intersecting molten metal stream from the plurality of molten metal injectors by the reservoir 5c and An induced current loop formed by the junction channel 414. The inductive ignition transformer assembly 410 can be similar to the inductive ignition transformer assembly of the EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a. In an embodiment, the ignition current source may comprise an AC induction type in which a current in a molten metal such as silver is induced by Faraday induction through a time varying magnetic field of silver. The source of the time varying magnetic field can include a primary transformer winding, an inductive ignition transformer winding 411, and the silver can at least partially function as a secondary transformer winding, such as a single turn shorted winding. The primary winding 411 can include an AC electromagnet, wherein the inductive ignition transformer yoke 412 conducts a time varying magnetic field through a circumferential conductive loop comprising molten silver. The transformer electromagnet can be powered by a single phase AC power source or other suitable power source known in the art. The transformer frequency can be increased to reduce the size of the transformer yoke 412. The transformer frequency can be in the range of approximately 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 1 Hz to 100 kHz, 10 Hz to 10 kHz, and 10 Hz to 1 kHz. The reservoir 5c may comprise a molten metal channel such as a junction channel 414 connecting the two reservoirs 5c. The current loop enclosing the transformer yoke 412 may include the reservoir 5c, the molten silver contained in the transfer passage 414, the silver in the ejector sleeve 5k61, and the jetted intersection to complete the molten current flow of the induced current loop. The inductive current loop may further comprise, at least in part, molten silver contained in at least one of an EM pump assembly such as a feed riser 5qa, an EM pump sleeve 5k6, a boss, and an injector 5k61. The transfer channel 414 can be at a desired level of molten metal such as silver in the reservoir. Alternatively, the transfer channel 414 can be at a location below the desired reservoir molten metal level such that the channel is continuously filled with molten metal during operation. The transfer channel 414 can be positioned towards the base of the reservoir 5c. The channel may form part of an induced current loop or circuit and further facilitates flow of molten metal from one reservoir having a higher silver level to another reservoir having a lower level to hold two reservoirs 5c The required level. The difference in the molten metal discharge pressure allows the metal to flow between the reservoirs to maintain the desired level in each reservoir. The current loop may comprise an intersecting molten metal stream, an ejector sleeve 5k61, a molten metal column in the reservoir 5c, and a reservoir 5c connected to the desired molten silver level or a reservoir below a desired level. Handover channel 414. The current loop encloses a transformer yoke 412 that induces current by the Faraday. In another embodiment, the at least one EM pump transformer yoke 402 can further include an induction ignition transformer yoke 412 to generate an induced ignition current by additionally supplying a time varying magnetic field through the ignition molten metal circuit, such as by An ignited molten metal circuit formed by the intersecting molten metal stream and the molten metal contained in the reservoir and the transfer passage 414. Reservoir 5c and channel 414 may comprise an electrical insulator such as ceramic. The inductive ignition transformer yoke 412 can include a cover plate 413 that can include at least one of an electrical insulator such as a ceramic cover plate and a thermal insulator. Sections of the inductive ignition transformer yoke 412 extending between the reservoirs may be thermally or electrically shielded by a cover plate 413, which may include circumferentially wound inductively coupled heater antennas such as spiral coils. The ceramic of at least one of the reservoir 5c, the channel 414 and the cover plate 413 may be a ceramic of the invention, such as tantalum nitride (MP 1900 ° C), quartz such as fused silica, alumina, zirconia, magnesia or Yttrium oxide. Protective SiO₂ The layer can be formed by controlled passivation oxidation on yttrium nitrite. Ceramic components such as quartz components can be cast using molding such as graphite or other refractory inert molding. In an exemplary embodiment, the quartz is poured into a hot or cryogenic liquid by methods known in the art, such as the method of Hellma analysis (http://www.hellmaanalytics.com/assets/adb/32/32e6a909951dc0e2.pdf). The molding comprises four components comprising two inner and outer surfaces facing the battery assembly such as the reservoir 5c and the reaction cell chamber 5b31. In an embodiment, the transfer channel 414 maintains the reservoir silver level near constant. The SunCell® may further include an immersion nozzle 5q of the ejector 5k61. Due to the approximately constant molten metal level of each reservoir 5c, the depth of each submerged nozzle and thus the discharge pressure through which the injector is injected may remain substantially constant. In embodiments including the transfer passage 414, the inlet riser 5qa can be removed and replaced with a bore into the reservoir boss 408 or EM pump reservoir line 416. At least one of the transformer windings 401 and 411, the electromagnet 403, the yokes 402, 404, and 412 and the magnetic circuits 401a, 403a, and 410 of at least one of the EM pump and the ignition system may shield the RF magnetic field of the inductively coupled heater To reduce the heating effect. The shield can contain a Faraday cage. The cage wall thickness can be greater than the skin depth of the RF field of the inductively coupled heater. In an embodiment comprising an inductive ignition system 410, the transformer yoke 412 can be at least partially cooled by the proximity of the water cooled antenna 5f, which can be further used to cool the SunCell® and the reservoir 5c during operation. At least one. The ignition current can be time-varying, such as about 60 Hz AC, but can have other characteristics and waveforms, such as having at least 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 10 kHz, 10 Hz to 1 kHz, and 10 Hz to 100 Hz. a waveform of a frequency within a range of peak currents in at least one of about 1 A to 100 MA, 10 A to 10 MA, 100 A to 1 MA, 100 A to 100 kA, and 1 kA to 100 kA, and Peak voltage in the range of approximately 1 V to 1 MV, 2 V to 100 kV, 3 V to 10 kV, 3 V to 1 kV, 2 V to 100 V, and 3 V to 30 V, where the waveform can include sinusoidal Wave, square wave, triangle or other desired waveform, which may include a duty cycle such as a duty cycle in at least one of 1% to 99%, 5% to 75%, and 10% to 50%. In an embodiment, the firing frequency is adjusted to produce a low energy hydrogen power generation corresponding frequency in at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD channel 308. The frequency of the power output, such as about 60 Hz AC, can be controlled by controlling the firing frequency. The firing frequency can be adjusted by varying the frequency of the time varying magnetic field of the induction ignition transformer assembly 410. The frequency of the inductive ignition transformer assembly 410 can be adjusted by varying the frequency of the current that induces the ignition transformer winding 411, wherein the frequency of the power of the winding 411 can be varied. The time varying power in the MHD channel 308 prevents seismic wave formation from the aerosol jet stream. In another embodiment, time varying ignition can drive time varying low energy hydrogen power generation that results in a time varying electrical power output. The MHD converter can output AC power, and the converter can also include a DC component. The AC component can be used to power at least one winding of at least one of one or more of a transformer and an electromagnet winding, such as the winding of the EM pump transformer winding circuit 401a and the EM pump electromagnetic circuit 403c At least one of the windings of the electromagnet. The pressurized SunCell® with MHD converter can operate without gravity. An EM pump, such as 400, such as a two stage air cooled EM pump 400b, can be positioned in a position that optimizes at least one of the filler and minimization of the molten metal inlet and outlet conduits or lines. An exemplary package is a package in which the EM pump is positioned intermediate the end of the MHD condensation section 309 and the base of the reservoir 5c (Fig. 2I193-2I195). In an embodiment, the silver vapor-silver aerosol mixture exiting MHD nozzle 307 and entering MHD channel 308 contains a majority of the liquid fraction. To achieve a majority of the liquid fraction at the inlet of the MHD channel 308, the mixture can contain most of the liquid at the inlet of the MHD nozzle 307. The thermal power of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 resulting from the low energy hydrogen reaction can be converted to kinetic energy by the MHD nozzle 307. In embodiments in which most of the energy inventory at the exit of the MHD nozzle 307 is kinetic energy, the mixture must be a majority of the liquid fraction, and the temperature and pressure of the mixture should be close to the temperature and pressure at which the molten metal is at its melting point. In order to convert the thermal energy inventory of a larger fraction of the mixture into kinetic energy, the nozzle area of the branching section of the polymerization-splitting MHD nozzle 307 such as the de Laval nozzle must be increased. Since the thermal energy of the mixture is converted to kinetic energy in the MHD nozzle 307, the temperature of the mixture decreases with the accompanying pressure drop. Low pressure conditions correspond to lower vapor densities. The lower vapor density reduces the cross section to transfer the forward momentum and kinetic energy to the liquid fraction of the mixture. In an embodiment, the nozzle length can be increased to produce a longer liquid acceleration time before the nozzle outlet. In an embodiment, the cross-sectional area of the aerosol spray column at the exit of the MHD nozzle can be reduced. The area reduction can be achieved by one or more of at least one focusing magnet, spacer, and other components known in the art. A focused aerosol jet with a reduced area may permit a smaller cross-sectional area of the MHD channel 308. The MHD channel power density can be higher. The MHD magnet 306 can be smaller due to the smaller volume of the magnetization channel 308. In an embodiment, the temperature of the mixture at the inlet of the MHD channel 308 is close to the melting point of the molten metal. In the case of silver, the temperature of the mixture may be in the range of at least about 965 ° C to 2265 ° C, 1000 ° C to 2000 ° C, 1000 ° C to 1900 ° C, and 1000 ° C to 1800 ° C. In an embodiment, the silver liquid may be recycled to the reservoir 5c by the EM pump 400, 400a, 400b or 400c to recover at least a portion of the thermal energy in the liquid. In embodiments including live joints, the joints comprise ceramic components and carbon gaskets, and the temperature of the recycled silver can be lower than the carbon reduction temperature of the graphite and ceramics and the failure temperature of the material of the SunCell® component such as the ceramic component. At least one of them. Included in the EM pump casing section 405, such as the return conduit 310, the current loop, the reservoir 5c, the reaction cell chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle 307, and at least one carbon gasket flange joint 407 between the ceramic components. In an exemplary embodiment of the yttria-stabilized zirconia of the MHD channel 308 and the MHD condensation section 309, the silver temperature is less than about 1800 °C to 2000 °C. The power of an aerosol containing kinetic energy and thermal energy can be converted into electricity in the MHD channel. Aerosol kinetic energy can be converted to electricity by a liquid MHD mechanism. Some of the residual thermal power of the thermal power of any vapor, such as the mixture in the MHD channel 308, can be converted to electricity by the Lorentz force acting on the corresponding vapor. The thermal energy conversion rate causes the temperature of the mixture to drop. The silver vapor pressure can be lower corresponding to the lower mixture temperature. The MHD channel 308 can be maintained at a lower background pressure, such as at a pressure in the range of at least about 0.001 Torr to 760 Torr, 0.01 Torr to 100 Torr, and 0.1 Torr to 10 Torr to prevent aerosol spray from the nozzle 307. The column is subjected to seismic waves, such as condensed shock waves or turbulence, such that the aerosol creates a pressurization, such as back pressure in the MHD channel 308. In an embodiment, the vapor fraction of the mixture is minimized at the nozzle inlet to reduce it at the nozzle outlet. The vapor fraction may range from at least one of about 0.01 to 0.3, 0.05 to 0.25, 0.05 to 0.20, 0.05 to 0.15, and 0.05 to 0.1. 20 atmospheres, 0 m/s speed, 3253 K temperature, 0.9 liquid mass fraction of the mixture, acoustic wave velocity 137 m/s, Mach number 0 and 0 kJ/kg kinetic energy given nozzles, inlet parameters, nozzle outlet The exemplary parameters of the mixture are approximately the parameters given in Table 3. Table 3. Nozzle outlet parameters for initial pressure parameters of 20 atmosphere pressure, 0.9 liquid fraction, and 1 kg/s mass flow. In an embodiment, the vapor may be at least partially condensed at the end of the MHD channel, such as in the MHD condensation section 309. Heat exchanger 316 can remove heat to cause condensation. Alternatively, the vapor pressure may be low enough such that the MHD efficiency is increased by non-condensing vapor, wherein the vapor maintains a static equilibrium pressure in the MHD channel 308. In an embodiment, the Lorentz force is greater than the collision friction of any uncondensed vapor in the MHD channel 308. The Lorentz force can be increased to the Lorentz force required to increase the strength of the magnetic field. The magnetic flux of the MHD magnet 306 can be increased. In an embodiment, the magnetic flux may be in a range of at least one of about 0.01 T to 15 T, 0.05 T to 10 T, 0.1 T to 5 T, 0.1 T to 2 T, and 0.1 T to 1 T. In an embodiment, the silver vapor is condensed such that the heat of vaporization is recirculated to the reservoir or to the silver of the EM pump casing of the secondary EM pump that is the injector 5k61. The vapor can be compressed using compressor 312a. The compressor can be connected to a secondary EM pump such as 400c. In an embodiment, the silver vapor/aerosol mixture is oxygenated at the outlet of the MHD nozzle 307 with almost pure liquid. The solubility of oxygen in silver increases as the temperature approaches the melting point, with solubility being up to about 40 to 50 oxygen volumes for the silver volume (Figure 3). Silver absorbs oxygen at the MHD channel 308, such as at the exit, and both liquid silver and oxygen are recycled. Oxygen can be recycled to the gas absorbed in the molten silver. In the embodiment, oxygen is released into the reaction chamber 5b31 to regenerate the cycle. Temperatures above the melting point of silver also serve as a means for thermal power recycle or regeneration. The oxygen concentration is optimized to achieve a thermodynamic cycle in which the temperature of the recycled silver is less than the maximum operating temperature of a SunCell® component such as 1800 °C. In an exemplary embodiment, (i) the oxygen pressure in at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the MHD nozzle 307 is 1 atmosphere, and (ii) the silver at the outlet of the MHD channel 308 is almost entirely such as gas. a sol liquid, (iii) an oxygen mass flow rate of about 0.3% by weight, and (iv) a temperature at the outlet of the MHD channel of about 1000 ° C, wherein O₂ The aerosol was accelerated and subsequently absorbed by 1000 ° C silver. The liquid silver-oxygen mixture is recycled to the reaction cell chamber 5b31 where oxygen is released to form a thermodynamic cycle. The need for a gas compressor such as 312a and corresponding parasitic power loads can be reduced or eliminated. In an embodiment, the oxygen pressure may range from about 0.0001 atmospheres to 1000 atmospheres, from 0.01 atmospheres to 100 atmospheres, from 0.1 atmospheres to 10 atmospheres, and from 0.1 atmospheres to 1 atmosphere. Oxygen may have a higher partial pressure in a battery region, such as at least one of reaction cell chamber 5b31 and nozzle 307 with respect to MHD channel outlet 308. The SunCell® can have a background oxygen partial pressure that can be raised in a battery region such as at least one of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 and the nozzle 307 with respect to the MHD channel outlet 308. Due to the much higher oxygen heat capacity and non-condensing forces at the operating temperature, the MHD nozzle can be reduced in size relative to the size of the MHD converter using only silver vapor to achieve aerosol spray column acceleration. The thermodynamic cycle can be optimized to maximize electrical conversion efficiency. In an embodiment, the kinetic energy of the mixture is maximized while minimizing the vapor fraction. In an embodiment, thermal power recycle or regeneration is achieved as a function of the temperature of the recycled silver from the outlet of the MHD channel 308 to the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The temperature of the recycled silver can be less than the maximum operating temperature of the SunCell® component, such as 1800 °C. In another embodiment, the Lorentz force can cool the mixture to at least partially concentrate the liquid phase, wherein the corresponding released heat of vaporization is at least partially transferred to the liquid phase. At least one of the MHD nozzle extension, the MHD channel 308 extension, and the Lorentz force cooling in the MHD channel 308 may reduce the temperature of the mixture at one or more of the MHD nozzle 307 outlet and the MHD channel 308 below the melting point of the silver. . The heat released by the condensed vapor can be absorbed into the heat of fusion of the thermal capacity of silver and silver as the temperature increases. The silver heated by the condensation vaporization heat can be recycled to regenerate the corresponding thermal power. In another embodiment of increasing efficiency, the relatively low temperature aerosol may be injected into a power conversion assembly such as MHD nozzle 307 or MHD channel 308 by means such as a conduit from the reservoir 5c. Ceramic components of SunCell® can be joined by means of the present invention, such as ceramic glues of two or more ceramic components, brazing of ceramic to metal components, sliding nut seals, gasket seals, and wet seals. The gasket seal can include two flanges that are sealed with a gasket. The flange can be withdrawn along with a fastener such as a bolt. The sliding nut joint or gasket seal can include a carbon gasket. At least one of the nut, EM pump assembly 5kk, reservoir bottom plate 5b8, and lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise materials resistant to carbonization and carbide formation, such as nickel, carbon, and carbonization resistant stainless steel such as SS 625 or Haynes 230 SS. (SS). The sliding nut engagement between the EM pump assembly and the ceramic reservoir can include an EM pump assembly 5kk and a graphite gasket, the EM pump assembly including a threaded collar and a nut that includes carbonization resistant such as SS 625 or Haynes 230 SS stainless steel (SS) with a nut threaded onto the collar to secure the gasket. The flange sealing engagement between the EM pump assembly 5kk and the reservoir 5c can include a reservoir bottom plate 5b8 having a bolt hole, a ceramic reservoir having a flange and a bolt hole, and a carbon gasket. The EM pump assembly with the reservoir bottom plate may comprise a carbonized stainless steel (SS) such as SS 625 or Haines 230 SS. The flange of the reservoir can be fastened to the bottom plate 5b8 by fastening bolts of carbon or graphite spacers. In an embodiment, a carbon reduction reaction between a carbon such as a carbon gasket and a component comprising an oxide such as oxide reservoir 5c is avoided by maintaining contact between the bond comprising oxidation and carbon at a non-reactive temperature. Oxide reservoirs such as MgO, Al₂ O₃ Or ZrO₂ The reservoir, the non-reactive temperature is lower than the carbon reduction reaction temperature. In an embodiment, the MgO carbon reduction reaction temperature is in the range of from about 2000 °C to 2300 °C. In an exemplary embodiment, a ceramic such as an oxide ceramic may be metallized with an alloy such as Mo-Mn, such as zirconia or alumina. The two metallized ceramic parts can be joined by brazing. The metallized ceramic component and the metal component such as the EM pump busbar 5k2 can be joined by brazing. Metallization can be applied to protect it from oxidation. Exemplary coatings comprise nickel and precious metals in the case of water oxidants and noble metals in the case of oxygen. In an exemplary embodiment, the alumina or zirconia EM pump sleeve 5k6 is metallized at the penetration of the EM pump busbar 5k2, and the EM pump busbar 5k2 is connected by brazing to the metallized EM pump casing. . In another exemplary embodiment, from the EM pump assembly 5kk, the EM pump 5ka, the EM pump casing 5k6, the inlet riser 5qa, the injection EM pump casing 5k61, the reservoir, the MHD nozzle 307, and the MHD passage 308 The parts of the list of at least two of them can be glued together with ceramic glue. The ceramic component can be constructed using the present invention or methods known in the art. The ceramic components can be powder molded, poured or sintered, or glued together, or screwed together. In an embodiment, the components can be constructed and sintered in a ceramic green body. In an exemplary embodiment, the alumina components can be sintered together. In another embodiment, the plurality of components can be constructed as a green component, assembled and sintered together. The dimensions of the components and materials can be selected to compensate for component shrinkage. In an embodiment, a ceramic SunCell® component, such as a ceramic component comprising at least one of ZrC-ZrB2-SiC, may be formed by a stoichiometric mixture of ball milled component powders, formed into a desired shape during molding, and borrowed Sintering is performed by means such as heat equalization (HIP) or spark plasma sintering (SPS). Ceramics can have a relatively high density. In an embodiment, a hollow member such as an EM pump sleeve 5k6 may be cast using a bladder for a hollow member. The bladder can be deflated after casting and the parts sintered. Alternatively, the components can be constructed by 3D printing. Components such as at least one of the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42 may be slidably cast, and components such as the reservoir 5c may be formed by at least one of extrusion and pressing. Other construction methods include at least one of spray drying, injection molding, processing, metallization, and coating. In an embodiment, the carbide ceramic component can be configured to produce a ZrC or SiC component from graphite that reacts with a corresponding metal such as zirconium or hafnium, respectively. Components comprising different ceramics can be joined together by methods of the invention or methods known in the art, such as tightening, gluing, wet sealing, brazing, and gasket sealing. In an embodiment, the EM pump sleeve can include a sleeve section and a bend and a bus bar tab 5k2 glued together. In an exemplary embodiment, the glued EM pump sleeve component comprises ZrC or graphite that reacts with the Zr metal to form ZrC. Alternatively, the component can include ZrB₂ Or similar non-oxidized conductive ceramics. In an embodiment, the MHD electrode 304 comprises a liquid electrode such as a liquid silver electrode. At least one of the MHD electrical lead 305 and the feed aperture 301 is similar to a wet seal that can comprise a solidified molten metal such as solidified silver, wherein at least one of the lead or feedthrough can be cooled to maintain a solid metal state. The MHD converter can include a patterned structure including an MHD electrode 304, an electrically insulated wire such as 305, an insulated electrode separator, and a feedthrough such as a feedthrough that penetrates a flange of a MHD bus feedthrough hole such as 310 At least one component of the group. A patterned structural component and an insulating separator comprising a liquid electrode such as a silver electrode may comprise a wetting material to maintain a desired shape of the liquid metal and a spacing between the liquid electrode such as a silver electrode and the insulated electrode separator. At least one of the patterned structure of the wetting material and the insulating separator may comprise ceramic. The wetted material of the liquid electrode may comprise a porous ceramic. The electrically insulating separator can comprise a dense ceramic that is non-wettable for silver. The wire may comprise electrically insulating channels and sleeves that may be cooled, such as by water cooling, to maintain the hardness of the wire. The exemplary embodiment includes an electrically insulating MHD electrode lead 305 that is cooled to hold the solidified silver internally to act as a conductive lead. In another embodiment, at least one of the MHD electrical lead 305 and the feed aperture 301 can comprise a coating such as a coating such as tantalum coated Mo or an antioxidant stainless steel such as 625 SS. An exemplary material for a SunCell® having an MHD converter includes (i) a reservoir 5c, a reaction cell chamber 5b31, and a nozzle 307: a solid oxide such as stabilized zirconia or yttria; (ii) a MHD channel 308: MgO or Al₂ O₃ ; (iii) Electrode 304: ZrC or ZrC-ZrB₂ , ZrC-ZrB₂ -SiC and ZrB with 20% SiC composite working up to 1800 °C₂ Or metal coated with a precious metal; (iv) EM pump 5ka: such as stainless steel coated with a precious metal or a metal coated with a material having a similar coefficient of thermal expansion such as Paloro-3V palladium gold vanadium alloy (Morgan high-grade material) The noble metal such as at least one of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir); (v) reservoir 5c-EM pump assembly 5kk activating: ZrO such as brazing to the bottom of a 410 stainless steel EM assembly 5kk₂ HfO₂ Or Al₂ O₃ Oxide reservoir, wherein the braze comprises a Paloro-3V palladium gold vanadium alloy (Morgan high grade material); (vi) an ejector 5k61 and an inlet riser 5qa: a solid oxide such as stabilized zirconia or yttria; And (vii) oxygen selective membrane: can be coated with Bi₂₆ Mo₁₀ O₆₉ BaCo to increase oxygen permeability_{0 . 7} Fe_{0 . 2} Nb_{0 . 1} O_{3 - δ} (BCFN) oxygen permeable membrane. In an embodiment, the SunCell® further includes an oxygen sensor and an oxygen control system such as a means for diluting oxygen with an inert gas and pumping the inert gas away. The former may include at least one of an inert gas storage tank, a valve, a regulator, and a pump. The latter can include at least one of a valve and a pump. The low energy hydrogen reaction mixture of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 may further comprise such as H₂ A source of oxygen for at least one of O and a compound comprising oxygen. The source of oxygen, such as a compound comprising oxygen, can be in an excess form to maintain a near constant source of oxygen source, wherein during battery operation, a smaller portion is reversibly associated with, such as H₂ The supply of gas H is sourced to form a HOH catalyst. Exemplary compounds containing oxygen are MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, ZrO₂ HfO₂ Al₂ O₃ Li₂ O, LiVO₃ Bi₂ O₃ Al₂ O₃ , WO₃ And other compounds of the invention. The oxygen source compound may be an oxygen source compound for stabilizing an oxide ceramic such as cerium oxide or cerium oxide, such as cerium oxide (Y)₂ O₃ ), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium oxide (Ta₂ O₅ ), boron trioxide (B₂ O₃ ), TiO_{2 ,} Cerium oxide (Ce₂ O₃ ), strontium zirconate (SrZrO)₃ ), magnesium zirconate (MgZrO₃ ), calcium zirconate (CaZrO)₃ ) and barium zirconate (BaZrO)_{3 ) .} In an exemplary embodiment having an electrical conductivity greater than about 20 kS/m and a plasma gas temperature of about 4000 K, the reaction chamber pressure is maintained in the range of about 15 MPa to 25 MPa to maintain the MHD channel 308 against Lorentz forces. The flow in the middle. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductivity is maintained at about 700 S/m, the plasma gas temperature is about 4000 K, the reaction cell chamber 5b31 pressure is about 0.6 MPa, and the nozzle 307 exit velocity is about Mach 1.24, nozzle exit region. Is about 3.3 cm² The nozzle outlet diameter is about 2.04 cm, the nozzle outlet pressure is about 213 kPa, the nozzle outlet temperature is about 2640 K, the mass flow through the nozzle is about 250 g/s, and the magnetic field strength in the MHD channel 308 is about 2 T. The MHD channel 308 has a length of about 0.2 m, the MHD channel outlet pressure is about 11 kPa, the MHD channel outlet temperature is about 1175 K, and the output electrical power is about 180 kW. In a preferred embodiment, the efficiency is determined by the Carnot equation, where the inevitable power loss from plasma temperature to ambient temperature is the loss of gas and liquid metal pumps. In an embodiment, an MHD converter for any power source, such as a core or a combustion, capable of heating silver to form at least one of silver vapor and silver aerosol comprises the MHD converter of the present invention, the MHD converter further comprising at least A heat exchanger generates at least one of silver vapor and silver aerosol by transferring heat from the power source to heat at least one of the reservoir 5c and the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The MHD converter may further comprise an ionization source such as at least one of a seed crystal such as an alkali metal such as a thermal ionization crucible and an ionizer, such as a laser, an RF discharge generator, a microwave A discharge generator and a glow discharge generator. In an embodiment of a SunCell® power system including a heater power converter, the EM pumps of the dual molten metal injectors each may include an inductive electromagnetic pump to eject a stream of molten metal intersecting another stream of molten metal into the container. Internal. The power supply to the ignition system includes an inductive ignition system 410 that can include an alternating magnetic field source that passes through a short circuit of molten metal that produces an alternating current containing ignition current in the metal. The alternating magnetic field source can include a primary transformer winding 411 that includes a transformer electromagnet and a transformer yoke 412, and the silver can at least partially function as a secondary transformer winding, such as a single turn short winding that encloses the primary transformer winding and includes an inductive loop . The reservoir 5c can include a molten metal interface 414 that connects the two reservoirs such that the current loop encloses the transformer yoke 412, wherein the induced current loop includes the molten silver contained in the reservoir 5c, the interface 414 The silver in the ejector sleeve 5k61 and the injected intersection intersect to induce a current flowing in the molten silver stream. A reaction gas such as hydrogen and oxygen may be supplied to the battery through the intake port and the evacuation assembly 309e of the gas housing 309b. The gas housing 309e can be external to the spherical heat exchanger along the axis of the top pole of the sphere. The gas housing may comprise a thin gas pipe connection to the top of the spherical reaction cell chamber 5b31 at the flange connection. The trachea connection may pass through the interior of the concentric coolant flow conduit that supplies coolant flow to the spherical heat exchanger. On the reaction cell side, the flange connection to the gas pipe can be connected to a semi-permeable gas 309d membrane, such as a porous ceramic membrane. The SunCell® heater or thermal power generator embodiment (Fig. 2I196) comprises a spherical reactor cell 5b31 and a spatially separated circumferential hemispherical heat exchanger comprising a panel or section 114a that receives radiation from the spherical reactor 5b4. 114. Each panel may comprise a section of a spherical surface defined by two larger rings passing through the poles of the sphere. The heat exchanger 114 can further include a manifold 114b having a toroidal manifold from the coolant line 114c of each of the heat exchanger panels 114a and a manifold coolant outlet 114f. Each coolant line 114c can include a coolant inlet aperture 114d and a coolant outlet aperture 114e. The thermal power generator may further include a gas cylinder 421 having an inlet and an outlet 309e and a gas supply sleeve 422 extending through the top of the heat exchanger 114 to the gas permeable membrane 309d on the top of the spherical battery 5b31. Gas supply sleeve 422 can pass through coolant collection manifold 114b at the top of heat exchanger 114. In another SunCell® heater embodiment (Figs. 2I156-2I160 and 2I196), the reaction cell chamber 5b31 can be cylindrical with a cylindrical heat exchanger 114. The gas cylinder 421 may be external to the heat exchanger 114, wherein the gas supply sleeve 422 is connected to the semi-permeable gas membrane 309d on the top of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 by passing through the heat exchanger 114. Cold water may be fed into the inlet 113 and heated in the heat exchanger 114 to form steam collected in the boiler 116 and present in the steam outlet 111. The thermal power generator may further comprise a dual molten metal injector comprising an inductive EM pump 400, a reservoir 5c and a reaction cell chamber 5b31. At least one SunCell® heater assembly, such as reservoir 5c, may be heated by an inductively coupled heater antenna 5f. The SunCell® heater can include an induction ignition system such as an induction ignition system including an induction ignition transformer winding 411 and an induction ignition transformer yoke 412.Illustrative embodiment In an exemplary embodiment of the SunCell® generator of the present invention comprising a PV converter: (i) the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise stainless steel, wherein an internal surface such as EM pump sleeve 5k6 that is exposed to oxidation may be used, such as nickel Coating of an antioxidant coating of a coating, wherein stainless steel such as Inco high nickel is selected to have a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of nickel; (ii) the reservoir 5c may comprise boron nitride such as BN-Ca, which may Antioxidant stabilization; (iii) the abutment between the reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise a wet seal; (iv) the molten metal may comprise silver; (v) the inlet riser 5qa and the injection casing 5k61 may Contains ZrO screwed into the collar of the EM pump assembly base plate 5kk1₂ (vi) the lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise carbon such as heat carbon reactive with hydrogen; (vii) the upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise carbon such as heat carbon reactive with hydrogen; (viii) the oxygen source may comprise CO, wherein CO Can be added as a gas, such as a metal carbonyl (eg W(CO))₆ Ni(CO)₄ ,Fe(CO)₅ ,Cr(CO)₆ , Re₂ (CO)₁₀ And Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ a controlled heat or other decomposition supply of the carbonyl group, and as a CO₂ Source or CO₂ Gas supply, where CO₂ Can be decomposed in a low-energy hydrogen plasma to release CO or can react with carbon such as a supply of sacrificial carbon powder to supply CO, or O₂ The oxygen permeable membrane of the present invention, such as one of the present invention, may be added, such as available Bi₂₆ Mo₁₀ O₆₉ BaCo coated to increase oxygen permeability_0.7 Fe_0.2 Nb_0.1 O_{3 - δ} (BCFN) oxygen permeable membrane, wherein the addition can react with the sacrificial carbon powder to maintain the desired CO concentration as monitored by the detector and controlled by the controller₂ (ix) The hydrogen source may comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane that can be supplied by a mass flow controller such as a Pd or Pd-Ag membrane in the wall of the EM pump casing 5k4 to control the hydrogen flow from the high pressure water electrolyzer.₂ The gas; (x) the union between the reservoir and the lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise a sliding nut, which may comprise a carbon gasket and a carbon nut; and (xi) the PV converter may comprise a dense receiver array, the dense The receiver array contains a multi-junction III-V PV cell cooled by a cold plate. The reaction cell chamber 5b31 may contain a source of sacrificial carbon such as carbon powder to remove O which will otherwise react with the walls of the carbon reaction cell chamber.₂ And H₂ O. The rate of reaction of water with carbon depends on the surface area of the order of magnitude greater than the surface area of the wall of the reaction cell chamber 5b31 in terms of sacrificial carbon. In an embodiment, the inner wall of the carbon reaction cell chamber contains a carbon passivation layer. In an embodiment, the inner wall of the reaction cell chamber is coated with a ruthenium coating to protect the wall from H₂ O oxidation. In an embodiment, the oxygen inventory of SunCell® remains approximately constant. In an embodiment, the addition of oxygen inventory can be added as CO₂ , CO, O₂ And H₂ At least one of O. In an embodiment, add H₂ May react with the sacrificial powdered carbon to form methane such that the low energy hydrogen reactant comprises at least one hydrocarbon such as CO or CO formed from elements of O, C and H such as methane₂ At least one oxygen compound formed of O, C and H elements. Oxygen compounds and hydrocarbons can serve as a source of oxygen and a source of H, respectively, to form a HOH catalyst and H. The SunCell® may further comprise a carbon monoxide safety system such as at least one of a CO sensor, a CO vent, a CO diluent gas, and a CO absorber. The CO may be limited by at least one of concentration and total inventory to provide safety. In an embodiment, CO may be limited to reaction chamber 5b31 and optionally to outer container chamber 5b3a1. In an embodiment, the SunCell® can include a secondary chamber to limit and dilute any CO leaking from the reaction cell chamber 5b31. The secondary chamber may include at least one of a battery chamber 5b3, an outer container chamber 5b3a1, a lower chamber 5b5, and another chamber, the other chamber may receive CO for at least one of: containing And dilute the leaking CO to a safe level. The CO sensor detects any leaking CO. The SunCell® can further include at least one of a diluent gas sump, a diluent gas sump valve, an exhaust valve, and a CO controller to receive input from the CO sensor and control opening and flow in the valve to dilute at a rate and Release or take CO at a concentration no greater than the required or safe level. The CO absorber in the chamber containing the leaking CO can also absorb the leaked CO. Exemplary CO adsorbents are cuprous ammonium salts, cuprous chloride dissolved in HCl solution, ammonia solution or o-methoxyaniline, and other adsorbents known to those skilled in the art. Any vented CO can be present at a concentration of less than about 25 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment in which the CO concentration in the reaction cell chamber is maintained at about 1000 ppm CO and the reaction cell chamber CO contains total CO inventory, the external containment or secondary chamber volume is greater than the volume of the reaction cell chamber. 40 times to make SunCell® inherently safe for CO leaks. In an embodiment, the SunCell® further comprises a CO reactor, such as a oxidizer, such as a burner or a decomposer, such as a plasma reactor, to react CO to a CO such as CO₂ Or C and O_{2 It} Safety product. An exemplary catalytic oxidizer product is comprised of Moleculite (Molecular,Http :// Wwww . Molecularproducts . Com / Products / Marcisorb - Co - Discharge ) Marcisorb CO absorber. In an embodiment, hydrogen can act as a catalyst. Supplying nH (n is an integer) as a catalyst and H atoms to form a low energy hydrogen source may include a hydrogen permeable membrane such as Pd or Pd-Ag in the wall of the EM pump casing 5k4 using a mass flow controller to control H supplied from the hydrogen stream of the high pressure water electrolysis agent₂ The gas, the hydrogen permeable membrane such as a 23% Ag/77% Pd alloy separator. The use of hydrogen as an alternative to the HOH catalyst avoids oxidation reactions of at least one battery component such as the carbon reaction cell chamber 5b31. The plasma held in the reaction cell chamber can decompose H₂ To provide H atoms. Carbon can contain hot carbon to contain the reaction between carbon and hydrogen. In an exemplary embodiment of the SunCell® heater of the present invention: (i) the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise stainless steel, wherein an interior such as the EM pump sleeve 5k6 that is exposed to the oxidized surface may be coated with an antioxidant such as a nickel coating Coating coating; (ii) the reservoir 5c may comprise a cubic type by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ (iii) the abutment between the reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise a wet seal; (iv) the molten metal may comprise silver; (v) the inlet riser 5qa and the injection casing 5k61 may comprise screwed to the EM ZrO in the collar of the pump assembly bottom plate 5kk1₂ ; (vi) The lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise a cubic shape by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ ; (vii) The upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise a cubic shape by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ (viii) the source of oxygen may comprise a metal oxide such as an alkali metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide or a mixture thereof; (ix) the hydrogen source may comprise a mass flow control through a hydrogen permeable membrane in the wall of the EM pump casing 5k4 Supply to control the flow of hydrogen from high pressure water electrolyzers₂ a gas; (x) the joint between the reservoir and the lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise a ceramic glue; (xi) the joint between the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise a ceramic glue; and (xii) the heat exchanger may Contains a radiant boiler. In an embodiment, at least one of the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise a material having thermal conductivity, such as a conductive ceramic, such as one of the present invention, such as ZrC, ZrB, which is stable to oxidation at 1800 °C.₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ At least one of the SiC composites to improve heat transfer from the inside to the outside of the battery. In an exemplary embodiment of the SunCell® generator of the present invention comprising a magnetic fluid power (MHD) converter: (i) the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise stainless steel, wherein the interior of the EM pump casing 5k6 is exposed to oxidation The surface may be coated with an antioxidant coating such as a nickel coating; (ii) the reservoir 5c may comprise a cubic shape by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ (iii) the abutment between the reservoir and the EM pump assembly 5kk may comprise a wet seal; (iv) the molten metal may comprise silver; (v) the inlet riser 5qa and the injection casing 5k61 may comprise screwed to the EM ZrO in the collar of the pump assembly bottom plate 5kk1₂ ; (vi) The lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise a cubic shape by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ ; (vii) The upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise a cubic shape by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ (viii) the source of oxygen may comprise a metal oxide such as an alkali metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide or a mixture thereof; (ix) the hydrogen source may comprise a mass flow control through a hydrogen permeable membrane in the wall of the EM pump casing 5k4 Supplyed to control the flow of hydrogen from the high pressure water electrolyzer₂ a gas; (x) the joint between the reservoir and the lower hemisphere 5b41 may comprise a ceramic glue; (xi) the joint between the lower hemisphere 5b41 and the upper hemisphere 5b42 may comprise a ceramic glue; (xii) MHD nozzle 307, channel Section 308 and condensation 309 may comprise cubic form by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilized ZrO₂ (xiii) The MHD electrode 304 may comprise a Pt-coated refractory metal such as Pt coated Mo or W, a carbon that is stable to water at 700 ° C, and an oxidation-stabilized ZrC-ZrB at 1800 ° C.₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ - SiC composite, or silver liquid electrode; and (xiv) MHD return conduit 310, return EM pump 312, return EM pump sleeve 313 may comprise stainless steel, wherein the interior of the casing and the pipe is exposed to the oxidized surface It can be coated with an antioxidant coating such as a nickel coating. The MHD magnet 306 can comprise a permanent magnet such as a cobalt neodymium magnet having a 1 T magnetic flux density. In an exemplary embodiment of a SunCell® generator of the present invention comprising a magnetic fluid power (MHD) converter: (i) the EM pump can include a secondary induction type, wherein the first stage acts as a MHD return pump cut stage 2 Acting as a jet pump; (ii) current loop EM pump bushing section 405, EM pump current loop 406, joint flange 407, reservoir bottom plate assembly 409, and MHD return conduit 310 may comprise quartz, nitrogen such as fused silica矽, alumina, zirconia, magnesia or yttria; (iii) transformer winding 401, transformer yokes 404a and 404b, and electromagnets 403a and 403b may be water-cooled; (iv) reservoir 5c, reaction cell The chamber 5b31, the MHD nozzle 307, the MHD channel 308, the MHD condensation section 309, and the gas housing 309b may comprise quartz such as fused silica, tantalum nitride, alumina, zirconia, magnesia or yttria, wherein ZrO₂ Cube type by MgO or Y₂ O₃ Stabilizing; (v) at least one of the gas housing 309b and the MHD condensation section 309 may comprise stainless steel such as 625 SS or ruthenium coated Mo; (vi) (a) the joint between the components may comprise Flange seals, gluing seals or wet seals for gaskets such as carbon gaskets, wherein the wet seal can engage dissimilar ceramics or ceramic and metal parts such as stainless steel parts, (b) flange seals with graphite gaskets can engage metal a component or a ceramic to metal component operating at a carbonization temperature below the metal, and (c) a flange seal having a gasket to engage the metal component or the ceramic to metal component, wherein the graphite gasket contact comprises a nickel-free metal such as nickel The metal portion of the metal or coating is sealed, or another high temperature gasket is used at a suitable operating temperature; (vii) the molten metal may comprise silver; (viii) the inlet riser 5qa and the injection sleeve 5k61 may be screwed to ZrO in the collar in the reservoir floor assembly 409₂ (ix) The source of oxygen and the source of hydrogen may each comprise an O through a gas flow membrane 309d in the wall of the MHD condensation section 309 using a mass flow controller to control each gas stream from the high pressure water electrolyte.₂ Gas and H₂ The gas (x) MHD electrode 304 may comprise a Pt-coated refractory metal such as Pt coated Mo or W, a carbon that is stable to water at 700 ° C, and an oxidation stabilized ZrC-ZrB at 1800 ° C.₂ And ZrC-ZrB₂ - SiC composite, or silver liquid electrode; and (xi) MHD magnet 306 may comprise a permanent magnet such as a cobalt-rhenium magnet having a magnetic flux density in the range of about 0.1 to 1 T. In an embodiment, the SunCell® power supply can include an electrode such as a cathode of a refractory metal such as tungsten that can penetrate the wall of the black body radiator 5b4 and a counter electrode of the molten metal injector. The counter electrode such as the EM pump sleeve injector 5k61 and the nozzle 5q can be immersed. Alternatively, the counter electrode may include, for example, cubic ZrO₂ Or an electrically insulating refractory material of cerium oxide. The tungsten electrode can be sealed at the penetration of the black body radiator 5b4. The electrodes may be electrically insulated by an electrical insulator bushing or spacer between the reservoir 5c and the blackbody radiator 5b4. Electrical insulator bushings or spacers may contain BN or such as ZrO₂ HfO₂ , MgO or Al₂ O₃ Metal oxides. In another embodiment, the black body radiator 5b4 may comprise an electrical insulator such as a refractory ceramic such as BN or such as ZrO.₂ HfO₂ , MgO or Al₂ O₃ Metal oxides.Other embodiments In an embodiment, the SunCell® may comprise a water absorber that reversibly bonds water from the atmosphere, a component that transfers heat from a SunCell® heat exchanger such as heat exchanger 26a to a water load absorber, and condensed water released. The condenser and the collection container that receives the condensate to be used in SunCell®. In an embodiment, the HOH catalyst and the H reactant are provided to form a low energy hydrogen source of HOH catalyst and at least one of the H sources is at ambient water. Water can be collected using a water absorbing material and subsequently dehydrated to release absorbed water. Water can be dehydrated or desorbed by using the heat supplied by SunCell®. The water absorbing material may comprise, for example, zirconium metal and adipic acid or M combined with water vapor and released to the condenser upon heating.₂ Cl₂ (BTDD) (M = Mn (1), CO (2), Ni (3); BTDD = bis (1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b], [4', 5' -l] a metal organic framework of a combination of dibenzo[1,4]dioxine. In an embodiment, SunCell® comprises a reaction mixture that forms low energy hydrogen as a reaction product. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carbon source such as at least one of graphite and a hydrocarbon. The energy plasma may bombard solid carbon or carbon deposited on the substrate from a carbon source. In an embodiment, bombardment converts graphitic carbon into Diamond Form Carbon. In the Mills Publication RL Mills, J. Sankar, A. Voigt, J. He, B. Dhandapani, "Synthesis of HDLC Films from Solid Carbon", J. Materials Science, J Mater. Sci. 39 (2004) 3309-3318 and RL Mills, J. Sankar, A. Voigt, J. He, B. Dhandapani, "Spectroscopic Characterization of the Atomic Hydrogen Energies and Densities and Carbon Species During Helium-Hydrogen- Methane Plasma CVD Synthesis of Diamond Films", Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 15, (2003), pp. 1313-1321 Exemplary embodiment, SunCell® so that the plasma source comprises an energy from non-diamond forms of carbon such as diamond. Diamonds can be produced by 1333 cm^{- 1} The presence of the Raman peak is measured. Molecular low energy hydrogen gas can be purified and separated by ionizing ordinary hydrogen. The ionized hydrogen can be removed by at least one of electrical and magnetic fields. Alternatively, ordinary hydrogen can be removed by reaction with a reactant that forms a condensable reaction product, wherein the reaction is advantageously carried out by plasma conditions. An exemplary reactant is a nitrogen that forms a condensable ammonia that is removed in a cryotrap to produce a purified molecular low energy hydrogen gas. Alternatively, the molecular low energy hydrogen gas can be purified and separated using a molecular sieve that separates ordinary hydrogen from molecular low energy hydrogen gas based on higher diffusion of molecular low energy hydrogen gas. An exemplary separation molecular sieve is Na₈ (Al₆ Si₆ O_{twenty four} )Cl₂ . In an embodiment, thermal energy from a black body radiator can be used to heat and CO₂ And H₂ a mixture of O reactions such as CeO₂ Catalyst to form syngas (CO + H₂ ). Syngas can be used to form hydrocarbon fuels. The fuel reactor can comprise a Fischer Topsig reactor. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction slurry comprising water vapor may further comprise argon. Argon can act at least one of the following: by increasing H₂ Molecular recombination time increases H atom concentration, increases the concentration of new HOH by interfering with water hydrogen bonding, and provides such as Ar⁺ Additional catalyst source for the catalyst. The low energy hydrogen reaction can propagate in a solid fuel comprising water in a tissue or repeating structure such as a crystal lattice. The solid fuel may comprise a hydrate which may be crystalline. The solid fuel may comprise water in the form of crystals such as ice, such as Type I ice. The ice solid fuel can have energy, wherein the energy release can include pulses. The pulses may be implemented in a sequential manner to provide power for extended durations to infinity, such as for ignition of air fuel in an internal combustion engine. The ice fuel system contains components that generate shock waves in ice water. The ice fuel system can include a shock wave limiting member. The restraining member may comprise an ice cover. The sleeve may comprise an outer casing such as a metal outer casing. At least one of the shock wave and the limit may generate a shock wave to destroy at least one of some of the hydrogen bonds between the ice water molecules and at least one oxygen hydrogen bond of some of the water molecules. The ice fuel system may contain explosives to include H in, for example, ice.₂ A shock wave is generated in the crystal structure of O. The explosive may comprise an explosive of the C-N-O-H type, another explosive such as a oxyhydrogen explosive or another explosive known to those skilled in the art. The explosives can be very close to a crystalline structure such as ice to effectively couple shock waves into the crystalline structure. The explosive may be embedded in at least one of the channels such as the crystal structure of ice. Alternatively, the ice fuel system may comprise an electrical component that generates a shock wave in the ice water, such as at least one blast line. The blast line can include a high power source such as a power source of at least one of high voltage and current. The higher electrical power source can include at least one capacitor. Capacitors can have high voltages and currents. At least one of the capacitors can be exploded by discharging through at least one of the wires. Wire explosive systems can include thin conductive wires and capacitors. An exemplary wire is a wire comprising gold, aluminum, iron or platinum. In an exemplary embodiment, the wire may have a diameter of less than 0.5 mm and the capacitor may have an energy consumption of about 25 kWh/kg and release 10⁴ - 10⁶ A/mm² a pulse of charge density that results in a temperature of up to 100,000 K, where the mark can be around 10^{- 5} - 10^{- 8} Appears in the second period. Specifically, 100μ F-filled capacitors can be charged to 3 kV using a DC power supply, and capacitors can be used with a knife switch or gas arc switch through a 12 inch long gauge stainless steel wire, where the wires are embedded in a steel housing. In the ice. The ice fuel system can further include a power source at at least one of a battery, a fuel cell, and a generator such as SunCell® to charge the capacitor. An exemplary energy material includes Ti + Al + H ignited by an explosive wire that can include at least one of Ti, Al, and another metal₂ O (ice). In an embodiment, the energy reaction mixture and system may comprise a low energy hydrogen fuel mixture such as one of the low energy hydrogen fuel mixtures of the present invention and the prior application, which are incorporated by reference. The reaction mixture can comprise water in at least one physical state such as a frozen solid, liquid, and gaseous state. The energy response can be initiated by the application of a high current such as a current in the range of about 20 A to 50,000 A. The voltage can be lower, such as in the range of about 1 V to 100 V. The current can be carried by a conductive substrate such as a metal matrix such as Al, Cu or Ag metal powder. Alternatively, the electrically conductive substrate can comprise a container such as a metal container, wherein the container can enclose or coat the reaction mixture. An exemplary metal container comprises an Al, Cu or Ag DSC disk. An exemplary energy reaction mixture comprising chilled water (ice) or liquid water comprising at least one of: Al坩埚Ti + H₂ O; Al坩埚Al + H₂ O; Cu坩埚Ti + H₂ O; Cu坩埚Cu + H₂ O;Ag坩埚Ti + H₂ O;Ag坩埚Al + H₂ O;Ag坩埚Ag + H₂ O;Ag坩埚Cu + H₂ O;Ag坩埚Ag + H₂ O O + NH₄ NO₃ (Mor 50:25:25); Al坩埚Al + H₂ O + NH₄ NO₃ (Mor 50:25:25). In addition to being in a frozen state such as ice, the water may also contain a solid such as in the form of a bond in the form of a hydrate. The reaction mixture may comprise: (i) a source of oxygen such as a peroxide, (ii) a source of hydrogen such as a metal hydride, water and a water reactant such as a reducing agent, and at least one of a hydrocarbon such as a fuel oil, the reducing agent Such as a metal, such a metal as a metal powder, and (iii) a conductive substrate such as a metal powder. An exemplary reaction mixture comprising Al坩埚Ti or TiH + Na₂ O₂ Or such as Na₂ O₂ ·2H₂ O₂ ·4H₂ O, Na₂ O₂ ·2H₂ O, Na₂ O₂ ·2H₂ O₂ And Na₂ O₂ ·8H₂ Hydrated Na of at least one of O₂ O₂ . The reaction mixture can be ignited using low voltage, high current, such as about 15 V and 27,000 A, respectively. In embodiments, the low energy hydrogen reaction mixture may comprise a water reactive metal such as a particulate metal such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal that may have a relatively high surface area. The metal particles may comprise a protective coating such as an oxide coating. An exemplary low energy hydrogen reactant comprises a particle Li metal having an oxide coating. The reaction mixture may further comprise water or ice. In an embodiment, the particulate metal is added to cold water such as 1 ° C water and snap frozen. Rapid freezing can be achieved using liquid nitrogen to avoid metal reactions. The reaction mixture can comprise a conductive matrix such as the conductive matrix of the present invention. The explosive wire can approach a crystal structure such as ice to cause the shock wave to propagate in the ice. The wires can be embedded in the ice to effectively couple the shock waves to the ice. In an embodiment, a plurality of wires embedded in the ice are knocked to cause shock waves and compression to propagate through the ice, causing the crystal ice structure to fragment to form H and HOH catalysts to form low energy hydrogen. Explosive wires can produce conductive plasma paths that support higher kinetics due to conductive arc currents that are at least one of recombining ions and reducing spatial variations due to ionization of the catalyst during catalysis Increase the reaction rate. A crystalline structure such as ice may further comprise a conductor such as an embedded metal to increase kinetics due to its electrical conductivity, such as a metal wire, metal power or metal grid. The metal can be highly conductive and chemically stable to water, such as silver or copper. In an embodiment, the ice is embedded in a conductive matrix such as a metal mesh, such as a copper, nickel, silver or aluminum mesh, such as a Celmet (Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.) type mesh. In an embodiment, the ice fuel system can include a reactant that releases heat and produces hydrogen that is knocked with oxygen to create a shock wave in the ice water, wherein the reactants can be embedded and confined to the ice. The reactants may comprise, for example, Fe that is at least partially embedded and coated in ice water₂ O₃ /Al metal powder mixture of thermite. The sleeve can contain a metal receptacle. The thermite may contain a molar excess of aluminum to react with water to form H₂ The gas uses atmospheric oxygen to act as an explosive. Excess metal can also act as a conductor to increase the rate of reaction. In an embodiment, an energy material such as an energy material comprising water in a suitable form such as ice and an additive such as an additive comprising at least one of a hydrogen source and a conductivity such as a metal, such as an additive, such as Higher surface area metals such as Al powder or alkali metal powders such as lithium powder. The energy material can be confined such that the shock wave generated by the ignition of the energy material is limited. Shock wave limits can help break H₂ Bonding of O to supply H and HOH. The energy material can be encapsulated in a sealed container such as a metal container to provide a limit. In an embodiment, ignition can be performed by passing a high current through at least one electrical wire that passes through or is in close proximity to the energy material, wherein high current can cause one or more electrical wires to explode. Wire explosions can create shock waves in energy materials. The wires can be arranged to enhance shock waves in the energy material. In an exemplary embodiment, the wires may extend parallel to each other to compress the energy material from a plurality of directions. In another embodiment, an implosion can be generated in the energy material, wherein the shock wave in the energy material is directed inward. The inward shock wave may be spherically inward. The implosion can be generated by at least one of one or more electrical knocks and a knock of a conventional explosive such as TNT. Explosives can be shaped to create implosions. The explosive may comprise a spherically shaped charge. Implosion and shock waves in ice water can cause ice to knock. An exemplary energy material device can include ice having a source surrounding a spherical shock wave, such as a conventional explosive ignited with an explosive wire. At least one of the limitations and implosions involving the energy material can produce a knock supplement for the additional energy material. In an embodiment, the detonation wire may comprise a containment structure such as a solenoid or torus surrounding a source of HOH and H such as water such that it implosion to more efficiently form HOH and H to react to form a low energy hydrogen The water is like ice. In another embodiment, the crystalline solid fuel is replaced with a corresponding liquid such as liquid water. In an embodiment, the energy reaction system comprises a source of HOH catalyst and at least one of H, such as water in any physical state, such as a gas, a liquid, or a solid such as Type I ice, to generate a shock wave. In an embodiment, the energy reaction system includes a plurality of shockwave sources. The source of the shock wave may comprise at least one of one or more explosive wires such as the explosive wire of the present invention and one or more charges such as TNT or another conventional energy material of the present invention. The energy reaction system can include at least one detonator of a conventional energy material. The energy reaction system can further include a sequential trigger member, such as a delay line, or at least one timing switch such that a plurality of shock waves having a time delay between at least the first and the other shockwaves are formed. The sequential trigger can generate a delay in the explosion to create a delay between the first and at least one other knock, wherein each knock forms a shock wave. The trigger can delay the power applied to at least one of the explosive wire and the detonator of the conventional energy material. The delay time may be in the range of at least one of about 1 femtosecond to 1 second, 1 nanosecond to 1 second, 1 microsecond to 1 second, and 10 microsecond to 10 millisecond. In an embodiment, the SunCell® can comprise a chemical reactor in which, in addition to the low energy hydrogen reactant, the reaction can be supplied to the reactor to form the desired chemical product, or in addition to the low energy hydrogen reactant, the reaction can also be supplied to The reactor is formed to form the desired chemical product. The reactants can be supplied through an EM pump casing. The product can be extracted through an EM pump casing. The reactants can be added to the feed before the reactor is closed and the reaction is initiated. The product in the material can be removed by opening the reactor after the reactor operation. The reaction product can be extracted by permeation through a reactor wall such as a reaction cell chamber wall. The reactor provides continuous plasma at a blackbody temperature in the range of 1250 K to 10,000 K. The reactor pressure can range from 1 atmosphere to 25 atmospheres. The wall temperature can range from 1250 K to 4000 K. The molten metal may comprise at least one of a molten metal that supports a desired chemical reaction, such as silver, copper, and a silver-copper alloy. In an embodiment, the explosive wire encapsulated in ice water may comprise a transition metal such as at least one of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The wire may further comprise aluminum. The knock voltage can be a high voltage such as a voltage in at least one of 1000 V to 100,000 V and 3000 V to 10,000 V. Films comprising transition metals and low energy hydrogen hydride can form, for example, low energy hydrogen hydride, chromium or manganese, molecular low energy hydrogen complexes or atomic low energy hydrogen complexes. H Fe containing low energy hydrogen is formed by using 4000 V and kiloamperes to knock wires containing Fe, Cr and Al alloys. FeH is identified by ToF-SIM. Other compounds comprising low energy hydrogen and another element such as another metal may be formed by using an explosive wire comprising a corresponding element such as another metal. In an embodiment, the member forming a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species such as a molecular low energy hydrogen comprises a source of HOH and water in any physical state such as in at least one of a gas, a liquid, and ice. The H source, and may further include a high current source such as a knock wire. The means for forming a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species such as molecular low energy hydrogen further comprises a reaction chamber to limit the low energy hydrogen reaction product. An exemplary low energy hydrogen reactant is water vapor in air or another gas such as an inert gas. The water vapor pressure can range from 1 mTorr to 1000 Torr. The low energy hydrogen reaction can be initiated by the electric wire using the knock of electric power. In an exemplary embodiment, the wire of the present invention is knocked in a cavity containing ambient water vapor in the air by using the detonation member of the present invention. The ambient water vapor pressure can range from about 1 to 50 Torr. An exemplary product is such as FeH₂ (1/4) of iron low energy hydrogen polymer and such as MoH (1/4)₁₆ Molybdenum low energy hydrogen polymer. The product can be identified by unique physical properties such as novel compositions, such as novel compositions comprising metals such as iron, hydrogen, zinc hydrogen, chromium hydrogen or molybdenum hydrogen, and hydrogen. If a unique composition is present, the unique composition can be magnetic in the absence of the magnetic properties of the corresponding compositions known to contain ordinary hydrogen. In an exemplary embodiment, the unique composition polymerizes ferric hydrogen, chromium hydrogen, titanium hydrogen, zinc hydrogen, molybdenum hydrogen, and tungsten hydrogen to be magnetic. Large aggregates or polymers containing lower energy hydrogen species such as molecular low energy hydrogen can be identified by: (i) based on metal and hydride ions and such as H₁₆ And H_{twenty four} Higher quality resolution of higher quality fragments of higher quality fragments and clearly recorded such as FeH and MoH₁₆ Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) of unique metal and hydrogen compositions; (ii) recordable approximately 1940 cm^{- 1} H₂ (1/4) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of at least one of the rotational energy and the absorption band in the fingerprint region, wherein there may be no other higher energy signature of the known functional group; (iii) may record such as Proton Magic Angle Rotating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of High Field Matrix Peaks of High Field Matrix Peaks in the -4 ppm to -6 ppm Region¹ H MAS NMR); (iv) X-ray diffraction (XRD) at a novel peak attributed to a unique composition that may comprise a polymeric structure; (v) recordable hydrogen polymer in an area such as 200 ° C to 900 ° C Decomposes at very low temperatures and provides a unique hydrogen stoichiometry or such as FeH or MoH₁₆ Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the composition; (vi) recordable H in the 260 nm region containing peaks spaced apart by 0.25 eV₂ (1/4) Electron beam excitation emission spectroscopy analysis of the vibrating zone; (vii) H in the 260 nm region containing peaks spaced apart by 0.25 eV can be recorded₂ (1/4) photoluminescence Raman spectroscopy of the second stage of the vibrating belt; (viii) recordable about 1940 cm^{- 1} H₂ (1/4) Raman spectroscopy of the peak of rotation; and (ix) recordable H at approximately 500 eV₂ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the total energy of (1/4). In an embodiment, the apparatus for collecting molecular low-energy hydrogen in a gaseous state, physically absorbed, liquefied, or otherwise comprises: a source of a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species, comprising a species comprising a lower energy hydrogen species a large aggregate or polymer chamber, a large aggregate or polymer component containing a lower energy hydrogen species in a thermal decomposition chamber, and a large aggregate or polymer collected from a lower energy hydrogen species The component of the gas. The decomposition member may include a heater. The heater can heat the first chamber to a temperature greater than a decomposition temperature of a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species, such as at about 10 ° C to 3000 ° C, 100 ° C to 2000 ° C, and 100 ° C to A temperature in at least one of 1000 °C. The means for collecting gas from the decomposition of large aggregates or polymers comprising lower energy hydrogen species may comprise a second chamber. The second chamber can include at least one of an air pump, a gas valve, a pressure gauge, and a mass flow controller to perform at least one of: storing and transferring the collected molecular low energy hydrogen gas. The second chamber may further comprise a getter to absorb molecular low energy hydrogen gas or a cooler such as a cryogenic system to liquefy the molecular low energy hydrogen. The cooler may comprise a cryopump or a dewar containing a cryogenic liquid such as liquid helium or liquid nitrogen. The member forming a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species may further comprise a source of a field source, such as at least one of an electric field or a magnetic field. The source of the electric field can include at least two electrodes and a voltage source to apply an electric field to the reaction chamber where the aggregate or polymer is formed. Alternatively, the source of the electric field may comprise an electrostatic charging material. The electrostatic charging material can comprise a reaction cell chamber such as a chamber containing carbon, such as a plastic glass chamber. The knocking of the present invention electrostatically charges the chamber of the reaction cell. The source of the magnetic field may comprise at least one magnet, such as a permanent electromagnet or a superconducting magnet, to apply a magnetic field to the reaction chamber where aggregates or polymers are formed. Such as H₂ (1/4) of molecular low energy hydrogen can have non-zeroAnd corresponding to the orbital angular momentum with the corresponding magnetic momentQuantum number. The magnetic characteristics of molecular low-energy hydrogen are rotated by the proton magic angle to rotate the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (¹ H MAS NMR) proved. The presence of low molecular energy hydrogen in a solid matrix, such as an alkali metal hydroxide-alkali metal halide matrix, which may further comprise some water of hydration, is due to the paramagnetic matrix effect of the low energy hydrogen of the molecule to produce a high field¹ H MAS NMR peak, usually between -4 and -5 ppm. A convenient method for generating low-energy hydrogen in a non-zero angular momentum state is in H₂ In the presence of O, the wire is knocked to act as a source of low energy hydrogen and H. Wire knocking in the atmosphere containing water vapor contains, for example, having a non-zeroAnd having metal atoms or ions that can aggregate to form a webQuantum state molecular low-energy hydrogen low-energy hydrogen magnetic linear chain. Self-assembly can include magnetic order or self-assembly mechanisms. It is well known that the application of an external magnetic field produces a magnet such as a magnet (Fe) suspended in a solvent such as toluene.₂ O₃ Colloidal magnetic nanoparticles are assembled into a linear structure. Due to the lower mass and higher magnetic moment, the molecular low energy hydrogen is magnetically self-assembled even in the absence of a magnetic field. In embodiments that enhance self-assembly and control alternative structures that form low energy hydrogen products, external magnetic fields are applied to low energy hydrogen reactions, such as wire knock. The magnetic field can be applied by placing at least one permanent magnet in the reaction chamber. Alternatively, the detonation wire can comprise a metal that acts as a source of magnetic particles, such as a magnet, to drive the magnetic self-assembly of the molecule's low energy hydrogen, where the source can be a wire knock in water vapor or another source. In an embodiment, the molecular low energy hydrogen may comprise a non-zero angular momentum quantum number. Molecular low energy hydrogen can be magnetic, where magnetism can be attributed to non-zero angular momentum quantum numbers. Due to the intrinsic magnetic moment of the molecular low energy hydrogen, it can self-assemble into large aggregates. In an embodiment, such as H₂ (1/4) of the molecular low-energy hydrogen can be assembled into a linear chain bound by a magnetic dipole force. In another embodiment, the molecular low energy hydrogen can be assembled to have, for example, H at each of the eight vertices.₂ (1/4) of H₂ (1/p) in the three-dimensional structure of the cube. In an embodiment, eight such as H₂ (1/4) M of the molecule₂ The (1/p) molecule is magnetically bonded into the cube with the center of each molecule at one of the eight vertices of the cube, and each core axis is parallel to the edge of the centered cube on the apex. The magnetic alignment is such that each north and south pole of each molecular dipole is oriented opposite each of its three closest neighbors of the cube. H₁₆ It can act as a unit or part of a more complex macrostructure formed by self-assembly. In another embodiment, each of the four vertices of the square contains such as H₂ (1/4) of H₂ (1/p) of H₈ Unit can be added to the cuboid H₁₆ To includeH _{16 + 8n} , where n is an integer. An exemplary extra large aggregate is H₁₆ , H_{twenty four} And H₃₂ . Hydrogen macroaggregates Neutrals and ions can be combined with other species such as O, OH, C, and N as neutrals or ions. In an embodiment, the resulting structure produces H in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)₁₆ Peak, where the segment can correspond to from H₁₆ The observed mass of the integer H loss, such as H₁₆ , H₁₄ , H₁₃ And H₁₂ . Due to the mass of H of 1.00794 u, the corresponding +1 or -1 ion peak has the following qualities: 16.125, 15.119, 14.111, 13.103, 12.095...H - 16 orH The +16 hydrogen large aggregate ion may comprise a metastable substance. Hydrogen large aggregates with wide peak dielectric stability characteristicsH - 16 andH +16 was observed by ToF-SIMS at 16.125 in the positive and negative spectra.H - 15 observed in the negative ToF-SIMS spectrum at 15.119. H_{twenty four} Stable speciesH+ 23 andH- 25 Observed in the positive and negative ToF-SIMS spectra, respectively. In an embodiment, such as H₁₆ Molecular low-energy hydrogen large aggregate or such as H₂ (1/4) such as H₂ The decomposition product of (1/p) may comprise a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, such as rotationally polarized Xeon. Molecular low energy hydrogen may be inhaled and used for MRI imaging attributable to at least one of its NMR active protons or its effects on ordinary protons, such as the subject of an imaged human, animal or object. a proton of a water molecule in which the paramagnetic effect of a low-energy hydrogen molecule corresponds to an NMR shift or such as T₁ and_T2 At least one of the relaxation times of at least one of the ones. In an embodiment, the pair of molecular low energy hydrogens can be converted to the NMR active neighbor form by rotational exchange. Rotational exchange can be achieved using a rotary exchange reagent such as a magnetic species, such as a magnet (Fe₂ O₃ )particle. Gas can be incubated with rotary exchange reagents to achieve H₂ (1/p) conversion of the adjacent form. The lifetime of the in vivo ortholog can be used as the basis for MRI contrast agents. In an embodiment, low energy hydrogen species such as atomic low energy hydrogen, molecular low energy hydrogen or low energy hydrogen hydride ions are H and OH and H₂ At least one of the O catalysts is reacted to synthesize. In embodiments, a product such as at least one of a SunCell® reaction and an energy reaction comprising a pellet or wire of the invention ignited to form a low energy hydrogen is comprised of a component such as H that is mismatched by at least one of₂ (1/p) low-energy hydrogen compounds or species of low-energy hydrogen species: (i) elements other than hydrogen; (ii) such as H⁺ Ordinary H₂ Ordinary H^- And ordinaryH+ 3 Ordinary hydrogen species of at least one of them, such as organic molecular species of organic ions or organic molecules; and (iv) inorganic species such as inorganic ions or inorganic compounds. The low energy hydrogen compound may comprise an oxyanion compound such as an alkali or alkaline earth carbonate or hydroxide or other such compounds of the invention. In an embodiment, the product comprisesM ₂ CO ₃ •H ₂ (l / 4) andMOH •H ₂ (/4) (M = base or other cation of the invention) at least one of the complexes. Products can be identified by ToF-SIMS as containing M(M₂ CO₃ • H₂ (l/ 4)) + n andM ( MOH • H ₂ (l/4)) A series of ions in the positive spectrum of + n, where n is an integer and the integer P > 1 can be replaced by 4. In an embodiment, such as SiO₂ Or a compound of quartz and oxygen can act as H₂ (1/4) of the getter. H₂ The getter of (1/4) may comprise a transition metal, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an internal transition metal, a rare earth gold metal combination, an alloy such as Mo alloy such as MoCu, and a hydrogen storage material such as the material of the present invention. A compound comprising a low energy hydrogen species synthesized by the method of the invention may have the formula MH, MH₂ Or M₂ H₂ Wherein M is an alkali cation and H is a low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have the formula MH_n Wherein n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound may have the formula MHX wherein M is an alkali cation and X is one of a neutral atom such as a halogen atom, a molecule or a single-band negatively charged anion such as a halogen anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula MHX wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a single band negatively charged anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula MHX wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a double band negative anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ HX, wherein M is an alkali cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have the formula MH_n Wherein n is an integer, M is a basic cation, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ H_n Wherein n is an integer, M is an alkaline earth cation, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ XH_n Wherein n is an integer, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ X₂ H_n Wherein n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ X₃ H, wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ XH_n Wherein n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a double-band negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula M₂ XX'H, wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, X' is a double-band negatively charged anion, and H is a low-energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula MM'H_n Wherein n is an integer from 1 to 3, M is an alkaline earth cation, M' is an alkali metal cation, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula MM'XH_n Wherein n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, M' is an alkali metal cation, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The compound may have the formula MM'XH, wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, M' is an alkali metal cation, X is a double band negative anion, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound may have the formula MM'XX'H, wherein M is an alkaline earth cation, M' is an alkali metal cation, X and X' are single-band negatively charged anions, and H is a low energy hydrogen species. The compound can have the formula MXX'H_n Wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, M is an alkali or alkaline earth cation, X is a single or double negatively charged anion, X' is a metal or a metalloid, a transition element, an internal transition element or a rare earth element, and the hydrogen content of the compound H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have the formula MH_n Wherein n is an integer and M is a cation such as a transition element, an internal transition element or a rare earth element, and the hydrogen content of the compound H_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have the formula MXH_n Wherein n is an integer, M is a cation such as an alkali cation or an alkaline earth cation, and X is another cation such as a transition element, an internal transition element or a rare earth element cation, and the hydrogen content H of the compound_n Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have the formula (MH_m MCO₃ )_n Wherein M is an alkali cation or other +1 cation, m and n are integers, and the hydrogen content of the compound H_m Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have formula (MH _m MNO ₃ ) + nnX ^- Wherein M is an alkali cation or other +1 cation, m and n are integers, X is a single-band negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H_m Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have formula (MHMNO ₃ )_n Wherein M is an alkali cation or other +1 cation, n is an integer, and the hydrogen content H of the compound comprises at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds can have formula (MHMOH )_n Wherein M is an alkali cation or other +1 cation, n is an integer, and the hydrogen content H of the compound comprises at least one low energy hydrogen species. Compounds including anions or cations may have( MH _m M 'X )_n Wherein m and n are integers, M and M' are both alkali or alkaline earth cations, X is a single or double negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound H_m Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. A compound including an anion or a cation may have a formula (MH _m M ' X') + nnX ^- Wherein m and n are integers, M and M' are both alkali or alkaline earth cations, X and X' are single or double negatively charged anions, and the hydrogen content of the compound H_m Containing at least one low energy hydrogen species. The anion may comprise one of the anions of the invention. Suitable exemplary single-band negative anions are halides, hydroxide ions, hydrogencarbonate ions or nitrate ions. Suitable exemplary dual-band negative anions are carbonate ions, oxides or sulfate ions. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen compound or mixture comprises at least one low energy hydrogen species such as a low energy hydrogen atom, a low energy hydrogen hydride ion, and is embedded in a crystal lattice such as a crystal lattice such as a metal or ion lattice. Two low energy hydrogen molecules. In an embodiment, the crystal lattice does not react with low energy hydrogen species. The matrix may be aprotic, such as by embedding low energy hydrogen hydride ions. The compound or mixture may comprise H(1/p), H embedded in the salt crystal lattice.₂ (1/p) and H^- At least one of (1/p), a salt crystal lattice such as an alkali or alkaline earth salt such as a halide. Exemplary alkali halides are KCl and KI. Salt is embedded in H^- (1/p), there may be no H₂ O. Other suitable salt crystal lattices comprise the salt crystal lattice of the present invention. The low energy hydrogen compound of the present invention is preferably more than 0.1 atom% pure. More preferably, the compound is more than 1 atom% pure. Even more preferably, the compound is more than 10 atomic percent pure. Most preferably, the compound is more than 50 atomic percent pure. In another embodiment, the compound is more than 90 atomic percent pure. In another embodiment, the compound is more than 95 atomic percent pure.experiment The SF-CIHT battery power generation system includes a photovoltaic power converter configured to collect plasma photons generated by a fuel ignition reaction and convert it into usable energy. In some embodiments, high conversion efficiency may be desirable. The reactor can discharge the plasma in a plurality of directions, for example, at least two directions, and the radius of the reaction can be on the order of from about several millimeters to several meters, for example, from about 1 mm to about 25 cm. Moreover, the plasma spectrum produced by fuel ignition can be similar to the plasma spectrum produced by the sun and/or can include additional short wavelength radiation. Figure 4 shows the inclusion of absorbed H₂ And H₂ An exemplary embodiment of an absolute spectrum of a region of 5 nm to 450 nm ignited by an 80 mg pellet of O, the absorbed H₂ O is from water added to the molten silver as the silver cools into pellets, which exhibits an average optical power of substantially 1.3 MW in the ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectral regions. The ignition was achieved with a low voltage and high current using a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder. The voltage drop within the pellet is less than 1 V and the current is about 25 kA. The duration of higher intensity UV emissions is approximately 1 ms. The control spectrum is flat in the UV region. The radiation of the solid fuel, such as at least one of a spectral line and a blackbody emission, may have an intensity in at least one of about 2 to 200,000 suns, 10 to 100,000 suns, and 100 to 75,000 suns. In an embodiment, the inductance of the welder ignition circuit can be increased to increase the current decay time after ignition. Longer decay times maintain a low energy hydrogen plasma reaction to increase energy production. UV and EUV spectra can be converted to blackbody radiation. The conversion can be achieved by making the battery atmosphere optically opaque for the propagation of at least one of the UV and EUV photons. The optical thickness can be increased by vaporizing a metal such as a fuel metal in a battery. The optical thick plasma can comprise a black body. The black body temperature can be attributed to the high power density capacity of the low energy hydrogen reaction and the high energy of the photons emitted by the low energy hydrogen reaction. In an environment with about 1 Torr H₂ The spectrum of the ignited molten silver pumped into the W electrodes in atmospheric vapor of O vapor pressure (due to the sapphire spectrometer window, having a cutoff of 100 nm to 500 nm at 180 nm) is shown in FIG. The power supply 2 comprises two sets of two capacitors in series (Maxwell Technologies K2 Ultracapacitor 2.85V/3400F), which are connected in parallel to provide a constant current of about 5 to 6 V and 300 A, wherein At a frequency of approximately 1 kHz to 2 kHz, the superimposed current pulse is 5 kA. The average input power of the W electrodes (1 cm × 4 cm) is about 75 W. When the atmosphere becomes optically opaque to UV radiation as the silver vaporizes, the initial UV line emission is converted to 5000K black body radiation by low energy hydrogen reaction power. A 5000K blackbody radiator with a luminescence rate of 0.15 has a power density of 5.3 MW/m² . The area of the observed plasma is about 1 m² . The blackbody radiation can heat the components of the battery 26, such as the cap 5b4, which can act as a blackbody radiator for the PV converter 26a in the thermal photovoltaic embodiment of the present invention. An exemplary test comprising a melt of oxygen source comprises argon/5 mole % H with optical power determined by absolute spectral analysis₂ 80 mg silver/1 wt% borax dehydrated pellets were ignited in the atmosphere. The welder (Acme 75 KVA spot welder) was used to apply a high current of approximately 12 kA for approximately 1 ms at a voltage drop of approximately 1 V at 250 kW. In another exemplary test comprising a source of oxygen source, argon/5 mole % H is included in the optical power determined by absolute spectral analysis₂ Atmospheric ignition 80 mg silver / 2 mol% Na₂ O dehydrated pellets. The welder (Acme 75 KVA spot welder) was used to apply a high current of approximately 12 kA for approximately 1 ms at a voltage drop of 370 kW at approximately 1 V. In another exemplary test comprising a source of oxygen source, argon/5 mole % H is included in the optical power determined by absolute spectral analysis₂ Atmospheric ignition 80 mg silver / 2 mol% Li₂ O dehydrated pellets. The welder (Acme 75 KVA spot welder) was used to apply a high current of approximately 12 kA for approximately 1 ms at a voltage drop of approximately 1 V at 500 kW. Based on the size of the plasma recorded using the Edgertronics high speed video camera, the low energy hydrogen reaction and power are dependent on the reaction volume. The volume may need to be at a minimum for optimizing reaction power and energy, such as about 0.5 to 10 liters, for igniting pellets such as silver pellets and about 30 to 100 mg of hydrated H and HOH catalyst sources. Since the pellets are ignited, the low energy hydrogen reaction rate is higher at very high silver pressures. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction may have higher kinetics at higher plasma pressures. Based on high-speed spectra and Edgertronics data, the low-energy hydrogen reaction rate is highest at the lowest plasma volume and the highest initial vapor pressure. The 1 mm diameter Ag pellets ignite when molten (T = 1235 K). 80 mg (7.4 × 10)^{- 4} The initial volume of the pellets is 5.2 × 10^{- 7} liter. Corresponding maximum pressure is about 1.4 × 10⁵ Atmospheric pressure. In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction was observed to expand at about sound speed (343 m/s) for about 0.5 ms. The final radius is approximately 17 cm. The final volume is about 20 liters without any back pressure. The final Ag partial pressure is about 3.7E-3 atmospheres. Since the reaction can have higher kinetics at higher pressures, the rate of reaction can be increased by applying electrode pressure and electrode limits that allow the plasma to expand perpendicular to the axis of the inter-electrode. The power released by the low energy hydrogen reaction in the presence of a 97% argon/3% hydrogen atmosphere is measured by adding one mol% or 0.5 mol% cerium oxide to the spray at 2.5 ml/s to Caused by molten silver in the ignition electrode of SunCell®. The relative change in the slope of the transient reaction cell water coolant temperature before and after the addition of the low energy hydrogen reaction power specific gravity corresponding to the oxide addition is multiplied by the constant initial input power acting as an internal standard. For repeated extensions, the total battery output power with a low energy hydrogen power specific gravity after the oxygen source is added is corresponding to the total input power of 7540 W, 8300 W, 8400 W, 9700 W, 8660 W, 8020 W, and 10,450 W. The product of the ratio of the slopes of the transient coolant temperature responses of 97, 119, 15, 538, 181, 54 and 27 is determined. Thermal peak powers were 731,000 W, 987,700 W, 126,000 W, 5,220,000 W, 1,567,000 W, 433,100 W, and 282,150 W, respectively. The power released by the low-energy hydrogen reaction in the presence of a 97% argon/3% hydrogen atmosphere is measured by reacting one mol% of yttrium oxide (Bi₂ O₃ ), one mol% lithium vanadate (LiVO₃ ) or 0.5 mol% lithium vanadate added to the molten silver sprayed into the ignition electrode of SunCell® at 2.5 ml/s. The relative change in the slope of the transient reaction cell water coolant temperature before and after the addition of the low energy hydrogen reaction power specific gravity corresponding to the oxide addition is multiplied by the constant initial input power acting as an internal standard. For repeated extensions, the total battery output with a low energy hydrogen power specific gravity after oxygen source addition is responsive to transient coolant temperatures of 497, 200, and 26 corresponding to a total input power of 6420 W, 9000 W, and 8790 W. The product of the ratio of the slope is determined. The thermal peak powers are 3.2 MW, 1.8 MW and 230,000 W, respectively. In an exemplary embodiment, the ignition current corresponds to a voltage increase from about 0 V to 1 V in about 0.5 and a gradual rise from about 0 A to 2000 A at which the plasma is ignited. The voltage is then increased in one step to about 16 V and held for about 0.25 s, with about 1 kA flowing through the melt and 1.5 kA flowing through most of the plasma through another ground loop other than electrode 8. At an input power of approximately 25 kW at a flow rate of 9 liters/s to include Ag (0.5 mole % LiVO₃ And argon-H₂ In the case of (3%) SunCell®, the power output is higher than 1 MW. The firing sequence is repeated at approximately 1.3 Hz. In an exemplary embodiment, the ignition current is a constant current of about 500 A and the voltage is about 20 V. At an input power of approximately 15 kW at a flow rate of 9 liters/s to include Ag (0.5 mole % LiVO₃ And argon-H₂ In the case of (3%) SunCell®, the power output is above 1 MW. In the embodiment shown in Figure 6, a system 500 that forms a large aggregate or polymer comprising a lower energy hydrogen species comprises a chamber 507, such as a plastic glass chamber, a metal wire 506, having a high voltage DC The high voltage capacitor 505 of the ground connection 504 charged by the power supply 503 and a switch such as the 12 V electric switch 502 and the trigger electric flower gap switch 501, the switch closes the circuit from the capacitor to the metal wire 506 inside the chamber 507, so that the wire Knock. The chamber may contain water vapor and a gas such as atmospheric air or an inert gas. An exemplary system for forming large aggregates or polymers comprising lower energy hydrogen species comprises: a closed rectangular cuboid plastic glass chamber having a length of 46 cm and a width and height of 12.7 cm; a 10.2 cm long, 0.22 to 0.5 mm diameter Metal wire, which is mounted between two stainless steel poles using a stainless steel nut at a distance of 9 cm from the bottom of the chamber; 15 kV capacitor (Westinghouse model 5PH349001AAA, 55 uF), which corresponds to 557 J charge to approximately 4.5 kV; The 35 kV DC power supply; and the 12 V switch and trigger electric flower gap switch (Information Unlimited, model Trigatron 10, 3 kJ), which closes the circuit from the capacitor to the metal wire inside the chamber to cause the wire to knock. The wire may contain Mo (molybdenum metal mesh, 20 mesh from a 0.305 mm diameter wire, 99.95%, Alpha Aesar), Zn (0.25 mm diameter, 99.993%, Alpha Aesar), Fe-Cr-Al alloy (73%-22%) -4.8%, 31 standard size, 0.226 mm diameter, KD Cr-Al-Fe alloy wire component #1231201848, Hyndman Industrial Products Inc.) or Ti (0.25 mm diameter, 99.99%, Alpha Aesar) wire. In an exemplary extension, the chamber contains air and the air contains about 20 torr of water vapor. The high voltage DC power supply is turned off before the trigger switch is closed. A peak voltage of approximately 4.5 kV is discharged with a damped harmonic oscillator above approximately 300 us at a peak current of 5 kA. Large aggregates or polymers containing lower energy hydrogen species are formed within about 3-10 minutes after the wire is knocked. Analytical samples were collected from the bottom and walls of the chamber and on the Si wafer placed in the chamber. The results of the analysis match the low energy hydrogen labeling of the present invention. In an embodiment, the low energy hydrogen vibrational spectroscopy is observed by electron beam excitation of a reaction mixture gas comprising an inert gas such as argon and water vapor serving as a source of HOH catalyst and atomic hydrogen. Argon may be in the range of from about 100 Torr to 10 atmospheres. The water vapor pressure can range from about 1 microtorr to 10 Torr. The electron beam energy can range from about 1 keV to 100 keV. The rotating line was observed in a 145-300 nm region from an atmospheric pressure argon plasma containing about 100 mTorr of water vapor excited by a 12 keV to 16 keV electron beam through a gas in the incident chamber of the tantalum nitride window. Observing MgF through the reaction gas chamber₂ The launch of another window. Hydrogen energy spacing 4² The energy spacing of the multiple determines the inter-core distance as H₂ 1/4 of the distance between the cores and identify H₂ (1/4) (Equation (29-31)). This series matches for H₂ (1/4) Vibration transition v = 1 → v = 0H₂ (1/4) P branch, which includes P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4) observed at 154.94, 159.74, 165.54, 171.24, 178.14, and 183.14 nm, respectively. P(5) and P(6). In another embodiment, a composition of matter comprising low energy hydrogen such as low energy hydrogen in the present invention is thermally decomposed and comprises such as H₂ (1/4) of the decomposition gas of low-energy hydrogen is introduced into the reaction gas chamber, wherein the low-energy hydrogen gas is excited using an electron beam, and the vibrational emission spectrum is recorded. In another embodiment, such as H₂ The (1/4) low energy hydrogen gas is absorbed in a getter such as an alkali halide or an alkali halide alkali metal hydroxide matrix. The rotational vibrational spectroscopy can be observed by exciting the getter with an electron beam in a vacuum. The electron beam energy can range from about 1 keV to 100 keV. The rotational energy spacing between the peaks can be given by equation (30). The vibration energy given by equation (29) can be shifted to lower energy due to the higher effective mass caused by the crystallographic matrix. In an illustrative experimental example, the getter is captured in the crystal latticeH ₂ (1/4) vibrating transmission by 5 × 10^{- 6} The pressure range of the support has 10-20μA The incident beam current was excited by a 6 KeV electron gun and recorded by windowless UV spectroscopy. Acting as Mills et al. (R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. He, J. Lotoski, "Catalyst induced hydrino transition (CIHT) electrochemical cell", (2012), Int. J. Energy Res. , (2013), DOI: 10.1002/er.3142, which is incorporated by reference) in the UV transparent matrix KCl of the getter in the 5 W CIHT cell stack₂ The resolved vibrational spectrum of (1/4) (so-called 260 nm band) contains the peak maximum at 258 nm, where the representative positions of the peaks are at 222.7, 233.9, 245.4, 258.0, 272.2 and 287.6 nm with 0.2491 eV Equal spacing. In general, the curve of energy versus peak number is generated and used for transitions.And H of Q(0), R(0), R(1), R(2), P(1), P(2), P(3), and P(4)₂ (1/4) The predicted values are extremely consistent R² = 0.999 or better by the line given by y = -0.249 eV + 5.8 eV, where Q(0) is recognized as the strongest peak of the series. Further, a positive ion ToF-SIMS spectrum having a getter that absorbs a low-energy hydrogen reaction product gas exhibits a multimeric group of matrix compounds in which dihydrogen is part of the structure, M:H₂ (M = KOH or K₂ CO₃ ). Specifically, it contains KOH and K.₂ CO₃ [26-27] or a positive ion spectrum of a previously low-energy hydrogen reaction product having a getter of such a compound as a low-energy hydrogen reaction product gas and H as a complex in the structure₂ (1/p) consistentand. In another embodiment, the low energy hydrogen vibrational spectrum is excited by an electron beam comprising, for example, such as H₁₆ Molecular low-energy hydrogen compounds or large aggregates or such as H₂ The composition of the low energy hydrogen of the decomposition product of (1/p) was observed. A composition of matter comprising low energy hydrogen may comprise the low energy hydrogen compound of the present invention. The electron beam energy can range from about 1 keV to 100 keV. The emission spectrum can be recorded in a vacuum by EUV spectroscopy. In the earliest exemplary experimental examples, H₂ (1/4) The oscillating line was excited from a low energy hydrogen zinc hydride in the 145-300 nm region by a 12 keV to 16 keV electron beam excitation. The beam is incident on the compound in a vacuum. The low energy zinc hydride is formed by the knocking of a zinc wire in accordance with the method of the present invention in the presence of water vapor in the air. Hydrogen energy spacing 4² The energy spacing of the multiple determines the inter-core distance as H₂ 1/4 of the distance between the cores and identify H₂ (1/4) (Equation (29-31)). This series matches for H₂ (1/4) Vibration transition v = 1 → v = 0H₂ (1/4) P branch, which includes P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4), P(5), P(6), and P(7), respectively.

2‧‧‧Power supply

13b‧‧‧ pump line

5b3‧‧‧shell

5b31‧‧‧Reaction cell chamber

5b3a‧‧‧External pressure vessel

5b3a1‧‧‧ battery chamber

5b3b‧‧‧floor

5b4‧‧‧Dome/Metal Blackbody Radiator

5b41‧‧‧ Lower hemisphere

5b4a‧‧‧Black body radiator outer surface

5b4a1‧‧‧ second cavity

5b42‧‧‧ upper hemisphere

5b5‧‧‧lower chamber

5b6a‧‧‧Cooling pipeline

5b71‧‧‧shims

5b8‧‧‧Reservoir support plate

5b81‧‧‧Top/PV Converter Support Plate

5c‧‧‧conductive reservoir

5ca‧‧‧ dripping edge

5e1‧‧‧ container

5e2‧‧‧ entrance

5e3‧‧‧Export

5f‧‧‧Inductively coupled heater antenna

5h1‧‧‧ penetrating parts

5h3‧‧‧ penetrating parts

5k1‧‧‧EM pump heat exchanger

5k2‧‧‧EM pump bus

5k4‧‧‧ magnet

5k6‧‧‧EM pump tube

5k7‧‧‧heat transfer block

5k9‧‧‧ joint casing

5k10‧‧‧Connector sleeve type joint O-ring

5k11‧‧‧ coolant pipeline

5k12‧‧‧ cold plate

5k13‧‧‧EM power supply

5k14‧‧‧Sliding nut joint

5k14a‧‧‧shims

5k15‧‧‧ collar

5k16‧‧‧Compression retaining sleeve

5k17‧‧‧Water reservoir flange

5k18‧‧‧ coolant circuit

5k19‧‧‧EM pump assembly collar flange

5k21‧‧‧ nut

5k31‧‧‧EM pump feedthrough

5k33‧‧‧EM pump busbar connector

5k61‧‧‧EM pump syringe

5kk‧‧‧EM pump assembly

5kk1‧‧‧EM pump assembly

5m‧‧‧Inductively coupled heater

5mc‧‧‧Inductively Coupled Heater Antenna Feedthrough Assembly

5p‧‧‧Lead

5q‧‧‧ nozzle

5qa‧‧‧carbon inlet pipe

5s1‧‧‧ Radioactive source

5s2‧‧‧radiation detector

5u‧‧‧ hydrogen storage tank

5u1‧‧‧ argon storage tank

5ua‧‧‧Hydrogen feed line

5ua1‧‧‧argon pipeline

5z1‧‧ gas injector

6k61‧‧‧Double molten metal injector system

8‧‧‧Electrode

8a1‧‧‧O-ring lock nut

9‧‧‧Ignition busbar

9a‧‧‧ Bus Collector

10‧‧‧Ignition bus

10a‧‧‧Feed parts

10a2‧‧‧Ignition busbar connector

13a‧‧‧ pump

15‧‧‧Concentrating photovoltaic battery

23‧‧‧Transparent mirror

26‧‧‧Battery

26a‧‧‧PV Converter

26b‧‧‧PV heat exchanger / modular plate heat exchanger components

26c‧‧‧ cladding

31‧‧‧radiator/fuel recovery and thermal management system

31a‧‧‧Quencher

31b‧‧‧Inlet/Hot Coolant Inlet Line

31c‧‧‧Export

31d‧‧‧ coolant inlet line

31e‧‧‧ coolant outlet line

31k‧‧‧ coolant pump

31m‧‧‧ valve

31j1‧‧‧fan

31t‧‧‧radiator inlet line

31u‧‧‧Water pump outlet

87‧‧‧ heat exchanger

87a‧‧‧ heat exchanger

90‧‧‧Ignition capacitor housing

90a‧‧‧Coil capacitor box

92‧‧‧ Gearbox

93‧‧‧Motor

94‧‧‧Ball screw

94a‧‧‧ Bearing

100‧‧‧ computer

110‧‧‧Power conditioner or inverter

111‧‧‧Steam exit

113‧‧‧ entrance

114‧‧‧Space separation circumferential hemispherical heat exchanger

114a‧‧‧ panels or sections

114b‧‧‧Management

114c‧‧‧ coolant pipeline

114d‧‧‧ coolant inlet hole

114e‧‧‧ coolant outlet hole

114f‧‧‧Management coolant outlet

115‧‧‧ Lower heat exchanger

116‧‧‧Boiler

200‧‧‧ heat exchanger components

202‧‧‧Hot coolant outlet

203‧‧‧ Cover body

204‧‧‧ coolant inlet/cold

301‧‧‧Feed hole

304‧‧‧MHD electrode

305‧‧‧MHD electric wire

306‧‧‧MHD magnet

306a‧‧‧MHD magnet housing

307‧‧‧MHD nozzle

308‧‧‧Boss

309‧‧‧MHD condensation section

309b‧‧‧ gas housing

309d‧‧‧ semi-permeable gas

309e‧‧‧ emptying assembly

310‧‧‧MHD return tube

31l‧‧‧storage tank/water reservoir

312‧‧‧MHD returns EM pump

312a‧‧‧Compressor/Air Pump

312b‧‧‧Motor

312c‧‧ s scraper or vane

313‧‧‧MHD return EM pump tube

313a‧‧‧pipe gas path

316‧‧‧ heat exchanger

400‧‧‧EM pump

400a‧‧‧Multi-level EM pump assembly

400b‧‧‧Induction EM pump/air cooling system

400c‧‧‧Induction EM pump

401‧‧‧Primary transformer winding

401a‧‧‧EM pump transformer winding circuit

402‧‧‧Magnetic circuit or EM pump transformer yoke

403‧‧‧AC electromagnet

403a‧‧Electron

403b‧‧Electron

403c‧‧‧EM pump electromagnetic circuit

404‧‧‧EM pump electromagnetic yoke

404a‧‧‧ Transformer yoke

404b‧‧‧Transformer yoke

405‧‧‧EM pump casing section

406‧‧‧EM pump current loop return section

407‧‧‧Flange joint

407a‧‧‧Seal

408‧‧‧Boss

409‧‧‧Reservoir bottom plate assembly

409a‧‧‧floor

410‧‧‧Induction ignition transformer assembly

411‧‧‧Induction ignition transformer winding

412‧‧‧Induction ignition transformer yoke

413‧‧‧ Cover

414‧‧‧Ceramic transfer channel

415‧‧‧Antenna

416‧‧‧EM pump reservoir pipeline

417‧‧‧EM pump injection line

418‧‧‧Structural bracket

419‧‧‧Control pipeline

420‧‧‧Heat shielding

421‧‧‧ gas cylinder

422‧‧‧ gas supply casing

500‧‧‧ system

501‧‧‧Trigger electric flower gap switch

502‧‧‧12 V electric switch

503‧‧‧High voltage DC power supply

504‧‧‧ Ground connection

505‧‧‧High voltage capacitor

506‧‧‧Metal wire

507‧‧ ‧ chamber

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in the claims of the claims In the drawings: FIG. 2I28 is a schematic illustration of a yoke assembly of an SF-CIHT battery or a SunCell® generator with and without a magnet in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I69 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention showing an exploded cross-sectional view of an assembly of an electromagnetic pump and a reservoir. 2I80 is a schematic illustration of a thermophotovoltaic SunCell® generator showing a cross-sectional view of a dual-EM pump injector with its components housed in a single external pressure vessel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As a liquid electrode. 2I81 is a schematic illustration of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a combination of a reservoir and a blackbody radiator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I82 is a schematic illustration of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a transparent view of the assembly of the reservoir and the blackbody radiator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I83 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a black body radiator and a lower hemisphere of a dual nozzle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I84 is a schematic diagram of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator with an external pressure vessel showing the wear of the base of the external pressure vessel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. through. 2I85 is a schematic diagram of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator with an external pressure vessel removed from the top, showing the external pressure vessel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Penetration of the base. 2I86 is a schematic coronal xz cross-sectional view of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I87 is a schematic yz cross-sectional view of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I88 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator bracket assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I89 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator bracket assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I90 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator bracket assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I91 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator bracket assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I92 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a generator bracket assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I93 is a schematic illustration of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing the vertical telescoping antenna in an up or reservoir heated position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I94 is a schematic illustration of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing the vertical telescoping antenna in a down or cooled position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I95 is a schematic illustration of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing an actuator for changing the vertical position of the heater coil, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I96 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a drive mechanism for an actuator to change the vertical position of the heater coil, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I97 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing an actuator for changing the vertical position of the heater coil, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I98 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing an electromagnetic pump assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I99 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a sliding nut reservoir connector, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I100 is a schematic diagram showing an external and cross-sectional view of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, the thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a sliding nut storage, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Collector connector. 2I101 is a top cross-sectional view of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I102 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a particle insulated hermetic container in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I103 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a particle insulated closed container, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I104 through 2I114 are schematic diagrams of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode having an X-ray level sensor, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, Slide the nut connector and house the power regulator and the lower chamber of the power supply. 2I115 is a schematic illustration of an electromagnetic pump (EM) Faraday cage housing two EM magnets and a cooling circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I116 is a schematic illustration of an electromagnetic pump (EM) Faraday cage housing an EM magnet and a cooling circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I117 through 2I126 are schematic diagrams of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode having an X-ray level sensor, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, Slide the nut connector and house the power regulator and the lower chamber of the power supply. 2I127 through 2I130 are schematic illustrations of a prototype thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector and a slip nut connector as a liquid electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I131 is a schematic illustration of a component of a prototype thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator incorporating a dual EM pump injector and a sliding nut connector as a liquid electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I132 is a schematic illustration of a SunCell® generator showing details of a light distribution and photovoltaic converter system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I133 is a schematic illustration of a triangular element of a geodetic intensive receiver array of a photovoltaic converter or heat exchanger in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I134 is a schematic illustration of a SunCell® generator showing details of a photovoltaic converter system with a cubic secondary radiator and its inductively coupled heater in an active position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I135 is a schematic illustration of a SunCell® generator in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention showing details of a cube-shaped secondary radiator and its inductively coupled heater in a storage location. 2I136 is a schematic illustration of a cubic photovoltaic converter system including a cubic secondary radiator in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I137 is a schematic illustration of a SunCell® generator in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention showing details of a cube-shaped secondary radiator and a photovoltaic converter system with a heated antenna removed. 2I138 is a schematic illustration of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing an electromagnetic pump assembly having a water riser, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I139 is a schematic illustration of a wet seal of a reservoir and an EM pump assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I140 is a schematic illustration of a wet seal of a reservoir and an EM pump assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I 141 is a schematic illustration of an internal or reverse sliding nut seal of a reservoir and an EM pump assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I142 is a schematic illustration of a compression seal of a reservoir and an EM pump assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I143 is a schematic diagram of a thermal photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilted electromagnetic pump assembly with a riser riser and a reduced radius, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Black body light intensity PV converter. 2I144 through 2I145 are each a schematic diagram of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilted electromagnetic pump assembly having a water riser, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I146 through 2I147 are each a schematic diagram of a thermally photovoltaic SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilted electromagnetic pump assembly with a riser riser and transparent, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Reaction cell chamber. 2I148 is a top plan view of an RF antenna of an inductively coupled heater including two separate antenna coils each including an upper pie-shaped carrier and a plane parallel to the plane of the EM pump tube, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Lower Ω-shaped pie-shaped coils; each antenna coil capacitor box; and two-way actuators for horizontal movement. 2I149 is a top plan view of an RF antenna of an inductively coupled heater including two separate antenna coils each including an upper pie-shaped bracket and a plane parallel to the plane of the EM pump tube, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Lower omega-shaped pie coil; common antenna coil capacitor box with flexible antenna connection; and bidirectional actuator for horizontal movement. 2I150 are two views of a schematic diagram of an RF antenna of an inductively coupled heater including: a partial segment ellipse above the circumference of two reservoirs, wherein each loop includes flexibility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention An antenna section; and a lower Ω-shaped pie coil parallel to the plane of the EM pump tube, having a common antenna coil capacitor box with a flexible antenna connection; and a bidirectional actuator for horizontal movement. 2I151 is two views of a schematic diagram of an RF antenna of an inductively coupled heater including a split upper circumferential elliptical coil and a lower pie coil connected to one half of the elliptical coil, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, Where the two halves of the ellipse are in the closed position as shown, the halves are engaged by the loop current connectors. 2I152 is four views of a schematic diagram of an RF antenna of an inductively coupled heater including a split upper circumferential elliptical coil and a lower pie coil connected to one half of the elliptical coil, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, Where the two halves of the ellipse shown in the open position are moved to the closed position, the halves are engaged by the loop current connectors. 2I153 through 2I155 are each a schematic diagram of a SunCell® thermoelectric generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, shown to receive heat from a blackbody radiator and transfer heat to cooling, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A cavity heat sink in which a coolant tube is embedded in the wall of the agent, and then a secondary heat exchanger for outputting hot air. 2I156 is a schematic diagram of a SunCell® thermoelectric generator including upper and lower heat exchangers for outputting steam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I157 through 2I158 are each a schematic diagram of a SunCell® thermoelectric generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, shown for outputting steam upper and lower boiler tubes, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I159 is a schematic illustration of a boiler tube and a boiler chamber of a SunCell® thermoelectric generator for outputting steam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I160 is a schematic illustration of a reaction chamber, boiler tube, and boiler chamber of a SunCell® thermogenerator for outputting steam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I161 is a schematic illustration of a magnetic fluid power (MHD) converter assembly (cathode, anode, insulator, and bus feedthrough flange) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I162 through 2I166 are schematic diagrams of a SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir and a magnetohydrodynamic force including a pair of MHD return EM pumps, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. (MHD) converter. 2I167 through 2I173 are schematic illustrations of a SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilted reservoir and including a pair of MHD return EM pumps and a pair of MHDs, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter for a return air pump or compressor. 2I174 through 2I176 are schematic illustrations of a SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilted reservoir, a ceramic EM pump tube assembly, and a pair of MHD transmissions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Back to the EM pump's magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter. 2I177 is a schematic diagram of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a ceramic EM pump tube assembly, and a straight MHD, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. aisle. 2I178 is a schematic illustration of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir and a straight MHD channel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I179 to 2I183 are schematic diagrams of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Straight MHD channel and gas addition housing. 2I184 is a schematic diagram of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, a straight magnetic, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Fluid power (MHD) channel, gas addition housing and single stage induction EM pump for injection and single stage induction or DC conduction MHD return EM pump. 2I185 is a schematic illustration of a single stage induction injection EM pump in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I186 is a schematic diagram of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dualEM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, a straight magnetic, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Fluid power (MHD) channel, gas addition housing, two-stage induction EM pump for injection and MHD return, and induction ignition system. 2I187 is a schematic illustration of a reservoir floor assembly and connection assembly (inlet riser, injector tube, and nozzle) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I188 is a schematic illustration of a two-stage inductive EM pump in which a first stage acts as an MHD passback EM pump and a second stage acts as a jet EM pump, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I189 is a schematic illustration of an inductive ignition system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 2I190 through 2I191 are schematic diagrams of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. , a straight magnetic fluid power (MHD) channel, a gas addition housing, a two-stage induction EM pump for injection and MHD return (each with a forced air cooling system) and an induction ignition system. 2I192 is a schematic diagram of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dualEM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, a straight magnetic, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Fluid power (MHD) channels, gas addition housings, two-stage induction EM pumps for injection and MHD return (each with forced air cooling system), induction ignition system and EM pump tubes, reservoirs, An inductively coupled heating antenna on the reaction cell chamber and the MHD return tube. 2I193 through 2I195 are schematic diagrams of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) SunCell® generator including a dual EM pump injector as a liquid electrode, showing a tilt reservoir, a spherical reaction cell chamber, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. , a straight magnetic fluid power (MHD) channel, a gas addition housing, a two-stage induction EM pump for injection and MHD return (each with a forced air cooling system) and an induction ignition system. 2I196 is a schematic illustration of two SunCell® thermoelectric generators, including a hemispherical shell-shaped radiant heat absorber with a coolant tube embedded in the wall for receiving a reaction from a blackbody-containing radiator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The heat of the cell transfers heat to the coolant, and the other contains a cylindrical heat exchanger and a boiler. 3 is a schematic illustration of a silver-oxygen phase diagram from the Smithells Metals Reference Book, 8th Edition, 11-20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 4 is an absolute spectrum of a region from 5 nm to 450 nm ignited for 80 mg pellets containing absorbed H ₂ and H ₂ O according to an embodiment of the invention, the absorbed H ₂ and H ₂ O are derived from Gas treatment of molten mercury prior to dropping into the reservoir exhibits an average NIST calibrated optical power of substantially 1.3 MW in the ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectral regions. 5 is a spectrum of molten silver ignited into W electrodes in atmospheric argon having an ambient H ₂ O vapor pressure of about 1 Torr according to an embodiment of the invention (due to the sapphire spectrometer window, at 180) The region of nm has a cutoff of 100 nm to 500 nm), which exhibits UV line emission that is converted to 5000 K of black body radiation as the atmosphere becomes vaporized with UV radiation. 6 is a schematic illustration of a low energy hydrogen reaction cell chamber including a member for knocking a wire to act as at least one of a source of reactants, and for use in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A low energy hydrogen reaction is propagated to form a building of large aggregates or polymers comprising low energy hydrogen species, such as molecular low energy hydrogen.

Claims (36)

A power system for generating at least one of electrical energy and thermal energy, comprising: at least one container capable of maintaining a pressure below, at or above atmospheric pressure; reactants, the reactants comprising: a. at least one comprising a newborn a catalyst source of H ₂ O or a catalyst; b. at least one H ₂ O source or H ₂ O; c. at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; and d. a molten metal; a molten metal injection system comprising at least Two molten metal reservoirs each comprising a pump and an ejector tube; at least one reactant supply system for replenishing during consumption of at least one of the reactants to produce the electrical energy and thermal energy The reactants; at least one ignition system comprising a power source for supplying an opposite voltage to the at least two molten metal reservoirs each including an electromagnetic pump, and at least one of light and heat output At least one power converter or output system to electrical power and/or thermal power. The power system of claim 1 wherein the molten metal injection system comprises the at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising an electromagnetic pump for injecting a stream of the molten metal intersecting within the vessel. The power system of claim 1, wherein each of the reservoirs comprises a molten metal level controller comprising a water riser. The power system of claim 1, wherein the ignition system includes a power source for supplying an opposite voltage to the at least two molten metal reservoirs each including an electromagnetic pump, the electromagnetic pump supply flowing through the intersecting The current and power of the molten metal stream are caused to cause an ignition-containing reaction of the reactants to form a plasma inside the vessel. The power system of claim 1, wherein the ignition system comprises: a) the power source for supplying an opposite voltage to the at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising an electromagnetic pump; b) at least two intersecting melting A metal stream is ejected from the at least two molten metal reservoirs each comprising an electromagnetic pump, wherein the power source is capable of delivering a short pulse of high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form a plasma. The power system of claim 5, wherein the power source for delivering a short pulse high current electrical energy sufficient to cause the reactants to react to form one of the plasmas comprises at least one supercapacitor. The power system of claim 1, wherein each of the electromagnetic pumps comprises one of: a. DC or AC conductivity type comprising a DC or AC current source supplied to the molten metal via the electrode and a constant or identical intersection A variable vector cross magnetic field source, or b. an inductive type, comprising an alternating magnetic field source through one of the short circuits of the molten metal, which induces an alternating current in the metal; and an in-phase alternating vector cross magnetic field source. The power system of claim 1, wherein the pump is in contact with at least one of the corresponding reservoirs or another joint between the components including the container, the injection system, and the converter, and the wet joint, At least one of a flange and a gasket seal, an adhesive seal, and a sliding nut seal. The power system of claim 8 wherein the gasket comprises carbon. The power system of claim 4, wherein the molten metal ignition system current is in the range of 10 A to 50,000 A. The power system of claim 10, wherein the circuit of the molten metal ignition system is closed by the intersection of the molten metal streams to cause ignition, thereby further causing an ignition frequency in the range of 0 Hz to 10,000 Hz. The power system of claim 7, wherein the inductive electromagnetic pump comprises a ceramic passage that forms the short circuit of molten metal. The power system of claim 1, further comprising an inductively coupled heater for forming the molten metal from the corresponding solid metal. The power system of claim 1, wherein the molten metal comprises at least one of silver, silver copper alloy, and copper. The power system of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum pump and at least one chiller. The power system of claim 1, wherein the at least one power converter or output system of the reactive power output comprises at least one of the group consisting of: a thermal photovoltaic converter, a photovoltaic converter, and a a photoelectric converter, a magnetic fluid power converter, a plasma power converter, a thermionic converter, a thermoelectric converter, a Stirling engine, a Braden cycle engine, a Rankine cycle engine, and a heat engine, A heater and a boiler. The power system of claim 16, wherein the boiler comprises a radiant boiler. The power system of claim 16, wherein one of the containers comprises a black body radiator that is maintained at a temperature in the range of 1000 K to 3700 K. The power system of claim 18, wherein the reservoir comprises boron nitride, the portion of the container comprising the blackbody radiator comprises carbon, and the electromagnetic pump components in contact with the molten metal comprise an antioxidant metal Or ceramic. The power system of claim 19, wherein the reactants comprise at least one of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and water. The power system of claim 20, wherein the reactant supply maintains each of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and water at a pressure in the range of 0.01 Torr to 1 Torr. The power system of claim 21, comprising a thermal photovoltaic converter or a photovoltaic converter, wherein the light emitted by the blackbody radiator is mainly black body radiation, which includes visible light and near-infrared light, and the photovoltaic The battery is a concentrating battery comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of crystalline germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAsSb). Indium arsenate indium (InPAsSb), InGaP/InGaAs/Ge, InAlGaP/AlGaAs/GaInNAsSb/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/SiGe, GaInP/GaAsP/Si, GaInP/GaAsP/Ge, GaInP/GaAsP/Si/SiGe, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs, GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs/InGaAs, GaInP/Ga(In)As/InGaAs, GaInP-GaAs-Wafer-InGaAs, GaInP-Ga(In)As-Ge, and GaInP -GaInAs-Ge. The power system of claim 21, comprising a thermal photovoltaic converter or a photovoltaic converter, wherein the light emitted by the reactive plasma is mainly ultraviolet light, and the photovoltaic cells are concentrating batteries, which comprise at least one A compound selected from the group consisting of a Group III nitride, GaN, AlN, GaAlN, and InGaN. The power system of claim 16, wherein the magnetic fluid power converter comprises a nozzle connected to the reaction vessel, a magnetic fluid power channel, an electrode, a magnet, a metal collection system, a metal recirculation system, a heat exchanger And one of the gas recycling systems is selected as appropriate. The power system of claim 24, wherein the reactants comprise at least one of H ₂ O vapor, oxygen, and hydrogen. The power system of claim 25, wherein the reactant supply maintains each of O ₂ , the H ₂ and a reaction product H ₂ O at a pressure in the range of 0.01 Torr to 1 Torr. The power system of claim 26, wherein the reactant supply system for replenishing the reactants in the process of reacting at least one of the reactants to produce the electrical energy and thermal energy comprises: aO ₂ And at least one of a supply of H ₂ gas; b. a gas shell; c. a selectively permeable membrane in the wall of at least one of: the reaction vessel, the magnetohydrodynamic channel, the metal Acquisition system and the metal recirculation system; d. O ₂ , H ₂ and H ₂ O partial pressure sensors; e. flow controller; f. at least one valve, and g. a computer for maintaining O ₂ And at least one of the H ₂ pressures. A power system as claimed in claim 1 or 27, wherein at least one component of the power system comprises ceramic. The power system of claim 28, wherein the ceramic comprises at least one of: a metal oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, lanthanum carbide, zirconium carbide, zirconium diboride, and tantalum nitride. . The power system of claim 24, wherein the molten metal comprises silver and the magnetic fluid power converter further comprises an oxygen source to form a supply to the reservoir, the reaction vessel, the magnetohydrodynamic nozzle, and the magnetohydrodynamic channel An aerosol of at least one of the silver particles. The power system of claim 30, wherein the reactant supply system additionally supplies and controls the oxygen source to form the silver aerosol. The power system of claim 12, wherein the inductive electromagnetic pump comprises a two-stage pump comprising a first stage, the first stage comprising a pump of the metal recirculation system, and a second stage, the second The stage comprises a pump of the metal injection system for injecting the molten metal stream that will intersect another molten metal stream inside the vessel. The power system of claim 32, wherein the ignition system including a power source includes an induction ignition system. The power system of claim 33, wherein the inductive ignition system comprises an alternating magnetic field source through one of the short circuits of the molten metal, wherein an alternating current comprising the ignition current is generated in the metal. The power system of claim 34, wherein the alternating magnetic field source comprises a primary transformer winding comprising a transformer electromagnet and a transformer yoke, and the molten metal at least partially acts as a secondary such as a single turn shorted winding A transformer winding enclosing the primary transformer winding and including an inductive current loop. The power system of claim 35, wherein the reservoirs comprise a molten metal interface that connects the two reservoirs such that the current loop encloses the transformer yoke, wherein the induced current loop is included The reservoir, the molten metal contained in the transfer passage, the silver in the injection tube, and the currents generated in the flow of the injected molten metal that intersect the induction current loop.