TW201016600A - Production of carbonate-containing compositions from material comprising metal silicates - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided are methods for producing carbonate-containing compositions comprising silicon-based material (e.g. pozzolanic material) from a source of carbon dioxide, a divalent cation-containing solution and a source of proton-removing agents. In such methods, divalent cations of the divalent cation-containing solution are provided by digestion of material comprising metal silicates. Also provided are methods for producing carbonate-containing compositions comprising little or no silicon-based material. In such methods, silicon-based material (e.g. silica, unreacted or undigested, silicates, aluminosilicates, etc) may be separated and processed separately from carbonate-containing compositions. Silicon-based material and carbonate-containing material may be blended at a later stage to produce a pozzolanic material, which may be further processed and blended with, for example, Porland cement.

Description

201016600 VI. INSTRUCTIONS: RELATED APPLICATIONS RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the disclosure of And U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/344, 019, filed on Jan. 24, 2008, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of producing a carbonate-containing composition, wherein the composition comprises a ruthenium-based material derived from a carbon dioxide source (such as a condensed hard material), a solution containing a divalent cation, and a proton-removing agent. source. In such processes, the divalent cation containing the divalent cation solution is provided by digesting the metal containing Wei salt. It also provides money for the manufacture of carbonated products containing some micro or (four) groups (iv). In such a towel, (4) materials (such as ^ δ, unreacted or not H salt, _ acid „) can be separated from the composition containing Wei salt, S; suspect; ^ Shi Xiji materials and carbonates can be Weigh the t in the latter stage to = hard material, which can be processed in advance and blended with, for example, Portland cement. [Prior Art] 201016600 Concrete is the most widely used engineering material in the world. It is estimated that the current world concrete The consumption is 1.1 billion metric tons per year (c〇ncrete, Microstructure, Properties and Materials (2006, McGraw-Hill)). Concrete system - refers to the terminology of composite materials in which there are aggregated particles or fragments of bonding media. In most of the concrete currently used for construction, the bonding medium is formed by a mixture of hydraulic cement and water. ❿ The composition of the hydraulic cement and the solidified and hardened combination of water. After hardening, the hydraulic cement maintains strength even in the water. And stability. The main requirement of this feature is that the hydrate formed by the hydration of the cement component is essentially insoluble in water. The cement itself can be used or combined with coarse and fine aggregates, in which case the composition is separately Refers to concrete or plaster. Most of the hydraulic cements currently used are based on Portland cement. Portland cement is mainly composed of limestone, specific clay materials and gypsum to remove carbon dioxide (C〇2) and chemically combine the main components. It is made in the high temperature process of new compounds. The carbon dioxide emissions from Portland cement manufacturing and other industrial processes such as fossil fuel-based power generation (such as coal-fired power generation rot:) contribute to global warming. The atmospheric concentrations of other greenhouse gases will cause the heat to be stored in the atmosphere and cause the surface temperature and rapid climate change of the Tamar. In addition, the concentration of C〇2 in the atmosphere is expected to further acidify the world's oceans due to the dissolution of carbon dioxide and the formation of carbonic acid. Climate change and the impact of ocean acidification, if not controlled in time, can be costly and costly. It can clamp and eliminate the carbon dioxide of various human processes. 201016600 offers the possibility of reducing the risk of climate change. The invention disclosed herein Method for producing carbonate-containing composition from metal-containing silicate material And the system provides the clamping and exemption of carbon dioxide, wherein the composition can be used in concrete. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method comprising the steps of digesting a metal-containing acid salt material with an aqueous solution to produce a divalent cation And a SiO2-containing material; the divalent cation reacts with the dissolved carbon dioxide to produce a precipitate; and the precipitate is dried. In these methods, the precipitate may be dried to form a fine powder having a uniform grain-reducing distribution. Including grinding a metal-containing silicate material prior to digesting the metal-containing silicate material, wherein the metal-containing silicate material comprises rock or mineral and additionally the mineral comprises Orthodox salt, chain citrate, Page citrate and retinoic acid citrate. The orthosilicate mineral contains sapphire minerals and the reticular strontium minerals contain serpentine minerals. In some embodiments, digesting the metal-containing acid salt material comprises acid digesting to produce an acidic solution comprising a divalent cation and a Si2 containing material. The acid can be selected as a free certificate, 11 (: Bu 1 ^, 111, 112804, 1 ^ 03, H3P 〇 4, chromic acid, H 2 C 〇 3, acetic acid, citric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, A group of ascorbic acid and a composition of Michaelic acid. In some embodiments, the acid is HCl. After digestion, the acidic solution can be contacted with a proton-removing agent. In some embodiments, the acidic solution is removed by protons. The agent contacts the test solution, wherein the proton remover 201016600 can be a hydroxide selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2. In some embodiments, the ruthenium The oxide is Na〇H°. In certain embodiments, digesting the metal-containing tantalate material comprises digesting with a proton-removing agent to produce an assay solution comprising a divalent cation and a Si〇2-containing material. In an embodiment, the digestion provides a divalent cation comprising an alkaline earth metal cation. In certain embodiments, the alkaline earth metal cation comprises Ca2+, Mg2+, or a combination thereof. The method can additionally include separating the precipitate. In certain embodiments The precipitate is liquid-solid The separation device is separated from the alkaline solution, which is operated in a continuous, semi-batch or sub-program. In some embodiments, the separation of the precipitate is a continuous process. In some embodiments, The precipitate may also be dried by a spray dryer to produce a fine powder. In some embodiments, at least 7% by weight of the fine powder falls within 5 microns of the soil of a given average diameter, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and 500. Between the micrometers. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the fine powder falls within a predetermined average of from within ±50 microns, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and 250 microns. In certain embodiments Wherein at least 70% of the fine powder falls within ±50 microns of a predetermined average diameter, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 1 and 200 microns. The sink may comprise a pozzolanic material in some embodiments; In some embodiments, however, the method additionally includes making the pozzolanic material from the precipitate. Moreover, in certain embodiments, the method additionally includes blending the pozzolanic material with the cement. The method of the next step: digesting the metal phthalate-containing material with an aqueous solution to provide a divalent cation and a SiO 2 -containing material; removing the Si 〇 2 -containing material from the water 7 201016600 / gluten solution; and reacting the divalent cation with the dissolved carbon dioxide To produce a precipitate. The method may additionally comprise grinding the metal-containing tantalate material prior to digesting the metal-containing tantalate material, wherein the metal-containing tantalate material comprises rock or mineral, and wherein the mineral comprises orthosilicate, Chain citrate, citrate and retinoic acid. The orthosilicate mineral comprises a sapphire mineral and the reticular citrate mineral comprises a serpentine mineral. In some embodiments, digestion Metal-containing phthalate materials include acid-digested to produce an acidic solution containing divalent cations and Si含2 containing materials. The acid may be selected from the group consisting of HF, HC, HBr, HI, H2S04, ηνο3, h3p〇4, chromic acid, H2c〇3, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and rice acid. Group. In certain embodiments, the acid is HC1. After digestion, the acidic solution is contacted with a proton-removing agent. In some embodiments, the acidic solution is contacted with a proton-removing agent to form an alkaline solution, and the proton-removing agent may be selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(〇H)2. Group of hydroxides. In some embodiments, the hydroxide is NaOH. In some embodiments, digesting the metal-containing silicate material comprises digesting with a proton-removing agent to produce an alkaline solution comprising a divalent cation and a Si-containing material. In some embodiments, digestion provides a divalent cation comprising a soil metal cation. In some embodiments, the alkaline earth metal cation comprises Ca2+, Mg2+, or a combination thereof. Separating the Si(R) containing material and the aqueous solution may comprise separating by a first liquid-solid separation apparatus wherein the first liquid-solid separation apparatus is separated by a continuous, semi-batch or batch procedure. The method may additionally comprise separating the divalent cations from the dissolved carbon dioxide 201016600 carbon. In these methods, the second liquid-solid separation device can separate the precipitate from the alkaline solution, wherein the second liquid-solid separation device separates the precipitate into a continuous, semi-batch or batch procedure. In some embodiments, the separation of the precipitate is a continuous procedure. The separated Si〇2-containing material and the separated precipitate can be combined without drying to produce a pozzolanic material. It is also possible to dry one of the separated Si 2 -containing material or the separated precipitate before combining to form a pozzolanic material. Further, the separated Si〇2-containing material and the separated precipitate may be separately dried before being combined to form a pozzolanic material. As such, the precipitate can be dried by a spray dryer, containing either a ruthenium 2 material or a precipitate and a Si 〇 2 containing material to produce a spray dried material. In some embodiments, at least 7 〇 Q /. The spray dried material falls within ± 50 microns of the intended average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and 5 microns. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the mist-dried material falls within ± 50 microns of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 50 and 250 microns. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the spray dried material falls within ± 5 microns of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 100 and 200 microns. The method may additionally include strengthening the hardenable material with volcanic ash, fly ash, ash, highly reactive metakaolin or granulated blast furnace slag. The method can additionally include blending a pozzolanic material with cement. A composition made by any of the above methods is also provided. A composition is also provided which comprises a synthetic carbonate, a ruthenium based material and a synthetic iron based material. The synthetic carbonate may comprise carbonic acid 201016600 selected from the group consisting of water-fibre magnesite, magnesite, hydromagnesite, hydrated magnesite and pentahydrate. In some embodiments, the synthetic carbonate comprises attapulgite. The composition may comprise up to 35 / ❶矽 based material, wherein the ruthenium substrate comprises vermiculite such as amorphous vermiculite. The iron-based material may include ferric chloride or iron carbonate. The synthetic carbonate may additionally comprise a carbonate plant selected from the group consisting of calcite, vermiculite and hexagonal calcite. In some embodiments, the composition additionally comprises cement' wherein no more than 80% of the composition comprises cement, and wherein no more than 55% of the composition comprises a cerium-based material. Some of the components contain construction materials and some are suitable for use in the construction materials. Such construction materials include, but are not limited to, cement, aggregates, cementitious materials or supplementary cementing materials. A system is also provided which includes a processor for treating metal-containing silicate materials; a precipitation reactor for precipitating precipitates; A liquid-solid separator for separating a precipitate in a precipitation reaction mixture, wherein the precipitation reactor is operated in connection with both the processor and the liquid-solid separator. In such systems the processor includes a size reduction unit that grinds a metal phthalate containing material, wherein the size reduction unit comprises a ball mill or a jet mill. The processor can additionally comprise a digester for digesting the metal-containing silicate material, wherein the digester is designed to receive a metal phthalate-containing material, wherein the material has a reduced size. The digester can be additionally designed to receive an acid sourced acid, a proton-removing agent source proton-removing agent, or a combination thereof. Precipitation reactors of such systems can be designed to receive digested metal containing phthalate materials. In addition, the chamber reactor can be additionally designed to receive carbon dioxide from an industrial source of carbon dioxide. The liquid-solid separator of such a system can be designed to receive a precipitation reaction mixture of a sink reactor. The liquid-solid separator can be additionally designed to separate the precipitate from the Shendian 201016600 reaction mixture. The system may additionally include a dryer for making a dry precipitate, which may be a spray dryer designed to receive a sediment-containing slurry of a liquid-solid separator. In some embodiments, the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate wherein at least 70% of the dry precipitate falls within 50 microns of the soil of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and Between 500 microns. In some embodiments, the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate wherein at least 70% of the dry precipitate falls within ± 50 microns of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 50 and Between 250 microns. In some embodiments, the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate wherein at least 70% of the dry matter falls within ±50 microns of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 100 and Between 200 microns. The spray dryer can also be designed to utilize waste heat from industrial sources of carbon dioxide, which includes flue gas from coal fired power plants. The spray dryer can also be additionally designed to provide a source of heat depleted carbon dioxide to the sink reactor. In addition, systems and methods for making pozzolanic materials are provided. Aspects of the invention include a carbonate-containing precipitate containing Si 2 from a solution containing a divalent cation solution and producing a pozzolanic material from the resulting precipitate. The ferrous minerals (such as the sapphire) can be contacted with a solution containing a divalent cation such as seawater. By adding a proton-removing agent to the solution containing divalent cations, a carbonate-containing precipitate can be produced and the resulting Si-containing yttrium-containing The carbonated sediment is used to make a hardened material. Si〇2 can be at least partially amorphous and can also comprise a gel in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the solution containing the divalent cation can be acidified by, for example, contacting the ferro-magnesium mineral with the divalent cation-containing solution at 11 201016600, for example, by a co-containing solution. Blowing through two, yang away from the gas. In some embodiments, the waste machine may comprise an exhaust gas such as a smoke cation solution prior to being a spray dryer: f may be used to acidify the bivalent content for drying the carbonate-containing sink (four) mesh mist dryer

The method additionally includes the addition of: a carbonate accelerator (: degree of presence == produces a carbonate-containing precipitate. The content of the inclusion = the precipitate may comprise & _, Wei magnesium, two bismuth or a wei compound. Reduction of the mixture of Wei Weiqing. Also for the system for the manufacture of condensable materials, the system may include a vertical column of surface minerals designed to receive the bottom of the test containing divalent cations; designed to collect protons a proton-removing agent and a first reaction vessel containing a divalent cation solution at the top of the vertical column; a first liquid-solid separator designed to receive the first precipitate of the first reaction vessel

And, to receive the spray dryer of the first precipitate of the first liquid-solid separator. The reaction capacity can be additionally designed to be received in some specific implementations. Acid f accelerator. The spray dryer can also be designed to receive exhaust gases and the vertical tower can be corrected for exhaust gases that are missing (4). In some embodiments, the separator is in fluid communication with the first reaction vessel at the top of the vertical column. In some embodiments, a sink cleaner designed to receive a second precipitate of the second liquid-solid separator may be additionally included. The system can additionally include a second reaction volume n that is designed to receive a first liquid-solid separator containing an ionic solution and, in some embodiments, can additionally include a second design reactor to receive the second reaction vessel 12 201016600 Two-liquid-solid separation of the second precipitate [Embodiment] Before the present invention is described in detail, the present invention is limited to the above-mentioned two examples, and may of course be changed. It should also be understood that the technique used in this article is only for bribery. (IV) Implementation of the diagram The approval of the invention is limited to the scope of the appended patent. When entering the range of values for a long time, 'the value between the upper and lower limits of the range should be understood (unless otherwise clearly indicated in the text, to one of the lower limits) and any other or Within the invention. The upper and lower limits of such smaller ranges may be exclusive and may be encompassed within the scope of the invention, in accordance with any particular exclusion. The inclusion of such limits, excluding the ranges of - or both of the limits contained therein also includes φ #,, and the text is presented in a particular range by the value preceded by the term "about." Provides accurate numbers afterwards and support for several generations of digital text near or near §°. In the case of mosquitoes - whether the numbers are connected, or the number of figures - 'Wei Nuo does not describe the number ί: Real 2 provides the special description of the number in the text presented = additional definitions 'All the techniques and sciences used in this article The term has the same meaning as /, 氪 " 9 is generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although any of the methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, representative methods and materials will now be described. All publications, patents, and patent applications of the present patent application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. in. In addition, the various cited publications, patents, and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent of the disclosure of the disclosure. Any reference to published literature is the content of the application before the date of the application and should not be transferred to acknowledge that the invention is not entitled to the invention. In addition, the announcement date provided

The period may be different from the actual announcement date, and the actual announcement is not confirmed. M j月b·禺1U 〇应's thoughts such as this article and the attached towel, please cover the patent area towel "and" and "this" include plural reference materials, unless otherwise stated in the text = dry. Also note that _ _ _ _ Exclusion of any such statement, this statement is intended to describe the use of this, secret "unique", "only," and similar words or uses, negative, and restrictive statements and statements. Really _ each forest with the same shot easily with a number of other implementation of financial affairs - the combination of the innocent from the invention of the pain of 73 or with the visit to the drums and guess God. Any of the financial methods may be read as follows. After reading this disclosure, it will be clear that the sequence of events described herein or the other order of the process can be performed. 201016600 The material used to make the composition of the present invention is first described in = divalent cation. And proton remover (and method of proton removal) 2 'early and medium. The present invention can be applied to the section t of the material using 含 η containing gold cut acid and/or related materials. Next, a method of incorporating a material (e.g., co2 'di & cation, etc.) into the composition of the present invention will be described. Subsequently, after describing the system of the present invention, the compositions of the present invention, products containing the same, and their sins are described. The subject matter is to be read by the reader and is not intended to limit the invention in any way. For example, the specific material containing the gold acid salt should be disclosed or described in a section other than the chapter containing the gold acid salt material (such as the chapter of the method | 卩) towel, it should be understood that the specific material containing metal _ acid salt is included The metal-and-salt material reveals part of the content. Continue to carry out the same example, it should be understood that the material containing metal (4) and the additional materials containing metal silicate can be secreted without the invention, and the spirit of the invention and the material of Fanming 0 are further described below. The present invention utilizes a source of co2, a source of proton-removing agent (and/or a method of removal), and a source of divalent cations to produce a precipitate. Metal-containing silicate materials (e.g., sapphire, serpentine, and materials described elsewhere) and/or related materials may provide all or part of the source of divalent cations. As such, the metal-containing silicate material can be the sole source of the divalent metal cations used to make the compositions described herein. The metal citrate and/or related materials can also be used in combination with a supplemental source of divalent cations for making the compositions described herein. Metal-containing phthalate materials (such as sapphire, serpentine, and 15 201016600, further described) and/or related materials may also provide all or part of the source of proton-removing agents. As such, the metal-containing phthalate material can be the sole source of proton-removing agents for the manufacture of the compositions described herein. The metallosilicate and/or related materials can also be supplemented with proton-removing agents for making the compositions described herein. The source is used in combination. In some embodiments, the metal citrate is not a source of proton remover. In such embodiments, the proton-removing agents described herein or a combination of their proton-removing agents are sources of proton-removing agents for making the compositions described herein. A source of carbon dioxide that can provide a proton-removing agent as a supplemental source, a source of divalent cations, and a source of proton removal (and a method of proton removal) will be described first to provide a background of a metal-containing silicate material as a source of divalent cations. Next, a metal-containing silicate material (e.g., sapphire, serpentine, etc.) will be described, followed by a method of using the metal silicate-containing material for producing a carbonate-containing composition, a strontium-containing composition, or a combination thereof. Carbon monoxide The process of the invention comprises contacting a volume of an aqueous solution of divalent cations with a source of c〇2 and then subjecting the resulting solution to precipitation conditions. The process of the invention additionally comprises contacting a volume of aqueous divalent cation solution with co2 while allowing the resulting solution to be subjected to precipitation conditions. Containing divalent cations = There is enough carbon dioxide in the liquid to measure the carbonate-containing sediment (such as from seawater); however, extra carbon dioxide is generally used. The source of c〇2 can be any conventional source of co2. The c〇2 source may be a gas, a liquid, a solid (such as dry ice), a super 63⁄4 boundary fluid, or a C溶于2 dissolved in a liquid. In some embodiments, the 'C02 source is a gaseous c〇2 source. The gas stream may be substantially pure 201016600 〇) 2 or contain fractions including 〇 2 and/or a variety of additional gases and/or other materials such as ash and others. In some embodiments, the gaseous co2 source is the exhaust stream (i.e., a by-product of the plant's active program), such as exhaust gases. The nature of the plant may vary, including but not limited to power plants, chemical processing plants, lining plants, (d) 水泥, cement plants, steel plants and other processes that produce 〇) or other processes (such as cement) The factory of the by-product of the factory's calcination.

The exhaust gas stream containing C〇2 contains reduction (such as syngas, transfer syngas, natural gas, hydrogen, etc.) and oxide bar thieves (such as burning city gas). The conventional mosquito waste gas stream of the present invention includes an oxygen-containing combustion plant gas (for example, source coal or another carbon-based (four) and Weidao gas recorded or untitled, turbocharged pin furnace gas, coal gasification output Gas, transfer coal gasification to produce chaos, anaerobic digestion tank gas, wellhead natural gas stream, reconstituted days or toxin hydrate and the like. Any conventional source of combustion gas can be used in the method and system towel of the present invention. Some (4) implementation of financial integrity: electric waste, cement and coal processing plant after the combustion of smoke from the medium = therefore 'material waste can be a variety of not _ suitable for the waste stream of the invention including burning fossil fuels (such as coal == fr) The waste stream generated by the factory and the naturally occurring organic fuel, and the special accumulation (such as sand, heavy oil, (4) rock, etc.) are the specific implementation of the fuel, suitable for the threat of the gamma pure and the method ^ from the burning Coal-fired power generation, such as _ power plant waste grab coal-fired cranes, fluidized bed coal power plant; in some specific real = order - 17 201016600

From the waste stream of the integrated gasification composite expansion ring (IGCC) plant. In the & example, use . In some embodiments, the waste stream produced by the Hot Time _ (HRSG) plant is used in the system and method according to the present invention. The waste stream produced by the cement plant is also suitable for use in the system and method of the present invention. The cement plant waste stream contains waste streams from wet and dry processes that can be used in vertical smoked or rotary kilns and can include pre-forged furnaces. Each of these plants can burn a single fuel or can burn two or more fuels sequentially or simultaneously. Other plants, such as smelters and refineries, are also sources of suitable waste streams containing carbon dioxide. The industrial waste gas stream may comprise carbon dioxide as the primary non-air derived component, or in particular in the case of a coal fired power plant, may comprise additional components such as nitrogen oxides (sulfurium oxides), sulfur oxides (S〇x) and one or more Extra gas. Additional 〇 gases and other components may include CO, mercury, and other heavy metals and dust particles (eg, from calcination and combustion procedures). Additional components in the gas stream may also include halides such as gasified mice and chaotic gas, particulate matter such as fly ash, dust and metals, including gods, broken, shed, recorded, chrome, chromium VI, abalone, ship, fierce, Mercury, turn, selenium, tellurium, tellurium and vanadium; and organic matter such as hydrocarbons, dioxin and PAH compounds. Suitable exhaust gas streams that can be treated have, in certain embodiments, from 200 ppm to 1, 〇〇〇, 〇〇〇 ppm, such as from 200,000 ppm to 1000 ppm, and packages 201016600 include from 200,000 ppm to 2000 ppm, such as from 180,000 ppm to 2000 ppm' or 180,000 ppm to 5000 ppm, also including C02 present in an amount of 180,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm. The waste streams, particularly the waste streams of various combustion gases, may comprise one or more additional components such as water, NOx (nitrogen oxides: NO and N02), SOx (sulfur oxides: SO, S〇2 and SO3), V0C (volatile organic compounds), heavy metals such as mercury and particulate matter (solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas). The flue gas temperature can also vary. In some embodiments, the temperature of the flue gas is from helium. 〇 to 2000 ° C, such as from 60 ° C to 700. (:, and includes 10 (TC to 400.): In some embodiments, one or more additional components are precipitated or trapped in an exhaust gas stream containing such additional components and containing divalent cations (eg, Alkaline earth metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+) are contacted with the formed precipitate. Calcium and magnesium sulfates and/or sulfites may precipitate or sink into precipitates produced by the exhaust stream containing SOX (eg S〇2). (In addition to calcium and / or magnesium carbonate). Magnesium and calcium can be separately reacted to form MgS04, CaS04 and other magnesium-containing and calcium-containing compounds (such as sulfite), effectively from the flue gas stream without desulfurization steps such as smoke Sulfur removal ("FGD") to remove sulfur. In addition, CaC〇3, MgC03 and related compounds can be formed without additional release of C〇2. Examples of sulfur-containing compounds (such as sulfates) in the aqueous solution of divalent cations The aqueous solution may be enriched in calcium and magnesium 'so calcium and magnesium may additionally form a carbonate compound after or in addition to forming CaS04, MgS04 and related compounds. In some embodiments, the desulfurization step may be coordinated Subsidence of carbonate precipitate Simultaneously, or the desulfurization step can be carried out in stages prior to precipitation. In some embodiments, a plurality of reaction products 19 201016600 (such as MgC03, CaC03, CaS04, mixtures of the foregoing, and the like) are collected at different stages, In other embodiments, a single reaction product (eg, a precipitate containing carbonate, sulfate, etc.) is collected. Consistent with these specific examples, other components, such as heavy metals (eg, mercury, mercury salts, Mercury compounds may be trapped in carbonate-containing precipitates or may be precipitated separately. A portion of the waste stream from the plant (ie, not the entire exhaust stream) may be used to make a precipitate. In these embodiments, the waste stream is used in the waste stream. The precipitated portion of the precipitate may comprise 75% or less of the exhaust stream, such as 60% or less, and include 50% or less. In still other embodiments, substantially (e.g., 80% or more) The entire exhaust stream produced by the plant is used in the precipitation of precipitates. In these particular embodiments, 8 〇〇 / 0 or more, such as 90% or more, including 95% or more, up to 100 % of the waste gas stream produced by this source (eg Smoke. Gas can be used in the precipitation of sinkers. Although industrial waste gas provides a relatively rich source of combustion gas, the method and system of the present invention can also be applied to self-contained concentrations much lower than, for example, flue gas pollutants. The lower concentration source (e.g., atmospheric air) removes the combustion gas component. Thus, in certain embodiments, the methods and systems encompass reducing the concentration of contaminants in the atmospheric air by creating a stable precipitate. In other cases, 'the concentration of pollutants such as c〇2 in some atmospheric air is reduced by 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40./〇 or more, 50°/〇 or More '60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90〇/° or more, 95〇/〇 or more, 99% or more, 99.9% or more, or 99.99%. This reduction in atmospheric contaminants can be achieved in the yields described herein or in higher or lower yields and can be accomplished in a precipitation step or in a series of precipitation steps. 20 201016600 Divalent cations As disclosed above, metal-containing silicate materials (such as olivine, serpentine) can be the sole source of the divalent metal cations of the compositions described herein, as described in detail in the following sections; The metal-containing material may also be used in combination with a supplemental source of divalent cations as described in this section. The method of the invention comprises reacting a volume of divalent cation aqueous solution with

The Ο c〇2 source is contacted and the resulting solution is subjected to precipitation conditions. In some embodiments, 'a volume of divalent cation aqueous solution is contacted with (: 〇 2 source and at the same time the resulting solution is subjected to precipitation conditions. In addition to the divalent cation derived from the genus containing acid salt material, Depending on the availability of a particular location, the valence cation can be derived from many different sources of divalent cations. Soil-water, minerals such sources include industrial waste, seawater, brine, hard in a certain 2 such as lime, square town stone) And any other suitable source. For the two-price, yang, the industrial waste streams from various industrial processes are mentioned in the program's source of mussels (and in some cases other applications are not limited to), such as metal oxides. Such waste streams include (but ash, bottom ash, waste; fossil fuel burning ash (burning ash such as flying waste; practicing oil); mines (such as iron ore slag, scaly ore); cement party coal seam Waste such as stone = refined waste (such as oil field and methane coal bed brine); chemical waste water and _ wealth); money waste; water soft waste; metal table η sub-exchange effluent); Agricultural waste. In addition, the waste material; the sorghum textile waste and the fossil fuel in the US Patent Application No. 21 201016600 No. 12/486,692 filed on Jun. 17, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Common waste sources such as combustion ash, cement fumigation and slag, metal oxides, etc. can be used in combination with metal phthalate containing materials to provide, for example, the divalent cations of the present invention. In some locations, the conventional source of divalent cations useful in the systems and methods of the present invention is water (e.g., aqueous solutions containing divalent cations such as seawater or surface brines) which may vary depending on the particular location in which the invention is to be practiced. Suitable divalent cation aqueous solutions which may be used include solutions containing one or more divalent cations such as soil metal cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. In some embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution comprises an alkaline earth metal cation. In certain embodiments, the soil metal cations include calcium, magnesium, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution comprises calcium in an amount ranging from 50 to 50,000 ppm, 50 to 40,000 ppm, 50 to 20,000 ppm, 100 to 10,000 ppm, 200 to 5000 ppm, or 400 to 1000 ppm. In certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution comprises from 50 to 40,000 ppm, 50 to 20,000 ppm, 100 to 1 Torr, 〇〇〇 ppm, 200 to 1 〇, 〇〇〇 ppm, 500 to 5000 ppm, or Magnesium in an amount of 500 to 2500 ppm Q. In some embodiments, when both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are present, the ratio of Ca2+ to Mg2+ in the aqueous divalent cation solution (ie, Ca2+: Mg2+) is 1:1 to 1:2.5; 1:2.5 to 1:5; 5 to 1: 10 ; 1 : 10 to 1: 25 ; 1 : 25 to 1: 50 ; 1 : 50 to 1: 1 ; 1 : 1 to 1: 150 ; 1 : 150 to 1: 200 ; 1 : 200 to 1: 250 ; 1 : 250 to 1: 5; or 1: 500 to 1: 1000. In some embodiments, the ratio of Mg2+ to Ca2+ in the aqueous divalent cation solution (ie, Mg2+: Ca2+) is 1: 22 201016600 1 to 1. 2.5, 1: 2.5 to 1: 5; 25; 1 : 25 to 1 : 5〇; 1 : 50 to 1: 150 to 1: 2〇〇; 1 : 2〇〇 to or 1: 500 to 1: 1〇〇〇〇 • 5 to 1: 10; 1 : 1 to 1: • 100 ; 1 : 100 to 1: 15 〇 ; • 25 〇 ; 1 : 250 to 1: 500 ; The monovalent cation aqueous solution may contain derivatized brine (such as naturally occurring brine or artificial drip such as demon = water = salinity A Di-ion in salt water of fresh water

No, the sea JCH can be: from New York or artificial, the water system is better than the fresh water but not the right sea water. The salinity of the mechanical water is ± thousand t parts). The paste originates from the sea, and the rest of the material = water in the range of about 35 to about 5 mm. The brine is saturated or nearly saturated with water. The brine has a profit of about 5 〇ppt. In some embodiments, the water of the divalent cation is obtained - a source of fresh water rich in minerals (e.g., rich in feed and/or rich). In some (iv) embodiments, the source of divalent cations is selected from naturally occurring brine sources of sea, ocean, lake, marsh, estuary, lagoon, surface brine, deep brine, alkaline lake, inland sea or similar sources. In some embodiments, the source of the divalent cation is selected from the group consisting of geothermal plant wastewater or an artificial brine of desalination plant wastewater. Fresh water is often a common source of divalent cations such as soil metal cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. A variety of suitable freshwater sources can be used, including freshwater sources ranging from relatively mineral-free sources to relatively abundant sources. • § Mineral-containing freshwater sources can occur naturally, including any of a variety of hard water sources, lakes or inland seas. Some mineral-rich freshwater sources such as Lakes in the Lake or the Inland Sea (such as Lake Van in Turkey) also provide 23 201016600 :;) = fresh water sources can also be artificial. Examples such as Ca'rt and 1 cation The terrestrial metal cation method and the system source are contacted to produce water suitable for the brotocoH field 3 described herein. Any conventional experimental procedure > driveant Οα/steroid, suspension or lysate (4) ion or its substance (such as salt, mineral) may be added to the water (any other type of water in the county). In some embodiments, a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Ca2+ and Mgh can be added to the tree. In a particular embodiment, a cation selected from the group consisting of ruthenium may be added to fresh water. In some embodiments, the fresh water system containing Ca2 is combined with combustion ash (e.g., fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag) or a product or treatment form thereof to produce a coating of the surface and the ions. In some embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution can be obtained from a virgin that also provides a combustion gas stream. For example, in a water-cooled plant, such as in a seawater cooling plant, water that has been used for cooling by the plant can then be used as water for making sediment. If necessary, the water can be cooled before entering the precipitation system. Such methods can be utilized, for example, in a single pass cooling system. For example, a city or agricultural water supply can be used as a one-way cooling system for a plant. The plant-derived water can then be used to make a precipitate, wherein the effluent has reduced hardness and higher purity. When necessary, such systems can be modified to include security measures (such as detecting damage, such as the addition of poisons) and cooperating with government agencies (such as homeland security or other agencies). Some specific embodiments may use other safety equipment that is damaged or attacked. 0 24 201016600 Proton Remover and Method As described in this section, metal citrate-containing materials may be combined with other proton-removing agent sources (and methods for proton removal). Used in combination. The process of the invention comprises contacting a volume of an aqueous solution of divalent cations with a source of C〇2 (to dissolve co2) and subjecting the resulting solution to precipitation conditions. In some embodiments, a volume of divalent cation aqueous solution is contacted with a C〇2 source (to dissolve C〇2) and the aqueous solution is subjected to precipitation conditions. C〇2 is dissolved in an aqueous solution of divalent cations to produce carbonic acid, a species that is in equilibrium with hydrogen sulphate and carbonate. In order to produce carbonate-containing sediments, the protons are removed from various species (such as carbonic acid, hydrogencarbonate, hydrazine, etc.) in a monovalent cation solution to shift the equilibrium to carbonate. When protons are removed, more C〇2 enters the solution. In certain embodiments, a proton-removing agent and/or method is used and an aqueous solution of divalent cations is coupled to CO 2 to increase the absorption of c〇2 in a precipitation reaction phase (where the pH can remain solid 2, increase, or even Lower), followed by rapid removal of protons (eg, by the addition of a base to rapidly precipitate the carbonate-containing precipitate. Protons can be used by a variety of species (eg, bicarbonate, naphthene, etc.) by any conventional method, including (but It is not limited to the use of naturally occurring proton-removing agents, the use of microorganisms and fungi, the removal of chemical protons, the recycling of artificial waste streams, and the use of electricity. The alkaline proton remover covers all visible in A proton-removing agent that can be produced or has a wide range of environments in which it is known to be in the environment. Some proton-removing agents that occur in a specific practice include the minerals of the fabricating brothers added to the solution. Such minerals include (but not limited to broad lime 25 201016600 (CaO) periclase (MgO); iron hydroxide ore (such as goethite and limonite); and volcanic ash. These minerals and rocks containing such minerals are provided herein. Digestive side Certain embodiments provide for the use of naturally occurring water bodies as naturally occurring proton-removing agents. Examples of natural water bodies include (but are not limited to) surface water sources (eg, alkaline lakes such as California's Mon〇 Lake) and groundwater. Source (e.g., alkaline aqueous layer). Other embodiments provide for the deposition of dry alkaline water, such as the hard layer along Lake Natr〇n of Great Rift Vdley, Africa. Some specific embodiments are used in normal metabolism. An organism that secretes a basic molecule or a solution as a proton-removing agent. Examples of such organisms are fungi that produce a proteolytic enzyme (such as a deep-sea fungus of the highest pH of 9 (A), and a bacteria that produces a basic molecule) (eg, blue-green bacteria such as the spirulina sinensis found in the Atlin wetland in Columbia, UK), which increases ρΗ due to by-products of photosynthesis. In some specific examples: the biological system is used to produce pH removal Agent, wherein the organism (such as Bacillus baumannii (5(10)//like; (10) ηζ·, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia) metabolizes contaminants (such as urine =) to produce a proton-removing agent or a proton-removing agent (such as ammonia, Ammonium hydroxide) cation solution. In some embodiments, the biological system is separately cultured from the precipitation reaction mixture, wherein a proton-removing agent or a solution containing a proton-removing agent is added to the precipitation reaction mixture. In some embodiments, naturally occurring or The enzyme produced is used in combination with a proton-removing agent to cause precipitation of the precipitate; the enzyme is an enzyme produced by plants and animals, which accelerates the conversion of carbonic acid in the aqueous solution to hydrogencarbonate. Enzymes are used to accelerate the sinking of the temple. Prochemical removal of chemical reagents generally refers to the mass production of commercially available chemical reagents. For example, chemical reagents for removing protons include (but are not limited to) hydroxides, organic bases. , super alkali, oxide, ammonia and carbonate. Hydroxides include chemical species that provide hydroxide anions in solution, including, for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide.

(Ca(OH)2) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(〇H)2). The organic base is a carbon-containing molecule, which is generally a nitrogen-containing base, and includes a primary amine such as methylamine, a secondary amine such as diisopropylamine, a secondary amine such as monoisopropylethylamine, an aromatic amine such as aniline, and a hetero Aromatic such as pyridine, imidazole and benzimidazole and various forms thereof. In certain embodiments, an organic test line selected from the group consisting of biting, mercaptoamine, imipenem, benzodiazepine, histidine, and phophazene is used for a variety of species from sedimentary sediments ( Protons are removed such as carbonic acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine, and the like. In certain embodiments, ammonia is used to increase the pH to a level sufficient to precipitate precipitates from divalent cation solutions and industrial waste streams. Superbases suitable for use as proton-removing agents include: sodium ethoxide, sodium amide (NaNH2), sodium hydride (NaH), butyl lithium, lithium diisopropyl guanide, lithium diethylamine amide And double (three dreams) brewed amination clock. The oxides 'including, for example, oxidized mother (CaO), magnesium oxide (Mg 〇), strontium oxide (Sr〇), bismuth oxide (Be〇), and cerium oxide (Ba〇) are also suitable proton nucleating agents which can be used. The carbonates useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate. In addition to containing cations of interest and other suitable metal forms, a waste stream derived from various industrial processes can provide a proton-removing agent. Therefore, the waste stream includes (but is not limited to) _ waste; chemical ^ such as burning deficiency such as Qi, silk, paving dragons (City mine = ash each Lin mining; water work waste; refining refined waste ( Such as oilfield 27 201016600 and methane coal bed brine); coal seam waste (such as gas-producing brine and coal bed brine); papermaking waste; water softening waste brine (such as ion exchange effluent); 矽 treatment waste; agricultural waste; metal surface Disposal of waste; high pH textile waste; and caustic slurry. Mining waste includes any waste that extracts metal or another precious or useful mineral from the ground. In some embodiments, the use of mining waste to improve pH , wherein the waste is selected from the group consisting of: red mud derived from the Bayer aluminum extraction process; waste derived from seawater extracting magnesium (such as Mg(OH)2' as seen in Moss Landing, Calif.); Procedures, including leaching waste. For example, red mud can be used to improve pH, as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/161,369, filed on Mar. Way to incorporate this The fossil fuel burning ash, cement kiln ash and slag (source of all metal oxide waste) are additionally described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/486,692, filed on Jun. The full text is incorporated herein by reference, which may be used alone or in combination with other proton removal to provide the proton-removing agent of the present invention. Agricultural waste used via animal waste or over-fertilizer may comprise potassium hydroxide strontium ( KOH) or ammonia _3) or both. As such, agricultural waste can be used as a proton-removing agent in certain embodiments of the invention. This agricultural waste is often collected in ponds, but it can also penetrate down into the water layer and be accessed and used by it. Electrochemical methods are another method for removing protons from a variety of species in solution. They are derived from solute (such as carbon gman or bicarbonate deionization (such as deprotonation by water or water) to (four). For example, if From = dissolution 28 201016600 iUr is equivalent to or exceeds the protons that are electrochemically removed from the solute molecules or the sinking reaction, 2 dissolved in the mixed reaction cations of the pedestal reaction, 3) Hi-drive solution (may or no containment of divalent yang In the second embodiment, in a specific embodiment, the c〇2 dissolved in the bivalent-free acid solution is treated by a low-voltage electrochemical method to form a salt, a salt, or any dissolved c〇2. The formed species or its; voltage electrochemical method operates at 2, Μ, 1.8, V or lower, such as 5.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1 V or lower, = lower 'such as 0.9V or Lower or lower, two pretty, 0 9 or lower, (four) or lower, 〇.4V or lower, 〇.3V or more. Your if4 is lower or G.1V ^ lower average voltage The invention is not used to generate chlorine voltage. The low voltage electrochemical method for removing protons is also the system and method of the present invention. Conventionally, in some embodiments, a low voltage electrochemical method generates hydrogen gas and transports it to the anode where it is converted to protons. Electrochemical methods that do not produce hydrogen are also conventional. In some cases, the electrochemical method of removing protons does not produce any gaseous by-products. The electrochemical method for proton removal is additionally described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/344, No. G19, filed on December 22, 2011. U.S. Patent Application No. 12/375,632, filed on Dec. 23, the International Patent Application No. PCT/US08/088242, filed on Dec. 23, 2009; /US09/32301; and the application dated June 24, 1989, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Alternatively, the electrochemical process can be used to produce caustic molecules such as oxyhydrogen (10) via, for example, a gas-test method or a modification thereof. The electrodes ((four) poles and anodes) may be present in a device comprising a liquid containing di(tetra) ion water or a stream of exhaust gas (e.g., loaded into co2), and a selective barrier such as a thief may separate the electrodes. The removal of protons (4) and methods can produce by-products (such as hydrazine) that can be collected and used for other purposes. Additional electrochemical methods that can be used in the systems and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those described in US 61/81, 299, and US 61/091,729; in. Materials Containing Metallic Acidate As disclosed above and in the following additional details, the present invention utilizes a C〇2 source, a proton-removing agent source (and/or a method of proton removal), and a bivalent

Source of cations. Metal-containing phthalate materials (such as metal silicates such as serpentine and sapphire; metal citrate rocks) provide divalent cations (eg

Sources of Ca2+, Mg2+), sources of proton-removing agents (such as metal oxides such as Ca〇 and MgO; metal hydroxides such as ca(〇H)2 and Mg(OH)2) or both. Further, the metal-containing phthalate material can provide a vermiculite content to the composition of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material provides the sole source of divalent cations for making the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material is used in combination with a supplemental source of divalent cations. Likewise, in certain embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material 30 201016600

The only particular embodiment of the proton-removing agent that provides the compositions described herein is a combination of a metal-containing salt material and a proton-removing agent. In some frequency, metal-containing materials provide a source-only source for the divalent cations and protons of the compositions described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the serpentine may be a source of hydroxide. In such embodiments, the metal-containing salt material (e.g., serpentine) can be made or dissolved in water. For optimum digestion or conversion, the metal-containing miscellaneous material can be ground in solution = / or supersonic. The gold-rich material can be placed in the solution only for the amount of time (such as days, months, years). In some embodiments, the metal oxalate (four) system is used in combination with a supplemental source of the di(tetra) ion and a supplemental source of the proton-removing agent. In some (4) implementations, the % stone present in the rented product of the present invention is provided by a combination of supplemental sources (such as fly ash, money, and/or human sources) containing gold cut acid salt material. . The method of using a metal phthalate-containing material alone or in combination with other sources of divalent cations and proton-removing agents is described below. Rocks (naturally occurring (tetra) aggregates containing minerals and/or substances) are suitable for this type of hair (4) and are often used as they are, and may provide divalent cations such as Mg2+ and/or after treatment (eg, size reduction). Ca2+-containing magnesium and/or calcium rocks (such as 撖岩岩, basalt, gabbro, diabase, etc.). Rocks can also be used to raise the content of the face. The atomic structure having characteristic composition and high degree of regularity and the heterogeneity of different physical properties are generally more suitable for use in the present invention. As with rocks, minerals containing towns and/or moms may be subjected to processing, after processing, for 2010-12600 for the divalent cations of the invention such as Mg2+ and/or Ca2+. Magnesium-containing and/or metathesized minerals may also provide bismuth citrates (eg, metal citrates comprising at least one metal and, for example, calcium citrate, magnesium silicate, aluminosilicate, iron citrate, and The mixture) 'the phthalates provide vermiculite to the compositions of the invention after treatment, wherein the compositions exhibit a pozzolanic nature. In some embodiments, the mineral may be treated only for providing the content of the stone; in other words, in certain embodiments, the metal citrate and the low or negligible amount of calcium and/or magnesium The material (which produces divalent cations such as Ca2+ and/or Mg2+) can be treated to provide vermiculite content. When rock is useful in the present invention, it will be appreciated that pure or impure minerals are suitable for use in the present invention. Many different metal-containing phthalate materials are suitable for use in the present invention, including the occurrence of metal-containing silicate materials such as those found in rocks, minerals, and mineral-rich clays. Metal citrates useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, n-decanoate, stearate, decanoate and reticulated citrate. The orthosilicate includes, for example, a sapphire mineral ((Mg, Fe) 2Si〇4), which is generally preferred to a magnesium-rich olivine mine (ie, relative to iron sapphire (Fe2Sia^, closer to magnesium) Ji石石(MgjiO4)). The chain citrate ("chain 矽 矽") includes, for example, a single-chain decanoate such as a pyroxene mineral (xy(Si,ai)2〇6), χ represents calcium, sodium, iron (such as Fe2+) or magnesium ions and = represents smaller size ions, such as chromium, IS, iron (such as Fe3+, even Fe2+), magnesium, fierce, sharp, titanium and hunger, and The general preference is for the town's pyroxene axis (rough in low ship brilliance; 5 (Fe2Si2〇6), closer to 颂火石石(Mg2Si2〇6)). Single-chain chain citrate also includes, for example, quasi-fehoff Minerals such as contact metamorphic limestone are commonly found in (IV) limestone (CaSi〇3) and needle 32 201016600 sodaite (NaCa2(Si3〇8)(OH)), which are also suitable for use in the present invention. Double-stranded chain citrate Including, for example, amphibole-like minerals such as amphibole ((Mg,Fe)7Sis〇22(OH)2). Page citrate (ie platy citrate) includes, for example, serpentine minerals (eg, serpentine) Peridot and/or serpentine The serpentine polymorph ((]\^,?6) 38丨205(011)4)), sulphate clay minerals (such as asbestos (Na, Ca) 0.33 (Al, Mg) 2 (Si4O1())(OH)2.nH2〇) and talc Mg3Si4〇1()(OH)2) and mica minerals (such as biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2). Reticulated citrate (ie, network citrate) is a mineral acid (except quartz minerals) including, for example, plagioclase such as labradorite ((Na,Ca)(Si,Al)408 (Na) :Ca 2:3)) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2〇8) yttrium having less than 52% Si〇2 and less than 45% SiO2 ferro-magnesium minerals and ultra-mafic minerals (ie rich in magnesium and iron) The phthalate-containing minerals are sometimes referred to as magnesium generators as part of a subset of the above metal silicates. As such, galvanic minerals and ultramafic (i.e., generally > 18% MO, high Foe content, low potassium content) and their products or treated forms are also suitable for use in the present invention. Magnesia iron rocks containing magnesia iron minerals and ultramafic minerals and super town iron rocks (generally > 9 〇〇 / 0 mafic iron minerals) are also suitable for use in the present invention. Such stones include, but are not limited to, pyroxenite, olivine, pure sapphire, peridotite, basalt, gabbro, diabase, and saponite. Common diagenetic magnesium iron minerals package = sapphire, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite. There are a large number of rocks containing sapphire and serpentine in the world, especially in the form of ultramafic complexes and in the form of large serpentinite. Serpentine is a naturally occurring mineral with a small amount of elements such as chromium, shovel, cobalt and nickel. As such, Snake 33 201016600 is a type of 20+ species belonging to the serpentine class. Olivine naturally occurring magnesium-ferric acid salt ((Mg,Fe)2Si〇4), ranging from forsterite (Fo) (MgSi04) to iron sapphire (four) (four) (10)... As such, olivine can be (eg ^OwFa3. 'The subscript refers to the molar ratio of forsterite (F〇) to fayalite (Fe). Usually, it is preferably a peridot-rich olivine. Due to the structure, sapphire The class also includes limestone (CaMgSi〇4) and calcium iron olivine (CaFeSi〇4). The limestone system is also a naturally occurring dreaming mom.

C System and Method A method for producing a dish containing a salt of a dream stone from a source of carbon dioxide, a solution containing a divalent cation, and a source of a proton-removing agent is provided. A method of producing a carbonate-containing composition containing little or no Shishi stone is also provided. In such a process, the Shiheji material (e.g., vermiculite, unreacted or undigested niobate, etc.) can be separated from the carbonate-containing composition early in the process and treated separately. The ruthenium-based material and the carbonate-containing material may be blended at a later stage to produce a composition having a specific composition ratio. The carbonate composition containing the Shishi stone can be further processed and blended with, for example, Portland cement. Figure 1 illustrates the general sequential steps for making a carbonate-containing precipitate (690, 255) from a metal-containing silicate material (240), which are discussed further in the following paragraphs. If the particle size (ie, grinding) of the starting material containing the metal oxalate is first reduced by a combination of crushing, grinding, and sieving in step 610, the procedure can be repeated to produce a metal citrate having a uniform particle size. material. Then, as in step 620, the ground metal-containing silicate material is suspended in water-soluble 34 201016600

The solution in φ liquid typically contains a portion of the divalent cation that will eventually be present in the precipitate of the present invention. The concentration of the ground metal-containing phthalate material in the suspension can be between 1 and 1280 g/liter as described below. After the ground metal-containing phthalate material has been suspended, the metal-containing oxalate material is digested as in step 630. Digestion of the metal-containing metal silicate material includes, but is not limited to, dissolving the metal-containing silicate material, and the digestion can be carried out to any desired extent. As such, digestion conditions (e.g., temperature, agitation mode (if any), time, etc.) can vary as described below. Digestion, for example, after digesting the metal-containing citrate material under ambient conditions (ie, room temperature and pressure), the resulting digestion mixture can be optionally filtered in a filtration step (64 Torr) to remove vermiculite and/or undigested hydrazine. Base material. When the concentration of digested vermiculite and other sulfhydryl products increases at a faster rate than the concentration of divalent cations, transitional rocks and other dream base products are preferred to optimize the extraction of divalent cations. A precipitate can then be prepared from the digested metal-containing silicate material or its aqueous solution in a precipitation step (65 Torr) containing monovalent cations and including vermiculite and/or other ruthenium substrate depending on the degree of filtration. As described in detail herein, the precipitation of the precipitate additionally includes the introduction of C〇2 and (the right solution is not present or the proton removal or proton removal). The sulphate may be separated from the precipitation reaction mixture in the separation step (_) after formation, and this step may comprise - liquid-solid separation 11 as described in additional detail below. In the post-separation cleaning step (670), the shovel is washed as appropriate (e.g., soluble chloride, sulfur, salt, and/or the like). Regardless of the new separation step _ separation or just after the cleaning step 670 clear the sink. The drying step 働 can include reconstituting the precipitate to take the material into the spray dryer and drying to a size to produce 35 201016600 dry precipitate 690, which can be a hardened material 255.

In general, metal phthalate containing materials (e.g., rocks containing metal silicate minerals) have a wide range of initial particle sizes. As such, it is desirable to mill the starting material containing the metal oxalate, wherein the milling can be accomplished in any suitable device or combination of devices. The reduction in size of the metal citrate starting material can be initiated by crushing. The crushed metal-containing silicate material is then reduced to a smaller particle size by grinding. Grinding can include the use of a grinder such as a jet mill or a ball mill. The ground metal-containing silicate material is then screened (e.g., by a screen or cyclone, etc.) to select a metal-containing material in a particular size distribution. The screened metal-containing silicate material falling outside the specified size distribution can be returned to the mill and further ground. The screened metal-containing silicate material falling within a specific size distribution can be used directly (i.e., digestion of the phthalate material in advance) or further processed in a repeat procedure as appropriate. In certain embodiments, the particle size of the 'metal-containing silicate material can be reduced to less than 10,000, less than 1000, less than 750, less than 500, less than 4 Å, less than 300, less than 200, less than 100, less than 75, less than %, less than 25 or less than H) the average diameter of the micron. The further step-by-step treatment of the metal-containing Wei salt material may include magnetic separation to separate a magnetic material such as magnetite (Fe304), followed by heat treatment as appropriate. The use of any conventional experimental procedure can achieve the distillation of metal salts (such as Zhentie minerals and ultra-lime minerals such as sapphire and serpentine; Qianshi) and/or related materials. The material (in some embodiments) is a protonic agent of the invention; Digestion of metal-containing materials can occur in water such as deionized water, steam 36 201016600

Water in the hall) or in the brine or artificial brine containing divalent _ sub-water money such as fresh water, wealth, and sea water. The aqueous solution, whether naturally occurring or derived from a human source, generally comprises at least a portion of the divalent cations used in the present invention. In addition, the water test can be acidic, and exposure to the money can accelerate the digestion of metal-containing hetero-salt materials. Digestion can also be accelerated by the use of additional surface areas, such as by particle size reduction (described above) and by the use of, for example, supersonic techniques (e.g., internal pores). The metal-containing acid pick-on can be contacted with a divalent cation-containing solution in a variety of procedures, including batch, semi-batch, and continuous procedures to produce - containing cuts (d). For example, the ferro-magnesium mineral can be mixed with the divalent cation-containing solution in a tank which can be agitated or otherwise agitated. After a period of time, the slurry is withdrawn from the tank, and the fresh metal-containing silicate material and the divalent cation-containing solution are charged into the tank. In some embodiments, the reaction can be continuously flowed in one or more continuous stirred tank reactors. In some embodiments, the metal-containing phthalate material is treated in a packed column and the divalent cation-containing solution is permeated through the treated metal-containing silicate material. In some embodiments, a slurry comprising divalent cations and a cerium-containing material is continuously withdrawn from the top of the tower, wherein the erecting tower is filled with a metal silicate-containing material. In some embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material provides a source of all 戍 partial proton-removing agents. As such, the metal-containing silicate material can be the sole source of proton-removing agents for making the compositions described herein. Metal-containing acid salt materials can also be used in combination with supplemental sources of proton-removing agents used to make the compositions described herein. As above, the digestion of the metal-containing silicate material can be carried out in a 37 201016600 or aqueous solution such as fresh water, mechanical water, sea water or brine. The aliquots of the present invention include at least some of the crude monovalent cations and can be tested. The metal-containing cerate is digested in water to provide an aqueous solution with additional divalent cations and/or proton-removing agents.

In the specific embodiment, the metal-containing Wei (four) material provides all or = the knife is derived from the source of the hard material. As such, the metal-containing oxalate can be the only source of the fasteners used to make the compositions described herein. Metal-containing salt materials can also be used in conjunction with the make-up of the make-up of the compositions described herein. Metal-containing acid salt material

For example, in water or in an aqueous solution, the undigested metal-containing tannic acid can be removed: a material and/or an insoluble base material (such as a cut stone). The ship may discard the metal-containing silicate material and/or the insoluble bismuth-based material (eg, sulphide) or, in some embodiments, combine it with a carbonate-containing sulphide, wherein the carbonated The salt precipitate has been a hardened material (if there is enough vermiculite in the digestive period). Depending on the amorphous vermiculite in the carbonate-containing precipitate, other tannin products may be incorporated, including but not limited to volcanic ash, fly ash, ash, highly reactive metakaolin, and blast furnace powder. The concentration of the metal phthalate-containing material used for digestion in water or an aqueous solution (such as fresh water, salt water, sea water or brine) may be between 10 g/L, 10 and 20 g/L, 2 〇 Between 3 gram/liter, 3 〇 and 40 gram/liter, 40 and 80 gram/liter, 80 and 160 gram/liter, 160 and 320 gram/liter, 320 and 640 gram/ Between liters or between 640 and 1280 g / liter. Temperature can be adjusted to optimize 38 201016600 Digestion of metal-containing phthalate materials. In some embodiments, the metal-containing tellurite material is digested at room temperature (about 70 °F) to 220T. In some embodiments, the metal-containing phthalate material is selected from one or more selected from the group consisting of 70-100 °F, 100-220 °F, 120-220 °F, 140-220 °F, 160-220T, 1〇. Digestion in the temperature range of 0-200 ° 卩 or 100-180 卞, 100-160 卞 and 100-140 。. If auxiliary heat is required to increase the temperature, waste heat from, for example, flue gas can be used. Other external heat sources (such as hot water) can also be used. The digestion time can also be adjusted to optimize digestion of the metal-containing silicate material. In some embodiments, the <RTIgt;digested metal phthalate containing material is between 1 hour and 200 hours. In certain embodiments, the metal-containing material is digested; the material is 1 hour to 2 hours, 2 hours to 4 hours, 4 hours to 6 hours, 6 hours to 8 hours, 8 hours to 10 hours, 1 hour. Up to 20 hours, 20 hours to 40 hours, 40 hours to 60 hours, 60 hours to 80 hours, 80 hours to 1 hour, 1 hour to 15 hours, 15 hours to 200 hours, or an overlapping time range thereof . Digestion of the metal-containing silicate material can additionally be optimized by a tong containing an accelerated digestion kinetics. Examples of tongs useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, acids such as acetic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, dicarboxymethyl face acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, and succinic acid; amino acids; iron-containing cells such as Iron-containing pigment, deferoxamine B, deferoxamine E, fusarinine C, ornibactin, enterbactin, bacillibactin, vibrio (vibriobactin), azotobactin, pyoverdine and yersiniabactin; EDTA; EGTA; EDDS; and NTA. 39 201016600 In certain embodiments, 'proton-removing agents such as metal hydroxides (eg, Mg(OH) 2, Ca(OH) 2) may be made by aqueous alkali metal hydroxides (eg, Na〇H) or any other suitable The caustic is useful for digesting one or more metal-containing materials such as olivine and serpentine. Any suitable concentration of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or other caustic can be used to decompose the metal containing phthalate material' including highly concentrated and very dilute solutions. The concentration of the solution + metal oxynitride (e.g., NaOH) (by weight) may be, for example, from 3% to 8% by weight to 20% hydrazine. In certain embodiments, the digestive system containing metal citrate materials and/or other rocks and minerals is achieved in a pH range ranging from pH 6.9 to pH 7.5, pH 7.5 to pH 8.0, pH 8.0. To pH 8.5, pH 8.5 to pH 9.0, pH 9.0 to pH 9.5, pH 9.5 to pH 10.0, pH 1 〇·〇 to pH 10.5, pH 10.5 to pH n 〇, pH ^ 〇

To PH 11.5, pH 11.5 to pH 12.0, pH 12.0 to pH 12.5, pH 12.5 to pH 13.0, pH 13 pH to pH 13 5, pH 13 5 to pH i4 For example, sapphire can have _ in Yang 7〇 Digestion in an aqueous solution of Yang (the pH of the solution). Since the solubility of Shi Xishi is increased at a higher pH, the niobium digested by the metal niobate of the present invention can have a proportion of more than 7 base materials (e.g., _ W stone). Moreover, the resulting pozzolanic material can be more reactive due to the increased amount of amorphous vermiculite. Preferably, the gold-containing sulphate material digested by the aqueous alkali metal hydroxide can be used to manufacture the ship. Materials and classes f are recovered and reused to digest additional metal-containing silicate materials containing metal silicate materials (such as magnesium silicates such as olivine) and/or other rocks and minerals containing less than 40 201016600 metal species of interest Digestion in an acidic aqueous solution (eg, R2O, H2S〇4 (a (where each may be derived from an electrochemical procedure) to produce, for example, a divalent cation (eg, Mg2+, Ca2+) and a ruthenium-based material Slurry (such as vermiculite, unreacted or undigested tantalate, etc.). Digestion of metal-containing tellurite materials (such as olivine) and/or other rocks and minerals of interest may be contacted with an acidic solution. A solution comprising SiO 2 is produced. The aqueous solution of divalent cations may be sufficiently acidic if received; in certain embodiments, the aqueous solution may be used without further pH adjustment; = and, in certain embodiments, The aqueous solution of divalent cations may be basic or insufficiently acidic if received. In such embodiments, the aqueous solution containing divalent cations or any solvent or solution used to digest the metal phthalate containing material may be acidified. Acidification can be borrowed from gaseous It is achieved by contacting a liquid (including an aqueous solution) or a weak acid or a strong acid in a solid form, including but not limited to HF, HC1, HBr, HI, h2S〇4, HN〇3, h3P〇4, chromic acid: H2co3, acetic acid, citric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, and meldrums acid. For example, in some specific implementations, the metal-containing salt material is a fine water brain. Digestion in an acidic solution, wherein the aqueous HC1 procedure. In such embodiments, the electrochemical procedure is described as a low voltage electrochemical procedure. In certain embodiments 2: / or other rocks and minerals are digested in an aqueous solution that is heterogeneous due to the addition of C ^ (such as combustion gases from burning fossil fuels such as coal-fired power generation 2). In order to accelerate the digestion of the metal-containing silicate material, the acidification system is provided by the co2 gas bubbling through the seawater to produce saturated carbonated seawater. In some embodiments, the metal silicate-containing material is provided. And/or other rocks The digestion of minerals is achieved in a pH range including pH 7.1 to pH 6.5, pH 6.5 to pH 6.0, pH 6.0 to pH 5.5, pH 5.5 to pH 5.0, pH 5.0 to pH 4.5, pH 4.5 to pH 4.0. , pH 4.0 to pH 3.5, pH 3.5 to pH 3.0, pH 3.0 to pH 2.5, pH 2.5 to pH 2.0, pH 2.0 to pH 1.5, pH 1.5 to pH 1.0, pH 1.0 to pH 0.5, and pH 0.5 to pH 0.0. For example, sapphire can be digested in an aqueous solution having a pH ranging between pH 4.8 and pH 7.0 (the pH of C02 dissolved in an aqueous solution). The proton-removing agent is added to the resulting solution (e.g., containing Ca2+ and Mg2+) remaining in the SiO2-containing slurry or after removing SiO2 (and other ruthenium-based materials) in a subsequent step. The addition of the proton-removing agent is sufficient to precipitate a carbonate-containing (e.g., CaC03, MgC03) precipitate. The skilled artisan will be aware of specific acidification methods such as the addition of aqueous carbonic acid or C〇2 bubbling through a suspension of metal-containing silicate material to provide carbonate ions, which in turn may be in the form of a carbonate sediment. In addition, the skilled artisan will appreciate the appropriate acid selection for digestion, followed by the selection of a suitable proton-removing agent for neutralization of the acidic solution to introduce ionic species that favor the precipitate and the final product. The choice of a suitable acid and proton-removing agent can also avoid the formation of specific ionic species that would otherwise have to be controlled by other methods such as washing to remove NaCl from the precipitate. An aqueous solution containing divalent cations (such as alkaline earth metal cations such as ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and optionally Si 〇 2 may be derived from c 〇 2 in such a condition that the divalent cation-containing solution is subjected to precipitation conditions (ie, based on, for example, pH tolerance or Multiple substances 42 201016600 Conditions for precipitation) Contact before, during or after. Thus, in certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution is contacted with a source of c〇2 in a precipitation condition which facilitates the formation of a carbonate-containing salt and, optionally, a precipitate of si〇2. In some embodiments, the divalent cation water: gluten system is contacted with a C 〇 2 source and at the same time the aqueous solution is in a parenchy condition conducive to the formation of a precipitate. In some embodiments, the divalent cation aqueous solution is contacted with the C〇2 source prior to or simultaneously with the aqueous solution being in a condition that favors the formation of a precipitate. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of divalent cations is contacted with a source of C?2 after the aqueous solution is in a condition that favors the formation of a precipitate. In some embodiments, the aqueous monovalent cation solution is contacted with the C〇2 source prior to, concurrently with, and after the aqueous solution is in a condition to facilitate formation of the sulphate. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution containing divalent cations can be recycled more than once, wherein the first precipitation cycle primarily removes carbonates (such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate) and sulfhydryl materials and leaves additional monovalent cations An assay solution wherein the additional divalent cation can be sourced from any of the divalent cation sources disclosed herein, including by digesting the divalent cation of the additional metal silicate-containing material. Carbon dioxide is allowed to kill additional precipitates when contacted with a circulating solution containing divalent cations, wherein the precipitate comprises carbonate and optionally Si2. It should be understood that in these particular embodiments, the aqueous solution may be contacted with the C〇2 source before, during, and/or after the first precipitation cycle, during and after the addition of the divalent cation. In certain embodiments, an aqueous solution that does not have divalent cations or has a low concentration of divalent cations is contacted with co2. In these particular embodiments, the aqueous solution can be recycled or newly introduced. As such, the addition of CO 2 and digestion of gold 43 201016600 The order of the phthalate materials can be changed. For example, each of the metal-containing silicate materials, such as serpentine, gangue or asbestos, which can provide divalent cations, s〇2 or both, can be added to, for example, brine, sea water or fresh water, followed by C〇2. In another example, C〇2 can be added to, for example, drip, seawater or fresh water, followed by the addition of a metal-containing silicate material. An aqueous solution containing divalent cations (including Si〇2 as appropriate) can be contacted with the C〇2 source using any conventional experimental procedure. When C〇2 is a gas, the contact test procedure of interest includes (but is not limited to): direct contact with the experimental procedure (such as bubbling CO 2 gas through an aqueous solution), parallel contact method (ie, one-way flow of gas phase flow and liquid) Contact between phase flows), retrograde method (ie, contact between gas phase flow and liquid phase flow in reverse flow) and the like. As such, for ease of use, the contacting can be accomplished via a leacher, bubbler, jet Venturi reactor, a gas filter, a nebulizer, a tray or a packed column reactor, and the like. In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contact is achieved by forming a solution liquid layer with a flat nozzle wherein the C 〇 2 gas and liquid layer move in a retrograde, parallel or cross flow direction or in any other suitable manner. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/158,992, filed on March 1, 2009, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/178,475, filed on March 14, 2009. Each is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contact is achieved by atomizing the precursor to the precipitation reaction mixture to optimize contact between the precursor of the precipitation reaction mixture precursor and the source of C?2. In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contact is achieved by contacting a solution droplet having an average diameter of 5 Å or less, such as 1 〇〇 micron or less, with a c 〇 2 gas source. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/223,657, filed on Jun. In some embodiments, the coal touch is used to accelerate the dissolution of carbon dioxide into the solution by accelerating the reaction toward equilibrium; the coal may be an inorganic material such as zinc dichloride or an organic material such as an enzyme such as a carbonic anhydride. Enzyme). In the process of the present invention, the above-prepared volume of the solution containing c〇2 is sufficient to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate and a supernatant (i.e., a portion left after precipitation of the precipitate in the precipitation reaction mixture). The carbonate compound is precipitated under conditions. Any conventional precipitation conditions may be employed which may result in a carbonate-containing precipitate (including Si〇2 as appropriate) from a chamber reaction mixture containing c〇2. The conditions of the slab include the adjustment of the physical environment in which the mixture of chambers containing c〇2 is used to produce the desired sink. For example, the temperature of the reaction mixture containing c〇2 can be raised to - the desired barium sulfate-containing material or a component thereof (such as CaS〇4(8)' is produced by, for example, a sulfur-containing gas of a combustion gas. The salt from the seawater is the point of the temple. In this category; the body can be implemented, and the temperature of the CO2-containing mixture should be returned.彳文, the value of 5 c to 70C, such as from 203⁄4 to 5 (TC and includes 25 ° c to = c. Although a predetermined set of precipitation conditions can have a range from 0 ° c to 100. In a specific embodiment, a low or zero carbon dioxide source, such as a solar source, a wind energy source, a source of water and electricity, a waste heat of a flue gas emitted from a source of carbon monoxide, or the like, may be utilized to increase the precipitation reaction mixture. Temperature. In some implementations, the temperature of the mixture should be increased by the heat of the flue gas from the combustion of coal or other fuels. The U force can also be changed. The pressure can vary, for example. In some embodiments , a both 45 201016600 bar. Under normal atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar) to about 50 1-2.5 bar, if the implementation of the financial ... the set of the submarine pieces of the pressure system bar or 40-Sn Ba, M 〇, 10- 50 bar, 2 〇 -50 bar, 30-50 weeks of strip # ° In the specific example, the sinking of the sinking (four) is carried out under the normal atmospheric temperature and pressure of the liquid. It is also possible to incorporate a precipitation reaction containing co2 in such a specific embodiment. The pH of the substance is increased to a value for killing, and the carbonate is superior to bicarbonate. The pH can be raised to pH 9 or higher, such as pH 10 or higher, including pHU or higher. For example, when a proton-removing agent source such as a fly ash is used to increase the cation of the heterogeneous reaction mixture or its precursor, the pH can be about pH 12 5 or higher. ❹ Thus, a set of conditions for the formation of the desired precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture can include the above temperatures and pH, and in some cases, the concentration of the additive and ionic species in the water towel. The bribery can also include factors such as mixing rate, agitation such as ultrasonic agitation and seed, coal, film or matrix presence. In certain embodiments, the precipitation conditions include any of saturating conditions, temperature, pH, and/or concentration gradients or cycles or changes in any of these parameters. An experimental procedure for the manufacture of a carbonate-containing precipitate according to the present invention (from the beginning [eg digestion of a metal-containing silicate material] to the end [such as drying a precipitate or forming a precipitate to form a sturdy material]) may be batch, Semi-batch or continuous experimental procedure. It will be appreciated that the precipitation conditions for making a given precipitate with a continuous flow system can vary from a semi-batch or batch system. After the precipitation reaction mixture is produced, the carbonate-containing precipitate is separated from the reaction mixture 46 201016600 to produce a separated precipitate (e.g., wet cake) and a supernatant. According to the invention, the substance may comprise Sl2; however, if the metal-containing lysate material is digested, the slab may contain little or no (10)2. After sinking I and separating (eg by drying) before storage in the supernatant, again. Example: 'This moving object can be stored in the upper liquid in a range from the generation to the temperature of 4 to 2C from a range of ~! to 1 day of the day', such as 1 to 1G days. Or longer. The reaction between Shen Dian and sedimentation H, / knife away _ with a variety of conventional methods, including drainage (such as sedimentation after the sinking of the 'then drainage), decantation, wealth (such as gravity filtration, vacuum wide, thorough forced air filtration ), centrifugation, pressing or any combination thereof; 纟丨$||Separation of water and sediment produces “precipitate wet cake or 7 sink; temple. For example, Us 61/17 as applied by 4/16/2009〇 As described in 〇86 (referred to in this article), liquid-solid separators such as puramat # Extrem-Separator ("ExSep") liquid-solid separator, 〇x PARC spiral concentrator or Qiu The improved use of any of the ExS叩 or ox PARC spiral concentrators of the café can provide separation of the precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture. In some (4) implementations, then the water is used to produce the product. (such as cement, cemented cement, stable stability of 0) 2 clamped product). ^ can be achieved by air drying the lining. When the air drying can be carried out at: ^70 (: to 12 (rc temperature). In the concrete example = dry _ by cold; Dong Lai (ie Wei) reached, in which the Shen Dian system was reduced and added enough The image of the Shen Lai towel is taken up and the gas is raised into a gas. In the other embodiment, the Shen Lin system is sprayed with a spray of 201016600 to dry the sediment, and the liquid system containing the sediment is used to make it angry (such as power generation). Depending on the specific drying experiment procedure, drying Stations (described in more detail below) may be designed to permit the use of filter elements, freeze-dried structures, spray-dried structures, etc., in particular embodiments, where appropriate, waste heat from power plants or similar operations may be used The drying step is completed. For example, in some embodiments, the aggregate is produced by the use of elevated temperatures (such as waste heat from a power plant), pressure, or a combination thereof. After sufficient separation from the precipitate and the supernatant, further if necessary Processing the separated precipitate However, the sediment can simply be transported to a location for long-term storage to effectively clamp c〇2. For example, a carbonate-containing precipitate can be transported and placed in a long-term storage location, such as above ground (for storage stable 〇〇 2 tongs) In the form of a compound, underground, deep sea, etc. If necessary, the resulting supernatant or sediment slurry can also be treated. For example, the supernatant or mass can be returned to a source containing divalent cation aqueous solution (such as ocean). In some or other locations, in some embodiments, such as ❹上, the supernatant can be contacted with the C〇2 source to clamp the additional CQy, for example, at 7 and the liquid is moved to the ocean. In the case, the supernatant liquid can be sufficiently increased, and the concentration of carbonate ions present in the supernatant liquid is in contact with the waste source of CO2. As mentioned above, the contact can be performed using any conventional experimental procedure. In certain embodiments, the supernatant has an illustrative pH and is contacted with a C〇2 source in a manner sufficient to reduce the pH to a range of pH 5 and 9, pH 6 to 8.5 or pH 7.5 to 8.2. . 48 201016600 In certain embodiments, a method is provided comprising digesting a metal-containing alumite material with an aqueous solution to produce a divalent cation and a SiO2-containing material and reacting the divalent cation with dissolved carbon dioxide to produce a precipitate. In some embodiments, the method additionally comprises separating the sediment and the supernatant with a liquid-solid separator, drying the precipitate, treating the precipitate to produce a building material, or a combination thereof. As such, in some embodiments, the method additionally comprises separating the precipitate and the supernatant with a liquid-solid separator. In such a rigid embodiment, the liquid-solid separator is selected from a liquid-solid separator containing a baffle such as an Extrem-Separator (''ExSep") liquid-solid separator of Epuramat or a spiral concentrator. A liquid-solid separator such as a spiral concentrator of Xerox PARC. In some embodiments, the method additionally includes a drying sink; in such a specific embodiment, the precipitate can be dried to form a uniform grain Fine powder of the diameter (ie, the precipitate may have a relatively narrow particle size distribution). As described elsewhere herein, the precipitate may have a Ca2+: Mg2+ range from 丨:1〇〇〇 to 1000:1. The MgC03-containing precipitate may be Including magnesite 10 ore, hydrocarbite, trihydrate, magnesite, amorphous magnesium carbonate, hydromagnesite, hydromagnesite or combinations thereof. Containing caC〇3 precipitate These include calcite, vermiculite, hexagonal calcite, octahydrate, calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate, monohydrate calcite, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the method additionally includes treating the precipitate to produce a building material. In a specific embodiment, the building material is condensed Collective, cement, cementitious materials, supplementary cementitious materials or pozzolans. Figure 2 provides a specific embodiment of a method (100) for making a carbonate-containing and si〇2 precipitate which can be used as a pozzolanic material. Method 49 201016600 (100) includes the step (110) of contacting the bismuth-containing bis(tetra) ionic solution. Then, the f-sub-deletant is added to the acidic two-compensated cation solution in contact with the ferro-magnesium mineral. A step of forming a precipitate containing carbonate and SiO 2 (丨20). Further, the method 1 includes a step (130) of producing a pozzolanic material from a precipitate containing carbonate and Si bis. The acid salt material (such as a rock containing a metal silicate mineral) has a wide range of initial particle sizes. As such, it is desirable to grind a metal citrate-containing starting material, which in this example is a mafic ore. The material 0 is crushed, ground and sieved with magnesium iron minerals, and then magnetically separated sifted magnesium 0 iron material and, as the case may be, heat treated (such as waste heat from flue gas) Chemical treatment (such as chemical digestion) used to reduce the rule In certain embodiments, the ferro-magnesium mineral used in step 110 has or is reduced to a particle size of less than 500 microns to increase reactivity with an acidic divalent cation-containing solution. In step 11 , by magnesium The iron mineral is contacted with an acidic divalent cation-containing solution to form a Si〇2-containing slurry. The above-described magnesium iron mineral is a metal strontium salt containing magnesium and iron, including but not limited to olivine and serpentine. The mafic mineral used in step 11 can be a mixture of such ferro-magnesium minerals. The mafic minerals used in step 110 can also be used in combination with, for example, mafic rocks such as basalt. The magnesium-iron minerals used in the step 11 can be as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/486,692, filed on Jun. 17, 2009, the entire contents of Such as burning ash, cement kiln ash and / or slag combination. In some embodiments, the magnesium iron mineral and the divalent cation-containing solution 50 201016600

接触 Contact and acidify the solution, although in other cases, the ferro-magnesium mineral is just acidified in contact with the cation-containing cation solution. For example, a column filled with ferrous minerals may be contacted with a solution containing divalent cations and a gas stream containing c 〇 2 may be injected into the same end of the column as the solution containing divalent cations. Similarly, an acidic solution (such as Ηα(^) can be injected into the column at the same end as the divalent cation solution (with or without C〇2 injection). Alternatively, the divalent cation solution can be combined with the c〇2 containing gas stream. After contact, the divalent cation-containing solution is then contacted with the ferro-magnesium mineral. Similarly, the acid in solid form or in solution may be mixed with the divalent cation-containing solution, after which the ferro-magnesium mineral is contacted with the divalent cation-containing solution. Similarly, acidification of the divalent cation-containing solution can be accomplished during or with the contact of the divalent cation solution with the ferro-magnesium mineral, wherein the contacting can be accomplished in a tank or other reaction vessel. The vermiculite may be present, for example, as a colloidal suspension (e.g., a slurry) or as a gel. The vermiculite may be partially amorphous or completely amorphous. In certain embodiments, 'digested magnesium iron minerals are produced. The vermiculite may be partially amorphous. In some embodiments, the vermiculite produced by the digested magnesium iron mineral may be completely amorphous. The stone may be in the form of decanoic acid or its ketone base. Including, for example, heptanoic acid (H2Si〇3), Tannic acid (H4Si〇4), Ershiji acid field, you 5) and / or pyroic acid (H6Si2〇7), etc. Shishi species such as H3Si〇3, H2Si〇3, Mail 3 and similar In addition to vermiculite, the divalent cation solution is contacted with the ferro-magnesium mineral, and (iv) the chelate-rich, carbonate, and primary magnesium iron minerals: various cations such as magnesium, iron and cation. Small particles of the original mafic minerals may also be present. 51 201016600 In some embodiments, the step 110 + slurry produced by digesting the ferro-magnesium mineral is treated to separate the ruthenium-based material from the divalent cation-containing solution. In such embodiments, it may be desirable to separate the ruthenium-based material since the maximum concentration of shiishi may be reached prior to, for example, the maximum concentration of divalent cations such as magnesium. This separation can be achieved, for example, by flocculation and/or by otherwise allowing the cerium-based material to settle in the sinker. Separation can also be achieved by liquid-solid separation techniques such as centrifugation, for example with a hydrocyclone. The precipitate is in step 120 by increasing the pH of the precipitation reaction mixture (with or without Si 〇 2) to a sufficient amount to contain carbonates (eg, MgC03, hydrazine).

The extent of the precipitate of CaC03). In some embodiments, the precipitation reaction mixture still contains a ground material such as SiO 2 . As such, the slab formed in step 120 contains carbonate and a stone base material. In some embodiments, the ruthenium substrate can be removed after the magnesium iron mineral is digested in step 110. In such embodiments, the precipitate formed in step 120 comprises a carbonate and a slight or no ruthenium-based material. In either case, the proton-removing agent is added to the acidic solution containing the divalent cation to increase the pH to a level sufficient to precipitate the precipitate. The proton-removing agent can be a solid, a solid or a liquid that is present in the solution. Solid proton-removing agents include, for example, hydroxides such as KOH or NaOH. Such hydroxides can also be used in the form of solutions (such as KOH (aq), NaOH (a (〇). As such, proton-removing agents can additionally include mafic ore (such as olivine, serpentine), burning ash (such as Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag) or slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag), in which ash and slag are additionally described in US Provisional Patent Application No. 61/073,319, filed on June 17, 2008. In this case, the disclosure of the case is in full text 52 201016600, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some specific implementations, the magnesium material used in the step ιι〇 is also added as in the (4) 12G towel removal agent. The pH of the divalent cation-containing solution is increased to between yang 7 and yang 12, between yang 7 and yang 1 , between yang 7 and yang 9, and between pH 7 and pH 8. In some embodiments To increase the pH of the divalent cation-containing solution to pH 9 or higher, pH 1 or higher, pH 11 or higher, pH 12 or higher, or pH 13 or higher, such as pHi4. In the embodiment, the step (10) of removing the proton from the divalent cation-containing solution is different from dissolving the iron-bearing mineral. The reaction volume of the reaction volume used in step (110) is carried out. In the example, steps 110 and 120 are sequentially carried out using the same reaction device. Alternatively, as described herein, protons are electrochemically programmed, such as low voltage. The program is removed. The electrolysis method can also be used to increase the pH of the reaction mixture of the chamber to a level sufficient to precipitate the sediment. Different electrolysis can be used.

The G method 'includes the Castner-Kellner method' diaphragm electrolytic cell method and the thin film electrolytic cell method. By-products of the hydrolysate (e.g., %, nano metal) can be collected and used for other purposes. When (iv) a combination of proton filaments, the proton-removing agent can be utilized in any order. For example, 'di-ion-containing solutions can be tested at the heart of the addition of proton-removing agents (such as seawater) or through the addition of additional f-sub-removal agents to further test the proton-containing solution. In the examples, as described in additional detail below, c〇2 is added before or after. As described in additional detail below, the sinker may contain several mineral phases, and the different mineral phases produced by the coprecipitation procedure are suitable for producing precipitates containing, for example, carbonic acid 53 201016600 calcium and magnesium carbonate. The precipitation procedure is also suitable for producing a sinker comprising a single mineral phase, including but not limited to calcium carbonate, carbonic acid towns, carbonic acid towns (e.g., dolomite) or iron-carbon_salt. Different carbonate minerals can be followed by > New Zealand. For example, a cesium carbonate containing precipitate can be precipitated in a first set of precipitation conditions in a reactor, and a precipitate containing magnesium carbonate can be settled in the first set of conditions in the second reactor. In another non-limiting example, the magnesium carbonate-containing precipitate can be precipitated prior to precipitation of the calcium carbonate-containing precipitate. In some embodiments, the precipitation is suitable for producing a precipitate comprising one or more hydroxide phases (e.g., Ca(OH)2, Mg(〇H)2). The precipitate can be designed to produce a precipitate by any of the carbonate and hydroxide phases present in all or part of the amorphous beta step 120, optionally including the addition of a carbonate promoter to the precipitation reaction mixture. Examples of carbonate promoters include low concentrations of transition metals such as iron, #, nickel, manganese, zinc, chromium, copper, ruthenium, gold, platinum or silver. The addition of a sufficient amount of iron (e.g., ferric chloride) to the precipitation reaction mixture increases the concentration of iron in the precipitation reaction mixture to a range of from about 1 part per million (ppm) to about 5 ppm. For example, iron is suitable for promoting the formation of magnesium carbonate to form magnesium oxyhydroxide. When the term "accelerator" is used herein, it will be understood that = the rate of carbonate precipitation may not increase as much as the rate of inhibition of hydroxide precipitation. It may be before or after the addition of a proton-removing agent (or combination of proton-removing agents) At any point prior to precipitation, a carbonate promoter is added to the precipitation reaction mixture. Step 120 may optionally include the addition of additional reactants to the precipitation reaction mixture. For example, additional acid and proton-removing agents may be added to stabilize 1> 201016600. The appropriate acid and proton-removing agent transfer may result in the addition of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. In addition, the choice of a suitable acid and proton-removing agent may result in the addition of a supplementary anion such as C〇32- It can be used to increase the yield of carbonate-containing precipitates. In some embodiments, the transition metal strikes, such as nickel, to form a larger age during the immersion procedure. In some embodiments, alternating Performing a co2 gastric bubble blowing through the precipitation reaction mixture and adding a proton-removing agent (such as a soluble hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (Na) 〇H)), the pH is cycled between pH 7 and pH 10.5. In some embodiments, the precipitation reaction mixture containing the carbonate-containing precipitate is treated in a step to separate the carbonated product from the precipitation reaction mixture. The salt precipitate leaves a supernatant which may contain unused divalent cations. This liquid-solid separation may be achieved, for example, by flocculation and/or sedimentation of the precipitate in a settling tank. The solid separation separation can also be achieved by a liquid-solid separation technique such as centrifugation. The specific implementation of the ruthenium-based material derived from the distillation of the metal-containing silicate material is not separated from the divalent cation-containing solution (ie, step 140 is not performed). In the example, the "precipitate" produces a mixture of the ground material and the carbonate (such as magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate). Step 12: may also include separating the killing mixture from the precipitation reaction mixture (ie, the precipitate containing the stone and carbonate) In step 130, the pozzolanic material is made from the material prepared according to the method of Figure 2. In some embodiments, the Si(R) 2 and carbonate containing temples are dried together to form a pozzolanic material. In some embodiments When the ruthenium-based material is separated from the divalent cation-containing solution (option 55, 201016600 14 〇 as appropriate) 'each dry bismuth-based material and carbonate-containing precipitate, and then mix them to form a condensed material. In some implementations In one embodiment, the bismuth-based material and the carbonate-containing precipitate are mixed when either or both of the materials are wet. In such embodiments, the subsequent wet-mixed material is then dried to produce a pozzolanic material. Washing any of these materials (such as Shishiji materials, carbonate-containing precipitates, cerium-containing and carbonate-containing precipitates, wet-mixed condensing materials) with water before drying. A drying of various materials (such as sediments) The method of wet mixing of the hardened material is spray drying. In some embodiments, the source of the exhaust gas (e.g., flue gas from a coal-fired power plant) is used to spray dry the precipitate or the base. Materials ° In certain embodiments, c〇2 derived from the same source of exhaust gas is then used to acidify the solution containing divalent cations (as in step 11()). The waste heat of the exhaust gas entering the sedimentation system at elevated temperatures can be advantageously recovered during spraying and drying, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/057,173, filed on May 29, 2008. The full text of the content is incorporated herein by reference. The spray dried material can have a spherical or low aspect ratio shape and, in certain embodiments, the sized particles such that at least 90% of the particles are greater than about Å microns and less than about ι microns and have a surface area of about 〇. 〇 1 square meter / gram to about 2 square meters / gram. In some embodiments, the dry particles are sized such that at least 75% is between 1 and 10 microns or between 20 and 30 microns and has about 0.5 to 5 square meters per gram, such as 〇75 to 3 square meters / gram or 〇 9 to 2 square meters / gram of surface area. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is refined (i.e., treated) by 56 201016600 prior to subsequent use. Refining can include any of a variety of different refining experimental procedures. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is subjected to mechanical refining (e.g., grinding, grinding) to obtain a product having the desired physical properties (e.g., particle size, surface area, etc.). In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is combined with a hydraulic cement (e.g., as a supplemental cementitious material, sand, aggregate, etc.). In some embodiments, one or more components are added to the pozzolanic material (eg, when the pozzolanic material is used as a cement) to produce a final product (such as concrete or plaster), wherein the components include (but Not limited to sand, aggregates and supplementary cementing materials. In certain embodiments, the curative materials produced by the methods disclosed herein are used as building materials. For use as a construction material, the pozzolanic material can be treated for use as a construction material or processed for existing construction of buildings (eg commercial, residential) and/or infrastructure (eg roads, bridges, wharves, dams, etc.) In the material. Such construction materials may be components of structural or non-structural components of such buildings and infrastructure. The additional benefit of using a pozzolanic material as a building material or in building materials is that the co2 used in the process (e.g., co2 from the exhaust stream) can be effectively clamped in the built environment. In some embodiments, the precipitation system of the present invention can be co-located with a building product manufacturer to co-locate the coagulating material into a building material. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is used to make aggregates. Such a sturdy material, its method of manufacture, and the use of the aggregates are described in US Patent Application Serial No. 12/475,378, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. . 57 201016600 Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary system (700) for performing the various methods described above. The metal citrate processor 710 receives untreated metal-containing silicate material (240) 'which includes a size reduction unit for reducing the size of the metal-containing silicate material and digesting the crushed metal-containing silicate material Digester. The size reduction unit may comprise any of a variety of different crushing, grinding equipment (such as ball mills, jet mills, etc.) and select the ground metal containing tantalate material (eg, by means of a sieve, by a cyclone, etc.) Subsequent digestion. The digester is configured to receive the ground metal-containing crushed material and any other materials that may be suitable for digesting the metal-containing tantalate material, including but not limited to water and pH improvements. Agent (such as acid, proton remover, etc.). The processor additionally includes a filter, wherein the filter is designed to remove the stone and/or stone base material from the digested metal-containing material. Precipitation reaction with a metal citrate processor (71 〇) connection The granulator (210) is designed to receive the digested metal-containing sulphate material or a slurry or aqueous solution thereof. In addition, the precipitation reaction vessel (21〇) is designed to receive C〇2 (eg, hot or cold c〇2 derived from industrial waste sources containing c〇2) and any other reagents (eg, acid, proton-removing agents, Promoter), which is suitable for use in the manufacture of sinking confections and in the pozzolanic materials of the present invention. The Shen Dian reaction vessel can be adjusted and controlled by the other 60 °. For example, the chamber reaction vessel can have a temperature probe and a heating element' both of which can be used to control the temperature of the precipitation reaction mixture. The liquid-solid separator (215) as shown in Fig. 3 is connected to the reaction vessel (210) and is designed to receive the precipitation reaction mixture of the precipitation reaction vessel. The liquid-solid separator may be additionally designed to separate the precipitation reaction mixture into two streams comprising a supernatant and a sapphire 58 201016600. The resulting shovel may be a relatively moist solid or slurry richer than the original precipitation reaction mixture, and any one of them may be supplied to a dryer that is not used to receive the concentrated precipitate (72〇). ). A dryer (e.g., spray dryer 22) that can receive waste heat from an industrial waste source of c〇2 produces a dry precipitate or a hardened material. Figure 4 also illustrates an exemplary system (2A) for performing the various methods disclosed above. System 200 includes a vertical column (2〇5), a reaction volume n (21〇), a liquid-solid separator (215), and a spray dryer (220). System 200 also includes an exhaust gas source (225), a source of divalent cation solution (23 Å), and a source of proton-removing agent (235). As shown, vertical column 205 can be filled with a metal-containing silicate material (240). In some embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material (24 Å) has a particle size of about 500 microns or less. In some embodiments, the metal-containing silicate material (240) occupies the bottom portion of the near vertical tower (2〇5). As shown, the tower (205) includes at its bottom a liquid inlet (245) for receiving a solution containing divalent cations and a source for receiving directly from the source of exhaust gas (225) or spray dryer (220) The gas inlet of the exhaust gas (25 〇). Although not shown in Figure 4, it will be appreciated that the riser column 205 and inlets 245 and 250 can include devices such as valves, flow meters, temperature probes, pH probes, and the like that are required to monitor and control the operation of the upright column (205). Similarly, the 'upright tower 205' may be suitable for mechanical flapping in some embodiments. The bottom of the tower can be designed (as shown) to allow the divalent cation-containing solution and the C〇2-containing exhaust gas to enter and mix with the bottom of the vertical column 205 (to form carbonic acid and lower the pH). In some embodiments, the upright column (2〇5) 59 201016600 ί single m Hr cation solution and the mixture containing c 〇 2 exhaust gas encounter a solution containing a metal silicate material. The mixing unit can be integrated with the bottom of the tower (205): at = can be separated from it. Not specific configuration (ie, the whole = ==, so that the acidified contains divalent cation; the second material 240 and digested - part of the metal-containing oxalic acid 5m to form a 1 base material slurry (as appropriate, including smaller and / Or unreacted metal-containing silicate material). The erect 挞2〇5 material is the same as the original divalent cation-bearing liquid: upwards ~ over the vertical tower 2G5. The vertical tower 2G5 ^ out and the aggregate leaves the tower The exhaust gas discharged from the vertical column 205 has consumed at least a part of the gas originally received from the exhaust gas of the gas source (10). The exhaust gas can be directly discharged into the atmosphere and processed by the step-by-step process. In order to remove the remaining components or (4) for the other part of the procedure. In some and f embodiments, the exhaust gas discharged from the vertical tower 2〇5 has consumed a concentration and heavy metals, heavy metal compounds, particulate matter, Concentration of one or more of a sulfur compound (such as s〇x), a nitrogen compound (such as N〇x), and the like. After digesting a sufficient amount of the metal phthalate-containing material (240), the fresh metal-containing stone is used. The acid salt material 240 replaces the remaining metal-containing acid salt in the vertical tower 2〇5 Material (24G). In addition to providing the metal-containing silicate material 24 (the fresh feed to replace the metal ruthenium-containing material (240) to remove the * dye material from the vertical tower (10). Some specific solid towel, did not go to the 201016600 precipitate and finally into the solidified material or cement in the form of filler. In addition, when digesting the metal-containing money 240 and shrinking the particles (4), cleaning the divalent cations to remove the vertical tower (10)) The packed bed portion. Therefore, replacing the gold-containing acid salt material (24G) before J = is completed can also solve this problem. In order to continue the operating system (200), multiple vertical towers (2〇5) can be used in parallel, where part of the vertical tower (2G5) stops operating to supplement and the other two

❹ (205) When moving back to the line, the binary-containing solution and the exhaust gas stream are switched from one column (205) to the other. As illustrated in Figure 4, the slurry produced in the upright column (2〇5) is then transferred to the reaction vessel 210. The slurry, for example, can be converted by a pipeline. A proton-removing agent derived from proton-removing agent source 235 is added to the slurry of the reaction vessel (210) to raise the pH of the slurry to produce a precipitate containing carbonates such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate. In some embodiments, the precipitate will readily settle with the base material at the bottom of the reaction vessel (210). In some embodiments, the proton-removing agent solution can be pumped into the reaction vessel (210) when the proton-removing agent is present in the solution. The proton-removing agent in solid form can be added by, for example, a belt conveyor. Although not shown in Figure 4, it will be appreciated that the reaction vessel (210) can include devices required to monitor and control the operation of the reaction vessel (210) such as valves, flow meters, agitators, mixers, temperature probes, pH probes, and the like. . Also not shown in Figure 4 is the source of acid selected as the case - which may, for example, be a gas (e.g., carbon dioxide, HCl) or an acid (e.g., H2C03 (aq), HCl (aq)). The acid can be used to balance the pH within the reaction vessel (210). 201016600 In some embodiments, the precipitate containing the sulfhydryl-based material and the carbonate is withdrawn from the reaction vessel (21 Torr) and the precipitate is separated from the precipitation reaction mixture by a liquid-solid separator (215). An exemplary liquid-solid separator (215) includes a hydrocyclone. The liquid removed by the liquid-solid separator (215) (i.e., the /a liquid) can be discarded or used in other industrial processes, including as an input to the reverse osmosis water purification. As illustrated in Figure 4, the spray dryer 220 receives the hot exhaust gas from the flue gas source (225) and the cerium-containing material derived from the liquid-solid separator (215) and the sulphonate (such as the carbonic acid dance). The magnesia of magnesium carbonate can be dried in a spray dryer crucible 220 to optimize energy efficiency. The waste heat-dried precipitate derived from the flue gas source in the spray dryer 22 is formed into a fine powder having a controlled particle diameter, aspect ratio, twist and surface area, and the powder can be used as the hardened powder 255. When the heat of the exhaust gas assists in drying the precipitate in the spray dryer 22, it is also possible to cool the exhaust gas. It is preferred to utilize the waste heat of the exhaust gas to reduce or even eliminate the need for hot gases or some other gas prior to spray drying. In order to introduce the cooled exhaust gas into the vertical column (2〇5), the spray dryer 220 can be placed in a sealed chamber (not shown) to prevent the exhaust gas leaving the spray u dryer (220). The source of exhaust gas (225) may, in certain embodiments, be a fossil fuel power plant, a refinery, or some other industrial process that emits exhaust gas having a higher C〇2 content than the atmospheric C〇2 (for example) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/57,173, filed on May 29, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the exhaust gas is produced by a combustion reaction and thus the exhaust gas carries the remaining heat of the reaction. If the distance from the exhaust gas source (225) is wide, or the exhaust gas is not sufficiently hot for the purpose of mist drying, the gas heating unit (not shown) may be placed in the exhaust gas source (225) and the spray dryer (220). To increase the temperature of the exhaust gas. It should be understood that in addition to the oxidizing off-gas f' produced by combustion, a source of reducing gas such as syngas, shifted syngas, natural gas, chlorine, and the like may be substituted for the exhaust gas source (225) as long as the reducing gas contains C?2. Other suitable multi-component gas streams include turbocharged boiler produced gas, coal gasification produced gas, transferred coal gasification produced gas, anaerobic digestion tank produced gas, wellhead natural gas stream, recombined natural gas or methane hydrate, and the like Things. In some embodiments, the divalent cation-containing solution source (230) can be a storage tank that can be filled with seawater, brine, or some other divalent cation-containing solution as described above. The storage tank allows contaminants such as mud, sand, gravel and other particulate matter to settle out of the divalent cation solution after introducing the divalent cation solution into the vertical column (205). To use the filter. Figure 3 shows a source of promoter (31) which may optionally be used in the addition of a carbonate promoter to a reaction vessel (21 Torr). As discussed above, exemplary carbonate promoters include, but are not limited to, low concentrations of transition metals such as iron, indium, nickel, bell, zinc, chromium, copper, ruthenium, gold, platinum or silver. The promoter source (310) can include a regulator (not shown) to controllably release the carbonate promoter into the reaction vessel (210). A feedback system (not shown) can be used to measure the concentration of carbonate promoter in the reaction vessel (210) and adjust the regulator accordingly. Figure 6 shows a liquid-solid separator (410) optionally disposed between the vertical column (2〇5) and the reaction vessel (21〇). The liquid-solid separator (410) receives the slurry from the vertical column, and separates the ruthenium-based material (such as vermiculite, unreacted or undigested citrate, etc.) from the divalent cation-containing solution and contains divalent The cation solution is introduced into the reaction vessel (210). The base material from which the liquid-solid separator (410) is removed is sometimes referred to as a wet cake. Also shown in Figure 6 is a washer 420 for cleaning a ruthenium-based material that receives wash water and a ruthenium-based material derived from a liquid-solid separator (410). The cleaner (42 〇) removes the soluble salts to produce the ruthenium-based material that has been cleaned and the used wash water. The ruthenium-based material removed from the cleaner (420) is then dried to produce a fine ruthenium-based powder. In some embodiments, the liquid-solid separator (41〇) and the washer (420) are combined into a single unit. It will be appreciated that the scrubber (42〇) may also be included in the system (200) to receive and clean the precipitate of carbonate- and rhodium-based materials from the liquid-solid separator (410) prior to the spray dryer (220). . Figure 7 illustrates a system 200 in which a second reaction vessel (510) receives a liquid from a liquid-solid separator (215) and an additional proton-removing agent derived from a proton-removing agent source (235). In this embodiment, the conditions of the reaction vessel (21 Torr) are controlled to produce a first carbonate-containing precipitate which is separated from the precipitation reaction mixture in a liquid-solid separator (215). The clear liquid above the liquid-solid separator (215) is made more base, for example, by the addition of an additional proton-removing agent derived from the proton-removing agent source (235) to form a second carbonate-containing precipitate. The second precipitate was then separated from the precipitation reaction mixture in a second liquid-solid separator (52 Torr). As in Figure 6, the first and second carbonate-containing precipitates can be separately cleaned and then separately spray dried to produce two fine powders. These powders are then mixed with a cerium-based material powder (Fig. 6) to produce a pozzolanic material at 201016600. In some embodiments, the first carbonate-containing wash comprises carbonic acid, the second carbonate-containing precipitate comprises magnesium carbonate, and in other embodiments the 'carbonate-containing precipitate contains magnesium' The two carbonate-containing precipitates contain a carbonic acid dance. It will be appreciated that the carbonate promoter can be added to either or both of the reactors (210, 510) illustrated in Figure 5. When a carbonate promoter is added to the reaction vessel (10), 510), different carbonate promoters may be used or different concentrations of the same carbonate promoter may be used. In addition, although the figure 'shows that the second reaction capacity is 1G) (4) is the proton-removing agent of the proton-removing agent source (235) of the anti-wire, but in some embodiments the second reaction vessel (10) receives the source. Different proton-removing agents from the source of the second proton-removing agent. Further, in some embodiments, the supernatant received in the second reaction vessel (510) is made more acidic rather than more tested to produce a second carbonate precipitate. As above, the acidification can be achieved by contact with a gas stream or by addition of an acidic solution or a soluble solid acid. In addition, in addition to or instead of maintaining different positive values in the reaction vessels (10), 510) and utilizing the ® carbonate promoter, other conditions such as temperature, pressure, presence of specific seed crystals, etc. may be varied to allow for different carbonate-containing sediments. Formed in the device (210, 510). The composition and the final product, hair: monthly sink; the temple may contain several carbonates and/or right stems* acid phase produced by coprecipitation, wherein the impurities may include, for example, carbonaceous dances (such as calcite) ) and iron bismuth (such as trihydrate). Shen Dianwu can also be included in the package 65 201016600 containing mono-carbonate in a single mineral phase, including (but not limited to) carbonate dance (such as calcite), magnesium carbonate (such as trihydrate), carbonated (such as dolomite) Or iron-carbon-aluminum citrate. When different carbonates are precipitated in sequence, depending on the conditions for obtaining the precipitate, the precipitate may be relatively rich (e.g., 9% to 95%) or substantially rich (e.g., 95% to 99.9%) - carbonate And/or a mineral phase, or a precipitate may comprise a certain amount of other carbonates and/or one or more other mineral phases, wherein the desired mineral phase is 5 〇 〇 9 〇 () / of the sediment. . It will be appreciated that in certain embodiments, the precipitate may comprise one or more hydroxides (e.g., Ca(0H)2, Mg(0H)2) in addition to the carbonate. It should also be understood that any carbonate or hydroxide present in the precipitate may be completely or partially amorphous. In some embodiments, the carbonate and/or hydroxide are completely amorphous. Precipitates containing magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate or combinations thereof are particularly useful when there are many different carbonaceous salts and compounds that may be present due to variability in the starting materials. In some embodiments, the shoal contains dolomite (CaMg(C03)2), primary dolomite, carbon calcium magnesium (CaMg3(c〇3)4), and/or hydrocalcium (Ca2Mgu(c) 〇3) irH2〇), which is a carbonate mineral containing calcium and magnesium. In certain embodiments, the precipitate comprises calcium carbonate in one or more phases selected from the group consisting of calcite, vermiculite, hexagonal calcite, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the precipitate comprises a calcium carbonate hydrated form selected from the group consisting of: hydrated carbohydrate (CaC〇3.6H2〇), amorphous calcium carbonate (CaCOrnH2〇), and water-based calcite ( CaC〇3.H2〇) or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the precipitate comprises magnesium carbonate, wherein the magnesium carbonate does not have hydrated water. In certain embodiments, the precipitate comprises magnesium carbonate, wherein the magnesium carbonate can have any of a number of non-66 201016600 hydration waters selected from 1, 2, 3, 4 or more than 4 hydrated waters. In some embodiments, the precipitate comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more than 4 different magnesium carbonate phases wherein the magnesium carbonates are known to differ in the number of water of hydration. For example, the precipitate may comprise magnesite (MgC03), hydrocarbite (MgC03.2H20), tripite (MgC03.3H20), pentahydrate magnesite (MgC03.5H20), and amorphous magnesium carbonate. . In some embodiments, the precipitate comprises hydroxide and water

A magnesium carbonate such as hydrous magnesite (MgC03.Mg(OH)2.3H2〇), hydromagnesite (Mg5(C〇3)4(OH)r3(H20) or a combination thereof. As such, precipitation The carbonate may comprise all or part of the carbonates of the various hydrated states, magnesium or combinations thereof as listed herein. The rate of precipitation may also affect the nature of the precipitate, with the fastest rate of precipitation being achieved by the desired phase crystallization solution. If there is no phytocrystal, rapid precipitation can be achieved, for example, by rapidly increasing the precipitation reaction mixture, which produces a relatively amorphous composition. In addition, the higher the pH, the faster the sag is, and the precipitate forms a more amorphous precipitate. The adjustment of the main ion ratio during precipitation can affect the nature of the precipitate. The ratio of the main ions has a significant effect on the formation of polymorphs. For example, with the water town: the feed ratio increases, 'Xia Qian Yu is the first thing to become a precipitated acid. The main polymorphs. In the case of low magnesium: ship, the low magnesium solution is the main polymorph. In some specific examples +, Ca2+ and the ratio of Ca and Mg2+ in the 'sinking chamber' (ie (10) Whites 1 to 1: (8): 2.5 to "515 to...〇; two 25, 1.25 to 1:50; 1:5 〇 to 1:1〇〇; 1:1〇〇 to 1:15〇^1:200; 1:2〇〇^1:25〇; 1:25〇^1:5〇〇〇; or 1,_ To 1:1_. In some embodiments, the sink is 67 201016600

The ratio of Mg2+ to Ca2+ (ie, Mg2+: Ca2+) is 1:1 to i: 2 5 ; i : 2·5 to 1: 5 ; 1 : 5 to 1: 10 ; 1 : 10 to 1: 25 ; 1 : 25 To 1: 50 ; 1 : 50 to i : loo ; 1 : loo to i : 150 ; 1 : 15 to i : 200 ; 1 : 200 to 1: 250 ; 1 : 250 to 1: 500 ; or 1: 5 〇〇 to 1 ·· 1000 〇 Contains – or a plurality of precipitates derived from synthetic carbonates of industrial C〇2 reflecting (by burning fossil fuels) obtaining industrial c〇2 fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas or flue) Relative carbon isotope composition of gas (&3C). The relative carbon isotope composition (5nc) value in units of %〇 (per mille) is two stable carbon isotope, ie the concentration ratio of 12C and 13C to the petrochemical stone standard (PDb standard). Measure. δ C%〇=[(13c/12c sample-13C/12CPDB #准品)/13C/12CPDB standard]xio. As such, the S13C value of the synthetic carbonate precipitate is used as the fingerprint of the c〇2 gas source. The value of δ 130 may vary depending on the source (i.e., fossil fuel source). However, the value of 513c of the composition of the present invention is generally (but not necessarily) from _9% to -35%. Within the scope. In certain embodiments, the δ13 of the precipitate containing the synthetic carbonate (the value is between -1% and -50%, between -5% and -40%. Between 590 and -596, between -7% and -40%, between -7% and -3,596, between -9% and -40%, or between -9 Between % and -35%. In some embodiments, the δ13 of the precipitate containing the synthetic carbonate (: value is less than (ie more negative) - 3%., -596., -6% 〇, _7% 〇, -8% 〇, -9%., -10% 〇, -11% 〇, -12% 〇, -13% 〇, -14% 〇, -15% 〇, -16% 〇 , -17% 〇, -18% 〇, -1996., -2096ο, _21%, -22% 〇, -23% 〇, -24% 〇, -25% 〇, -26%., -27% 〇, -28% 〇, -29% 〇, -30% 〇, -31% 〇, _32% 〇, -33% 〇, -34% 〇, 68 201016600 -3596〇, -3696〇, -37%〇 , -38% 〇, _39% 〇, -40% 〇, a 41% 〇, -42% 〇, -43% 〇, -44%, or -45% 〇, which is more negative δ13 (: value, including The synthetic carbonate composition is more enriched in 12 C. Any suitable method can be used to measure the s13C value, including but not limited to mass spectrometry or off-axis product. Sub-cavity output spectroscopy (off-axis ICOS). In addition to the cash and feed products of the precipitation reaction, compounds and materials containing Shixi, aluminum, iron and others can also be prepared and incorporated by the method and system of the present invention. Within the sediment. Precipitation of such compounds in the sink may wish to alter the reactivity of the cement containing the precipitate produced by the procedure or to alter the properties of the cured cement and concrete made therefrom. Adding to the precipitation reaction mixture as a source of one of these components to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate comprising one or more components, such as amorphous vermiculite, amorphous aluminosilicate, crystalline vermiculite Calcium silicate, mayenite, etc. In some embodiments, the precipitate comprises the following carbonates: a proportion of vermiculite carbonate (such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate) and vermiculite: 1:1 To i : 1.5 ; 1 : 1.5 to 1: 2 ; 1 : 2 to 1: 2.5 ; 1 : 2.5 to 1: 3 ; 1 : 3 to 1: 3.5 ; 1 : 3.5 to 1: 4 ; 1 : 4 to 1 : 4.5 ; 1 : 4.5 to 1: 5 ; 1 : 5 to 1: 7.5 ; 1 : 7.5 to 1: 10 ; 1 : 10 to 1: 15 ; $ 1 : 15 to 1: 20. In some embodiments, the sediment comprises the following vermiculite: carbonate in proportion to carbonate and carbonate (such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate): j: 1 to 1: 1.5; 1 : 1.5 To 1: 2 ; 1 : 2 to 1: 2.5 ; 1 : 2.5 to 1: 3 ; 1 : 3 to 1: 3.5 ; 1 : 3.5 to 1: 4 ; 1 : 4 to 1: 4.5 ; 1 : 4.5 to 1 : 5 ; 1 : 5 to 1: 7.5 ; 1 ·· 7.5 to 1: 1〇; 1 : 1〇j 1 : 15 ; or 1: 15 to 1: 20. In general, the precipitate made by the method of the present invention, 69 201016600, comprises a mixture of a stone base material and at least one carbonate phase. In general, the faster the reaction rate, the more the stone is incorporated into the carbonate-containing precipitate, if the vermiculite is present in the precipitation reaction mixture (ie, if the meteorite is not removed after digesting the metal-containing silicate material) ). The precipitate may be in a storage stable form (which may simply be a dry substrate) and may be stored on the ground under exposure conditions (ie open to the atmosphere) without significant (if any) degradation for a longer period of time, such as i years or Longer, 5 years or longer, (7) years or longer, 25 years or longer, 50 years or longer, 1 year or longer, 25 years or longer, year or longer, 1G, _year or longer, 1, _, _ ❹ year or longer' or even 1 〇 0, _, _ year or longer. When the stored stable form of the precipitate is slightly (if any) degraded and stored on the ground under normal rain, the amount of degradation, if any, based on the C〇2 gas released from the product will not exceed 5 per year. %, and in certain embodiments will not exceed 1% per year. The above-ground storage of stable forms of precipitates is stable under a variety of different environmental conditions, such as temperatures ranging from -1 〇 (TC to 6 ° C and temperatures ranging from 〇 to 100%, where such conditions may be It is windless, windy or stormy. Any suitable method can be used to test the stability of the sediment, including physical testing methods and chemical testing methods, among which the methods are suitable for determining the similar compounds in the precipitate. Or equivalent to a naturally occurring compound (such as limestone) known to have the stability listed above. As described above, 'clamping C〇2 for a long time to stabilize (carbonate precipitation in the form of geological years) The material can be long_stained. If it is necessary to reach - the specific ratio of carbonated water to Shi Xishi 'precipitate can also be combined with Shi Xiji material (such as the base material derived from the digestion of metal-containing tantalate material; commercially available) Si02, etc.) is mixed with 201016600 e to form a pozzolanic material. The crucible material of the present invention is formed by combining a salt and other materials according to the test, such as hydrogen hydroxide (Ca(0H)2). It is a noisy fSi()2 material such as volcanic ash, fly ash, Wei, The high reactivity and the blast furnace stone can be used for the pure day. (IV) (IV) In the embodiment, the pozzolanic material of the invention is 5% to 10%, 10% to 2%, 2 to 4.0%, 4.0% to 6.0%, 6.0% to 8.8%, 8〇0/〇 to 1〇〇%1〇^ to 15.0〇/〇, 15.0〇/〇 to 20.0%, 20.0% to 3〇〇%, 3 〇〇% to 40.0%, 4 retreat to 50.0% or its overlap range is called material strengthening. - Generally speaking, the condensed material has a lower miscellaneous spray-dried material (such as sediment, secret (4), hardening (4) Etc.), by (iv) drying the particle size ((4) the dry-drying material may have a particle size distribution relative to f. As such, in some embodiments, at least 5 G%, 6 g%, 7 (%) , 8〇%, , 90%, 95%, 97% or 99% of the spray dry rider falls within ±10 microns of the specified particle size, within ±20 microns, within ±3〇 microns, and soil 4〇 Within micrometers, within ±50 micrometers, within ±75 micrometers, within ±1 micrometers or within ±25 micrometers. In some embodiments, the 'defined average particle size is between 5 and 5 (8) micrometers. The specific average particle size is between 5 Å and 250 microns. In some embodiments The predetermined average particle size is between 100 and 200 microns. For example, in some embodiments, at least 70% of the spray dried material falls within a predetermined average particle size of the % micrometer, wherein the predetermined average particle size The diameter is between 5 and 5 microns, such as between 50 and 250 microns or between 1 and 2 microns. Compared to the nature of Portland cement, but rich in lime Medium 201016600, in the presence of calcium hydroxide, exhibits better cementation properties and contributes to later strength (>28 days). The pozzolanic reaction can be slower than the residual reaction that occurs during cement hydration' and thus encompasses the present invention The short-term strength of concrete with hardened materials is not as high as that of concrete made of pure cementitious materials. This display strength

The mechanism is the reaction of citrate with lime to form a second cemented phase (calcium citrate hydrate with a lower C/S ratio) which typically exhibits progressively enhanced properties after 7 days. The degree of strength development ultimately depends on the chemical composition of the hardened material. Increasing the composition of the bismuth-based material (adding vermiculite and/or alumina as appropriate), especially amorphous bismuth-based materials generally produces better coagulation reactions and strength. Highly reactive bismuth volcanic ash, such as ash and highly reactive metakaolin, can be produced, high early strength concrete, which increases the rate at which the concrete containing the slab of the present invention is obtained.沉淀 Precipitates containing citrate and aluminosilicates can be easily used in cement and 6 concrete industries by the presence of finely divided stone and/or financial materials such as photographic materials. Hardened material. The quality of the dream and / or the stone of the Ming Dynasty can be blended with the Chantland cement or added to the concrete mixture towel in the form of a direct miscellaneous joint. In some implementations, the ratio of the hardened material to the optimum stability (four) time, hardening, and the long-term stability of the resulting hydrated surface (such as concrete) (as above) contains 35 and the town. The concentration of carbonic acid, chloride, sulfate, alkali, etc. in the precipitate can be controlled to: =: special = mud effect. In some embodiments, the sinker includes 60 W ΙΤ〇%' 2〇"3〇〇/〇' 3〇'4〇%' 4〇'5〇% '5〇-60^ ' noisy 99 two i Γ%, 8〇_9〇%, 9〇_95%, 95_98%, 98·"%, . Shi Xishi has a particle size of less than 45 microns (as in the longest dimension 72 201016600). In some embodiments, the enamel precipitate comprises an aluminite, wherein 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70- 80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, 95-98%, 98-99%, 99-99.9% of the Mingshi Xishi has a particle size less than 45 microns. In some embodiments, the tannin precipitate comprises a mixture of vermiculite and anodolite, wherein 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60- A mixture of 70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, 95-98%, 98-99%, 99-99.9% has a particle size of less than 45 microns (e.g., on the longest dimension). The pozzolanic material produced by the methods disclosed herein can be used as a building material that can be processed for use as a building material or processed for use in buildings (eg, commercial, residential) and/or infrastructure (eg, Among the existing construction materials for pavements, roads, bridges, overpasses, walls, wharves, dams, etc. Construction materials can be incorporated into any structure, and structures including foundations, parking structures, houses, office buildings, commercial offices, government buildings, and supporting structures such as gates, fences, and pillars are considered Part of the built environment. The build material can be a component of a structural or non-structural component of such a structure. The additional benefit of using a pozzolanic material as a building material or in building materials is that the c〇2 used in the procedure (e.g., C〇2 from the exhaust stream) can be effectively clamped in the built environment. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material of the present invention is used as a component of 7jc hard 7jC mud (e.g., general Portland cement) which solidifies and hardens upon combination with water. The solidification and hardening of the product produced by the combination of the precipitate with cement and water is caused by the formation of a hydrate which is formed by reacting the cement with water and which is substantially insoluble in water. Such a hydraulic cement, its method of manufacture 73 201016600, and its use are described in commonly-owned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/126,776, filed on May 23, 2008, the disclosure of This article A. In some embodiments, the cementitious material blended with the cement is 〇5% to 1.%, 1.0% to 2.0%, 2.0 〇/〇 to 4.0 〇/〇, 4.0% to 6.0% by weight. , 6.0% to 8.0%, 8.0% to 10.0%, 10.0% to 15.0%, 15.0% to 20.0%, 20.0% to 30.0%, 30.0% to 40.0%, 40.0% to 50.0%, 50.0% to 60.0% or Overlapped hardened material. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is blended with other cementitious materials or blended as a blend or aggregate into the cement. The plaster of the present invention has been found to be used in the construction of bonds (e.g., bricks) and to fill the gap between the blocks. In other applications, the plaster of the present invention may also be used to secure existing structures (e.g., to replace the portion of the original plaster that has been compromised or eroded). In certain embodiments, the pozzolanic material can be used to make aggregates. In some embodiments, the agglomeration system is made by pressing the precipitate and then crushing. In some embodiments, the agglomeration system is made by extruding and destroying the resulting extruded material. Such agglomerates, methods of making the same, and uses thereof are described in the co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/475,378, filed on May 29, 2009, the entire content of in. The following examples are presented to provide a complete disclosure and description of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the numbers used (eg, volume, temperature, etc.), but some experimental errors and deviations must be stated. Unless otherwise indicated, the parts are weights of 74 201016600 parts, the molecular weight is the weight average molecular weight, and the temperature is Celsius (the pressure is atmospheric or near atmospheric pressure. Example Example 1. Analytical Instrument and Method Coulomb Method: Excessively 2.0 N Acid (HCl 〇 4) acidified liquid and solid carbon-containing sample to release carbon dioxide gas into the carrier gas stream and then 3% weight/volume silver nitrate at pH 3 分析 before analysis by inorganic carbon coulomb (UIC Inc, model CM5051) It is washed to remove any released sulfur gas. After adding the filtered acid, a sample of cement, fly ash and sea water is heated by a heating plate to help digest the sample.

Bmnauer-Emmett-Teller ("BET,") specific surface area: specific surface area (SSA) measurement is carried out by surface adsorption of Ns (bet method). SSA of dry sample is prepared by degassing system of Fl〇WrepTM60 sample The sample was then measured using a Micromeritics TriStarTM Π 3020 specific surface area and porosity analyzer. Briefly, sample preparation involves degassing the dried sample at elevated temperatures and exposing it to the N2 gas stream to remove the sample surface. Residual water vapor and other adsorbents. Then evacuate the flushing gas in the sample holder and cool the sample before exposure to N2 gas at a series of increasing pressures (related to the thickness of the adsorbed film). After covering the surface, by the system Suppresses the pressure in the sample holder to release & gas from the surface of the particle. Measure the adsorbed gas and convert it to a total surface area measurement ^ ' Particle size analysis ("PSA"): particle size analysis and distribution using static light scattering Dry microparticles were suspended in isopropanol and analyzed using a Horiba particle size distribution analyzer (LA-950V2) with dual wavelength/laser configuration 75 201016600. Using Mie scattering On the calculation of the amount of particles varying from 〇.1 cm to 1000 cm with particle size. Powder X-ray diffraction ("XRD"): powder X-ray diffraction with Rigaku MiniflexTM (Rigaku) to identify crystal phases and estimate different Identify the mass fraction of the sample phase. The dry solid sample is ground into a fine powder by hand and loaded onto the sample holder. The χ-ray source is a copper anode (cu kot) driven at 3 volts and 15 mA. X- The ray scan is performed at a scan rate of 2° 2 每 per minute and a step size of 1.20 per step at 5 〇 9 〇 20 in. The X-ray diffraction pattern is refined by Rietveld using a ray diffraction pattern. Analytical software JadeTM (9th Edition, Material Data Inc. (MDI)) analysis. Fourier transform infrared ("FT-IR") spectroscopy: FT-IR analysis is installed

The Smart Diffuse Reflectance module is implemented on the Nic〇iet 380. The weight of all samples was weighed to 3.5 ± 0.5 mg and rubbed with 〇 5 g of KBr by hand and then reduced by leveling, and read into the FT-IR after 5 minutes of reduction. The spectra were recorded in the range 4 〇〇 4 〇〇〇 cm -1 . Scanning electron microscopy ("8-legged,"): 8-legged mtaehiTM i_ crane table microscope and single-BSE semiconductor side material with a fixed accelerating voltage of is仟V at a working pressure of 3〇_65Pa The solid sample was fixed on the stage using a carbon agent; the wet sample was allowed to dry to the graphite stage before analysis. The EDS analysis utilizes Oxford Instruments SwijtEDTM®, which has a detection range of Na-92U with a rideability of I. The concentration of ~m & 1G()_2()() ppm was measured in 76 201016600 300 6000 亳g chloride/liter solution of the chloride QuanTab® test strip (product number 2751340) to determine the vapor concentration. X-ray fluorescence ("XRF") · XRF analysis of solid powder samples using Thermo Scientific ARL QUANT'X energy dispersion with silver anode X-ray source and Peltier cooled si (Li) x-ray detector XRF spectrometer. The sample was pressed into a 31 cm sheet using an aluminum sample cup. For each sample, three different spectra were collected, each designed for a specific element: the first was a 仟-ray filter at 4 volts, the second was a thin silver filter at 18 volts and the third The thick silver filter is used at 3 volts, and all of them are under vacuum. The spectra were analyzed using the WinTraee software using the Fundamental Parameters analysis method obtained by calibration of the qualified standards. Thermogravimetric Analysis ("TGA"): TGA analysis of solid powder samples was performed on a TA Instruments SDT Q600 with simultaneous TGA/DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The sample in the alumina crucible was placed in a hot furnace and heated from room temperature to 1 Torr at a fixed heating rate of 2 〇 tt / min. Hey. The weight loss versus temperature plot is analyzed using the Universal Analysis software. Example 2. Digestion of olivine Overview: Digestion of olivine with acid Metal-containing phthalate material: sapphire with an average particle size of 54 3 microns was obtained from Olivine C〇rp (Bellingham, WA). The blasting stone portion was reduced to an average particle diameter of 5.82 μm using a jet mill. Method · · The olivine digestive system was stirred at room temperature (20_23〇c) with olivine 77 201016600 into 10% HC1 (10) (5.54 g of sapphire (54.3 microns) dissolved in 419 37 g ιο〇 / 〇Ηα) And reached. The sapphire stone was drained for 4 days before the aqueous magnesium concentration was measured by EDTA potentiometric titration. Results and Observations · The concentration of Mg2+ was measured by EDTA titration with a calcium ion selective electrode in the experiment. The experiment of squinting stone produced a Mg2+ concentration of 0.1564 Μ after 4 days of retraction. Example 3. Digestion of Serpentine Overview: Digesting Serpentine with Acid | Metal-containing Tellurite Material: Serpentine is obtained from Kc Mining (King City' CA). Method: The digestive system of serpentine was obtained at room temperature (20_23. by adding serpentine to 10/^11 (111^ (5.03 g of serpentine dissolved in 415.32 g of l〇% HCl)). Before the potentiometric titration was used to measure the aqueous magnesium concentration, the serpentine was drained for 4 days. Results and observations · In the experiment, the concentration of Mg2 was measured by EDTA titration with a calcium ion selective electrode. The serpentine experiment was leached for 4 days. After ❹, a Mg2+ concentration of 0.1123 Μ is produced. Example 4: Preparation of precipitates from sapphire. Overview: Preparation of carbonate-containing precipitates using sapphire as a raw material. Distillation of sapphire with acid. Precipitation of the precipitate includes injection of carbon dioxide and Characterization of a precipitate prepared from a leaching solution containing a metal phthalate material (such as sapphire leaching solution) by a proton-removing agent, indicating that the solid product 78 201016600 is mainly trihydrate Magnesite (77%) and unidentified amorphous bismuth-bearing characters. The secondary composition is rock salt and unidentified iron salt. Metal-containing phthalate material: 撖 石 stone with an average particle size of 54 3 microns Obtained by Olivine C〇rp (Bellingham, WA). The machine reduced the sapphire portion to an average particle size of 5 82 μm. Method. By stirring the metal phthalate material into the ^ HCl ^ / lO.Ol gram by jet blasting at a temperature of 50 ° Into 475 66 g ❹ L〇% HC1) to digest the olivine. Periodically sample to adjust the concentration of the water-based town. Stirring was continued for 10 hours, then the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for another 9 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool (4 〇 4 52 g) to room temperature. The filtrate was neutralized over a period of 1 hour, after which a large amount of 100% c 〇 2 was sprayed through the magnesium-containing solution. 15.1 g of Na〇H (8) was added with stirring. Then, 5.23 g of NaOH (aq} (5% by weight/weight) was additionally added to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate. The final pH of the precipitation reaction mixture was pH 8.9. The precipitation reaction mixture was vacuum filtered and the mixture slurry was 50 在 in an oven. The resulting filter cake was dried under C for 17 hours.

The dry precipitate was characterized by XRD identification of the crystalline phase, SEM observation morphology, EDS and XRF for elemental analysis and carbon coulometry to determine the percent weight of inorganic carbon. ^Results and observation: EDTA titration was performed by a calcium ion selective electrode in a leaching experiment to determine the concentration of Mg2+. It was spray milled and passed 5 times.沥 The leachate sample of the sapphire from the separator has a Mg2+ concentration of 249·2491Μ. The precipitate produced 19.26 grams of a light grayish gray powder with a yellow-green tint, which 79 201016600 deducted the presence of iron salts. The precipitate is quite easy to crush. The SEM (Fig. 8) showed a mixture mainly composed of a thin crystalline rod and an amorphous f-pene. The EDS measurement indicates the presence of Mg, Si, Fe, Na, and C1. XRD (Fig. 9) indicates the presence of the crystalline phase of hydrated magnesite (MgC0r3H20) and rock salt (NaCl). Amorphous content also exists, suggesting that there are several phases besides the dihydrate carbon stone and rock salt, which are consistent with the presence of other elements in the EDS analysis. The stone anodic coulomb method indicates that the product is 4.65% (±〇.〇6) inorganic carbon, which is calculated.

It is 17.0% C〇2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Fig. 1A) measured a 17.1% weight loss between 275 ° C and 575 ° C, which was previously measured as the range in which c〇2 escaped from the gallstone. Since the results of XRD recognition and TGA and Coulomb method are consistent with each other (<1% difference), the calculated product consists of 76 6% trihydrate carbon stone. The precipitate also contains a ruthenium-based material which is apparently an amorphous shisha (Si〇2), a thermal decomposition product of citric acid (H4Si04). _Na20% MgO% AI2O3% A 9.69 23.87 0.57 —Si〇2% P205 ppm SO3% _ 11.7 249 0.04 Cl% -----,, K2〇% CaO% 6.93 0.09 0.04 Ti〇2% MnO% Fe203% 0 0.043 3.1900 201016600

Zn ppm As ppm Br% 18 0.001 Rb ppm Sr ppm Y ppm 0 2 0 Zr ppm Nb ppm Ba ppm 0 0 0 <0.6% by weight Hg ppm Pb ppm Base equivalent % 57 9.749 %LOI used C03%diff Temperature % LOI 950 43.79% 0.005 Table 1: XRF data for precipitates Example 5. Precipitate made from olivine A. Precipitation of precipitates The olivine is digested and dissolved in a carbonic acid solution. Using KOH as a base and FeCl3 as a catalyst, precipitated sediments containing digested olivine. Materials · 379 liters of UCSC seawater at 8 ° C and pH = 7.87 • Canned co2 gas • 1 liter NaOH 2M solution 81 201016600 • 1-5 grams of FeCl3 (4ppm) • 380.3 grams of 280 mesh sapphire experimental procedure C02 The bubble was blown through seawater until the pH reached 5.5 and then continued for another 5 minutes. The sapphire stone was added to the solution and C02 was further bubbled for 30 minutes. The C02 stream was stopped and 2 ppm FeCl3 was added to the solution. A sufficient amount of NaOH was added to achieve ρ Η 8 · 0, followed by the addition of 2 ppm FeCl 3 . Additional NaOH was added until the pH reached 9.2. Allow the suspension to settle overnight. The precipitate was concentrated by centrifugation and dried at ll ° ° C. Yield: 816.08 g (2·15 g/L of seawater) Analysis XRD analysis indicated that vermiculite, forsterite and a substantial amorphous phase were present in the precipitate. Β. Preparation of Blended Cement The BET specific surface area ("SSA") series of Portland cement and the precipitate used in this experiment is shown in Table 2. After pre-ultrasonic pulverization for 2 minutes to decompose the agglomerated particles, the particle size distribution was measured. The precipitate has a SSA that is much higher than the SSA of the Portland cement with which it is mixed. II/V type Hansen Portland cement deposit 1.1617±0·0066 m2/g 10.4929±0·0230 m2/g Table 2. BET specific surface area before mixing the mortar before hand-mixing sediment (5 % and 20% in two different blends) and Portland cement for nearly 2 minutes. For a 5% replenishment rate (flow = 114%), the 'water·· cement ratio meets the flow rate of 11〇% +/- 5%. For the 82 201016600 exceeding the 20% of the maximum allowable flow rate (flow rate = 121%), adjust the water: cement ratio to 0.58. Conversion ASTM C511 storage conditions: The cubes were cured with a plastic plate for 24 hours under a wet towel (estimated relative humidity of 98%). C. Results Compressive strength development was measured according to ASTM C109. The 2" stucco cubes are used for compression testing. Precipitates with 5% and 20% replenishment are combined with ordinary Portland II/V cement stucco and Portland with 20% fly ash F. II/V type cement than 敕〇 mixed mixture BET (flat sand flow rate miMPa) Name square meter / W / C 0PC SEM FA amount 3 days 7 days 28 -3⁄4 days C1157 can not take 0.485 100% 73% unlimited 10.0 17.0 28.0 mm Demarcation line: minimum C1157 20.0 30.0 mm Boundary line: 100%OPC C00092 1.16 051 100% 0% 0% 73% 112% V0 43.3 95%OPC-5%PPT C00095 10.49 052 95% 5% 0% 73% 114 % 24.5 31.5 393 80%OPC-20°/〇PPT C00097 10.49 058 80% 20% 0P/〇73% 121% 15.9 V? 27.9 Table 3. Characterization of cement in Example V 83 201016600 Example 6. Measurement of sediment and Seven values of the starting material In this experiment, the gl3C value of the sediment and the starting material was measured. A mixture of a bottle of dioxin = sulfur (s〇2) and a bottled carbon dioxide (c〇2) gas and a valence cation were used. And; stone to the silk source of the fly ash preparation containing broken acid salt Shen Temple. In a closed container system. S〇2 initiator system and a commercially available bottled gas C〇2 (s〇2 / c〇2 simulated flue gas or gas ,, "), a mixture of deionized water and the fly ash. After the vessel is filled with deionized water, the fly ash is added to the deionized water to provide a pH (basicity) and divalent cation concentration suitable for precipitating the carbonate-containing precipitate without releasing c〇2 to the atmosphere. The S〇2/C02 gas is sprayed at a rate and for a time suitable for precipitating the precipitate from the alkaline solution. Sufficient time is allowed to allow the reaction components to interact, and then the sediments are separated from the remaining solution ("precipitation reaction mixture,") to produce a wet sediment and a supernatant. Measurement procedure starting material, sedimentation and sputum The analytical system used was manufactured by Los Gatos Research and used direct absorption spectroscopy to provide & 3C values and concentration data for dry gases ranging from 2% to 20% C02. The instrument utilizes a standard with known isotopic composition. The %C02 gas enthalpy corrected and measured from the 2M pervaporic acid travertine travertine and IAEA marble #20 sample C 〇 2 yields the value within the acceptable measurement error of the values seen in the literature. The cylinder takes a sample of the C02 source gas. Let the c〇2 gas pass through a gas dryer (Perma pure MD gas dryer 'Model No. MD-110-48F-4 made of Nafl0n® polymer), and then enter the benchtop commercially available carbon isotope analysis. In the system, the solid sample is first digested with hot perchloric acid (2m HC104). The c〇2 gas escapes from the closed digestive system, and after 84 201016600, it enters the gas drying 11. The body is collected and injected into it. analysis In order to generate δ c data. Similarly, digest the upper part to escape the co2 gas' and then dry it and let it enter the analytical instrument to produce generation data. Analysis of S〇2/C〇2 gas, metal oxide The alternatives (ie fly ash), carbonate-containing = temple and Shangcheng liquid are measured in Table 4. The δ € values of the ship and the supernatant are -15.88% and -11.70%, respectively. The 513c value of the product reflects the incorporation of S〇2/C〇2 gas (§13c=-12.45%.) and fly ash, which contains some carbon that is not completely burned into a gas (513 (>_17 46%) Because the fly ash, which is itself a fossil fuel combustion product, has a value far lower than the 313C value of c〇2 used, the total ^3C value of the precipitate reflects the value of si3c far from c〇2 itself. This example illustrates δ13(: The value can be used to confirm the main source of carbon in the carbonate-containing material. Atmospheric δ13 (: value (% 〇) C02 source C 〇 2 source SI3C value (% 〇) Source test s13c value (%0) Shangcheng solution δΙ3(:value (%〇) precipitate S13C value (%〇) -8 so2/co2 bottled gas mixture -12.45 fly ash-17.46 -11.70 -15.88 Table 4: Example 5 The value of the starting material and the product (313C) 85 201016600 The present invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for the purpose of clarity of understanding, but according to the teachings of the present invention, those skilled in the art can understand (4) It is possible to make specific changes and improvements to it and to remove the spirit of the attached patent range and Fan Ming. Therefore, the foregoing only describes the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various configurations which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, are embodied in the present invention. In addition, all of the examples and language described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the present invention and the inventors' embodiments and conditions for facilitating the teaching of the technology. In addition, the principles, aspects, and specific embodiments of the invention, as well as the structural and functional equivalents thereof, are described herein. In addition, regardless of the structure, such equivalents are intended to include equivalents and equivalents that are developed in the future, that is, any component that is developed to perform the same function. Therefore, the invention is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. The scope of the following claims is intended to cover the invention and the methods and structures in the scope of the claims. q [Simplified description of the drawings] The novel features of the present invention are particularly set forth in the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the detailed description of the embodiments illustrated herein A method of making a precipitate from a metal phthalate material. 86 201016600 Figure 2 shows a process representation of an exemplary method of making a condensate family in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 illustrates a system designed to produce a precipitate from a metal-containing silicate material. Figure 4 shows an overview representation of an exemplary system for making a pozzolanic material in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 shows an overview representation of the system shown in Figure 2, as appropriate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 6 shows an overview representation of the system shown in Figure 2, as appropriate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 7 shows an overview representation of the system shown in Figure 2, as appropriate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 8 provides an SEM image of a precipitate of Example 4 in a rod-like form (three carbonaceous towns) and an amorphous stone gum at a magnification of 2.5 k (left) and 4.0 k. Figure 9 provides an XRD diffraction pattern of the precipitate of Example 4 (top diffraction pattern), rock salt (intermediate diffraction pattern), and cristobalite (bottom diffraction pattern). Figure 10 provides a TGA thermogram of the Example 4 precipitate. Figure 11 provides a particle size distribution map of Type II/V Portland cement and Portland cement blended with the Example 5 precipitate. [Description of main component symbols] 100 Method 110 Contacting a metal phthalate material with an acidic solution 120 Producing a precipitate by adding a proton-removing agent 87 201016600 130 140 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 240 255 310 410 420 510 520 610 620 630 Production of condensing material removal Si-based material system Upright column precipitation reaction vessel Liquid-solid separator Spray dryer Waste gas source (co2) Containing divalent cation solution Source proton remover source Containing metal phthalate material The liquid inlet gas inlet contains a carbonate precipitate; the condensate material metal citrate material precipitate promoter source liquid-solid separator cleaner second reaction vessel second liquid-solid separator reduces the size of the metal phthalate-containing material Step of suspending the metal phthalate-containing material step of digesting the metal ruthenium-containing material 88 201016600 640 Filtration step 650 precipitation step; precipitation precipitate 660 separation step; separation of precipitate 670 cleaning step; cleaning of slab 680 drying step; drying Shen Dianwu 690 Shen Dian; carbonate precipitate 700 system 710 metal tannic acid Salt Processor 720 Dryer 10 89

Claims (1)

201016600 VII. Patent Application Range: 1. A method comprising: a) digesting a metal phthalate-containing material with an aqueous solution to produce a divalent cation and a SiO2-containing material; b) reacting the divalent cation with dissolved carbon dioxide Producing a precipitate; and c) drying the precipitate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitate is dried to form a fine powder having a uniform particle size distribution. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising grinding the metal-containing silicate material prior to digesting the metal phthalate-containing material. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the metal phthalate-containing material comprises rock or mineral. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the metal citrate material comprises a group selected from the group consisting of n-decanoate; chain citrate; decanoate; and retinoic acid. mineral. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the orthosilicate mineral comprises an olivine mineral. 201016600 7. The method of claim 5, comprising a serpentine mineral. Wherein the reticulated citrate mineral 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the dragon material comprises digesting with an acid to produce an acidic solution containing the metal phthalate SiO 2 material. a divalent cation such as μ and the method of 9. In the method of the eighth aspect of the patent application, the brain is selected from the group consisting of HF, acid, citric acid, formic acid, brain, HBr, HI, H2S04, ΗΝ〇3, and 〇. Gluconic acid, lactic acid, acid, H2C〇3, B, blood acid and meldrum acid. Oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and resistance to damage 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the acid is HC1. 11. The method of claim 8 is followed by contact with a proton-removing agent. Where the acidic solution is in the consumer 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the acidic solution is contacted with the proton-removing agent to form an assay solution. The method of claim 12, wherein the proton-removing agent comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydroxide is NaOH. 15. The method of claim 5, wherein digesting the metal citrate material comprises digesting with a proton-removing agent to produce an assay solution comprising the divalent cation and the Si-containing material. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the divalent cation comprises an alkaline earth metal cation. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the alkaline earth metal cations comprise Ca2+, Mg2+, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising isolating the precipitate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the precipitate is separated from the alkaline solution by a liquid-solid separation device. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the sediment is separated by a liquid-solid separation device in a continuous, semi-batch or batch procedure. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the separation of the precipitate is a continuous procedure. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitate is dried by a spray dryer. 23. The method of claim 2, wherein at least 70% of the fine powder falls within ± 50 microns of a predetermined average diameter, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and 500 microns. The method of claim 23, wherein at least 70% of the fine powder falls within ± 50 microns of a predetermined average diameter, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 50 and 250 microns. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein at least 70% of the fine powder falls within ± 50 microns of a predetermined average diameter, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 100 and 200 microns. The method of claim 23, wherein the precipitate comprises a condensed material. 27. The method of claim 23, further comprising producing a pozzolanic material from the precipitate. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the method further comprises blending the pozzolanic material with cement. 93 201016600 29. A method comprising: a) digesting a metal phthalate-containing material with an aqueous solution to provide a divalent cation and a SiO2-containing material; b) separating the Si-containing material from the aqueous solution; The order of the divalent cation and the carbon dioxide reversed produces a precipitate. The method of 29 (4), where it is; and the material containing the metal material, the metal (4) salt material is first ground. The method of the third item--salt material=such as: the method of the third item of the patent scope, wherein the metal-containing acid salt, the salt 5; the salt; the acid salt; Shaped mash 33. As in the method of claim 32, the Orthodontic mineral contains one sapphire mineral. 8. The method of claim 32, wherein the reticulated niobate mineral comprises a serpentine mineral. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the digesting the metal-containing citric acid 94 201016600 salt material comprises digesting with an acid to produce an acidic solution comprising the divalent cation and the Si 〇 2 containing material. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of hf, HCl, HBr, HI, Hjn, hno3, H3P04, chromic acid, H2C03, sulphate, formic acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid , a group of tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and Mic acid. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the acid is a fertilizer. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the acidic solution is contacted with a proton-removing agent after digestion. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the acidic solution is contacted with the shellfish remover to form an assay solution. The method of claim 39, wherein the proton-removing agent comprises a gas halide selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2. 41. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydroxide is 42. The method of claim 32, wherein digesting the metal-containing stone Xijun 95 201016600 salt material comprises digesting with a proton-removing agent To produce an alkaline solution containing the divalent cations and the SiO 2 -containing material. 43. The method of claim 39, wherein the divalent cation comprises an alkaline earth metal cation. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the alkaline earth metal cations comprise Ca2+, Mg2+, or a combination thereof. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein separating the SiO2-containing material from the aqueous solution comprises separating by a first liquid-solid separation device. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the first liquid-solid separation device is a continuous, semi-batch or batch process. 47. The method of claim 46, further comprising separating the precipitate after the divalent cation is reacted with dissolved carbon dioxide. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the precipitate is separated from the alkaline solution by a second liquid-solid separation device. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the second liquid-solid separation device separates the precipitate into a continuous, semi-batch or batch procedure. 96 201016600 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the separation of the sediment is a continuous procedure. 51. The method of claim 5, wherein the separated Si〇2 material and the separated precipitate may be combined without drying to produce a pozzolanic material. 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the separated Si 〇 2 material or the separated precipitate is dried prior to combining to form a condensed material. 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the separated SiO2-containing material and the separated precipitate are each dried prior to combining to form a condensed-hard material. 54. The method of claim 52, wherein the precipitate is dried by a spray dryer, the material containing 8 丨〇 2 or both the precipitate and the SiO 2 -containing material to produce a spray drying material. ❿ 55. The method of claim 54, wherein at least 70% of the spray dried material falls within ± 5 Å of a predetermined average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 5 and 500 microns. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein at least 70% of the spray dried material falls within ± 50 microns of a predetermined average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 50 and 250 microns. 97. The method of claim 56, wherein at least 70% of the spray dried material falls within 5 microns of a given average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 100 and 200 microns. 58. The method of claim 55, further comprising reinforcing the pozzolanic material with volcanic ash, fly ash, shisha ash, kiln reactive metakaolin or granulated blast furnace slag. 59. The method of claim 51, wherein the method further comprises blending the curable material with cement. 60. A composition made by the method of claim i or 29 of the patent application. 61. A composition comprising a synthetic carbonate, a ruthenium-based material, and a synthetic iron-based material. 62. The composition of claim 61, wherein the synthetic carbonate comprises a f-free water-fibrous magnesite, magnesite, hydromagnesite, hydrated magnesite and pentahydrate The town of carbonated water. 63. The composition of claim 62, wherein the synthetic carbonic acid comprises a magnesite. 201016600 64. The composition of claim 62, wherein the composition comprises up to 35% ruthenium-based material. 65. The composition of claim 64, wherein the ruthenium-based material comprises Shi Xishi. 66. The composition of claim 65, wherein the vermiculite comprises amorphous ® vermiculite. 67. The composition of claim 65, wherein the synthetic iron-based material comprises gasified iron or iron carbonate. 68. The composition of claim 62, wherein the synthetic carbonate further comprises a carbonated carbonaceous member selected from the group consisting of calcite, vermiculite, and hexagonal calcite. ❿ 69. The composition of claim 61, which additionally contains cement. 70. The composition of claim 69, wherein no more than 80% of the composition comprises cement. 71. The composition of claim 69, wherein no more than 55% of the composition comprises a second based material. 99 201016600 72. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition is suitable for use in a construction material. 73. The composition of claim 61, wherein the composition comprises a construction material. 74. The composition of claim 72, wherein the construction material comprises cement, aggregates, cementitious materials or supplementary cementitious materials. 75. A system comprising: a) a processor for treating a metal phthalate-containing material; b) a precipitation reactor for precipitating a precipitate; and c) separating the precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture A liquid-solid separator for a sediment, wherein the precipitation reactor is operated in connection with both the processor and the liquid-solid separator. 76. The system of claim 75, wherein the processor comprises a size reduction unit for grinding the metal-containing material. 77. The system of claim 75, wherein the size reduction unit comprises a ball mill or a jet mill. The system of claim 76, wherein the processor additionally comprises a digester for digesting the metal silicate-containing material. 79. The system of claim 78, wherein the digester is designed to receive the metal-containing silicate material, wherein the material has a reduced size. 80. The system of claim 79, wherein the digester is additionally designed to receive an acid-derived acid, a proton-removing agent-derived proton-removing agent, or a combination thereof. 81. The system of claim 80, wherein the precipitation reactor is designed to receive the digested metal-containing silicate material. 82. The system of claim 81, wherein the precipitation reactor is additionally designed to receive carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide industrial source. 8. The system of claim 8 wherein the liquid-solid separator is designed to receive a precipitation reaction mixture of the precipitation reactor. 84. The system of claim 83, wherein the liquid-solid separator is additionally designed to separate the precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture. 85. The system of claim 75, further comprising a dryer for making a dry sink 101 201016600 deposit. 86. The system of claim 85, wherein the dryer comprises a spray dryer. 87. The system of claim 86, wherein the spray dryer is designed to receive a slurry containing precipitate from the liquid-solid separator. 88. The system of claim 87, wherein the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate wherein at least 70% of the dry precipitate falls within ± 50 microns of a predetermined average particle size, wherein the spray is predetermined The average particle size is between 5 and 500 microns. 89. The system of claim 88, wherein the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate wherein at least 70% of the dry precipitate falls on a predetermined average Within ±50 microns of the particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 50 and 250 microns. ❹ 90. The system of claim 89, wherein the spray dryer is designed to produce a dry precipitate , wherein at least 70% of the dry precipitate falls within ±50 microns of a predetermined average particle size, wherein the predetermined average particle size is between 100 and 200 microns. 91. The system of claim 87, wherein the spray The mist dryer is designed to utilize waste heat from the carbon dioxide industrial source. 92. The system of claim 91, wherein the carbon dioxide industrial source comprises flue gas from a coal-fired power plant. The system of clause 86, wherein the spray dryer is additionally designed to provide a source of heat-depleted carbon dioxide to the precipitation reactor.