TW201016599A - Methods and systems for utilizing waste sources of metal oxides - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods are provided for producing a composition comprising carbonates, wherein the methods comprise utilizing waster sources of metal oxides. An aqueous solution of divalent cations, some or all of which are derived from a waste source of metal oxides, may be contacted with CO2 and subjected to precipitation conditions to provide compositions comprising carbonates. In some embodiments, a combustion ash is the waste source of metal oxides for the aqueous solution containing divalent cations. In some embodiments, a combustion ash is used to provide a source of proton-removing agents, divalent cations, silica, metal oxides, or other desired constituents or a combination thereof.

Description

201016599 VI. INSTRUCTIONS: Cross-Reference This application claims US Provisional Application No. 61/073,319, filed on June 17, 2008, and No. 61/〇79,790, and July 2008, July 1, 2008 The rights of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/344,019, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of making a carbonate-containing composition, wherein the methods include utilizing a source of metal oxide waste. Part or all of the aqueous solution of one of the cations derived from the metal oxide waste source can be contacted with C〇2 and placed under precipitation conditions to provide a carbonate-containing composition. In some embodiments, the combustion ash is a source of metal oxide waste containing an aqueous solution of divalent cations. In some embodiments, the combustion ash system G is used to provide a source of a proton-removing agent, a divalent cation, a stone, a metal oxide, or other desired component or a combination thereof. [Prior Art] Background Carbon dioxide (C〇2) emissions have been identified as the main contributors to the global warming phenomenon. C〇2 is a by-product of combustion and it produces operations, economy and environment 5 201016599 Question. It is expected that higher c〇2 and other atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will cause large amounts of heat to be stored in the atmosphere, resulting in increased surface temperatures and rapid climate change. In addition, the increased concentration of c〇2 in the atmosphere is also expected to acidify the world's oceans by dissolving c〇2 and forming carbonic acid. If climate change and ocean acidification are not controlled in time, it will cost economically and harm the environment. Reducing the potential dangers of climate change will require coupling and avoiding co2 for various human processes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ® Description A method of making a carbonate-containing composition is provided, wherein the methods include utilizing a source of metal oxide waste. Some or all of the divalent cation aqueous solution derived from the source of the metal oxide waste can be contacted with CO 2 and allowed to sink; to provide a carbonate-containing composition. In some embodiments, the combustion ash is a source of metal oxide waste containing divalent cations. In some embodiments, the combustion ash is used to provide a source of proton-removing agents, divalent cations, ♦ stone, metal oxides or other bismuth components or combinations thereof. & Λϋ纟 19 Before describing the present invention, it should be understood that the present invention is limited to the above two; the second embodiment may be changed as such. You should also understand the technique used in this article. The teachings are only used to describe the purpose of the specific embodiments and the unrestricted sounds 'because the present invention is only subject to the attached patent application. ~ When deducting the value range, it should be understood that the value between the upper and lower limits of the range is 201016599) (except for _ text in the section clearly refers to *, (four) to the lower limit single = tenths) and any other The above or in between is covered by the present invention. The upper and lower limits of such smaller values may be independent of I 3 within this smaller range and may also be encompassed by the present invention, subject to any specifically excluded limits within the scope. The range includes one of the limits, and the exclusion of the limits contained therein, or both, is also encompassed by the present invention.

t This article relies on the terms, the terms, and the values before the threat to present a specific range. The term "about" is used in this document to provide support for the precise number and the number of words that are close to or approximate to the term. The decision or approximation is not described in the decision-number. Number: may be a number, which provides a substantial equivalent of the number described in the presented mosquito towel. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein are familiar with the invention; The general understanding of the meaning of the phase. Although any similar or equivalent to the green and (4) of the articles described herein can also be used in the implementation of the test towel of the present invention, it will now be representative of the method of the bribe (four) method. All published literature, patents, and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference to the extent to which the disclosures, the patents, The patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to disclose and describe the subject matter of the disclosure of the publications. It is not to be construed as an admission that the invention described herein is not entitled to the invention as claimed in the prior invention. In addition, the date of the disclosure may be different from the actual date of the publication, and the actual date of the announcement may be individually confirmed. It is to be understood that the singular forms " and" and "the" are used in the <Desc/Clms Page number> This statement is intended to be used as antecedent basis for the exclusion of terms such as ",", ",", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", " It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, that the particular embodiments described and illustrated herein have various components and features that can be readily separated from the features of any of the other embodiments. It is combined with the scope and spirit of the invention. Any of the methods described may be performed in the order of events or in any other logically feasible order.

Material Q is as further detailed below. The present invention utilizes a c〇2 source, a proton-removing agent source (and/or a method of proton removal), and a source of divalent cations. Sources of metal oxide waste (such as fly ash such as fly ash, bottom ash, boiler collapse; cement kiln dust; and slag such as iron ore slag, containing slag) may provide all or part of proton-removing agent sources and/or divalent cations source. As such, sources of metal oxide waste such as combustion ash (eg, fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag), cement kiln dust, and slag (eg, iron ore slag, phosphorus-bearing ore) may be used to make the composition of 201016599 as described herein. The only source of divalent metal cations and proton removers. Sources of waste such as ash, cement kiln dust, slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) can also be used in combination with the addition of a valence cation or a proton filament. The source of carbon dioxide, the source of divalent cations, and the source of proton removal (and methods for proton removal) are first described to provide a source of metal oxide waste as a source of valence cations and proton-removing agents. Then, describe the source of metal oxide waste, such as burning ash, cement kiln ash, slag (such as ❿赖逢, containing disc mine), and then describe the source of such metal oxide waste for the manufacture of carbonate-containing constituents. method. &quot;Oxidized Carbon The process of the invention comprises contacting a volume of an aqueous divalent cation solution with a c〇2 source and then subjecting the resulting solution to precipitation conditions. Sufficient carbon dioxide is present in the divalent cation-containing solution to precipitate a significant amount of the strontium carbonate-containing sulphate (e.g., by seawater): however, the _ external carbon dioxide is used. The source of c〇2 can be any conventional c〇2 source. The c〇2 source may be a gas, a liquid, a solid (such as dry ice), a supercritical fluid, or a liquid-soluble Co. In some embodiments, the co2 source is gaseous c〇2 source n is a mass C〇2 Or (10) recording components, including c〇2 and/or other materials such as ash and other particulates. In some embodiments, the gaseous C〇2 source is a waste feed (ie, a by-product of the plant's activity program, such as a source) The waste gas from the factory. The nature of the factory can be different. The spoons of interest are not limited to) power generation Wei, chemical treatment plant, mechanical processing Wei, refinery mud factory, steel plant and other fuel burning or another processing of cattle (such as ruler) The by-product of the corpse 201016599 is produced by co2. The waste gas stream containing C〇2 contains reduction (such as syngas, transfer synthesis gas, natural gas, hydrogen and the like) and oxidative conditions (such as combustion). Flue gas). The specific exhaust stream conventionally used in the present invention includes an oxygen-containing combustion plant flue gas (from coal or another carbon-based fuel with little or no pretreatment of the flue gas), turbocharged Boiler production gas, coal gasification gas, transfer coal Gasification produced gas, anaerobic digestion tank produced gas, wellhead natural gas stream, recombined natural gas or decane hydrate, and the like. Any conventional source of combustion gas can be used in the method and system of the present invention. In the example, the combustion gases in the post-combustion stack of a kiln plant such as a power plant, a cement plant, and a coal processing plant may be used. Therefore, the waste streams may be produced by a plurality of different types of plants. Suitably, the waste stream of the present invention includes combustion. The waste stream generated by factories of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas) and the naturally occurring organic fuel deposits (such as tar sands, heavy oil, oil shale, etc.) are products of human beings. The waste stream suitable for testing the system and method of the present invention is derived from a coal-fired power plant such as a pulverized coal power plant, a supercritical coal power plant, a mixed coal coal power generation Wei, and a Zhaohua bed coal power plant; in some embodiments , the abandoned logistics side from the seam or _ 峨 and steam 顺 薇 Wei, do 2 fuel boiler simple cycle gas; power plant or gas or oil boiler ring gas hybrid power plant. In some frequency implementation, The waste stream produced by the combustion of the organic matter (for example, coal, biomass, etc.) is used. In the specific embodiment, the waste stream of the combined gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is used. In certain specific 201016599 embodiments, the waste stream produced by the Heat Recovery Steam Generator 'HRS G plant is used to make aggregates according to the system and method of the present invention. Waste stream produced by the cement plant Also suitable for use in the systems and methods of the present invention. The cement plant waste stream comprises waste streams derived from wet and dry processes, which may use a shaft kiln or a rotary kiln and may include a pre-calciner. Burn a single fuel or burn two or more layers in sequence or simultaneously. The industrial waste gas stream may comprise carbon monoxide as the main non-air derived component or, in particular in the case of a coal fired power plant, may comprise additional components such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and one or more additional gases. . Additional gases and other components may include CO, mining and other heavy metals and dust particles (eg from calcining and combustion processes). Additional components in the gas stream may also include halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride; particulate materials such as fly ash, dust and metals, including schistosides, bismuth, boron, ores, chromium, chromium VI, drill, spur, sulphur, mercury, molybdenum , © selenium, tellurium, tellurium and vanadium; and organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, dioxin and PAH compounds. The suitable exhaust gas stream that can be treated has, in certain embodiments, from 200 ppm to 1,000,000 ppm, such as from 200,000 ppm to 1000 ppm, including from 200,000 ppm to 2000 ppm, such as from 180,000 ppm to 2000 ppm' or from 180,000 ppm to 5000 ppm, including 180,000. The amount of c〇2 exists in the amount of ppm to 10,000 ppm. Such waste streams, particularly waste streams of various combustion gases, may contain one or more additional components such as water, NOx (mononitrogen oxides: NO and N02), SOx (monosulfide oxides: SO, S02 and S03). , VOC (volatile organic compounds), heavy metals such as mercury and micro 11 201016599 granules (solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas). The flue gas temperature can also vary. In some embodiments, the temperature of the flue gas is from helium. (: to 2000 ° C, such as from 6 ° ° c to 700 ° C, and includes l ° ° C to 400 ° C. In various embodiments, one or more additional components are precipitated in the borrowing The waste stream of these additional components is formed in a precipitate formed by contact with an aqueous solution containing divalent cations such as alkaline earth metal ions such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . Calcium and sulphate and/or sulfite may be precipitated in SOx-containing (such as S02) waste water produced by the precipitation (additional calcium and / or magnesium carbonate). Magnesium and can react to form CaS04, MgS04 and other calcium and magnesium containing compounds (such as sulfite) 'Efficiently removes sulfur from the flue gas stream without desulfurization steps such as flue gas de-flow ("FGD"). In addition, CaCCb, MgC〇3 and related compounds can be formed in the divalent cation aqueous solution without additional release of c〇2. In the case of a cerium-concentrated sulfur compound such as a sulphate, the aqueous solution may be enriched in mom and magnesium, so calcium and magnesium may additionally form a carbonated compound after or in addition to forming CaSOY, MgSOY and related compounds. In some embodiments, the desulfurization step can be combined with carbonation The simultaneous precipitation of the precipitates or the desulfurization step can be carried out in stages before the slab. In a specific embodiment, various reaction products (such as carbonate precipitates, CaS〇4, etc.) are collected at different stages. In other embodiments, a single reaction product (such as a carbonate, sulfate, etc.) is collected. In accordance with these specific examples, other components, such as heavy metals (such as mercury, mercury salts, Mercury compounds may be trapped in carbonate-containing precipitates or may be precipitated separately. A portion of the waste stream from the plant (ie, not the entire exhaust stream) may be used to make a precipitate. In these embodiments, the waste stream is used in the waste stream. Precipitate 12 201016599 The precipitated portion may comprise 75% or less of the exhaust stream, such as 60% or less, and include 50% or less. In still other embodiments, substantially (eg, 80% or More) all of the exhaust stream produced by the plant is used in the sedimentation of sediments. In these specific embodiments, 80% or more, such as 90% or more, including 95% or more 'up to 100% Exhaust gas stream from the source (eg flue Gas) can be used in the precipitation of precipitates. Although industrial waste gases provide a relatively rich source of combustion gases, the process and system of the present invention can also be applied to lower concentrations from contaminants that are much lower in concentration than, for example, flue gases. The combustion gas component is removed from a source (e.g., atmospheric air). Thus, in some embodiments, the method and system encompass reducing the concentration of contaminants in the atmospheric air by creating a stable sediment. In such cases, The concentration of contaminants such as co2 in a portion of atmospheric air can be reduced by 10% or more '20% or more, 30% or more, 4% or more, 50% or more '60% or more' 70〇/〇 or more, 8〇0/〇 or more, 9〇0/. Or more, 95% or more, 99〇/. Or more, 99.9〇/〇 or more, or 99.99%. This reduction in atmospheric contaminants can be achieved in the yields described herein or in higher or lower yields and can be accomplished in one precipitation step or in a series of precipitation steps. Divalent cations As disclosed above, the metal oxide waste stream is described in detail as follows; the lower 歹] each of the burning ash (such as fly ash, bottom ash, steel slag), cement kiln ash and slag (such as iron ore slag) , phosphorus-containing slag) can be the only source for the manufacture of the divalent metal cations of the composition described herein; however, sources of waste such as ash knives, cement kiln dust, slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) can also be The divalent cation supplement source described in Section 13 201016599 is used in combination. The process of the invention comprises subjecting the volume of the aqueous solution of divalent cations to the conditions under which the resulting solution is subjected to precipitation. In addition to the source of divalent cations 2, depending on the availability of the particular site, the divalent cation can be derived from any of a number of different sources of divalent cations. Such industrial waste, sea water, wealth, hard water, minerals and any other suitable source. Supply-medium from industrial waste streams from various industrial processes &quot;&lt; customary sources (and in some cases other applications: miscellaneous materials such as metal oxides). Such waste streams include (but are not limited to) private ore waste; fossil fuel burned ash (such as fly ash, as described in detail elsewhere herein); slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus-containing dwarf slag);窠 abandonment (as described in additional detail in this article); refinery/petrochemical concentrates' from the field and layer A brines (such as money brines and (^: made: waste; water softened waste water (such as ion exchange) = Shi Xi treatment waste 4 secrets; gold dodge $

Textile waste and caustic pulp. Axe Milk, Net pH In some locations, the conventional source for the systems and methods of the present invention is water (e.g., an aqueous solution containing divalent cations such as brine) which may be adapted to the particular location of the present invention. The divalent cation aqueous solution includes a solution containing - or a plurality of soil-measuring metals such as (5) + and Mg2+. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution of the valence cation comprises the soil metal cation embodiment, the soil metal cation package, the magnesium or the mixture thereof. 201016599 In some embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution comprises a range of 50 The words to 50,000 ppm, 50 to 40,000 ppm, 50 to 20,000 ppm, 1 to 10,000 ppm, 200 to 5000 ppm, or 400 to 1000 ppm. In certain embodiments, the divalent cation aqueous solution comprises from 5 〇 to 4 〇, OOO ppm, 5 〇 to 20,000 ppm, 100 to 1 〇, 〇〇〇 ppm, 200 to 1 〇, 〇〇〇 ppm, 500 To 5000ppm, or 500 to 2500ppm

The amount of magnesium. In some embodiments, when both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are present, the ratio of Ca2+ to Mg2+ in the aqueous divalent cation solution (ie, Ca2+: Mg2+) is from 1··1 to 1:2.5; 1 : 2·5 to 1: 5 5 to 1: 1〇; i : 10 to 1: 25 ; 1 : 25 to 1: 50 ; 1 : 50 to 1: 1 ; 1 : 100 to i : 150 ; 1 : 150 to 1: 200 ;丨: 2〇〇 to: 25〇; 1: 25〇 to work: 5〇〇; or 1: 500 to 1: 1000. In some embodiments, the ratio of Mg2+ to Ca2+ in the aqueous solution of divalent cations (ie, Mg2+: Ca2 is ^: 1 to 1: 2.5; 1 : 2.5 to 1: 5; 1: 5 to 1: 10; ·· 1〇 to! ·· 25,1 . 25 to 1:50 ; 1 : 50 to 1: 100 ; 1 : 100 to 1: 150 ; 150 to 1: 200 ; 1 : 200 to 1: 250 ; 250 to 1: 500; or 1: 500 to! : 1〇〇〇., Erjibai cationic aqueous solution may contain brine or artificial brine derived from fresh water, salt water, sea water or plant wastewater Uxt, such as secret water, desalination Son," he has a bivalent yang with a salinity greater than that of fresh water, but he does not lie. The ratio of the salinity is 3 to (f, f ^ f of the range) from about 〇.5 to about Approximately (4) rhyme, material or any other salinity, ', ΡΡ ΡΡ salt water. The brine is saturated with salt or 15 201016599 near full life water. The water has a salinity of about 5 〇 or more. In some cases, the source of brine for obtaining divalent cations is selected from sea, ocean month marsh 'delicious, thirsty lake, surface brine, deep drip, lake, or == Like the natural source of the source occurs in certain embodiments, to obtain - Source brine monovalent cation of lines selected from the geothermal Ao wastewater or desalination artificial brine plant effluent water is often based divalent cations (e.g., alkaline earth metal cations such as Ca2 + and

The usual source of Mg+). A variety of suitable freshwater sources can be used, including freshwater sources ranging from relatively mineral-free sources to relatively mineral-rich sources. Although freshwater sources containing minerals can occur naturally, including any of a variety of hard water sources, lakes or inland seas. Some mineral-rich sources of fresh water such as alkaline lakes or inland seas (such as Lake Van in Turkey) also provide a source of pH-modifier. Sources of mineral-rich fresh water can also be artificial. For example, 'soft 2' minerals may be contacted with divalent cations such as alkaline earth metal cations (e.g., Ca, Mg2+, etc.) to produce a mineral-rich water suitable for use in the methods and systems described herein. Divalent cations or their hydrazines (eg, salts, minerals) can be added to fresh water (or any other type of water described herein) using any conventional protocol (eg, addition of a solid, suspension, or solution). in. In some embodiments, a cation selected from the group consisting of Ca2+ and Mg2+ can be added to fresh water. In some embodiments, it may be selected from

The monovalent cations of Na and K are added to fresh water. In some embodiments, the fresh water system containing Ca2+ is combined with a magnesium silicate (e.g., sapphire or serpentine) or a product or treated form thereof to produce a solution comprising an I bow and a magnesium cation. ' 16 201016599 to provide divalent cations to the genus, New Zealand minerals such as olive trough ^ any conventional experimental procedures to dissolve magnesium iron f and super town iron ore, serpentine and any other suitable minerals. Other minerals may also be used (for example, by increasing the surface area, such as by (iv) or (i, by jet milling, and by, for example, the use of ultrasonic technology ❺ 2 acceleration. In addition, 'mineral dissolution can be borrowed Accelerated by exposure to acid or assay. Gold if acid salts (such as acid salts) and other minerals containing cations of interest can be read (for example) from acids such as HC1 (as appropriate from electrochemical procedures) to produce (eg Magnesium and other metal cations used in the n. In some embodiments, the financial (four) and other minerals can be _ or dissolved in two: solution in which the water and other gases (such as combustion gas) Acidic alkali metal hydroxide (such as NaOH) or any other suitable caustic converter - or a variety of metal dream acid salts (such as sapphire and serpentine) can be used Metal species such as metal oxynitrides (eg Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2). Any suitable concentration of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or other caustic can be used to decompose metal citrate, including highly concentrated and extremely Dilute solution. alkali metal hydroxide (alkali hydr〇xide) (such as The concentration of NaOH) in the solution (by weight) may be, for example, from 3% to 80% and from 70% to 20°/❶. Preferably, the metal is digested with an aqueous metal hydroxide. The acid salts and analogs can be used directly to make precipitates. In addition, the base number of the precipitation reaction mixture can be recovered and reused to digest additional metal citrates and the like. In certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution can be It is also provided by the factory that supplies the combustion gas stream. For example, in a water-cooled plant, such as in seawater cooling 17 201016599, the plant has been used for cooling water and can then be used as water for making sediment. If necessary, the water can be Cooling prior to entering the precipitation system. Such methods can be utilized, for example, in a single pass cooling system. For example, a city or agricultural water supply can be used as a single pass cooling system for a plant. The water from the plant can then be used to make a sediment, The output water has a lower hardness and higher purity. If necessary, such systems can be modified to include safety measures (such as damage by debt testing such as the addition of poisons) and with government agencies (such as homeland security or Other institutions may be used in some specific embodiments. 质 Proton removers and methods are as described above. 'Metal oxide waste sources are as described in detail below. Good (such as fly ash, disambiguation, slag). Cement ash and (domain slag, _ slag) can be the only source of proton-removing agent for the manufacture of the composition described herein; however, the source of waste is ash , cement grain, ore collapse (such as iron ore collapse, containing meal residue) can also be used with the protons described in this section to the source of the silk (and the method of proton removal). The method of the invention comprises the aqueous solution of divalent cations. The volume is in contact with the source (to dissolve c〇2) and the resulting solution is subjected to precipitation conditions. The r-stone solution produces carbonic acid, a species that is inconsistent with bicarbonate. To produce a carbonate-containing precipitate (IV), the protons are removed from a variety of species (such as carbonic acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine, etc.) in a solution containing two :::: to shift the equilibrium to carbonate. When protons are removed, more co 201016599 enters the solution. In certain embodiments, a proton-removing agent and/or method is used and an aqueous solution containing divalent cations is contacted with c〇2 to increase absorption of c〇2 in a precipitation reaction phase (pH can remain fixed, increased, or even Lower) 'The protons are then removed quickly (eg by addition of a base) to allow rapid precipitation of the carbonate-containing precipitate. Protons can be used by a variety of species (such as carbonic acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine, etc.) by conventional methods including, but not limited to, the use of naturally occurring proton-removing agents, the use of microorganisms and fungi, the use of synthetic chemical proton Φ removers, and the recycling of artificial waste. Logistics and removal by electrochemical methods. Naturally occurring proton-removing agents encompass any proton-removing agent that can be found in a wide environment that can produce or have an alkaline local environment. Certain embodiments provide naturally occurring proton-removing agents, including minerals that create an environmentally acceptable environment upon addition to the solution (i.e., bathing). Such minerals include (but are not limited to) lime (CaO); periclase (Mg〇); volcanic ash; ultramafic rocks and minerals such as serpentine; and iron hydroxide (such as goethite and lignite) mine). Methods for dissolving such rocks and minerals are provided herein. Certain embodiments provide the use of naturally occurring water bodies as naturally occurring proton-removing agents. Examples of naturally alkaline water bodies include, but are not limited to, surface water sources (such as alkaline lakes such as Mono Lake in California) and groundwater sources (such as alkaline water layers). Other embodiments provide deposits for dry water bodies, such as the crust along Lake Najron in the GreatRift Valley, Africa. Some specific embodiments use organisms that secrete basic molecules or solutions in normal metabolism as proton-removing agents. Examples of such organisms are the fungi that produce alkaline proteases (such as the deep-sea fungus Jockeyella with a pH of 9) (10) (10) plus the bacteria that produce the test molecules (as seen in the Atlin wetlands in Columbia, UK). 201016599 Cyanobacteria such as Leyd algae (/ Lesser Coffee 2 5p_) 'It increases pH due to by-products of photosynthesis). In certain embodiments, the biological system is used to produce a pH remover, wherein the organism (eg, Bacillus bacillus (7) is finely divided (10) / 7 (10), which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia) to metabolize contaminants (such as urea) to produce protons A remover or a solution containing a proton-removing agent such as ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the &apos;biosystem is separately cultured from the precipitation reaction mixture, wherein a proton-removing agent or a solution containing a proton-removing agent is added to the precipitation reaction mixture. In certain embodiments, carbonic anhydrase is used as a naturally occurring proton-removing agent to remove protons to precipitate precipitates. A guanidinium carbonate enzyme is an enzyme produced by plants and animals which accelerates the conversion of carbonic acid in aqueous solution to bicarbonate. The chemical reagent for proton removal generally refers to a commercially available synthetic chemical reagent produced in large quantities. For example, chemical agents that remove protons include, but are not limited to, cerium oxides, organic chemistry, super sensitization, oxides, teaches, and carbonates. The hydroxide includes a chemical species that provides a hydroxide anion in solution, including, for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or hydroxide (Mg) (OH) 2) ^ an organic base-based carbon-containing molecule, the oxime is generally a nitrogen-containing base, and includes a primary amine such as a mercaptoamine, a secondary amine such as diisopropylamine, a secondary amine such as diisopropylethylamine. Aromatic amines such as aniline, heteroaromatics such as pyridine, imidazole and benzimidazole and various forms thereof. In certain embodiments, an organic base selected from the group consisting of pyridine, decylamine, imidazole, benzimidazole, histidine, and phosphazene is used in various species (eg, carbonic acid, bicarbonate,锉, etc.) remove protons. In some embodiments, the ammonia is used to raise the pH of the horse to a level sufficient to precipitate the precipitate from the divalent cation solution and the industrial waste stream 20 201016599. Excellent tests for proton-removing agents include: Ethyl ethoxide, sodium amide (NaNKy, sodium hydride (NaH), butyl lithium, lithium diisopropyl guanidinium, lithium diethyl guanidinate and double (three oxime) lithium amide. Oxides 'including, for example, calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (Mg 〇), strontium oxide (SrO), cerium oxide (Be0) and cerium oxide (Ba 〇) are also It can be used as a proton-removing agent. Carbonates for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate. In addition to containing cations of interest and other suitable metal forms, 废弃物 waste streams from various industrial processes can provide protons Remover. Such waste streams include, but are not limited to, mining waste; fossil fuel combustion ash (eg fly ash, as described in additional detail herein); slag (eg iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) 'cement kiln waste Refining/petrochemical refining waste (such as oilfield and decane coal bed brine), coal seam waste (such as gas-producing brine and coal bed brine); papermaking waste, water softening waste brine (such as ion exchange effluent); Disposal of waste, agricultural waste; metal surface treatment waste High pH textile waste, and caustic slurry. Mining waste includes any waste that extracts metal ruthenium or another valuable or useful mineral from the ground. In some embodiments, the use of mining waste to improve pH, the waste of the towel is selected from the following: red mud from the Bayer aluminum extraction program; waste from seawater extraction of magnesium, = (such as Mg (〇H) 2) 'as seen in California Moss Landing And source f mine procedures, including leaching waste. Agricultural waste used by animal waste or excessive = material may contain hydroxide _ (K 〇 H) or ammonia 3 as such, agricultural waste in the present invention In some embodiments, the decanter can be removed. The agricultural waste is often collected in a pond, but the eighth can also be infiltrated into the water layer, wherein the waste can be accessed and used. Another: the method of removing protons from various species in solution is based on the solute (carbonic acid or carbonic acid gas or water cut butterfly Xu ^! ΓΓ Ge more than the self-solute molecules electrochemical removal of the second =: it changed f. , electrochemical methods can be passed, for example, by chlorine-test methods Electrode (ie, hydroxide). The electrode (ie, the cathode H pole) may be present in a device containing a solution containing a divalent hydrazine or a charged exhaust gas stream (eg, charged to CO 2 ) and a selective barrier such as a separator. The electrodes can be separated. The electrochemical method of removing protons can produce a work (domain) that can be collected and used for other purposes. Additional electrochemical methods in the systems and methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, US 61/081,299 and US 61/091,729, the disclosures of each of each of each of each of each Dissolved in the precipitation reaction mixture or in the precursor solution before the precipitation reaction mixture. The precipitating solution of the precipitation mixture, for example, may or may not contain divalent cations. In certain embodiments, C〇2 dissolved in an aqueous solution free of ruthenium divalent cations is treated by a low voltage electrochemical process from carbonic acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine or any species formed by dissolving C〇2 or The combination removes protons. The low voltage electrochemical method operates at 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7 or 1. 6 V or lower 'as 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 12, 1 1 v or lower 'eg IV or lower' such as 0.9V or Lower, 〇.8v or lower, 0.7V or lower, 0.6V or lower, 0.5V or lower, 〇.4v or lower, 0.3V or lower, 0.2V or lower or 0.1V or Lower average voltage. 22 201016599 A low voltage electrochemical process without chlorine generation is conventional in the system and method of the present invention. Low voltage electrochemical methods that do not produce oxygen to remove protons are also conventionally employed in the systems and methods of the present invention. In some embodiments, a low voltage electrochemical method produces hydrogen at the cathode and transports it to the anode where it is converted to protons. Electrochemical methods that do not produce hydrogen are also conventional. In some cases, the electrochemical process of removing protons does not produce any gaseous by-products. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/344,019, filed on December 24, 2008, filed on Dec. 23, 2008, filed on PCT Application No. PCT/US09/32, 301, filed on Jan. 28, 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Combustion ash, cement kiln dust and slag Sources of metal oxide waste (such as combustion ash such as fly ash, cement kiln dust, etc.) can be the sole source of proton-removing agents for the compositions described herein. In other words, a source of metal oxide waste such as combustion ash, cement kiln dust or the like can provide a sole source of proton-removing agent for improving the pH of the reaction mixture wherein the composition of the invention is made from the reaction mixture. As such, in some embodiments, the sole source of proton-removing agent is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, bottom ash, and combustion ash of steel slag. In some embodiments, the sole source of proton-removing agents is cement kiln dust. In some embodiments, the sole source of proton-removing agents is slag (e.g., iron ore slag, phosphorus-bearing ore). Similarly, sources of metal oxide waste (e.g., combustion ash such as fly ash 23 201016599 igniting mud ash, etc.) can be the only source for the manufacture of the divalent metal cations of the compositions described herein. In other words, a source of metal oxide waste such as burning ash, cement ash or the like can provide a sole source of divalent cations for making the compositions of the present invention. As such, in some embodiments, the sole source of divalent cations is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, bottom ash, and combustion ash of boiler slag. In some embodiments, the sole source of divalent cations is cement party ash. In some embodiments, the only source of divalent cations is slag (e.g., iron ore, phosphorus slag). Sources of metal oxide waste (e.g., combustion ash such as fly ash, cement kiln dust, etc.), in certain embodiments, provide a unique source for the precipitation of divalent cations and proton-removing agents from precipitates in accordance with the present invention. For example, ash can provide divalent cations and proton-removing agents for precipitating precipitates. In addition, combinations of sources of metal oxide waste and other sources of divalent cations and/or proton removers are discussed in more detail herein. Carbon-based fuels such as coal-fired combustion ash waste products such as fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag are often buried or used in low-cost applications as a treatment. Such waste products often contain leachable contaminants that may contaminate groundwater when buried. The American Coal Ash Ass〇datic n reported that more than 56% of the 165,000,000 tons of coal produced annually in the United States were simply transported to the landfill of coal-fired entities at large cost. Combustion ash formed by burning fossil fuels, such as coal in coal-fired power plants, is often rich in CaO or other metal oxides that produce an alkaline environment and provide divalent cations in solution. Combustion products from coal, wood and other sources, including volcanic ash released from volcanic eruptions (which are generally considered to be ash), may also include various oxides such as vermiculite (Si〇) which enhance specific chemical reactions and the resulting cement. 2) Alumina (ai2〇3) and oxides of calcium, magnesium, iron and the like. The coal ash used in the present invention (ie, the combustion ash produced by burning coal) refers to a power plant boiler or a coal burning furnace (such as a chain boiler, a dry pulverized coal boiler, a slag-tap boiler, a cyclone boiler). And ash matter produced by burning powdered anthracite, lignite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal or brown coal in a fluidized bed boiler). Such coal ash includes the bottom ash collected by the furnace from the fly ash of the fine coal ash carried by the exhaust gas or flue gas at the bottom of the furnace (eg in a dry bottom steel furnace); The boiler slag collected in the ash hopper of the wet bottom boiler. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is generally required to remove flue gas desulfurization (FGD) from flue gas emissions to remove sulfur oxides ("S〇x") from high sulfur coals that are abundant and relatively low in cost. This procedure is generally produced by using limestone as a reactant

CaS〇4 (gypsum) and additionally release c〇2 to the atmosphere. This procedure produces high calcium fly ash due to the release of calcium from the limestone into the program, where the calcium is in the form of calcium oxide (CaO). Pretreatment of the flue gas in general power plants or industrial coal-fired equipment may include methods such as electrostatic precipitation ("ESP"), wet or dry scrubbing, and flue gas desulfurization ("FGD"). In many FGD processes, the 7 flue gas enters the FGD absorption tank after passing through the ESP and reacts with the limestone slurry to form CaS〇4 and removes sulfur from the flue gas. Each CaS〇4 molecule formed in this manner releases a c〇2 molecule to further aggravate the high release of C〇2 from the association with burning fossil fuels such as coal. Fly ash is generally highly heterogeneous and additionally includes glassy particulates and a variety of identifiable crystalline phases such as quartz, mullite, hematite, magnetite 25 201016599 and mixtures of various iron oxides. Fly ash of interest includes F-type and C-type fly ash. The f-type and C-type fly ash referred to above are defined by CSA Standards A23.5 and ASTMC618. The main difference between these types is the amount of calcium, vermiculite, alumina and iron in the ash. The chemical properties of fly ash are greatly affected by the chemical content of coal (such as anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, brown coal). The nature of the fly ash can also be determined by the temperature change process, the type of burner used, the post-combustion treatment, the scrubber effect, and the storage time and conditions. Fly ash of interest includes a large number of gravel (Cetaster dioxide, Si〇2) (non-crystalline and crystalline) and lime (oxidized mother CaO, magnesium oxide MgO). The outer surface of the fly ash is generally rich in CaO and MgO and the concentration of CaO and MgO decreases from the outer surface of the fly ash toward the center. With the decrease of CaO and MgO, it is accompanied by the increase of Si〇2 wave degree. The alternate mixing and wet milling used in some of the specific embodiments described below allows for greater use of all of the CaO and MgO stocks present in the fly ash. Table 1 below provides the chemical composition of various types of fly ash that can be used in the specific examples of the present invention. Component: bituminous sub-bituminous coal brown coal brown coal SiO 2 (%) 20-60 40-60 15-45 5-30 ai2〇3 (%) 5-35 20-30 20-25 1-20 Fe2〇3(%) 10-40 4-10 4-15 5-50 CaO(%) 1-12 5-30 15-40 5-30 MgO (%) 1-5 1-10 1-10 5-30 Table 1: The type and composition of coal is hard and the burning of old anthracite and bituminous coal generally produces the type of fly ash type fly ash (pozzolanic) and contains Less than 10% lime 26 201016599 (CaO). Fly ash produced by burning younger lignite or sub-bituminous coal has partial self-cementing properties in addition to hard coagulating properties. In the presence of water, Type C fly ash will harden and gain strength over time. The type fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (ca〇). The alkali metal and sulfate (s〇4) content of type C fly ash is generally high. The fly ash solidifies upon suspension in the exhaust gas and can be collected by a variety of methods, such as by electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. The particles are solidified when the particles are suspended in the exhaust gas. The fly ash particles are generally spherical and range in size from 〇.5 μm to 100 μm. Fly ash of interest includes those having at least about 8% by weight of particles comprising less than 45 microns. Also of interest in certain embodiments of the invention is the use of a high alkaline fluidized bed combustor (FBC) fly ash. Also of interest in the specific embodiments of the invention is the use of bottom ash. The bottom ash is formed by burning coal in a coal-fired boiler in the form of a cohesive polymer. The binder has a size 'where 90% of the binder falls within a particle size range of 0.1 cm to 20 cm, and the bottom ash binder has a broad viscosity size distribution within this range. The combustion boiler can be a wet bottom boiler or a dry bottom boiler. When manufactured in a wet bottom boiler, the bottom ash is quenched with water to produce boiler slag. The main chemical components of the bottom ash; ς 石 stone and oxidized and a small amount of oxides of Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na and K as well as sulfur and carbon. Also of interest in certain embodiments is the use of volcanic ash as ash. The volcanic ash system consists of small volcanic debris (ie, crushed rocks and glass blocks produced by volcanic eruptions) that are less than 2 cm (0.079 in.) in diameter. Cement kiln dust is also suitable as a source of metal oxide waste, providing (for example) 27 201016599 as a source of di-cations and a source of proton-removing agents (5) and _. Cement... The cement captured in the ash-based dust collection system (such as a cyclone, electrostatic chamber, etc.) produces fine by-products, and the dust collection of each of them is suitable for use as the m-class of the metal oxide waste facial towel of the present invention. It is based on the cement kiln invention of different cement kiln procedures and two different dust collection procedures (receiving the feed in the form of decontamination). In each type of kiln, it can be fed in two ways: it is sent from the dust collection system closest to the kiln (such as Rotary 2): to, or to recover or discard the total amount of dust produced. Water ash reduction obtained by any type of dust collection system is suitable for use in the present invention. Xi Xi Li ash t learning and physical ship Yu Yu money manufacturing equipment used /, and the law. Cement kiln ash has a chemical composition similar to that of conventional Portland cement. The main components of cement are compounds such as lime, iron, stone and oxidation (iv). The concentration of the cement disguise to the lime is the highest in the coarseness of the kiln. As such, the coarse particles having a relatively free amount of free stone are particularly suitable for the method and system of the present invention..., and the fine particles which are likely to exhibit higher sulfate and/or metal concentration in cement fume include (for example) The above-mentioned fineness of cao is also suitable for the present invention. In the inability to divide (4) the coarse particles of cement fumigation and the 'kiln system', the total amount of dust will be south to free lime (because it will contain some coarse particles). This cement kiln ash can also be used as a metal oxide. Source of waste to provide divalent cations and proton filaments. As evidenced by Table 2 (Collins, RJ^ J. j Emery&gt; Kiln Dust-Fly Ash Systems 28 201016599 for Highway Bases and Subbases. Federal Highway

Administration, Report No. FHWA/RD-82/167, Washington, DC, September 1983), which lists the typical composition of fresh and stored cement ash, which has been stored and exposed to the environment for a longer period of time. Very little, if any, free lime or free magnesium oxide is present. As such, the fresh cement kiln ash system is superior to any ash ash that has been stored in the environment for any significant amount of time.

Chemical species fresh (%) - storage (%) Sample 1 Sample 2 CaO 40.5 31.4 44.2 Free lime 4:4 0.0 0.0 Si02 14.5 11.7 11.9 AI2O3 4.10 3.18 3.24 Mg〇1.55 0.97 1.73 Na20 0.44 0.13 0.27 4.66 1.65 2.92 ___Fe2〇3 2.00 2.16 1.45 S〇3 6.50 8.24 2.40 Combustion loss, 22.9 40.4 30.2 105°C Table 2: Typical chemical composition of cement kiln ash can also be used as a proton-removing agent (and source of divalent cations) to increase (for example) The pH of the precipitation reaction mixture of C Ο2. The slag can also be used as a proton-only remover or in combination with one or more additional proton-removing agents (such as other gold 29 201016599 oxide waste sources, supplemental proton-removing agents, etc.). Similarly, slag can also be used as the sole source of divalent cations or in combination with one or more additional divalent cation sources (e.g., other sources of metal oxide waste, supplemental sources of such divalent cations, etc.). Mines are produced by processing metal ores (such as smelting metal ores to purify metals) and can include magnesium oxides as well as iron, antimony and aluminum compounds. In some embodiments. The use of slag as a proton-removing agent or source of divalent cations provides an additional benefit by introducing reactive rhodium and alumina into the precipitated product. Slags that may be suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to, blast furnace slag derived from iron smelting, slag derived from arc or blast furnace treated steel, copper slag, nickel ore slag containing phosphorus slag. — Additives Additives other than proton-removing agents can be added to the precipitation reaction mixture to affect the properties of the precipitate produced. As such, in some embodiments, the additive is supplied to the precipitation reaction mixture before or during the precipitation of the precipitation reaction mixture under precipitation conditions. The trace amount of the specific additive is a specific polycarbonate polymorph. For example, a hexagonal calcite (a highly unstable polymorph of CaC〇3) that sinks in a variety of different forms and rapidly converts to calcite can be obtained by including traces such as, for example, gasification Obtained in high yield. Other transition metals and the like may be added to produce calcium carbonate polymorphs. For example, it is known that the addition of ferrous or iron ions facilitates the formation of disordered dolomite (formerly dolomite). 30 201016599 Method The method and system of the present invention provides a carbonate-containing composition which can be described in more detail below - containing dissolved carbon dioxide (eg, from an industrial waste stream containing (7)), and a second cation (eg, Ca2+, M 2+ ) 2: The aqueous solution of the proton removal method) and the proton-removing agent (or the source of the product), such as fly ash, bottom ash, steel ❹ 矿 ore (such as iron ore) The edge and the phosphate-bearing ore can be the only source for the manufacture of the mtt valence metal cation. As such, in a certain f U embodiment, the only source of the divalent metal cation is selected from the group consisting of flying fire, bottom ash, and steel furnace. Burning ash. In some embodiments, the only source of metal cations is cement party ash. In some specific examples, the only source of divalent metal cations is shallow (eg iron ore, phosphorus/ Check). Sources of metal oxide waste such as combustion ash (such as fly ash, bottom slag, steel slag), cement ash or slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) can also be used to make protons of the compositions described herein. Remove the lie-only source. As such, some specific real-cut towels, f children go _ The source is selected from the combustion ash of the fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag. In some embodiments, the proton-removing agent is only 来 艺 妓. In some embodiments, the sole source of the proton-removing agent Slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus-containing slag). In some embodiments, 'the mineral content in the water is added by adding metal oxide waste sources such as burning ash (such as fly ash, bottom ash, steel slag), cement The kiln ash j mine (such as iron ore slag, containing slag mine collapse) to fresh water or steamed water, so that the water source is rich in divalent cations, wherein the fresh water or steamed water has low or no mineral content. In a specific embodiment, the metal oxide waste 31 201016599 source provides not only a divalent cation but also a proton-removing agent source. In some embodiments, the metal oxide waste source provides - a partial proton-removing agent, such as 10 % or less, 20% or less, 40% or less, 60°/. or less, 80% or less' and the remainder of the proton-removing agent (the method of proton removal) is as described herein Provided as described.

Water can be contacted with sources of metal oxide waste such as fly ash (e.g., fly ash) or cement kiln dust using any conventional experimental procedure to achieve the desired pH (by means of proton-removing agent addition) or divalent cation concentration. In some embodiments, the flue gas system from a coal fired power plant directly enters the sinking reactor without removing the fly ash in advance to avoid the use of electrostatic precipitators and the like. In some embodiments, the cement is ashed directly into the sink reactor by a cement kiln. In some embodiments, the previously collected fly ash can be placed in an aqueous precipitation reactor, wherein the fly ash is added in an amount sufficient to raise the pH to a desired value (eg, to induce carbonate-containing sediments) Precipitation) such as pH 7-14, pH 8-14, pH 9-14, pH 10-14, pH 11-14, pH 12-14 or pH 13-14. The pH of the fly ash-water mixture (for example) can be about pH 12.2-12.4. The pH of the cement kiln ash-water mixture can be about pH 12. In some embodiments, the metal oxide waste source is immobilized in a column or bed. In such embodiments, water passes or flows through an amount of ash sufficient to raise the pH of the water to a desired pH or to a particular divalent cation concentration. The immobilized source of metal oxide waste (such as fly ash) is suitable for mitigating the passivation of fly ash (eg, under immersion conditions, for example, CaC〇3 encapsulates fly ash in the form of CaC〇3); In some embodiments, it is desirable to passivate the fly ash (as described below). When cement kiln dust and combustion ash such as fly ash 32 201016599 contain significant values, they are considered to be extremely corrosive. Additional base can be obtained from the waste source-water mixture by removing the base and/or divalent cation value

And / or divalent cation values. For example, the waste source-water mixture can be contacted with a source of co2 (which forms carbonic acid in solution) to form a carbonated material containing a carbonated #5, which allows for the additional conversion of CaO to Ca(OH)2 and other divalent cations. . Likewise, the waste source-water mixture can be contacted with aqueous acids such as, but not limited to, HNO3, HC1 and HF. The use of acids such as HNO3 and HC1 acid to digest fly ash allows the use of more (70% or more) of the ca 〇 and MgO present in the fly ash. Digestion with aqueous HF acid allows more CaO and MgO to be used by reacting with the lithus and dissolving the resulting species. The reaction time and acid strength can be varied to increase or decrease the amount of CaO and/or MgO leached from the fly ash. In some embodiments, metal oxide waste sources such as fly ash or cement kiln dust may also be aged (i.e., CaO converted to Ca(OH)2, MgO converted to Mg(OH)2). Any conventional system or method can be used for the aging of combustion ash (such as fly ash, bottom ash) or cement ash. The source of the matured metal oxide waste can be achieved, for example, by a slurry retention cooker, a poly-boiler, a ball mill, or any combination or variation thereof. The selection of the curing device is the source of the metal oxide waste to be cooked. , water availability, space requirements, etc. For example, if the space is limited and the water system for curing is limited, it should be used. (4) _ The material is used on the day (4) and the ball mill is used. According to the source of metal oxide waste ^ Μ Μ 石灰 之 之 之 之 之 之 类型 类型 之 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditions), curing temperature, ratio of waste source to water, degree of turbulence during maturation, slurry viscosity, maturation time, and water temperature (before mixing with metal oxide waste sources). The type of water also has an effect on the ripening efficiency. For example, fresh water with a lower divalent cation concentration than seawater is more efficient at extracting CaO and MgO from fly ash; however, the type of water is generally considered; the traceability depends on the availability of the waste site. As such, the method of the present invention includes the improvement of such factors for timely ripening (i.e., to allow for the chronological ripening of industrial processes). The curing temperature (for example) can vary. In some embodiments, the curing temperature ranges from room temperature (about 70 T) to about 220 T. In some embodiments, the curing temperature is 70_100卞, 1〇〇_22〇卞, 120_22 (TF, 140_220卞, 160-220°F, 160-200°F or 160_185°F. Auxiliary heat is required When increasing the curing temperature (beyond the Ca〇 exothermic conversion to Ca(OH)2), waste heat from, for example, flue gas can be used. Other external heat sources (such as hot water) can also be used. In some embodiments, the curing pressure is from a normal atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar) to about 50 bar. In some embodiments, the curing pressure is 1-2.5 bar, 1-5 bar, ι_1 〇巴, 1〇5〇巴, 2〇5〇巴, 3〇5〇❹巴 or 40-50巴. In some embodiments, the curing system is under ambient conditions (ie normal atmospheric temperature and pressure) The ratio of water to waste source can vary. In some implementations, the ratio of water to metal oxide waste sources is 1:1 to L5; 丨: L5 to 丨: 2; 1 : 2 to 1: 2.5 ; 1 : 2.5 to 1: 3 ; 1 : 3 to 1: 3.5 ; 1 : 3.5 to 1: 4 ' 1 · 4 to 1 · 4.5 ; 1 : 4.5 to 1: 5 ; 1 : 5 to 1 : 6 ; 1 : 6 to 1 · 8,1 · 8 to 1: 1〇; 丨: 1〇 to 丨: 25; 丨: 25 to 1: 34 201016599 50; or 1 ·· 50 to 1: 100. Waste The ratio of source to water can also vary. In some embodiments, the ratio of metal oxide waste source to water is 1: 1 to 1: 1.5; 1 : 15 to i: 2; i: 2 to 1: 2.5 ; 1 : 2.5 to 1: 3 ; 1 : 3 to 1: 3.5 ; 1 : 3.5 to 1: 4 ; 1 : 4 to 1: 4.5 ; 1 : 4.5 to 1: 5 ; 1 : 5 to 1: 6 ; 1 : 6 to i : 8 ; 1: 8 to 1 : 1 〇 ; 1 : 10 to 1 : 25 ; : 25 to 丨 : 5 〇 ; or 1: 50 to 1 : 100 . In some embodiments, When the metal oxide 废弃物 waste source, such as fly ash, is fed directly into the immersion reactor, the ratio of waste source to water can be very low. In such embodiments, additional sources of waste (such as fly ash) can be used. The addition of the precipitation reactor to the ratio of the source of the waste to the water or the ratio of the source of the low source to the water can be ripened. The ripening time can also vary with the effect of the ripening efficiency. In some embodiments, the desired ripening time to complete hydration (eg, Ca(OH)2 from CaO) is between 12 and 20 hours, between 20 and 30 hours, between 30 and 40 hours. Between 40 and 60 hours, between 6 〇 10 and 100 hours, between 100 and 160 hours, between 1 〇〇 and ι 8 〇 hours and between 18 〇 and 200 hours. In some embodiments, the desired ripening time for completion of hydration is less than 12 hours, between 6 and 12 hours, between 3 and 6 hours, between 1 and 3 hours, or less than 1 hour. In some embodiments, the desired ripening time to complete the hydration is between 3 and 1 hour. In some embodiments, the curing time is between 15 minutes and 30 minutes, between 15 minutes and 25 minutes, and between 15 minutes and 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the curing time is between 5 minutes and 30 minutes, between 5 minutes and 20 35 201016599 minutes, between 5 minutes and 15 minutes, and between 5 minutes and 1 minute. In some embodiments, the curing time is between 1 minute and 5 minutes, between 1 minute and 3 minutes, and between 2 minutes and 3 minutes. Stirring efficiency can also be affected, for example, by eliminating heat and cold spots. It will be recognized that changing any of the ripening factors can alter other ripening factors such that each ripening procedure will vary depending on the materials available. As such, the ripening according to the present invention may exceed 10%, exceed 20%, exceed 30%, exceed 40%, exceed 50%, exceed 60%, exceed 70%, exceed 80%, exceed 90%, exceed 95%, exceed 97%, more than 98%, more than 99% or more than 99.9% Ca CaO present in the waste source is converted to Ca(OH)2. Likewise, the ripening according to the invention may be more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 3%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70°/. , more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 97%, more than 98 ° /. More than 99% or more than 99.9% of the waste materials present in the waste source are converted to Mg(OH)2. The higher the conversion rate, the more efficient the curing process. Metal oxide waste sources such as combustion ash, cement kiln dust or slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) can also be supplemented with divalent cations, including combustion ash, cement ash or mine collapse (eg A mixture of iron ore fishing and slag slag is used in combination. As such, in certain embodiments, the divalent cation source is a combination of a divalent cation source and a combustion ash selected from the group consisting of fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag. For example, the source of divalent cations can be a combination of fly ash and seawater. When a combination (such as a combination of combustion ash and another divalent cation source) is used, the combustion ash can be used in any order. For example, the alkaline solution may already contain divalent cations (e.g., seawater) prior to the addition of the combustion ash, or may be added to the slurry of fly ash in water prior to the addition of the cation source. In any of these specific embodiments, co2 is added before or after burning the ash, as described in additional detail below. Sources of waste such as burning ash, cement kiln dust or slag (such as iron ore slag, scaly ore and proton-removing agent supplement (4), including burning ash, cement kiln dust or slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus-containing slag) The mixture is used in combination. As such, in some embodiments, the proton-removing agent is derived from a combination of protons, deuteriums, and bottom red ash. Examples of proton-removing agents that may be used include oxides. (such as Ca〇), hydroxides (such as KOH, NaOH, brucite (10), etc.), carbonates (such as he 2 (: 〇 3), serpentine and the like. Also release vermiculite and magnesium to the reaction The serpentine in the mixture ultimately produces a composition containing carbonates and vermiculite (other than those found in the combustion ash). The amount of proton-removing agent added depends on the special properties of the proton-removing agent and the addition of proton-removing The volume of water to be added depends on the volume of the proton-removing agent. Electrochemical methods such as those used for proton removal are also used. Electrolysis can also be used. Different electrolysis procedures can be used, including the Castner-Kellner method. Electrolysis tank (diaphragm cdl) method and membrane cell method. Byproducts of hydrolysate (such as H2, sodium metal) can be collected and used for other purposes. When using a combination of proton removers (such as combustion) When the ash is combined with another proton-removing agent source, the combustion ash can be utilized in any order. For example, the divalent cation-containing solution can be tested prior to the addition of the combustion ash (eg seawater) or via additional proton-removing agents. Alkalinizing the slurry of fly ash in water. In any of these specific examples, as described in additional detail below, C〇2 is added before or after burning ash 37 201016599. As described above, the source of metal oxide waste is as Combustion ash, cement kiln dust and slag (such as iron ore slag, phosphorus slag) can be used in a variety of combinations with or without proton-removing combination. When (4) is used to de-sense (and the method of proton removal), supplement Proton-removing agents can also be used in any suitable combination. Some embodiments of the invention provide for the use of a combination of: artificial waste (eg, derived from Mingfan soil treatment). Red mud or brown mud) combined with commercially available tests (such as NaOH); artificial waste and electrochemical methods (ie, carbonic acid, cesium carbonate, salt), and naturally occurring sub-recording agents (such as serpentine) a combination of artificial ore; or a combination of artificial waste and municipal (4) and naturally occurring proton-removing agents, followed by conversion to serpentine ore and electrochemical methods, and the ratio of various methods of proton removal may be based on conditions and Usability adjustments 'for example' for the first five years of the use period of the Shendian factory, the waste of artificial waste and the naturally occurring proton removal _ combination, the combination of the conversion into the combination of 敝 (4) and the electro-chemical method of the silk f, etc. In the case of some of the specific examples, the proton remover (and the quality of the shirt _ face from the fly ash, 2 _ I go to the side from the waste silk (such as red mud), pain such as (10): = It is carried out by an electrochemical method. For example, a combination of a proton-removing agent and an electrochemical method is provided. Protons go __ from fly ash, 6 ()% protons;! waste (such as red mud) and 3 scorpion removal system by means of advancement. Partially specific _ provides a group of interesting electrochemical methods 38 201016599 In combination, the 10% proton-removing agent is derived from fly ash, 60% proton-removing agent is derived from naturally occurring mineral sources (such as dissolved serpentine) and 3 〇% proton removal is performed by electrochemical methods. Some embodiments provide a combination of a proton-removing agent and an electrochemical method such that for the first five years of use of the septic waste, 30% of the proton-removing agent is derived from fly ash and 7% of the proton-removing agent is derived from the mining program. Waste (such as red mud) and since the sixth year, 1%% proton remover is derived from fly ash, 60% proton remover is the result of the dissolution of naturally occurring mineral sources (such as serpentine) and 30% Proton removal is carried out by electrochemical methods. An aqueous solution containing a divalent cation (such as an alkaline earth metal cation such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) may be derived from C 〇 2 in such a condition that the divalent cation-containing solution is subjected to precipitation conditions (ie, based on, for example, pH permitting precipitation of one or more substances). Contact during the month 'J, during or after the month. Thus, in certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution is contacted with the C〇2 source prior to subjecting the aqueous solution to precipitation conditions that favor the formation of carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution of divalent cations is contacted with a source of C?2 and at the same time the aqueous solution is in a parenchy condition conducive to the formation of a carbonate and/or bicarbonate compound. In certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution is contacted with C?2 before or at the same time as the aqueous solution is subjected to precipitation conditions that favor the formation of carbonate and/or hydrogen sulphate compounds. In certain embodiments, the aqueous divalent cation solution is contacted with the c〇2 source after the aqueous solution is in a precipitating condition that facilitates the formation of the carbonate and/or bicarbonate compound. In certain embodiments, the divalent cation aqueous solution is contacted with the CO2 source prior to, simultaneously with, and after the aqueous solution is subjected to precipitation conditions that favor the formation of carbonate and/or carbonic acid carbonate compounds. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution containing divalent cations can be recycled more than once, wherein the first precipitation cycle primarily removes the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate minerals and leaves an alkaline solution to which additional divalent cations can be added. Carbon dioxide allows precipitation of more carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds when contacted with a circulating solution of divalent cations. It should be understood that in such cases, the aqueous solution may be contacted with the c〇2 source before, during, and/or after the addition of the divalent cation after the first precipitation cycle. In certain embodiments, an aqueous solution that does not have divalent cations or has a low concentration of divalent cations is contacted with CO 2 . In these specific embodiments, the water can be recycled or newly introduced. The aqueous solution containing divalent cations can be contacted with the C〇2 source using any conventional experimental procedure. When C〇2 is a gas, the contact experimental procedure of interest includes (but is not limited to) direct contact with the experimental procedure (such as bubbling co2 gas through an aqueous solution), parallel contact method (ie, one-way flow of gas phase and liquid phase) Contact between streams), retrograde method (ie, contact between gas phase flow and liquid phase flow in reverse flow) and the like. As such, for ease of use, contact can be accomplished via the use of a leacher, bubbler, jet Venturi reactor, sprinkler, gas filter, spray sparge, tray or packed column reactor and the like. . In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contact is achieved by forming a solution liquid layer with a flat nozzle wherein the C〇2 gas and liquid layer move in a retrograde, parallel or cross-flow direction or in any other suitable manner. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/158,992, filed on Mar. In some embodiments, the gas-liquid contact is achieved by contacting a solution droplet having an average diameter of 500 microns or less, such as 1 〇〇 201016599 microns or less, with a c 〇 2 gas source. In some embodiments, the coal contact system is used to accelerate the reaction of the carbon dioxide into the solution by accelerating the reaction; the coal may be an inorganic substance such as dichlorinated or tin or an organic substance such as an enzyme (eg, Carbonic anhydrase). In the process of the present invention, the water having a certain volume of c〇2 prepared as described above is in a carbonic acid sufficient to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate and a supernatant (i.e., a portion left after precipitation of the precipitate in the precipitation reaction mixture). The salt compound is precipitated under the ❹. Any conventional precipitation conditions can be used which produce a carbonate-containing precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture containing c〇2. The precipitation conditions include the physical environment in which the precipitation reaction mixture containing C〇2 is specifically adjusted to produce a precipitate. For example, the temperature of the precipitated reaction mixture containing CO2 can be increased to a level suitable for precipitation of the desired carbonate precipitate. In such embodiments, the temperature of the precipitation reaction mixture containing CO2 can be raised to a value from 5 〇c to 7 (TC, such as from 2 (TC to 5 (TC and includes 25 C to 45. (: When a predetermined set of precipitation conditions can have a temperature ranging from 〇.〇 to ❹ i〇oc, the temperature can be increased in a particular embodiment to produce the desired &gt; ing. In a particular embodiment, The temperature of the precipitation reaction mixture is increased by the energy produced by sources of low or zero carbon monoxide emissions (eg, solar energy sources, wind energy sources, hydroelectric sources, waste heat from carbon emitters). In an embodiment, the temperature of the precipitation reaction mixture may be extracted by the heat of the flue gas of coal or other fuel combustion. The pH of the precipitation reaction mixture containing C〇2 may also be raised to a suitable concentration for precipitation. The amount of carbonate precipitate. In such embodiments, the pH of the precipitation reaction mixture containing C 〇 2 is increased to a 201016599 basic value for precipitation, wherein the carbonate is superior to bicarbonate. Increase the pH to pH 9 or higher, such as pH 10 or Higher, including pH 11 or higher. For example, when fly ash is used to increase the pH of the precursor before the precipitation reaction mixture or precipitation reaction mixture, the pH may be about pH 12.5 or higher. The precipitation conditions for producing the desired precipitate may include the above temperature and pH, and in some cases, the concentration of the additive and the ionic species in water. The precipitation conditions may also include, for example, mixing rate, mixing forms such as ultrasonic and seed crystals, and coal contact. Factors such as the presence of a film or substrate. In some embodiments, the conditions of the sag include oversaturation conditions, temperature, pH, and/or concentration gradients or cycles or changes in any of these parameters. For the preparation of an experimental procedure for the inhibition of acid salt precipitates according to the invention (from the beginning [such as fly ash maturing] to the end [such as drying the precipitate or forming aggregates to form aggregates]) can be batch, semi-batch or continuous experiments Procedure. It should be understood that the precipitation conditions for the manufacture of a given sediment in a continuous flow system may differ from the semi-batch or batch system. As illustrated in Figure 1, the carbonated salt is killed after the precipitation of the reaction mixture. Separation of the precipitate from the reaction mixture (such as wet cake) and liquid separation. Shenyi can be stored before the separation and separation (such as by money); ^ ' ugly towel - period of time. For example, Shen Temple can In the range of 11: to 4 ° ° C 'such as 2 〇 &lt;:: to the pits stored in the upper liquid range from 1 in days or longer _ 'such as 1 to ig days or more. Sediment Separation from the coffee is a variety of conventional methods, including draining the water, draining the material, then draining it, decanting, filtering (such as gravity, _ air filtration,), centrifugation, or pressing It is achieved in any combination of 42 201016599. The separation of the whole water from the sediment produces a precipitate of wet cake or dewatered sediment. For example, US 61/170086, filed on 4/16/2009, As described in this article, liquid-solid separators such as Epuramat's Extrem-Separator (''ExSep") liquid-solid are separators, Xerox PARC's spiral concentrator or Epuramat's ExSep or Xerox Improvements in any of the PARC spiral concentrators are suitable for separating the precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture. ❿ ❹ In some embodiments, the resulting dewatered precipitate is then dried to produce a product (e.g., cement, pozzolan, aggregate, or non-reactive storage-stable C〇2 clamped product). Drying can be achieved by air drying the precipitate. When the sediment is air-dried, air drying can be carried out in a range from a few to 12 (rc temperature). In a specific embodiment, the towel is made by cold; the east view (ie green) is reached, wherein the cold beam sinks the temple, lowers the Pressure and add enough fine to make the sinking; the bundle of water directly (four) to the gas. In another - the specific implementation of the financial system is sprayed dry to the disintegration, the towel of the new deposit (four) is the basin of health == The waste gas stream of the power plant is dried and 'wherein the μ is introduced into the main drying chamber via the atomizer and is passed through the enthalpy or the reverse (4) direction of the atomizer. The experimental procedure for the drying of the parasitic and genus mosquitoes (4) may include (4) components, cold-wet structure, spray-dried structural materials. In the case of (4) the actual waste towel from the 2 plant or similar operation waste heat can be used to complete the drying step two cases of paralysis, in some specific examples, by increasing the temperature (such as by the power plant heat), pressure or a combination thereof Use to make aggregates. After the separation of the condensate and the supernatant, the separation is further processed if necessary. 43 201016599 Picide 'However' simply transports the sediment to the site to effectively clamp c〇2 with the long-term reservoir. For example, carbonate-containing deposits can be transported juxtaposed, long-term storage locations such as above ground (in the form of a stable co2 clamp), underground, deep sea, etc. If necessary, the resulting supernatant or precipitate slurry can also be treated. For example, the supernatant or slurry can be returned to a source containing divalent cation water (such as the ocean) or another location. In some embodiments, the supernatant can be contacted with a source of co2 to sweeten additional co2 as described above. For example, in the specific embodiment of the upper liquid to the sea, the upper liquid can be increased in %, and the concentration of carbonate ions in the upper liquid is in contact with the source of C02. As described above, the contact can be performed using any conventional experimental procedure. In certain embodiments, the supernatant has a basic pH and is contacted with a C〇2 source in a manner sufficient to reduce the pH to a range between pH 5 and 9, pH 8.5 to 8.5 or pH 7.5 to 8.2. . The process of the invention can be carried out on land (e.g., where it is suitable for the presence of a source of divalent cations or where it is readily and economically transportable), sea, ocean or another naturally occurring or artificial divalent cation-containing liquid. In some specific embodiments, a system is used to perform the above methods, wherein such systems include those described in more detail below. In some embodiments of the invention, fly ash is used as the sole or primary source for the precipitation of divalent cations and/or proton-removing agents containing carbonate precipitates. In such embodiments, the ash may be aged by water (eg, fresh water, sea water, brine) to produce a mixture of cooked fly ash, wherein the mash of the cooked fly ash mixture may only be pH 7-14, pH 8-14, pH 9 -14, pH 10-14, pH 11-U, 44 201016599 pH 12-14 or pH 13-14. To optimize the extraction and conversion of ca(R) to Ca(OH)2, high shear mixing and/or wet milling can be used to open the fly ash balls for use in CaO. High shear mixing and/or wet milling provides stronger cement, pozzolan and related end products in addition to the ca〇 trapped in the fly ash substrate (e.g., Si〇2 substrate). After high shear mixing and/or wet milling, the cooked fly ash mixture is contacted with a source of carbon dioxide such as flue gas from a coal fired power plant or cement kiln exhaust. Any of the above various gas-liquid connection test procedures can be utilized. The gas-liquid contact was continued until the pH of the precipitation reaction mixture was fixed at about 6.8, after which the precipitation reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The rate at which the pH drops to 6.8 can be controlled by adding supplemental fly ash during gas-liquid contact. In addition, supplemental fly ash can be added after spraying to raise the pH back to the part of the temple or to the full extent of the sink. In any case, the precipitate may form after removal of protons from a particular species (e.g., citric acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine) in the precipitation reaction mixture. The precipitate containing the carbonate and the ruthenium containing compound is then separated and further processed as appropriate. As noted above, in certain embodiments of the invention, fly ash is used as the sole or primary source of precipitated divalent cations and/or proton-removing agents containing carbonate precipitates. In such embodiments, the ash may be aged by water (e.g., fresh water, seawater, brine) to produce a mixture of cooked fly ash, and the pH of the mixture of the fly ash mixture may be pH 7-14, pH 8-14, pH 9 -14, pH 10-14, pH 11-14, pH 12-14 or pH 13-14. As above, the extraction and conversion of CaO to Ca(OH)2 can be optimized for high shear mixing and/or wet milling; however, after any additional treatment, fly ash can be separated from the fly ash mixture to produce fly ash. The slag and the solution containing the divalent cation 45 201016599 ion and/or proton remover for the precipitation of the carbonate-containing precipitate. The supernatant can then be contacted with a source of carbon dioxide such as a flue gas from a coal fired power plant or an exhaust from a cement kiln. The gas-liquid contact was continued until the pH was fixed at about 6.8, after which the precipitation reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The rate at which the pH drops to 6.8 can be controlled by adding supplemental fly ash during gas-liquid contact. Alternatively, supplemental fly ash may be added after the gas-liquid contact to raise the pH back to the alkalinity of a portion or all of the precipitate. In any case, the precipitate may form after removal of protons from a particular species (e.g., carbonic acid, bicarbonate, lithium) in the precipitation reaction mixture. The carbonate-containing precipitate is then separated and further processed as appropriate. For example, a carbonate-containing precipitate containing little or no sputum may be dried and used in the final product. The carbonate-containing precipitate may instead be recombined with the separated fly ash, wherein the precipitate and the fly ash are wet, dry or a combination thereof to produce a carbonate-containing mash. This material may have a pozzolanic property. In some embodiments of the invention, the fly ash system is used in combination with other sources of divalent cations and/or proton-removing agents for killing carbonate-containing precipitates. In such embodiments, the ash can be aged via water (e.g., fresh water, sea water, brine) to produce a mixture of cooked fly ash. A proton-removing degreasing agent is then added to the cooked fly ash mixture to produce a high pH cooked fly ash mixture, wherein the pH of the high-yield fly ash mixture can be pH 7-14, pH 8-14, pH 9- 14. pH 10-14, pH 11-14, pH 12-14 or pH 13-14 and the fly ash can be completely dissolved or dissolved to a certain extent. For example, the addition of a proton-removing agent can dissolve 75% fly ash. To aid in the dissolution of any undissolved fly ash, fly ash balls can be opened using high shear mixing and/or wet milling to provide smaller fly ash particles. After two-shear mixing and/or wet-grinding, the cooked fly ash is mixed. 46 201016599 The compound can be combined with a carbon dioxide source such as a flue gas or cement kiln of a coal-fired power plant.

废气 The exhaust gas is in contact. Any of the above various gas-liquid contact experimental procedures can be utilized. Continue gas-liquid contact until the pH is fixed at about 68, after which the precipitation reaction mixture is stirred overnight to a rate of 68. It can be controlled during gas-liquid contact by adding supplemental fly ash or another supplemental proton remover. . Alternatively, supplemental fly ash may be added after the gas-liquid contact to increase the alkalinity of a portion or all of the precipitate back to the precipitate. In any case, the precipitate may form after removal of protons from a particular species (e.g., carbonic acid, bicarbonate, hydrazine) in the precipitation reaction mixture. The carbonate-containing and cerium-containing compound precipitate is then separated and further processed as appropriate. The present invention provides a method and system for producing a carbonate-containing composition from c〇2 using a source of metal oxide waste, wherein the eh can be derived from a variety of different sources (eg, industrial waste by-products such as combustion of carbon-based fuels by a power plant) Generated exhaust gas flow). As such, the present invention provides for the removal or separation of c〇2 from the c〇2 source of exhaust gas and the fixation of c〇2 to a non-gaseous storage stable form (eg, for the construction of a junction frequency such as (4) a filament structure (10) to the structure itself ), so that C〇2 cannot escape into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the present invention provides an effective method for the sweet (7) 2 and long-term storage of the C 〇 2 in the usable product. Precipitates in a stable storage form (which may simply be dry sinks) are stored monthly under ground exposure conditions (ie open to the atmosphere) and for a longer period of time, women 1 year or longer, 5 years or longer, 10 years or longer, 25 years or longer, 5&lt;year or longer, 100 years or longer, 250 years or longer, 1 year or longer = leap years or longer, _〇, _ years or longer, or even even (10) years or longer without significant (if any) degradation. When the storage of the sinking material is stable, the type 47 201016599 is slightly degraded (if any) and stored at the normal rain water pH on the ground, such as the amount of degradation (if any) based on the c〇2 gas released from the product. Not more than 5%, and in certain embodiments will not exceed 1%/year. The stable form of the deposit on the ground is stable under a variety of different environmental conditions, such as temperatures ranging from •100 ° C to 600 ° C and ranging from 〇 to 1 〇 0%, wherein the conditions may be Windless, windy or stormy ◎ In some embodiments, the precipitate produced by the method of the invention is used as a building material (eg, a type of man-made structure such as a building, road, bridge, water, and the like) Constructing the material) so that c〇2 is effectively sweetened in the built environment. Ren 人造 artificial structures, such as foundations, parking structures, houses, office buildings, commercial offices, government buildings, infrastructure (such as roads; roads; bridges; bridges; walls; gates, fences and pillars and similar The matter is considered part of the built environment. The plasters of the present invention have been found to be used together in the construction of blocks (e.g., bricks) and to fill the gaps between the building blocks. In other applications, stucco can also be used to secure existing structures (eg, to replace the original plaster that has been compromised or invaded). In a particular embodiment, the carbonate-containing composition is used as a component of a hydraulic cement that solidifies and hardens upon combination with water. The solidification and hardening of the product produced by the combination of the precipitate with cement and water is due to the formation of a hydrate formed by the cement after the reaction with water, wherein the hydrate is substantially insoluble in water. Such a carbonate compound hydraulic cement, its method of manufacture, and its use are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/126,776, entitled "Hydraulic Cements Comprising Carbonate Compounds Compositions", filed on May 23, 2008; The disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Adjusting the main ion ratio during the sag can affect the nature of the sediment. The main ion ratio has a significant effect on the formation of polymorphs. For example, with the increase in the ratio of water in the town. #5, nepheline is superior to the low-magnesium calcite to become the main polymorph of the carbonic acid dance in the precipitate. At low magnesium: bismuth, low-magnesium calcite becomes the main polymorph. The rate of precipitation also has a great influence on the formation of the compound phase, the fastest of which can be achieved by the desired phase of the crystallization solution. If there is no phytocrystal, the rapid puddle can be achieved by rapidly increasing the pH of the sag reaction mixture, which produces a more amorphous component. The faster the reaction rate, the more the Shishi stone is combined with the carbonate-containing precipitate, the condition is that the vermiculite is present in the precipitation reaction mixture. In addition, the higher the pH, the faster the precipitation, resulting in a more amorphous sediment. In addition to the magnesium and calcium containing products of the precipitation reaction, compounds containing cerium, aluminum iron and other elements and (iv) villages are prepared by the process and system of the present invention. The preparation of such compounds may be desirable to modify the cement reactivity of the 含有:ϋ/殿物 produced by the procedure or to modify the properties of the cured cement and concrete prepared therefrom. In a particular embodiment of the invention, ash (as described in more detail below) is added to the reaction as a source of such additional reactants to produce a carbonate compound sink which contains one or more components such as amorphous rock eve Stone, non-曰曰 Besson-citrate, crystalline vermiculite, Wushixi acid, and dance alumite. In some embodiments the 'aggregation system is made from the resulting precipitate. In a specific embodiment where such a drying process produces particles of the desired size, the fabrication of the aggregate requires minor, if any, additional processing. In other specific embodiments, the conditions are further processed to produce the desired aggregates. Example 49 201016599 For example, the precipitate may be combined with fresh water in a manner sufficient to cause the precipitate to form a solid product. The metastable carbonate compound present in the precipitate has been converted to a fresh water stable form. By controlling the water content of the wet mass, the porosity and ultimate strength and density of the final aggregate can be controlled. Typically the 'wet cake will contain 40-60% by volume of water. For denser aggregates, the wet cake will contain &lt;50% water, and for the less dense filter cake, the wet cake will contain &gt; 50% water. After hardening, the resulting solid product can then be mechanically treated' such as crushed or comminuted and classified to produce aggregates of desired characteristics (e.g., size, specific shape, etc.). In such procedures, the solidification and mechanical processing steps can be carried out in a substantially continuous manner or at different times. In a particular embodiment, a large volume of precipitate can be stored in an open environment where the precipitate is exposed to the atmosphere. For the solidification step, the precipitate may be rinsed with fresh water or naturally deposited thereon in a conventional manner to produce a solidified product. The solidified product can then be mechanically treated as described above. After the precipitate is made, the precipitate is treated to produce the desired aggregate. In some embodiments, the precipitate may be left outdoors, wherein rainwater may be used as a source of fresh water to cause a stabilization reaction of the natural water to harden the sink to form aggregates. In an embodiment of a specific embodiment of the invention, the precipitate is mechanically dispersed in a uniform manner to a depth of interest, such as up to a depth, using a belt conveyor and a highway grader. 12 inches, such as 1 to 12 inches, including 6 to 12 inches. The dispersion is then rinsed with fresh water at a conventional ratio, such as one/half gallon of water per cubic inch of precipitate. Then, using steel rolls, such as those used for compacting asphalt, are squeezed several times to tighten the material. The surface is repeatedly washed on a weekly basis until the article exhibits the desired chemical and mechanical properties, at which point the article is mechanically treated by crushing into a polymer. In another embodiment of the invention, once the carbonate-containing precipitate is separated from the precipitation reaction mixture, it is washed with fresh water and then placed in a filter press h to produce a filter cake having 3G_60%. The cake is then produced in a model t using any conventional means, such as a hydraulic press, at a suitable pressure ranging from 5 to 5000 psi, such as 1000 to 5 psi, to produce a shaped solid, such as a rectangular monument. Then, the obtained solid is solidified by being placed outside, trapped in a chamber in which it is placed in a humidity and high inclination. Then, the obtained solidified solids are used as a building material itself or crushed to produce aggregates. The method of making such an aggregate is described in the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 2/475,378, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In the process including the use of temperature and pressure, it is generally dry before the water = Shen Temple cake. Then let Lai reduce - the combination of the touch and increase the temperature and ❹ ^ specific _ ° added water, temperature, pressure and storm, the combination of time and the thickness of the cake can be based on the composition of the starting material and the "people" "The fruit changes. This article describes a variety of different exposures of the temperature and pressure should be known to use any conventional method. - The demonstration of dry experiment is exposed to the thief for 48 hours, but for convenience, you can use the s, compare Small temperature and time, such as - shame it up to 3_% hours or even longer. The water system is added back to the desired percentage, such as to 1% _5〇%, such as 1%_1〇%, ^1&gt;2' 3'4'5'6'7, 8, 9 or 10°/. Weight/weight, such as 5% liters/weight, or 4-6% weight/weight, or 3_7% weight/weight. In some 51 201016599 In the case of 'the accuracy of the addition of water, as it is stored outdoors and exposed to the precipitation of the sky water, is not critical. The thickness and size of the cake may be adjusted if necessary. This thickness may be from 〇〇 in some embodiments. 5 inches change to 5 inches 'eg 0.1-2 inches or 0.3-1 inches. In some embodiments, the cake may be 0.5 inches to 6 inches or even thicker. The cake is then exposed to a higher temperature and/or pressure for a given period of time by any conventional means, such as in a plate press, using a hot platen. The heat of the temperature can be provided, for example, by the heat of an industrial exhaust stream such as a flue gas stream. The temperature can be any suitable temperature, in general, a thicker filter cake requires a higher temperature enthalpy; an example of a temperature range is 40_15 (rc) For example, 6〇_12(rc, such as 70-1HTC ' or 80-1〇〇. (:. Similarly, the pressure can be any pressure suitable to produce the desired result; exemplary pressure includes 1〇〇〇1〇〇 Pounds per square inch (psi), including 2 - 50, 0 psi, or 2 〇〇〇 _25 psi, or 2000-20,000 psi ' or 3 〇〇〇 _5 〇〇〇 (10) Finally, the time for pressing the filter cake can be any suitable time, such as 1-100 seconds, or 丨-丨 (8) minutes, or I % minutes ' or 2-25 minutes, or Mo, _ days. Then, The resulting hard piece may be cured, for example, by placing the face and bribe, by placing it in a chamber with high humidity and high heat. The cured hard sheet is used as the building material itself or crushed to make aggregates. One method of providing temperature and pressure is to stack the dried water thick plates. Example ^, in this method, as in [English] To 1 () sigh thick, or! ft to 1G ft thick thick plate with flue gas to dry water sinking: stacking thick plates to provide pressure; greater pressure is made by thicker thick plates such as 10 1000 sighs or even larger, such as 1 〇〇 5 〇〇〇 吸 。 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 The agglomerates or other rock materials are produced from the predetermined height of the layers as removed from the bottom by the bottom and processed as necessary. Another method of providing temperature and pressure is to use a press, as described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 12/475,378, filed May 29, 2000. It can be used in a suitable machine (such as a dust-plate press to use the program at the desired temperature (using a process such as flue gas or manufacturing).

The pressure is supplied at a desired time, such as the heat supplied by other steps of the electrochemical procedure. A set of rolls can be used in a similar manner. &quot;Li I Road is a higher temperature and pressure method by means of an E-extrusion device, such as a spiral extruder, which is also applied to the U.S. patent application filed on May 30 of the following year. ^ in. The barrel of the squeeze n can be charged at a high temperature, such as by a force sleeve; = the temperature can be increased by, for example, a flue gas or the like. Squeeze the name and name. Press the method of heating and drying the material before pressing. This pressure can be carried out by a compression mold, via a roller, via a roll having a shaped indentation (which can actually be miscellaneous), between the tapes providing compression, or any other coffee method. The over-molding mold 'make the silk to the pressed bamboo when forcing (4) through the mold to give any desired shape. In some embodiments, the carbonate minerals are mixed with fresh water, and then placed in a rotating spiral extruder with a surplus of two spirals and/or an outlet mold to assist in the light low temperature The material can be transported along its length and descended in the spiral to reduce the depth of the ', ', and. The screw and barrel of the extruder may additionally include a venting opening in the barrel 53 201016599 and a reduced pressure zone in the spiral that coincides with the opening of the barrel vent. In particular in the case of a hot extruder, the venting zone vapor is released from the input block to remove water from the material. The material of the spiral transport is then forced through the mold section to further extrude the material and shape it. Although any shape desired for the final aggregate can be made by adjusting the shape of the opening, a typical opening in the crucible can be circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, by any conventional method, such as by flying. The knife cuts the material leaving the mold to any conventional length. Typical lengths can be ο·〇5英轻6correction </ </ RTI> </ RTI> may be beyond their range. Typical diameters can range from 0.05 inches to 10 inches, although the diameter may exceed these ranges. The use of a hot mold section can further aid in the formation of the rotor by accelerating the conversion of carbonate minerals into a hard stable form. The scale mold can also be used in the case where the binder hardens or solidifies the binder. The hot mold section typically uses temperatures from 1 〇〇〇c to 600 c. The heat of the hot mold may be derived entirely or in part from the flue gas or other industrial gases used in the process of making the deposit, wherein the flue gas is first sent to the scale to transfer heat from the hot flue gas to the mold. In still other embodiments, the sink can be used in the fabrication of structures formed in situ or in a wish. For example, a road, paved area or other structure may be exposed to a natural supply by a deposit by a coating-layer deposit (as described above) on a substrate such as a floor, a road bed, etc. The water is produced, for example, in the form of rain or by rinsing and hydrating the precipitate. The hydration will solidify the structure into a structure that is formed in situ or in situ, such as a road, a paved area, and the like. This procedure can be repeated if it is desired to obtain a thicker in-situ structured layer 54 201016599. System The present invention further includes a system for performing the above method, such as a processing plant or a manufacturing plant. The system of the present invention can have any configuration that can implement a particular manufacturing method of interest. In a particular embodiment, the system comprises a source comprising a divalent cation aqueous solution, such as a structure having an aqueous input device. For example, the system can include a transfer line containing a monovalent aqueous cation solution or a similar feeder. In addition, the system will include a precipitation reactor for introducing water into the reactor under the conditions of the carbonate compound (as described above) and producing a sink and a supernatant. The chamber reactor can include any of a variety of different components, such as temperature regulating elements (such as designed to heat water to a desired temperature), chemically added elements (such as designed to introduce divalent cations, proton removers, etc.) Precipitation reaction ❹ mixture), electrolytic components (such as cathode, anode, etc.) and the like. The system additionally includes c〇2 source and metal oxide waste source and combines at a point before the precipitation reactor or in the precipitation reactor. A component of source and water (optionally containing an aqueous solution of a divalent cation such as brine or seawater). As such, the precipitation system can include, for example, a separate source of co2, wherein the system is designed for use in a particular embodiment of an aqueous divalent cation solution and/or a supernatant which is simultaneously contacted with a source of carbon dioxide during the process. This source may be any of the above items, such as waste feedstock from an industrial power plant. 55 201016599 Exhaust gas flow can be supplied by the factory to any sinking method used to transport the exhaust gas from the factory to the Shendian Factory; In some embodiments, the exhaust stream is provided as a gas delivery n (e.g., guide f) that is operated from a plant-site (e.g., a factory flue) to one or more locations in the shoal. The source of the waste New Zealand can be - the remote location of the waste gas source system - 1 inch or more away from the sink site, such as 10 miles or more, including 1 inch or more. For example, the exhaust stream can be transported to a sedimentation site by a remote plant via a co2 gas delivery system (e.g., a pipeline). The CO2 containing gas produced by the plant may or may not have been treated (eg, other components removed) prior to reaching the sedimentation site (ie, where precipitation and/or aggregate formation). In still other cases, the source of the exhaust stream is near the deposition site. For example, the sedimentation site is integrated with the source of the exhaust stream, such as a power plant that integrates a precipitation reactor to precipitate a sink that can be used to make aggregates; As indicated above, the exhaust stream can be obtained from a similar structure of a flue or factory. In these particular embodiments, a line (e.g., a conduit) is connected to the flue to allow gas to exit the flue via the line and to a suitable location in the precipitation system. Depending on the particular configuration of the precipitation system at the point of use of the exhaust stream, the source of the source of the exhaust stream may be different (e.g., to provide a waste stream having an appropriate or desired temperature). As such, in certain embodiments, it is desirable that the exhaust stream have a temperature ranging from 0 〇C to 1800 〇C, such as from 60 ° C to 700 C, the flue gas may be at the exit point of the boiler or gas turbine, the kiln Or at any location in the power plant or in the smoke that provides the desired temperature. If necessary, the flue gas system is maintained at the dew point (eg, above 125 °C to avoid condensation and related complexity. If the temperature cannot be maintained above the dew point, some steps 56 201016599 can be taken to reduce the adverse effects of condensation ( If the stainless steel conduit, fluorocarbon (such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene)) pipeline, water dilution and pH control, etc. are used, the conduit will not deteriorate rapidly. The system is used to manufacture the brine source of the carbonate compound composition. In the case of seawater, the input device communicates with the seawater source fluid, for example, the input device may be a pipeline or feeder from seawater to a roadbed system, or an inlet in the hull, such as the system being part of a ship, such as In a sea-based system, the system additionally includes a liquid-solid separator for separating the carbonate-containing precipitate from a reaction mixture for producing a carbonate-containing precipitate, such as the US provisional patent filed on April 16, 2009. Liquid-solid separators such as Epuramat's Extrem-Separator ("ExSep") liquid-solid separator, Xerox PA, as described in the application 61/170086, which is incorporated herein by reference. A modified version of either the RC spiral concentrator or the Epuramat ExSep or Xerox PARC spiral concentrator is adapted to separate the precipitate from the precipitation reaction mixture. In a particular embodiment, the separator is dried by A drying station for the precipitated carbonate mineral composition produced by the carbonate mineral precipitation station. As described more fully below, depending on the particular drying protocol of the system, the drying station may include filter elements, freeze-dried structures, spray drying Structures, etc. In a particular embodiment, the system will additionally include a station for the manufacture of building materials, such as cement or aggregates, from sediments. See, for example, May 23, 2008, titled "Hydraulic Cements Comprising Carbonate" Compounds Compositions, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 57, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. No. 56,972, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in It may exist on land or at sea. For example, the system may be secrets in the coastal area, such as near seawater sources, or even in a water system from a brine source, such as a sea pipe into an internal location in the system. The system can be a water-based system, ie a system that exists on water or in water. If necessary, this system can exist on ships and sea-based platforms. Figure 1 depicts burning coal and removing waste such as ash and sulfur. Typical power plant program. The coal 500 is combusted in a steam boiler 5〇1, which produces steam to drive the turbine generator and generate electricity. Coal combustion produces flue gas 5 〇 2 and fly ash ' where the flue gas 5 〇 2 contains C 〇 2, S 〇 x, Ν〇χ, Hg, and the like. Coal combustion also produces bottom ash 510 which can be sent to a landfill or used as a low-cost aggregate. Flue gas 502 flows through a separation device 520 (typically an electrostatic precipitator) to remove fly ash 530 from the flue gas 502. Depending on the type of combustion and the type of coal, the fly ash 530 can find valuable uses in concrete, but is more commonly buried. Fan 540 directs sulfur-containing flue gas 521 to FGD tank 550 and is treated by exposure to lime aggregate 553 made from water 551 and calcined lime 552. Lime calcination releases C〇2 to the atmosphere, thus releasing one mole of CO 2 for the lime produced for each mole. The lime 552 is combined with the SOX system derived from the flue gas 521 in the FGD tank 550 to produce gypsum (CaS〇4). Therefore, for each molecule of sulfur removed from the flue gas, 58 201016599 released a molecule of C〇2 from the dance and burnt lime to the atmosphere. The sulfur-free flue gas 556 is sent from the FGD tank 550 via line to the smog 560 where it is further processed to remove NOx, Hg, etc. prior to release to the atmosphere as a gas 580. Note: The gas 580 released to the atmosphere still contains most, if not all, of the co2 produced by burning 50 〇. Calcined lime slurry 553 reacts with sulfur-containing flue gas 521 in FGD tank 550 to produce a gypsum slurry 554 which is pumped into hydrocyclones 570 by pump 555. The hydrocyclone 570 removes water 571 from the slurry 554 to produce a more concentrated gypsum slurry 579 which is sent to the filter 58 for further water removal. The water removed in the hydrocyclone 570 and the filter 580 is sent to the recovery tank 572 where excess solids settle and are sent to the landfill 511. The wastewater 574 is discharged and a portion of the recovered water 573 is returned to the FGD tank 550. The cake 581 removed from the filter 580 is sent to the dry 583 and the water is removed to produce a dry gypsum powder 590. Gypsum powder 590 can be sent to landfill 511 or can be used to make building materials such as wallboard. Figure 2 represents an example of a specific embodiment of the invention wherein c2, fly ash, NOx, SOx, Hg and other contaminants are used as reactants for the carbonate compound killing procedure to remove and clamp these parts Into building materials, such as through its use in hydraulic cement. In this example, fly ash and bottom ash are used as reactants to lower the pH and provide favorable co-reactive cations such as chopped and Cui Lu. Coal 600 is combusted in a steam boiler 610, which produces steam to drive a 59 201016599 turbine generator and generate electricity. Coal combustion produces flue gas 602 and fly ash, wherein the flue gas 602 comprises CO 2 , SO x , NOx, Hg, and the like. In this particular embodiment, the coal used is a high sulfur sub-bituminous coal which is available inexpensively, but which produces a relatively large amount of SOx and other contaminants. Flue gas 602, bottom ash 610, seawater 620, and additional test source 625 in some embodiments are loaded into a reactor 63 of a carbonate mineral sinking procedure to produce slurry 631. Slurry 631 is pumped via pump 640 to drying system 650, which in some embodiments includes a filtration step followed by spray drying. Water 651 separated by drying system 650 is discharged with clean gas 680 that can be released into the atmosphere. The solid or powder 660 obtained from the drying system 650 is used as a hydraulic cement to make building materials, effectively clamping C〇2, SOx, and other contaminants such as mercury and/or N〇x in certain embodiments into the building. Environment. The following examples are presented to provide a complete disclosure and description of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and are not intended to be representative of the invention. Experiment. Efforts have been made to ensure the quasi-reduction of the numbers used (eg, quantity, temperature, etc.), but the errors and deviations of certain experiments must be stated. Unless otherwise indicated, parts are parts by weight. The molecular weight is the weight average molecular weight, and the temperature is the atmospheric pressure or near atmospheric pressure. [Embodiment] Example 201016599 The following analytical examples and their methods of use were used to characterize the preparation of the following examples. Coulometric: acidified liquid and solid carbonaceous samples with 2.0 N perchloric acid (HCIO4) to release carbon dioxide gas into the carrier gas stream and then pH3 before analysis with inorganic carbon coulometer (UIC Inc, model CM5051). The 3% by weight/volume silver nitrate was washed to remove any released sulfur gas. After the addition of the transition acid, the samples of cement, fly ash and seawater are heated and the heating block is used to aid in the digestion of the sample.

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ("BET") specific surface area: specific surface area (SSA) measurements were carried out by surface adsorption of dinitrogen (BET method). The dry sample SSA was prepared using a Micrometritics TristarTM II 3020 specific surface area and porosity analyzer after preparing samples using the FlowrepTM 60 sample degassing system. Briefly, 'sample preparation includes 〗 〖Study dry samples are degassed at elevated temperatures and exposed to a stream of dinitrogen gas to remove residual water vapor and other adsorbents from the sample surface. The flushing gas in the sample holder is then emptied and Q is cooled prior to exposure to the dinitrogen gas at a series of increasing pressures (related to the thickness of the adsorbent film). After covering the surface, the dinitrogen gas is released from the surface of the particle by systematically reducing the pressure in the sample holder. The desorbed gas is measured and converted to total surface area measurements. Particle Size Analysis ("PSA"): Particle size analysis and distribution are obtained by static light scattering. The dry microparticles were suspended in isopropanol and analyzed using a Horiba particle size distribution analyzer (LA_950V2 type) of dual wavelength/laser configuration. The Mie scattering theory is used to calculate the amount of particles that vary with the grain size of 1 cm to 1 cm. 61 201016599 Powder X-ray diffraction ("XRD"): Powder χ-ray diffraction with Rigaku MiniflexTM (Rigaku) to identify crystal phases and estimate the mass fraction of different identifiable sample phases. The dry solid sample was ground into a fine powder by hand and loaded on a sample holder. The x-ray source is a copper anode (Cu ka) driven at 3 volts and 15 milliamps. The χ-ray scanning system has a scanning rate of 2 ° 2 每 per minute and 〇〇 1 per step. The step size is 5_9. Sink inside. The X-ray diffraction pattern is analyzed by Rietveld using the χ-ray diffraction pattern analysis software JadeTM (9th Edition, Material Data Inc. (MDI)). Fourier transform infrared ("FT-IR") spectroscopy: FT-IR analysis is equipped with ❹

The Smart Diffuse Reflectance module was performed on the Nicolet 380. The weight of all samples was weighed to 3.5 ± 0.5 mg and ground with 0.5 g of KBr by hand and then pressed and leveled, after which FT-IR was inserted under a nitrogen purge for 5 minutes. The spectra were recorded in the range 4 〇〇 4 〇〇〇 cm -1 . Sweep Electron Microscopy ("SEM"): SEM was performed using a Hitachi TM-1000 tungsten wire bench microscope with a fixed acceleration voltage of μ仟V at 30-65 Pa working star force and a single BSE semiconductor detector. A solid sample was fixed on the stage using a carbon-based adhesive; the wet sample was vacuum dried to a graphite stage prior to analysis. Chloride concentration · Chloride concentration was determined in a Chloride QuanTab® test strip (product number 2751340) with a test range of 300-6000 mg chloride/liter in 100-200 ppm increments. Example 1·Fly Ash pH Study A·Experiment 62 201016599 In a glass beaker, a magnetic stirrer was used to continuously mix 500 ml of seawater (initial pH=8.01). The pH and temperature of the reaction were continuously monitored. Adding powder of type F fly ash (~10% CaO) incrementally balances the pH between additions. B. Results and observations: (The cumulative amount of fly ash listed is the total amount added to the experiment.) After adding 5.00 grams of fly ash, the pH reached 9.00.

Fly ash (g) pH 5.00 5.00 9.00 34.14 9.50 168.89 9.76 219.47 10.94 254.13 11.20 300.87 11.28 The pH of the seawater is more ash than steamed water. The initial increase in pH (pH 8 to pH 9) requires much lower fly ash than the subsequent increase in the same amount of pH. For most reactions, the pH is fairly stable at about 9.7. The rate of increase in PH increases after ~1〇. It is also worth noting that when adding fly ash, the pH begins to drop. This pH drop quickly overcomes the effects of calcium hydroxide. True = SEM image of the dried reaction slurry indicates that some of the fly ash balls may have partially dissolved. The remaining balls also appear to be buried in the possible cement. C. Conclusions In light (distilled) water, a small amount of F-type fly ash (&lt;1 g/L) was found to increase f pH仗7 (neutral) to ~u. The small amount of pH required is likely to be due to the unbuffered nature of the water in the steaming hall. The seawater is carbonated system 63 201016599 Highly buffered and therefore requires a much higher fly ash to raise the pH to a similar level. Example 2. Sediment using fly ash as source of divalent cations and proton-removing agents Experimental procedure A. Curing 1. The fly ash (322.04 g of FAF11-001) was weighed into a 500 ml plastic reaction vessel. 2. Add deionized water (320.92 g) to the reaction vessel so that the ratio of fly ash to water is 1: 1 3. Stir the resulting mixture until a homogeneous slurry is obtained. 4. Close the reaction vessel and seal with tape. 5. Rotate the slurry for 24 hours. B. Precipitation 1. Deionized (680 ml, pH 7.13) was added to a 2 liter plastic reaction vessel equipped with a large stirrer and stirred at 250 rpm. 2. Slowly add the matured slurry with stirring to produce a reaction mixture of about 320 grams of fly ash per liter. 3. Continue stirring until a stable pH (pH 12.40) is reached. 4. Add 15% of the C02 in compressed air at 64 201016599 using a sprayer (without obstructing the stirrer) placed as low as possible in the reaction mixture (C02: 0.4 scfh; compressed air: 2.1 scfh; total: 2.5 Scfh) 5. The reaction vessel is capped and leaves only a small opening for the gas piping and pH probe. 6. Monitor and record the pH for 5 hours.

7. After adding an appropriate amount of CO 2 to the reaction slurry (ie, 2Ox equivalent of CaO/MgO in the fly ash by XRF), stop spraying CO 2 (by removing the sprayer), seal the reaction vessel and allow at 250 rpm. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight under stirring. Gradually formed

Analysis 1. The pH of the precipitation reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 8.37 after stirring overnight. 2. Stop stirring and filter the precipitation reaction mixture 3. Dry the resulting precipitate overnight at 50 ° C. 4. Collect the resulting supernatant 1. By Coulomb method , SEM, TGA, FTIR and XRD analysis of Shen Temple. 2. Analyze the supernatant using alkalinity and hardness. Time (minutes) pH transmitted by co2 (mole) C〇2 (on/off) air (on/off) 0 7.13 0.000 off off 0 12.39 0.000 off off 0 12.40 0.000 off off 65 201016599 1 12.37 0.008 open 2 12.33 0.015 Open 4 12.27 0.030 Open 5 12.22 0.038 Open 7 12.10 0.053 Open 9 11.98 0.068 Open 16 11.51 0.122 Open 42 10.55 0.319 Open 51 9.93 0.387 Open 55 9.77 0.418 Open 115 8.66 0.873 Open 180 8.14 1.367 Off 230 7.60 1.747 Off 285 7.13 2.165 Off 345 7.31 2.620 Off Table 3: Reaction of Example 2 Overview Figure 3 provides an SEM image of the precipitate of Example 2 at magnifications of 1000, 2500x and 6000x. Figure 4 provides the XRD of the precipitate of Example 2. Figure 5 provides the TGA of the precipitate of Example 2. The Coulomb method indicates that the precipitate is 1.795% carbon. Example 3. Precipitates using cement kiln ash as source of divalent cations and proton-removing agents 66 201016599 Experimental procedure Α·Curing 1. The cement kiln ash (318.01 g) was weighed into a 500 ml plastic reaction vessel. 2. Add deionized water (319.21 grams) to the reaction vessel to make the cement kiln ash to water ratio 1: 1 3. Stir the resulting mixture until a homogeneous slurry is obtained. 4. Close the reaction vessel and seal with tape. 5. Rotate the slurry for 18 hours. B. Precipitation 1. Deionized water (680 ml) and cement kiln ash were mixed in a 2 liter plastic reaction vessel equipped with a large stirrer to produce a reaction mixture of about 318 grams of cement kiln ash per liter. 2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 250 rpm until a stable pH (pH 12.41) was reached. 3. Add 15% of C02 in compressed air using a sprinkler (without obstructing the stirrer) placed as low as possible in the reaction mixture (C02: 0.4 scfh; compressed air: 2.1 scfh; total: 2.5 scfh) 4. The reaction vessel is capped and leaves only the small opening of the gas piping and pH probe. 5. Continuously spray 15% of the CO2 in compressed air into the reaction mixture overnight. 67 201016599 6. Stop spraying CO2 (by removing the sprinkler), seal the reaction vessel and allow the precipitation reaction mixture to be mixed overnight at 250 rpm. Gradual formation analysis 4. The pH of the precipitation reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 6.88 after stirring overnight. 5. Stop stirring and filter the precipitation reaction mixture. 6. Dry the resulting precipitate overnight at 50 °C. 7. Collect the resulting supernatant. 1. The precipitate was analyzed by Coulometric, XRD, %CbSEM and TGA. 2. Analyze the supernatant using alkalinity and hardness. Time (minutes) pH transmitted C〇2 (mole) co2 (on/off) air (on/off) 0 12.41 0.000 off 1 12.41 0.008 on 2 12.37 0.015 on 5 12.32 0.038 on 65 12.32 0.494 Open 137 12.19 1.041 Open 177 11.30 1.344 Open 247 10.13 1.876 Open 298 9.25 2.264 Open 320 8.04 2.431 Open 68 201016599 356 6.93 2.704 Open 404 6.70 3.069 Open 539 6.71 4.094 Open 479 6.73 5.689 Open 1311 6.68 9.958 Off 2749 6.88 9.958 Off Table 4: Reaction of Example 3 Overview Figure 6 provides an SEM image of the precipitate of Example 3 at 2,5 放大 magnification. Figure 7 provides the XRD of the precipitate of Example 3. Figure 8 provides the TGA of the precipitate of Example 3. The Coulomb method indicated that the precipitate was 7.40% carbon. The soluble gasification (see above) in the precipitate is 2.916% soluble chloride. Example 4. Using cement kiln ash as a source of divalent cations and proton-removing agents. Experimental procedure L The cement kiln ash (80 g) was weighed into a 1.5 liter plastic reaction vessel. 2. Deionized water (1 liter) was added to the reaction vessel and the resulting mixture (pH 12.45) was stirred at 25 rpm. 3. Add 15% of compressed air to C〇2 (C〇2. sc.3 scfh; compressed air: 2.0 scfh, total: 2.3 scfh) by placing the spray on the bottom of the reaction vessel using the suction cup. • The reaction vessel is capped and leaves only a small opening for gas and pH probes. 5. Monitor and record the pH for approximately 4 hours. 6. Add an appropriate amount of c〇2 to the precipitation reaction mixture (i.e., 2x equivalents of CaO/MgO in the cement kiln dust as measured by XRF). The sample was gradually 1. The pH of the precipitation reaction mixture was measured after stirring overnight (see below). 2. Stop stirring and filter the precipitation reaction mixture. 3. The resulting precipitate was dried overnight at 40 °C. 4. Collect the obtained supernatant. Analysis 1. The precipitate was analyzed by Coulometric method, SEM and FT-IR. Figure 9 provides an SEM image of the dried precipitate of Example 4 at 2,500x magnification. Figure 10 provides the FT-IR of the dried precipitate of Example 4. The Coulomb method instructs drying of 7.75% carbon in the precipitate. Example 5. Measurement of δ13 of precipitates and starting materials (values in this experiment, a mixture of bottled sulphur dioxide (S〇2) and bottled carbon dioxide (c〇2) gas and as a source of metal oxide waste The fly ash is used to prepare a carbonate-containing precipitate. The procedure is carried out in a closed container. The starting material is a commercially available bottled S〇2 and C02 gas (S〇2/C02 gas or "simulated flue gas,"), Ionized water and a mixture of fly ash as a source of metal oxide waste. 201016599 The vessel is filled with deionized water. After aging, the fly ash is added to deionized water to provide a suitable precipitate for precipitation of carbonate containing no release. 2 to the pH (test) and divalent cation concentration in the atmosphere. Spray s〇2/co2 gas at a rate and time suitable for precipitating the precipitate from the test solution. Allow sufficient time to allow the interaction of the anti-components, Thereafter, the precipitate is separated from the remaining solution ("precipitation reaction mixture,") to produce a wet precipitate and a supernatant. The δ130 value of the starting material, the precipitate and the supernatant is measured. The fractionation system used is Los Gatos Research manufactures and utilizes direct The spectroscopy method provides snc and concentration data for dry gases ranging from 2% to 20% c〇2. The instrument is calibrated using a standard 5% CO 2 gas with a known isotopic composition and is travertine and digested with 2M perchloric acid. The measurement of C〇2 released by the IAEA marble #2〇 sample yields the value within the acceptable measurement error for the values seen in the literature. The c〇2 source gas system is sampled using the syringe. c〇2 gas = one gas dryer (perma) Pure MD gas dryer, model MD-110-48F-4 made of Nafi〇n8 polymer, and then enter a working bench carbon sales isotope analysis system. The solid sample is first heated perchloric acid (2MHC1〇4) The C〇2 gas system escapes from the closed digestive system and then enters the gas dryer. The gas is collected there and injected into the analytical system to produce δΠ (: data. Similarly, digest the supernatant to release C〇2 gas, then dried and passed through the analytical instrument to produce S13C data. Analysis of S〇2/C〇2 gas, metal oxide waste source (ie fly ash), carbonate precipitate and Shangcheng The measured values of the liquid are shown in Table 5. Δ13(: values are -15.881 and -11.701 respectively. The δ13&lt;: value of the two reaction products reflects S掺2/C〇2 gas 013C=-l2.45l) and the incorporation of fly ash, which is the fly ash in 71 201016599 Contains some carbon that is not completely burned into a gas 013C = -17.46 %.) Because the fly ash itself is a fossil fuel combustion product with a δ13 (: value, the total ^ 3 C value of the precipitate is reflected by the use of c 〇 2 Far from the δ C value of c〇2 itself. This example demonstrates that the &amp; 3C value can be used to identify the primary source of carbon in the carbonate-containing composition material. Atmospheric δ13 (: value (%〇) C〇2 source C〇2 source s13c value (%0) Source test δ13. Value (%〇) Shangcheng solution δ13 (: value (%0) sediment 513C value ( %〇) -8 S02/C〇2 Bottled gas mixture-12.45 Fly ash-17.46 -11.70 -15.88 Table 5: Value of starting materials and products of Example 5 (δ13(:) 实例 Example 6. Cement manufacturing Α. Cement #1 1 · Raw material sink: 1000 ml of sea water (ρΗ=8·07, D = 20.3. The tether is obtained from Santa

Cruz Harbor. 1 M NaOH was added dropwise to the seawater. Starting at about pH 1 〇, a precipitate formed as evidenced by the turbid reaction mixture. Despite the continued addition of NaOH, the pH did not increase above about pH 10.15. When the test is suspended 72 201016599, the pH drops to a lower pfj value. Upon addition of the test, the solution gradually became cloudy, indicating a gradual precipitation. After about 20 minutes, the pH stopped falling when the base was added. The precipitated reaction mixture was then filtered through a watman 410 1 micron filter and the filtrate was lyophilized. 2. Cement The lyophilized powder prepared by immersing freshly distilled water directly above to form a cement paste was mixed in an agate mortar and pestle for about 30 seconds until the cement paste had the viscosity of the toothpaste. The pH of the paste was measured using pH paper and found to be between pH 11 and pH 12. The cement paste was formed into a spherical shape and left in the mortar and sealed (with a mortar) in a resealable plastic bag for one day. One day later, the cement ball was hard and shaped like an egg due to collapse during drying. B. Cement #2 水泥 A cement powder consisting of amorphous calcium magnesium carbonate (AMCC), ash ash, hexagonal calcite and brucite (magnesium hydroxide) is formulated in the following mass ratios. 3 AMCC : 5 Shi ash : 7 hexagonal calcite ·· 〇.2 brucite. The AMCC is self-concentrating at ambient temperature to 46, a by-product of the Haishui Desalination Plant. The AMCC grade is based on the addition of sodium hydroxide to the concentrated aqueous by-product to increase the pH to above ii until the start of the sedimentation and the addition of sodium hydroxide to maintain the pH at pH u. AMCC Shenlin (4) Listen to cold Wei dry ^ for storage y. Ash is obtained from commercially available sources. 73 201016599 The hexagonal solution; the 5 series precipitates from 2 micromoles/kg LaCl3 stable seawater at a temperature of about 45C. The seawater treated by the desalination equipment has been warmed to 5-1G degrees than the new seawater. ^When necessary, it can be heated to the shirt before the seawater flows through the solar panel before the hexagonal calcite sinks. Brucite is also available from commercial sources. Water was added to the above mixture in a water:0.4:1.0 mass ratio (L/s = 〇4) to form a usable paste having an alkaline pH. The paste thickened after about one hour and solidified into hardened cement in 2 hours. The cement obtained more than 90% of its compressive strength in the next few weeks. ❹ C. Cement #3 Cement powder consisting of vermiculite, amorphous calcium magnesium carbonate (AMCC) and fly ash is blended in the following mass ratios: 4 vermiculite: 3 AMCC: 3 ash: 0.4 water town stone. The vermiculite is self-concentrated at 60 ° C to a by-product precipitation of 46,000 卯 1 salinity desalination plant. The seawater treated by the desalination equipment has been warmed 5-10 degrees above the new seawater. If necessary, before the precipitation of the meteorite, Additional heating is achieved to 6 (TC) by passing the water through the panel. The precipitation is increased by adding sodium hydroxide to the water to increase the pH to above 9 until the precipitation begins and sodium hydroxide is added to maintain the pH at pH 9. Induced by the system, the vermiculite precipitate is continuously filtered by the system and lyophilized for storage. ~ AMCC is precipitated by the desalination of the desalination plant concentrated to 46, 〇〇〇ppm salinity at ambient temperature. Sodium hydroxide was added to increase the pH to above 11 until the start of precipitation and sodium hydroxide was added to maintain the pH at pH 11. The AMcc precipitate 74 201016599 was continuously filtered by the system and lyophilized for storage. It is supplied from a coal-fired power plant source. Water is added to the above mixture in a mass ratio of 0.25:1.0 water:cement powder (l/s=〇25) to form a usable paste having an alkaline pH. Change after an hour And solidified into hardened cement in about 2 hours. The cement obtained about 90% of its compressive strength in the next few weeks. Example 7. Compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortar cube containing precipitates Preparation of hydraulic cement plaster The cubes are tested for compressive strength according to ASTM C109. As indicated in Table 6 below, the hydraulic cement stucco cubes are 100% OPC, 80% OPC4-1 + 20% fly ash, 80% 〇 PC4-1+20 %PPT Bu 80% OPC4-1+20%PPT 2 and 50% OPC4-1+50%PPT 2 were prepared, of which PPT1 and PPT2 were precipitates prepared as in Example 2. Blending of OPC and Shen Temple The system was dry mixed before mixing with water (\v/c = 0.50). 100% OPC was also combined with water at a water/cement ratio of 0.50. Time (days) Compressive strength (psi) 100% OPC 80% OPC4-1 +20% Material 50% OPC+50%PPT 2 Fly Ash PPT1 PPT2 1 1891 1470.7 N/AN/AN/A 3 2985.5 3128.8 2622.5 2790 1352.7 7 3959.8 3830.8 3674 3914.3 2458.3 28 5070.8 4752.5 5347.5 4148 4148 Flow 96% 99% 74 % 86% 92% 75 201016599 Sex&quot;—---- Table 6: Compressive strength and fluidity of hydraulic cement mortar containing sediments as evidenced by the data in Table 6. Like, compressive strength cement mortar containing hard water was of the house sink ships of equal or superior to the individual OPC hydraulic cement plaster. Example 8. Manufacture of aggregates from precipitates The steel mold of the Wabash hydraulic press (Model: 75-24-2 TRM; 1974) was cleaned and the platen was preheated to tie the platen surface (including the cavity and punch) to 9 〇. 〇 ® for at least 1 hour. The precipitate cake of Part Example 1 was dried in a baking tray at 40 ° C for 48 hours and then crushed and ground in a blender to pass the mill through a No. 8 sieve. The abrasive material is then mixed with water to produce a mixture comprising 9 〇 95% solids and the remainder being added water (5-10%). In the Wabash press, the 4, x8" mold was filled with a wet mixture of ground precipitates and a pressure of 04 tons (4000 pSi) was applied to the precipitate for about 10 seconds. Then the pressure was released and the mold was opened again. The sediment on the mold side is scraped off and moved to the center of the mold. Then the press is closed again and a pressure of 64 β is applied for 5 minutes. Then the pressure is released and the mold is opened again, and the sinking (now, collective) is pressed from the mold. The medium is removed and cooled at ambient temperature. The aggregate can be moved from the mold to the -11G〇c oven and dried for 16 hours as appropriate, and then cooled under ambient conditions. _, the above invention has been The description and examples are described in some detail for clarity of understanding, but in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, those skilled in the art can readily understand that the subject matter can be modified and improved without departing from the scope of the application. The spirit and scope of the patented scope. Therefore, the foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various configurations which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, The principles are included in their spirit and scope. In addition, all (4) and (4) m described in this article are intended to help the reader understand the principles of the present invention and the explanations provided by the inventors to promote the technology. </ RTI> </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; </ RTI> <RTIgt; It is intended that the present invention be construed as being limited to the invention The scope and spirit of the present invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims. While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art Example Modes &amp; For many skilled in the art, many variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur without departing from the invention. Various alternatives to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein may be used. The following claims are intended to define the scope of the invention and to cover the methods and structures and their equivalents within the scope of the claims. Brief Description of the Invention The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. Features and advantages of the present invention, wherein the accompanying drawings are: Figure 1 provides an overview flow diagram of an example of a power plant flue gas treatment using ESP and FGD. Figure 2 provides a power plant smoke utilizing a specific embodiment of the present invention. An overview flow chart of an example of a fluorochemical treatment procedure. Figure 3 provides an SEM image of the precipitate of Example 2 at magnifications of 1000, 2500x and 6000X^. Figure 4 provides the XRD of the precipitate of Example 2. Figure 5 provides the TGA of the precipitate of Example 2. Figure 6 provides an SEM image of the precipitate of Example 3 at 2,500x magnification. Figure 7 provides the XRD of the precipitate of Example 3. Figure 8 provides the TGA of the precipitate of Example 3. Figure 9 provides an SEM image of the dried precipitate of Example 4 at 2,500x magnification. n Figure 1A provides the FT-IR of the dried precipitate of Example 4. [Explanation of main components] 5〇〇 501 502 51〇 Coal Steam boiler Flue gas Bottom ash / boiler slag 78 201016599

511 Landfill 520 Electrostatic dust collector 521 Sulfur flue gas 530 Fly ash 540 Fan 550 FGD tank 551 Water 552 Burnt limestone 553 Lime slurry 554 Gypsum slurry 555 Pump 556 Desulfurization flue gas 560 Chimney 570 Hydraulic cyclone 571 Cyclone water 572 Recovery tank 573 Recovery water 574 Waste water 575 Tailings 579 Thick slurry 580 Filter 580 Contains CO 2 gas 581 Filter cake 582 Washing water 79 201016599 583 Dryer 585 Filtered water 590 Gypsum 600 Coal 601 Steam boiler 602 Flue gas 610 bottom ash / boiler slag 620 seawater source 625 additional source (optional) 630 reactor 631 slurry 640 pump 650 dry 651 water discharge 660 hydraulic cement 670 chimney 680 clean gas

Claims (1)

201016599 VII. Scope of application for patents: 1. A method comprising: a) contacting an aqueous solution with a source of metal oxide derived from an industrial process; b) charging carbon dioxide derived from a source of carbon dioxide from an industrial process into the aqueous solution; And c) subjecting the aqueous solution to precipitation conditions at atmospheric pressure to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate. 〇 2. According to the method of claim 1, wherein the source of metal oxides and the source of carbon dioxide are derived from the same industrial process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein contacting the aqueous solution with the metal oxide source occurs prior to charging the carbon dioxide source into the aqueous solution. ® 4. The method of claim 2, wherein contacting the aqueous solution with a source of metal oxide occurs simultaneously with charging a source of carbon dioxide into the aqueous solution. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein contacting the aqueous solution with a source of metal oxide, charging a source of carbon dioxide into the aqueous solution, and allowing the aqueous solution to be in a precipitation condition occurs simultaneously. The method of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the source of metal oxides and the source of carbon dioxide are derived from the same waste stream. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the waste stream is derived from a flue gas of a coal fired power plant. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the waste stream is derived from kiln exhaust from a cement plant. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the source of the metal oxide is fly ash. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the source of the metal oxide is cement kiln dust. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the waste stream further comprises SOx, NOx, mercury, or any combination thereof. [beta] 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides a divalent cation for making a precipitate. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide source and the aqueous solution comprise divalent cations for making a precipitate. 82 201016599 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the metal oxide source is fly ash or cement kiln dust. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the aqueous solution comprises brine, sea water or fresh water. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the divalent cation comprises Ca2+, Mg2+, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide source provides a proton-removing agent for making a precipitate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the metal oxide source provides a proton-removing agent after hydration of CaO, MgO, or a combination thereof in an aqueous solution. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides vermiculite. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides alumina. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides iron oxide. 83 201016599 22. According to the method of claim 17, wherein the red mud or brown mud from the aluminum soil treatment also provides a proton-removing agent. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the electrochemical method of performing proton removal is also provided to produce a precipitate. 24. The method of claim 2, further comprising separating the precipitate from the aqueous solution from which the precipitate is made. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the precipitate comprises CaC03. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the CaC03 comprises calcite, vermiculite, hexagonal calcite or a combination thereof. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising treating the precipitate to form a building material. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the building material is hydraulic cement. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the building material is agglomerated. 84 201016599 30. A method comprising: a) contacting an aqueous solution with a waste stream comprising carbon dioxide and a source comprising a metal oxide and b) placing the aqueous solution under precipitation conditions to produce a carbonate-containing precipitate. 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the waste stream is derived from a flue gas of coal-fired power generation rot: 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the source of the metal oxide is fly ash. 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the waste stream is derived from kiln exhaust from a cement plant. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the source of the metal oxide is cement kiln dust. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the waste stream additionally comprises SOx, NOx, mercury, or any combination thereof. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the divalent cation in which the precipitate is made is provided from a source of metal oxide, an aqueous solution, or a combination thereof. 85. The method of claim 36, wherein the aqueous solution comprises brine, sea water or fresh water. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the divalent cation comprises Ca2+, Mg2+ or a combination thereof. 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides a proton-removing agent for making a precipitate. 40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the metal oxide source provides a proton-removing agent after hydration of CaO, MgO or a combination thereof in an aqueous solution. 41. The method according to claim 30, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides vermiculite. 42. The method of claim 30, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides alumina. 43. The method of claim 30, wherein the metal oxide source additionally provides iron oxide. 44. According to the method of claim 39, the red mud or brown mud from the aluminum soil is also provided as a proton remover. 45. The method of claim 39, wherein the electrochemical method of performing proton removal is also provided to produce a precipitate. 46. The precipitate according to the method of claim 30, wherein the precipitate comprises CaC03. 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein CaC03 comprises calcite, vermiculite, hexagonal calcite or a combination thereof. 48. The method of claim 30, further comprising separating the precipitate from the aqueous solution from which the precipitate is made. 49. The method of claim 48, further comprising treating the precipitate to form a building material. ❿ 50. According to the method of claim 49, the building material is hydraulic cement. 51. According to the method of claim 49, wherein the building materials are grouped together. 52. A cerium-containing composition comprising synthetic calcium carbonate, wherein the calcium carbonate system 87 201016599 is present in the form of two or more selected from the group consisting of calcite, vermiculite and hexagonal calcite. 53. According to the composition of claim 52, two or more forms of calcium carbonate are calcite and vermiculite. 54. According to the composition of claim 53 of the scope of patent application, calcite and vermiculite are present in a ratio of 20:1. 0 55. The composition according to item 54 of the patent application, wherein the calcium carbonate and the vermiculite are present in a ratio of at least 1: 2 to the shixi stone. 56. According to the composition of claim 54 of the patent application, 75% of the stones are amorphous vermiculite having a particle size of less than 45 microns. 57. A system comprising: a) a ripener suitable for curing a source of metal oxide waste; b) a precipitation reactor; and c) a liquid-solid separator, wherein the precipitation reactor is operatively coupled to the ripener and A liquid-solid separator, and further wherein the system is designed to produce more than one ton of carbonate-containing precipitate per day. 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the system is designed to produce more than 10 tons of carbonate-containing precipitate per day. 88 201016599 59. The system according to claim 57, wherein the system is designed to produce more than 100 tons of carbonate-containing precipitate per day. 60. According to the 57th scope of the patent application, the system is designed to produce more than 1,000 tons of carbonate-containing sediment per day. 61. The system of claim 57, wherein the cooker is selected from the group consisting of a slurry retention cooker, a paste ripener, and a ball mill cooker. 62. The system according to any one of claims 57-61, which additionally comprises a source of carbon dioxide. 63. The system according to item 62 of the patent application, wherein the source of carbon dioxide is derived from a coal-fired power plant or a cement plant. The system of any one of claims 57-63, further comprising a proton-removing agent source. The system of any one of claims 57-64, further comprising a source of divalent cations. The system of any one of claims 57-65, further comprising a building material manufacturing unit designed to manufacture a building material from a solid product of a liquid-solid separator. 89