SU1753972A1 - Method of cultivating alfaifa for seeds - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to agriculture. Summary of the invention: Alfalfa is sown under the cover of phacelia. For the second and subsequent years, the area of the crop is divided into 3-4 plots. Phacelia is sown in 3–4 terms in 2–3 weeks alternately, alternately after the stripping loosening of the soil, and cultivated throughout the life of alfalfa. 1 hp ff,

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to guarantee the increase and stabilization of yields of alfalfa seeds over the years and to obtain a significant amount of honey from the same area.

Methods are known for the yield of alfalfa seeds, consisting in the intensification and improvement of the technological level and thoroughness of application of conventional agro-technical operations with rigorous consideration of specific conditions; in the breeding of insect pollinators, especially wild single leaf cutter bees, for which it is not difficult to pollinate alfalfa flowers, which have a specific structure with hard-to-reach nectar and pollen for the overwhelming number of species of common entomofauna.

The known methods of seed production of alfalfa blue-hybrid conjugates with considerable difficulties, since they are highly dependent on folding weather conditions, do not allow to increase high yields with their extreme instability or even the absence of any guarantees of obtaining at all. Success is not at all guaranteed even by irrigation in dry steppes, which are subject to sufficient water supply; These are the most favorable areas for the cultivation of Lucerne. The irrigation regime of seed alfalfa is very specific, since a significant decrease in soil moisture is required during the budding phase — the beginning of flowering (from 70–75 to 50–55% HB). At the same time, it is not easy to ensure an optimal irrigation regime in and of itself; however, even the timely cessation of Irrigation does not give any guarantees, since the loss of one or two unpredictable rains reduces the matter to nothing.

In areas with high precipitation or during rainy years in any region, alfalfa harvest is practically not formed, since many species of insects that are at least able to pollinate alfalfa and at the best of times reluctantly visit its crops, and at such times completely avoid them. In addition, in rainy weather, the number of pollinators decreases sharply, not only the larvae, but also adults die.

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It is also difficult to overcome problems with the introduction from other regions or the breeding of local species of wild single leaf cutter bees, which are best adapted to pollinating alfalfa flowers. In the foreseeable future, it is impossible, unfortunately, to predict a more or less large-scale solution of the problem with the help of these pollinators. Not only in the process of chemicalization that is not reduced, but also in the preceding years, along with the species of wild bees adapted to local conditions, the whole complex of the entomofauna with evolutionary connections established in it was destroyed. This alone makes it extremely difficult to introduce insect species from other regions of the globe. It is also a question of their adaptability to local ecotypes of alfalfa.

With the existing technologies of complete refusal in the foreseeable future from the use of pre-chemicals not only on crops adjacent to alfalfa, but also on its own, this process also holds back this process.

Reduces the efficiency of wild bees and the presence of flowering crops of other crops adjacent to the seed plants of alfalfa. Even wild solitary leaf cutter bees, as well as other insects, are easily distracted from alfalfa, if in the district there are flowering of crescent, espartit, sunflower, maize and other cultures. Under conditions of non-specialized crop production, large-scale seed production at large areas of seed plants and low concentrations of wild solitary bees, the calculation of their help becomes even more problematic. All this leads to the fact that even with artificial saturation of areas with wild single bees, in most cases the yield of alfalfa seeds does not exceed 2.0–2.6 centners per hectare without adequate stability and a guaranteed half of it. It is also extremely difficult in terms of organization to bring alfalfa seed plants to uncomfortable m, beams, etc. preserved places, where there is still a nest of insects that can pollinate this plant.

Honey bees avoid alfalfa crops. Only some young inexperienced individuals try to sneak into the flower and get nectar (they are not interested in alfalfa pollen) with great difficulty and painful efforts. Even with artificial saturation with domestic bees (bringing a significant amount of hives to alfalfa crops) of the expected positive This is achieved because the bee is not in a position to ensure the qualitative pollination of alfalfa due to the incompatibility of the nectar-producing apparatus with the anatomical structure of the flower.

Closest to the proposed method of growing alfalfa mixed with sainfoin. Seeding in alfalfa sainfoin is produced in order to attract domestic bees, since, as has already been emphasized, these insects are practically not visited, Esparsett, which has attractiveness for bees, makes it possible to produce honey from mixed crops. . At the same time, an increase in hay up to 3-24 centners per hectare is also achieved. The seeding rate of sainfoin seed for sowing in a mixture with alfalfa is reduced by half.

Blends of alfalfa and sainfoin are not widely distributed for a number of reasons. The desired increase in productivity is often not achieved due to the large biological and morphological similarity of crops and the uniformity of requirements for growing conditions. Plants belong to the same family of legumes, have the same type of powerful root system, consume nutrients and moisture from the same soil horizons.

Already this alone causes a strong competition for the elements of life support and mutual oppression of species. The presence of common pests and diseases exacerbates the cause.

Bringing domestic bees allows you to collect honey from mixed crops, but pollinating alfalfa flowers and forming a crop of seeds from this crop will not help. Esparcet completely drops out of the mixture in the second year of life and it is difficult, almost impossible, to re-add it to the alfalfa testis, since the espartset (like almost all other perennial legumes) requires deep tillage and subsequent development of the reservoir.

The purpose of the invention is to ensure the yield of alfalfa seeds, increase the yield of products (including honey), increase yield and environmental friendliness of production by improving the technological cycle with the involvement of pollinating insects, including domestic bees.

According to the proposed method, phacelia is used for sowing on alfalfa seedlings, the entomophilicity of which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of sainfoin, and even more so than that of alfalfa. Fazeli concentrates pollinating insects with large scales, removes them from other crops.

crops that bloom at this time. Among insects, there are many species that successfully pollinate alfalfa and then nest here, while domestic bees collect honey from phacelia, which is a honey plant.

Advantageously, phacelles are distinguished by unpretentiousness to tillage, which makes it possible to plant it annually in the seedlings of alfalfa for minimal treatments.

The essence of the proposed method is as follows

A perennial crop (alfalfa) and an annual honey bean plant are fed on the same area throughout the life of a perennial perennial, and the latter is sown annually with an interval of 2–3 weeks alternately in individual testis sites. Fatseli is very attractive to pollinating insects, including home bees, and due to this circumstance it is one of the best honey plants. The plant blooms intensively for 5-6 weeks and all this time concentrates a lot of insects on its crops. of various species In order to constantly have on the testes of alfalfa flowering herbalia of phacelia, the site is divided into 3-4 parts, in which the honey plant is sown at various times and with a certain time interval.

Fazeli, besides the noted qualities, in mixed crops are distinguished by good compatibility with other plants, including alfalfa, unlike sainfoin. In a mixture with alfalfa, this appears particularly clearly, since cultures have sharp differences in the structure of the root system, consume nutrients from different soil horizons, which minimizes competition and mutual inhibition in the process of growth and development.

An annual plant (phacelia) is pre-grown on perennial seed crops (alfalfa) throughout the life of the perennial to increase seed productivity and stabilize the seed yield of the latter.

In contrast to the prototype, alternate seeding of phacelia at different times several times during the vegetation period ensures the constant presence of flowering arrays, the intensive attraction of insects, the pollination of alfalfa, regardless of the cut, from which seeds are collected. Honey is continuously collected during the warm period. At the same time, domestic bees are mainly occupied with phacelia, and alfalfa

Others, more adapted to this culture, are pollinated. Fazeli is very attractive to pollinating insects, including domestic

bees, and by virtue of this circumstance, is one of the best honey plants. The plant blooms intensively for 5-6 weeks and all this time concentrates on its crops a large number of insects of the most

0 different types.

Example. Seed pods are laid by Lucerne and sown under the cover of phacelia in a wide variety method (70 cm inter-row) with a seeding rate adopted for the region

5 well prepared soil in early winter periods. Phselia seeding rate is 5-6 kg / ha. Cover culture (phacelia) is removed in the second half of the full bloom phase. Special attention is paid to

0 condition of the sub-cover crop - alfalfa. In case of absence of signs of its excessive oppression. Mown phacelia slightly later. Despite a slight decrease in the quality of green mass,

In 5 areas of phacelia that bloom for a longer time, a greater number of nests of useful pollinating insects are laid. Separate areas of phacelia do not mow until the end of bloom

0 (it is more simple and technological to leave skewed stripes up to 3-5 m wide) After harvesting the cover crop, strip cultivation of intergrowers is carried out (leaving the raw bands

5 with a width of 10–12 m) and under favorable folding conditions and powerfully with the development of alfalfa, phacelia in the cultivated areas are sown again. Alfalfa harvesting before leaving in the winter (for seeds in

In case of formation of their yield or green mass in those areas where the seeds did not have time to form, they are produced no later than 1.0-1.5 months before the end of the growing season so as not to weaken the winter hardiness of any crop. This is important, since there are possible plots with zavashimi, which provokes specialists to postpone the time of harvesting and wait for the maturation of such scarce semen.

0 Operations on the seed plants of alfalfa of the 2nd and subsequent years of life were as follows.

Early spring, alfalfa crops are treated with a needle gun (use

5 needle harrow BIG-3) If there is no danger of excessive loss of early-spring moisture, cultivation of the rows is also carried out, which contributes to good growth and development of the seeded phacelia. After the mechanical treatments, the area occupied by the testes is divided into 3-4 sections and the first one however, phacelia are sown with a seeding rate of 5–6 kg / ha. On other parts, depending on the folding weather conditions, sowing was carried out 2-3 weeks after the previous period, also after inter-field alfalfa treatments. The biological features of phacelia allow it to be sown from the earliest spring periods to mid-ma on non-irrigated lands (with irrigation and later with the opportunity to get a full harvest of seeds).

 Bulking and inter-row cultivations are carried out in alternation, so that on untreated strips the nests of beneficial insects, which are one of the important sources of reproduction of working pollinating insects, are not destroyed.

Alfalfa must be harvested for seeds when they are ripened without taking into account the state of herbage phacelia.

With an insufficient number of seeds of phacelia, their seeding rate can be reduced to 4.0 and even to 3.5 kg / ha (not lower). If in the year when the testes were laid, the alfalfa had to be sown without blood because of the absence of seeds of phacelia, then in the following years of the life of alfalfa it is quite acceptable that the phacelia under the proposed method. In case of severe contamination, the number of surface treatments of the testis before sowing phacelia (bigovations, cultivation, etc.) is increased.

The stabilization of the yield of alfalfa seed is confirmed by the fact that over a number of years their yield has not decreased less than 290 kg / ha. It is the stabilization of the minimum productivity at this level that is of paramount importance, since during these same years, in a whole number of zones, or not at all, the yield of alfalfa cultivated by conventional technologies was obtained, or its average level was 20-40 kg. / ha

The main results of the proposed method were obtained in the cultivation of alfalfa sinehybrid, but experiments were performed with alfalfa yellow, which also produced a positive effect. This gives grounds for clarifying that the proposed method is applicable to bluehybrid and alfalfa alfalfa, with

The good compatibility of phacelia with alfalfa and the absence of coexistence in the proposed method determine the successful cultivation of phacelia not only

on old-growth seedlings of alfalfa, but also its use as a cover crop on crops of the first year of life. The use of phacelia in the proposed method as a cover crop along with the protection of alfalfa from weeds ensures the production of up to 200 kg or more of honey per hectare. Fazeli contributed to the settlement in crops of the mass of insects, which also polluted alfalfa, sharply increasing

the possibility of obtaining its seeds in the first year of life, In addition, a nest was laid, which the following year was one of the main suppliers of pollinators. In the environmental aspect is necessary

emphasize that the presence of a huge number of beneficial insects contributed to the displacement of more harmful entomofauna, making unnecessary the use of dohimikatov.

Bean component - Alfalfa - Oblas:

gives outstanding phytomeliorative qualities and despite the significant intensification of land use while cultivating two crops on it, not only does not deplete the soil, but, on the contrary, increases its fertility. Alfalfa seedlings cultivated by the proposed method are one of the best predecessors in crop rotation.

Claims (2)

1. A method of cultivating alfalfa for seeds, including sowing in the early stages of alfalfa with an entomophilous culture, as used for phacelia, which is indicated by the fact that. In order to increase seed productivity and stabilize the yield of alfalfa over the years, alfalfa is sown under the cover of phacelia, and in the second and after-. the next years the area under crops It is divided into 3-4 sections where phacelia are sown alternately alternately after the strip loosening of the soil. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The fact that phacelia is sown in 3-4 terms in 2-3 weeks and cultivated during the whole period of cultivation of alfalfa.