SU1615783A1 - Device for displaying graphic information on tv indicator screen - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to computing technology, in particular, graphic information display devices, and can be used in information display systems of simulators for teaching the control of moving objects, in gaming machines, automated control or control systems, as well as in devices that require the synthesis of projection images. three-dimensional objects on a plane whose dynamics consist in the unrestricted movement and rotation of the image in real time at any angle around any of x axes of the three-dimensional coordinate system and the scale is changed as the object moves along the time axis. The purpose of the invention is to improve the accuracy of the device, which is achieved by introducing a functional converter 9 and corresponding functional relationships, as well as performing blocks 6,7 and 8 of coordinate calculation, which allows changing the order of formation of the projection of a three-dimensional object by converting the coordinates of more points of the surface an object that is presented with a greater degree of detail, which improves the accuracy of its display, 1 s.p. f.3 ill.

Description

SP

00

with

The invention relates to computing technology, namely to a graphic information display device, and can be used in information display systems of simulators for teaching mobile objects, in gaming machines, automated control systems or control, as well as in the device; Wahs that require the synthesis of images of projections of three-dimensional objects on a plane, the dynamics of which consist in unrestricted movement and rotation of the image in real time at any angle around any of the three axes of the three-dimensional coordinate system and changing the scale when the object moves along the axis of vision,

The purpose of the invention is to improve the accuracy of the device.

Fig, 1 presents the structural: heme of the proposed device; na) ig.2 - the scheme of the coordinate calculation block; in FIG. 3, a functional-ftoro converter circuit.

 The device contains a synchronization unit 1, a digital-to-analogue converter 2, a buffer memory unit 3, a memory unit 4, a comparison unit 5, a 6-8 coordinate coordinate unit, a functional converter 9, information input / output 10 of the device. ; Block 6 (7.8) of calculating the coordinates L contains switches 11–13, nodes 14– | 1b of memory and adder 17. I Position 18 denotes the output of the block, la positions 19 and 20-- controlling {and the information inputs of the block corresponding to Firstly

The functional converter 9 contains a switch 21, a memory 22, a binary multiplier 23, a counter 24, a decoder 25, a counter 26, a multi 1 plexer 27, a trigger 28, elements 29 and 30, a counter 31, a control input 32, an information input 33, the second output 34, the first output 35 of the block.

The memory unit 4 is a memory device organized according to the type 1D (unicast system), in which information about the surface of the displayed object, i.e. The coordinates of individual points of the object surface in space and their luminance code are recorded in each word of the memory block. Therefore, the volume of memory block 4 depends on the size of the displays.

five

object and its complexity The memory unit can be organized from operative, permanent, and reprogrammable memory devices, which is determined by the features of creating information support for the display device. If the displayed object is known in advance by the designer of the device and does not change during its operation, the use of permanent memory is recommended. If the image changes frequently or is not known in advance before operating the system, then the coordinates of the points can be calculated using the equations describing the object, put them into the external memory of the control route, and then rewritten into a memory block before changing the images.

In the device, the projection of a three-dimensional object onto a plane is performed by projecting all points of the object's surface onto the plane of the television raster, for which the coordinates of these points are converted to the coordinates of the television raster according to the following system of equations: X x cos (cosutz + cosO (j-XgCOSO (, Y cosO ( 2-ZoCos 3 Xo; YX cosfJ, + Y cosp2- -Z cos / 33- (1)

-x; cos | 3, -YoCOS 2-ZoCOsPs + Y (,; x Z cosj, + Y cos J4 + Z cosj -XpCosjj-Y COSJ -Z COSJJ + ZO, where the calculated X and Y coordinates determine the position of the object surface point on the plane of the television raster, and the Z coordinate is an order of its visibility with respect to the operator. Solving the problem of converting coordinates to the Forehead using universal computer equipment, provided that complex dynamic images are displayed in real time, either leads to the use of an unacceptably large amount of these tools or to use calculators with a whopping fast Procedure (about 100 mln.op / s), in communication with the device received the order sleduk tions converting coordinates of the points of the object surface and received tim its projection on the plane of a television raster.

During each cycle of phase change, the computer produces a partial solution of the system of equations (1), which consists in calculating the terms

unchanged during the formation of the projection of the object. According to the triggering of the trigger 28, the computer gives a signal; the results of these calculations at the device information input-output 10, the B-function converter 9, these data through the switch 21 are stored in the memory 22. These data are the initial conditions necessary for converting the coordinates of the object surface points. The initial conditions are stored in memory 22 until the next cycle of motion phase change and consist of nine pairs of words (cosoi ,, -Xgcosty ,,

COS () / 2, -Y (| cOSOC2; POPs (Ouse аС080 {з + Хд J

cos / ,, - XoCOsf3. J, -YgCOS i2; cosAj, -ZgCos | j + yg; cosj,,; cosj 2, -Y cosj ,, + Zo).

The functional converter 9 is based on a 1-DIFFLEX integrator, which is intended for the sequential calculation of functions

x cosO (, - XoCose / y; Y cos (x 2 -Y cosC / 2l

Z cosftf -ZoCOSt / i + Xo;

rl

ten

The time element continues to be in the state of a logical pool. Since the decoder 25 is built on isolating the state of a logical zero, a signal will be generated at its output, which enters the inputs of binary multiplier 23 and counter 24, sets these elements in accordance with the initial conditions received at their inputs 22. At this moment in time, the inputs of multiplier 23 and counter 24 are cos with values and -X jCosof, respectively (initial conditions for calculating the first function). With the arrival of the first clock pulse, the first output of counter 26 goes out of state logical ul and descrambler 25 removes the now cash setting initial conditions to permit the operation of the multiplier 23 which controls the velocity by integrating proportional trigonometric function m (in particular

25 point of time COSQ /,), and counters on 20

X cos | 3i-X | cos | ,; Y cos-Yg; / 2) the result of the integration is added.

moreover, the counting direction determines the sign of the trigonometric function, and the initial point of reference is the initial conditions entered into the counter from the memory output 22 (at a particular time -X coscx.,). Thus, synchronously with the clock signal at the output of the counter 24 after - /

. Z cos, -Z cosp5- Yo;

X cosi ,, j Y cosjj -YgCosj ,;

Z cosjj-Zocosjij-i-Zo;

where X, Y, Z are dT 0 30 to max, the value of the latter being determined by the size of the space in which the display object is recorded.

With the beginning of each cycle of movement phase change, the synchronization block 1 is generated. 35

the integer values of the variables x, y. or z, which at this time are formed on the first output of counter 26, the variables are changed 40 linearly from 0 to the n-th value, the latter is chosen based on the maximum size of the displayed object and a multiple of degree 2, the calculated values of virgins These functions are buffered in 45 nodes of RAM, located in blocks 6–8 of coordinate calculations, which are filled in succession. At the second output of counter 26, the number 50 of the calculated function is formed, which is the address of the initial the conditions of this function in memory 22 and at the same time the address of one of the nine memory nodes, which is buffered at 55 dan time. Selecting the appropriate memory node and writing into it the calculated values of the functions at the addresses corresponding to the values of the variables of these functions,

The signal goes from its third output to the control input of the functional converter 9, t, e, to the inputs of counters 26 and 31 and trigger 28. This signal converts to the state of logical1 0 zero all the outputs of the specified counters and to the state of logical units trigger 28, which by a signal coming from its second inverse output to the second input of element 30, prohibits the passage of a signal of the clock frequency F to the input of counter 31, the signal from the first output of the trigger 28 enters through the input-output 10 of the device into the computer and prohibits input of the initial conditions. This same input goes to the third input of the switch 21 and the second input of the And 29 element, as a result of which the switch connects the second output of the counter 26 to the input of the memory 22, and And 29 passes the signal F to the input of the multiplier 23 and the second input of the counter 26, all whose exits this mo

The time element continues to be in the state of a logical pool. Since the decoder 25 is built on isolating the state of a logical zero, a signal will be generated at its output, which enters the inputs of binary multiplier 23 and counter 24, sets these elements in accordance with the initial conditions received at their inputs 22. At this moment in time, the inputs of the multiplier 23 and the counter 24 are cos c, and -X jCosof, respectively (initial conditions for calculating the first function). With the arrival of the first clock pulse, the first output of the counter 26 goes out of state Well The decoder 25 removes these initial conditions, allowing the operation of multiplier 23, which controls the speed of integration proportional to the trigonometric functions (to a specific

time COSQ /,), and the counters on

the result of integration is dripping.

moreover, the counting direction determines the sign of the trigonometric function, and the initial point of reference is the initial conditions entered into the counter from the memory output 22 (at a particular time -X coscx.,). Thus, synchronously with the clock signal at the output of the counter 24 after - /

The values for

produced by a recording signal which. It is switched by means of multiplexer I-copro 27 at the input of the record of the corresponding I node. After the completion of calculating j of the required number of values of one I function, the second output of the counter 1 26 forms the number by which the second initial conditions are selected in the memory 22, and the multiplexer 27 selects the torsion node, at this moment the decoder 25 marks zero the state of the first output of counter 26 by a signal which, entering into multiplier 23 and counter 24, enters new ones; The initial conditions from memory 22, and the process of calculating and recording is repeated. After the calculation and recording of the last ninth function, the tenth address appears at the second output of the counter 26, which is postzt to the first input. . multiplexer 27, commutes the write signal to its ten output, from which it arrives at the second input of the trigger 28, transfer the last to, I state of logical zero, Logical zero signal from the direct first; trigger output 28 is fed to the input of element I 29 (prohibits the propagation of the signal F. to the inputs of the counter 26 and multiplier 23, thereby stopping their operation), to the input of the commutator 21 (where it switches to the initial conditions I for - i vanes the next phase of the motion of the image of the object) and in the computer (together in such a way about the readiness of the device to accept the initial conditions). The signal of the logical unit from the second inverse output of the trigger 28 comes from the second output of the functional converter 9 to control the inputs of the switches 11–13 of blocks 6–8, transferring them to the mode of receiving coordinates of the surface of the display object: memory This signal also goes to the second input of the element 30, which allows the passage of the signal F to the input of the counter 31. The address signals generated at the outputs of the counter 31 enter the first output of the functional converter 9 to the input of the memory 4, in which information about the surface of the object of display. From this moment on, the device changes from the mode of preliminary analysis of functions to the mode of formation of the projection

the displayed object. So, from the first output of the functional converter 9 to the input of the memory block 4, address signals began to arrive, which are a sawtooth code, the time variation synchronously with the clock frequency signal F ,, Under the influence of address signals during the formation phase the motion of the projection of the displayed object the contents of memory block 4 must be read in full. At each address in block 4 of the memory there is information about one point on the surface of the displayed object, namely: the code of the color and brightness of this point, the codes of its location

ordinate X

and Z in the three-dimensional coordinate system of this object. The code of the color and brightness of the object's surface point arrives at the address input of block 3 of the buffer memory, and the coordinate codes of the information inputs 20 of blocks 6–8, where Their conversion takes place to the coordinates of the television raster. Let us consider an example of the formation of the projection of a single point on the surface of a display object, the interaction of device blocks.

 Suppose that at the input of memory block 4, the address i of the object surface point arrives. Block 3 receives the color and luminance codes of this point; Pvj G; In / and b ;. At the same time, coordinate codes of the same point X, Y are received in each of blocks 6–8. z, which arrive at the address inputs of the first, second, and third memory nodes, respectively. By the value of the X / Y coordinates. and z. in the corresponding nodes, the functions calculated at the preliminary stage of the functional converter 9 are selected and added together in the adder 17. Thus, in block 6, the value of the X cosOif function, -XjCos (X |; from the second is the value of the Y cosiXj- functions) Y cosoifiJ from the third - the value of the function Z -cosO -ZjcosB {j + X0. The values of these functions are summed in the adder 17 and the output of block 6 forms the coordinate value Xj in the coordinate system of the television raster. In other words, block 6 calculates the expression X - x ( coso, + Y / cosQ / + Z coso / 3-X cos «| -Yj coscf -ZjCosof, + X g, which is the first in the system, of the three equations (1).

..9, 161

Thus, in blocks 7 and 8,

Y XJcos, + Y, coS | 2 + Z-cos, -X cos / 3, - -YoCosfJ -Z cos / i + YoJ

. c.osj, + Y "cosJi + Zlcosj x, cosj2-, -Zo,

which are the second and third in the system of equations (1), respectively. The calculated coordinates Xj and YJ from the outputs of blocks 6 and 7, respectively, arrive at the address inputs of block 3, and the coordinate Zj, from the output of block 8, to the information input of block 3 and to the input of the comparison block 5, then along the arrived coordinates X j and Y - to the address inputs of block 3 read the memory cell of this block, namely, the value of the Z | -h coordinate recorded earlier. If the value of Z ,, the transformed point of the surface of the object is less than Z.,. (previously recorded at the same address), this means that the latter is located farther from the observer along the line of sight, and then block 5 compares the signal to synchronization unit 1 for generating a color code recording signal and Z coordinate value to unit 3 and recording takes place. If the Z j value of the transformed surface point of the object is larger, then this means that the latter is closer to the observer, and the comparison unit does not issue a signal to the synchronization unit 1 for processing the recording signal. Block 5 is signaling. In the event that the value of Z comes from the output of block 3. This is cancerous because it means that not one of the points from the beginning of the formation of the current motion phase of the object began its surface has not been recorded. In this order, the other points of the object surface are recorded, the hacks are recorded in one part of block 3, while the other part is read at this time by scan functions synchronized with the unwrapping of the television raster generated by synchronization unit 1 from one part and the completion of recording points of the object surface to another part of block 3, its parts are changing functions, and the process resumes. When reading the motion phase of the displayed object from the output of block 3 to the din input: a digital-to-analogue converter, J5

578310

Caller 2 receives the color and luminance codes of this object, and a mixture of clock pulses arrives at the other input, resulting in the output of the digital-to-analog converter 2 and, consequently, the output of the device, a full television signal of the projection of the dynamic object 10 that can be connected to any color tv indicator to display it.

Thus, a projection image of a three-dimensional object onto the plane of the television raster is formed on the screen of a color television indicator 15. Only parts of the surface image of the object visible from the plane of the television raster are reproduced. When the object's coordinate system is rotated relative to the raster coordinate system, a corresponding change in the appearance of this projection occurs; similar to the rotation of the object 25 or its full-scale model in front of the camera lens. Moreover, the device provides a significant increase in the accuracy of the display of images of the projections of a three-dimensional 30 object onto a plane in real time, since the accuracy depends directly on the number of points that describe the surface of the displayed object, then to estimate the accuracy of the display determine the total number of surface points of the object, which can be displayed in real time by means of the known and proposed devices, taking as an example the object

mapping the sphere, specifically the earth's surface. A sphere has a minimum surface with a maximum volume of its internal space. 5 therefore, in a known device, when scanning a three-dimensional space (in which this sphere is recorded), the number of scanned extra points (not carrying information about the surface 0 of the object) is minimal.

-

In order to determine the size of the display object and the number of points on its surface, it is necessary to determine the dynamic parameters of the device, i.e. TC is the cycle of the phase change of the motion and the image, t is the cycle of the formation of the projection of a single point of three-dimensional space.

At. 10-2 s and ti 1,15 tO- c: 0 the total number of converted then; check is

N

66

 5.1-10

and the number of points from which the surface of the object consists of is equal to I Nn А-Ю, j the linear size of the object (diameter of the sphere) is equal to

D 2R 114 points.

The parameters of the sphere, the projection image of which will form the device with the same cycle of motion phase change are the following: we determine the time spent on preliminary calculations by the expression

t рр 9 -n-t4 0.5- с, х d 9 - the number of calculated functions; - the maximum value of the variable, ti, s - the time of calculating the value of functions for one variable, then the time of formation of the projection of the object I T (, TC-Cpr 59,510-5 s. f The cycle of formation of the projection of a single point; ; coordinates from block 4 of memory t ,,, time-; read values of functions from nodes: memories in blocks 6-8, addition time of results in adders 17 tg., reading time of contents of block 3, comparison time in block 5 comparisons t, and the write time in the block; 3 t3n.

I Taking into account the modern elemental base, these parameters will be as follows: I Tchtp Tchgo5ch, 3-10-8 s;

T2 7 10-8s; ., Then the total number of surface points of the object that the device can project in real time is

N

OB tu

5:10: 1 p 29.75

2

hence it is easy to find its linear size (diameter of a sphere)

29,75- „,, points,

which will be 3/5 of the entire screen.

With the same cycle of phase change of motion, it is possible to form an image of the projection of an object, the surface of which consists of 4-10 points, with its linear dimensions of 114 points, which

will be 1/5 of the entire screen at the same discretization of the television raster of 512x512 pixels. If we compare the display accuracy of the object by the total number of points describing its surface, then the display accuracy of the proposed device is 7.4 times higher than the known, and both devices have approximately the same hardware costs.

Claims (2)

  1. A device for displaying graphical information on a television indicator screen, comprising a synchronization unit, the first output of which is connected to the synchronous input of the buffer memory unit, the output of which is connected to the information input of the diffraction converter, the synchronous input of which is connected to the second output of the synchronization unit, and the output is the output of the device for connecting to the television indicator, the comparison unit, the output of the KOTopoi o is connected to the input of the synchronization unit, the memory unit and the units for calculating the coordinates, The first output of the memory block is connected to the control input of the buffer memory block, characterized in that, in order to increase the accuracy of the device, it contains a functional the converter, whose information input is an information input-output of the device, the first output is connected to the address input of the memory unit, and the second output is connected to the control inputs of the calculation units coordinates, whose information inputs are connected to the output of the patch unit, the outputs of the first and second coordinate calculation blocks are connected to the first and second address inputs of the buffer memory block, whose information input is connected to the output of the third coordinate calculation block connected to the first input of the block comparison, the second input of which is connected to the second output of the buffer memory block, the third output of the synchronization block is connected to the control input of the function converter. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the coordinate calculation unit contains three KONwyators, the first inputs of which are the control input of the block, and the second inputs  1615783 -14 inputs - the information input of the block G whose outputs are connected to the inputs of the switch outputs are connected to the input of the adder, the output of which is the memory of the corresponding memory nodes, the output of the block.