SK6056Y2 - Four-stroke internal combustion piston engines using fuel energy and energy exhaust - Google Patents

Abstract

Four-stroke internal combustion piston engine uses fuel energy and energy exhaust. Fuel energy is used as the current four-stroke engines with the fact that the exhaust stroke of the piston (2) in the cylinder (1) print out the hot exhaust gases through the open exhaust valve (7) in the expansion chambers (10). The second work process uses thermal energy of hot exhaust gases so that the compression stroke of the piston (2) prints of the cylinder (1) the expansion chambers (10) and compressed air. Growth pressures in the expansion of a mixture of hot exhaust gases, compressed air and steam mixture is forced to flow back into the cylinder (1), which pushes the plunger (2) and held the next working stroke.

Description

Technical field

The technical solution concerns four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, which are used as propulsion engines:

- in means of transport by road, rail and waterway,

- agricultural and forestry tractors and machines,

- in aviation for small aircraft and helicopters,

- electrical power, pressure fluid power generation systems for hydraulic systems of excavators, loaders, road, construction and agricultural machinery, and other industries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Reciprocating internal combustion engines are classified according to the type of fuel used:

- gasoline, which uses the energy of the gasoline fuel by its combustion and also fuels with similar properties to natural gas, propane-butane and others; ignition of the fuel-air mixture is realized by an electric spark of the spark plug,

- diesel, which uses diesel energy by burning it and also fuels with similar properties to biodiesel below. The heat obtained by compressing the air supplied to the cylinder is used to ignite the fuel-air mixture.

Depending on the operating cycles they are two-stroke, the working cycle takes one revolution of the engine crankshaft, or four-stroke, the working cycle takes two turns. According to the arrangement of the cylinders, they are in-line, V-shaped, horizontal, star-shaped. According to the size of the revolutions are:

- high-speed in the speed range from 3 000 to 17 000 rpm,

- low-speed in the speed range from 750 to 3 000 rpm,

- very slow-speed boat and high power ranging from 100 rpm.

According to the size of the performance are:

- miniature, to power aircraft, helicopter, locomotive, ship models, low power to power hand-held saws, drills, hammers, etc.,

- from 50 kW to 300 kW for cars, up to 1 000 kW for trucks,

- for higher outputs up to 10 000 kW and also higher outputs for stationary aggregates.

Piston internal combustion engines are mainly used as propulsion units:

- in the means of transport by road, rail, water or air,

- in construction and road machines, in agricultural machinery,

- in stationary propulsion systems, such as power packs, power pumps, compressors, etc.

A considerable disadvantage of reciprocating internal combustion engines is their low efficiency, reaching only 45% for the most advanced ones, and resulting from high thermal and mechanical losses. Conditions for efficient combustion process for produced piston combustion engines are ensured only in a very low working speed range, which is evident from the graphs of specific consumption of both petrol and diesel engines of cars A 160 with petrol engine and A 170 CDI with diesel engine. The main drawbacks of piston engines are the product of an outdated concept and lower efficiency. Inefficient use of fuel energy when higher fuel consumption at lower load and higher fuel consumption at lower load and high emission emissions are in operation.

The essence of the technical solution

Four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines, using both fuel and exhaust energy, in a spark-ignition or compression-ignition engine, with the efficient use of two types of energy in two types of single-cylinder operation.

The first four-stroke turbocharging process effectively utilizes fuel energy by burning a mixture of fuel and compressed air above the piston at top dead center. Fuel is injected by an injector into the compressed air in the cylinder above the piston at top dead center, as well as the current four-stroke piston internal combustion engines. The piston moves from the top to the bottom dead center in the cylinder as the fuel and compressed air expand; it is an effective stroke in which a pressure is exerted on the piston face by a force which acts on the stroke path during the expansion stroke and performs useful work.

At the next exhaust stroke, the piston in the cylinder moves from the bottom dead center to the top dead center and expels hot exhaust gases:

- into the expansion chamber with the exhaust flap closed; in the expansion chamber, the conveyed volume of hot exhaust gases compresses the piston with the spring by the first part of the volume of the expansion chamber,

- after opening the exhaust flap into the exhaust pipe.

When starting, starting, and subjecting the engine to an extreme load, the electronic control system repeatedly carries out only the first four-stroke turbocharged process using fuel energy.

The second four-stroke turbocharged process effectively utilizes the thermal energy of the hot exhaust gases that have been pushed out of the cylinder into the expansion chamber by an exhaust stroke, and the electronic control system ensures that:

- in a four-stroke turbocharging process that begins after the exhaust stroke, with the piston moving from top dead center to bottom dead center, and the cylinder is charged with air. At the next compression stroke, the piston moves from the bottom dead center to the top dead center, and air is compressed in the cylinder above the piston until the desired pressure is reached at the piston position 40 to 30 degrees before the top dead center. The electronic control system opens the exhaust valve through which the compressed air in the cylinder is forced into the expansion chamber with the exhaust flap closed. The expelled air initially has a higher pressure than the exhaust gas pressure in the expansion chamber and compresses the piston and its spring by a second portion of the volume of the expansion chamber. Upon reaching the top dead center position of the piston, the electronic control system injects pressurized fluid / air through the expansion chamber injector; it in the expansion chamber expands and increases the pressure of the expanding mixture, which compresses the piston and its spring up to the lower position where it engages a switch that locks the position of the piston at the bottom dead center. Further pressure build-up in the expansion chamber forces the expanding mixture to flow through the still open exhaust valve back to the cylinder where it pushes the piston moving from top dead center to bottom dead center, rapidly increasing the cylinder volume, reducing the expansion chamber pressure and firing the piston spring. the piston to the up position and push the expanding mixture into the cylinder. The piston in the cylinder performs a second working stroke without using fuel and without producing emissions. Another movement of the piston from the bottom dead center to the top is the expanded mixture with the still hot exhaust gas, as decided by the electronic control system, pushed through the exhaust valve:

- only into the expansion chamber and a further two-stroke working process will be carried out repeatedly, as this allows for a sufficiently high exhaust gas temperature,

- into the exhaust pipe after opening the exhaust flap.

In a two-stroke process that begins immediately after the expansion stroke of the piston has ended, after which the exhaust gases are moved into the expansion chamber by moving the piston from the bottom dead center to the top dead center and compressing the piston with the spring by a portion of its stroke. The electronic control system injects a pressurized liquid / air injection through the expansion chamber injector, which expands in the hot exhaust gases and increases the pressure of the expanding mixture, which presses the spring-loaded piston down until it engages a switch that locks the piston at lower dead center. Further pressure build-up in the expansion chamber forces the expanding mixture through the still open exhaust valve back into the cylinder where it pushes on the piston, which rapidly increases the cylinder volume, thereby dropping the pressure in the expansion chamber and compressed spring fires the piston to the up position into the cylinder. The piston moves from the top dead center to the bottom acting a second working stroke without using fuel and without producing emissions. The next movement of the piston from the bottom dead center to the top is the expanded mixture of hot exhaust gases pushed through the still open exhaust valve, according to the evaluation of the electronic control system:

- only into the expansion chamber and is ready to carry out another two-stroke working process, allowing high exhaust gas temperatures,

- into the exhaust pipe after opening the exhaust flap.

When starting, starting, and subjecting the engine to an extreme load, the electronic control system repeatedly carries out only the first four-stroke turbocharged process using fuel energy. When the control system evaluates that the necessary engine parts have reached the desired operating temperature, it then carries out a second working process that also uses the exhaust thermal energy efficiently.

In order to modify the diesel version of the engine, it is advantageous to enrich the injected liquid with urea, the benefit of which is a significant reduction in emissions (NOx).

Four-stroke internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy utilize an electronic control system for on-line coupled control, continuous monitoring and evaluation of process instantaneous status, data needed to control and efficiently implement a new two-work process concept using two types of energy .

The central control unit of the electronic engine control system has sensor outputs connected to its inputs to obtain information:

- the temperature and pressure of the oil, fuel, water supplied by the actuators (common rail),

- the amount of fuel delivered to the fuel injector,

- the amount of pressure fluid supplied to the expansion chamber injector,

- the amount of air for cylinder supercharging,

- the position of the crankshaft,

- for cooperating engine units: alternator for power generation, hydraulic oil pumps, pressure fluid pumps.

Actuators are connected to the outputs of the central control unit: fuel injection, water injection, exhaust valve and exhaust flap.

Central control unit of piston combustion engine control system:

- continuously process the information obtained from the engine sensors and the cooperating engine units with which it operates;

- make decisions on the basis of an evaluation of the requirements entered in the program or those expressed by depressing the accelerator of the means of transport,

- generates current commands for the system sub-controllers: actuator control units, fuel injection, exhaust valve opening and exhaust flap, which perform the required control unit functions.

The decisive benefits of the new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy are:

- significantly more efficient use of fuel energy,

- a significant reduction in fuel consumption, which can reach up to 40%,

- a significant reduction in the production of harmful emissions, which is produced only by every other four-stroke turbulent working process when it uses fuel energy,

- 100% reproducibility of control unit functions resulting from the use of digital control systems,

- Significant increase of efficiency by 20 to 25%, increase of technical parameters of the engine, easy reprogrammability of functions of the central control unit for further possible expansion and utilization of the system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Drawing number 1

It shows the specific fuel consumption - graphically produced and used four-stroke piston internal combustion engines of Mercedes cars.

Drawing number 2

A schematic of the main parts of a four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine that uses both fuel and exhaust energy in modifications to the petrol or diesel engine and effectively implements the new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy.

Drawing number 3

Diagram of an electronic control system for a four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine that effectively implements a new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy.

Drawing number 4

It shows an embodiment of the sealing ring of the new expansion chamber piston concept.

EXAMPLES

The basic design of a one-cylinder four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine using both turbocharged and exhaust-gas energy with a turbocharged engine modification process, shown in Figure 2, has the conditions to efficiently implement the new dual-energy process concept and to the energy of the fuel and the energy of the hot exhaust gases in one cylinder of a four-stroke piston engine and one expansion chamber located at the cylinder exhaust pipe and one crank mechanism.

The main engine parts are: cylinder J, piston 2, connecting rod 3 and one crankshaft crankshaft 4, intake valve with piping 5, exhaust valve with electronic control 7, airflow directions 8 of the air discharged from the cylinder at the second compression stroke of the piston from cylinder to the expansion chamber and the direction of flow of the expansion mixture from the expansion chamber to the cylinder 1, the fuel injector 6 into the cylinder, the expansion chamber 10 with insulation connected downstream of the exhaust valve, the liquid / air injector into the expansion chamber cylinder

15. piston of expansion chamber 11 with piston compression spring, piston end position switch at bottom dead center 12, exhaust flap 13, with electronic control that closes in the direction of arrow 16, exhaust pipe 14, and direction of exhaust gas flow in the pipe. In order to increase the efficiency of the expansion in the second process, a liquid is injected into the expansion chamber by the injector 15, which by its expansion significantly increases the pressure of the expanding mixture of exhaust gases and compressed air. To modify the diesel version, the liquid is enriched in urea for reduction (NOx).

Implementing two types of work processes that use both fuel and exhaust energy:

- The first process uses fuel energy in one cylinder with a four-stroke turbocharged process. During the exhaust stroke of the piston, the hot exhaust gases are conveyed through the open exhaust valve 7 in the direction of the arrow 8 to the expansion chamber 10 with the exhaust flap 13 closed.

- The second process uses the heat energy of the hot exhaust gas in a four-stroke turbocharged process. During the compression stroke of the piston 2, the air compressed in the cylinder 1 is conveyed in the direction of the arrow 8 to the expansion chamber 10 with the closed flap 13 being filled with hot exhaust gas. Their expansion presses on the piston of the expansion chamber U, which compresses its spring and increases the volume of the expansion chamber 10. Before reaching the position of the piston at the top dead center, the electronic control system injects the pressure liquid / air through the injector in the expansion chamber. The expanding mixture of hot exhaust gas, pressurized liquid / air in the expansion chamber exerts a pressure on the chamber piston, which compresses the expansion chamber spring to its lower dead center. The increasing pressure in the expansion chamber 10 forces the expanding mixture to flow back through the open exhaust valve 7 into the cylinder 1, where, by pressure on the piston 2, the second working process is carried out. By continuing the expansion of the hot exhaust gas / air mixture, its pressure increases and forces the mixture through the open exhaust valve 7 back to the cylinder 1 and pushes the piston 2 therein, which moves from top dead center to bottom dead center and rapidly increases cylinder volume and a compressed spring in the expansion chamber fires the piston 11 into the top dead center and expels an expanding mixture of hot exhaust gas, pressurized fluid / air from the expansion chamber through the open exhaust valve 7 into cylinder L

Upon completion of the expansion stroke, the piston exhaust stroke is expelled from the cylinder 1 the expanded mixture through the open exhaust valve 7 in the direction of the arrow 8 and after opening the exhaust port 13 to the exhaust pipe in the direction of the arrow.

Four-stroke piston engines using both fuel and exhaust power in one cylinder have an electronic control system for on-line coupled control, continuous monitoring and evaluation of process immediate status, data needed to control and efficiently implement the new concept of two types of workflow utilizing two kinds of energies.

At the input of the central control unit 30 of the reciprocating internal combustion engine, sensor outputs are connected to obtain information about:

- the temperature and pressure of the oil 32 supplied by the actuators of the exhaust valve timing control units 36,

- regulating the fuel supplied by the volume (quantity) injected into the cylinder 34,

- regulating the opening and closing of the exhaust flap 39,

- regulating the supply of pressurized fluid / air injected into the expansion chamber 37.

- regulating the volume of fuel 34 supplied to the fuel injector 6,

- the amount of air used to fill the cylinders and to compress the air in the cylinder,

- expanding fuel / air mixture at the top dead center of the piston,

- exhaust gases delivered to the expansion chamber,

- the amount of air at the end of the compression stroke during its flow into the expansion chamber,

- an expanding mixture of exhaust gas and pressurized liquid / air in the expansion chamber, as well as other sensor outputs: crankshaft position 41, cooling system, alternator for power generation, hydraulic oil pump, for lubrication, for actuators of the control system.

The main parts of the central control unit of a four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine, which effectively implements in each cylinder a new concept of two types of fuel-efficient high-pressure and low-pressure exhaust-gas working processes, are:

Fuel injector to cylinder 1, Pressure fluid / air injector to expansion chamber 10, Central control unit for four stroke internal combustion engine, Pressure fuel distribution, For fuel injectors, Fuel common rail, Exhaust valve oil pressure, Common rail oil ", Common rail water injection unit, fuel injection amount (volume) control, supply oil pressure control, for exhaust valve timing 7, pressure oil outlet valve 7 timing control, volume (volume) control unit injection water control, exhaust oil opening timing control 7 by pressure oil, supply oil pressure control, for exhaust blank timing 13.

flow of sensor signals as well as signals for performance of functions, crankshaft position sensor.

Central control unit 30 of a reciprocating internal combustion engine:

- continuously process the information obtained from the engine sensors and the cooperating engine units with which it operates,

- decides on the way / path it will implement to meet the program requirements and the requirements expressed by depressing the accelerator,

- implements the decision on the progress of implementation.

The central control unit 30 of the reciprocating internal combustion engine carries out: when starting and starting up the engine, all the functions necessary to carry out only the first working process in each fuel-efficient engine cylinder until the necessary engine parts have been heated to operating temperature.

The first working process starts by filling the cylinder 1 through an open intake valve 5, in which the piston 2 moves from the top dead center to the bottom and continues with the compression stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 1, in which the piston 2 moves from the bottom dead center to the top. Upon reaching the top dead center, the fuel injector actuator actuator control unit 36 injects fuel into the engine cylinder 1, with valves 5 and 7 closed as well as the exhaust port 13. The first working process ends with the exhaust stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 1. a valve 7 and a closed exhaust flap 13 into the expansion chamber 10 and these compress the piston 11 and its spring below the piston.

A second working process, which begins by filling the cylinder 1 through an open intake valve 5, in which the piston moves from top dead center to the bottom and continues by compressing the piston 2 in the cylinder 1, and after opening the exhaust valve 7 by the actuator control unit 36 When the top dead center of the piston 2 in the cylinder 1 is reached, the control unit 37 of the pressure / air injector 15 injects this into the expansion chamber 10. Expansion of the mixture pushes the piston of the expansion chamber 11 up to the bottom dead center. . The pressure increase forces the expanding mixture to flow back through the still open exhaust valve 7 into the cylinder 1 and to push the piston 2, which performs the second working stroke using only the energy of the hot exhaust gases. The second working process ends with the exhaust stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 1, by means of which the exhaust valve 7 is pushed through the still open exhaust valve 7 through the actuator control unit 38 into the exhaust.

The expansion chamber piston has a new seal ring design that provides sealing of expanding hot exhaust gases and pressure fluid / air in the expansion chamber. The seal is realized by a surface which results from the length of the sealing ring, which may be 75 to 85 percent of the length of the piston. The separating slot B is suitable for longer sealing rings and slot A is for shorter rings and higher pressures.

Industrial usability

A one-cylinder design of a four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine using both fuel and exhaust gas energy in a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine modification is shown in Figure 2. It illustrates a new concept of two types of dual-energy workflows implemented in each cylinder. Their use in single-cylinder or multi-cylinder versions is in all propulsion systems where piston internal combustion engines are now used which only use the fuel energy and allow the thermal energy of the exhaust gases to escape through the exhaust or only partially use it to power the auxiliary units.

Four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy in the modification of a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine are particularly useful in versions:

- in-line design with cylinder arrangement in-line,

- 'V' design with a cylinder angle of 30 to 90 degrees,

- the horizontal design has a roll angle of 180 degrees.

For product drive systems:

- passenger cars, vans and trucks and buses significantly reduce fuel consumption and, in particular, the production of harmful emissions from reciprocating internal combustion engines for which the EU is required to reduce harmful emissions:

- agricultural, forestry, construction and road machinery,

- stationary propulsion systems, standby power sources - generators of power generation, pressure fluid and compressed air,

- small transport and sport aircraft and helicopters.

Claims (5)

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 1. Four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy in a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine, characterized in that they consist of a cylinder (1) in which a piston (2) with a connecting rod (3) and a single-mechanism mechanism is displaceably disposed. a crank (4), the upper part of the cylinder (1) being equipped with an intake valve (5) of the intake manifold and an exhaust valve (7) of the exhaust manifold and a fuel injector (6), the exhaust manifold extending into the expansion chamber (10) with thermal insulation; in which a piston (11) with a return spring is situated, and at the bottom of the expansion chamber (10) a switch (12) of the lower position of the piston (11) is situated, above the expansion chamber (10) is a liquid injector (15) downstream of the expansion the chamber (10) is an exhaust manifold equipped with an exhaust flap (13), the expansion chamber (10) is insulated by thermal insulation and the operation of the engine is controlled by an on-line electronic control system. A four-stroke piston internal combustion engine using both fuel and exhaust energy in a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine modification according to claim 1, characterized in that they have an on-line electronic control system comprising a central control unit (30) connected to: - a fuel injector (6) into the cylinder (1), a pressurized liquid / air injector (15) into the expansion chamber (10), - with pressure fuel distribution (31), pressure oil distribution (32), pressure liquid / air distribution (33), - with fuel injection volume controllers (34), pressurized oil supply, for exhaust valve timing (7), opening timing control (36) of exhaust oil pressure valve (7), liquid / air injection volume (37), opening timing (38) an exhaust boss (7) with pressurized oil, supplied pressure oil (39), for timing the exhaust boss (13), - with a flow of sensor signals and function signals (40), and a crankshaft position sensor (41). Four-stroke internal combustion piston engines according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that they have an electronic system for controlling the opening and also the duration of opening and closing of the valves (7), the cylinders (1) and also the flanges (13). Four-stroke internal combustion piston engines according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that the expansion chamber piston has a new design sealing ring having a length of 75 to 85 percent of the length of the piston (2). Four-stroke internal combustion piston engines according to claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that they have the following combinations of designs: - in-line design with rollers in series, - 'V' design with a cylinder angle of 30 to 90 degrees, - lying with a cylinder angle of 180 degrees.