SK122011U1 - Double-stroke internal combustion piston engines using fuel energy and energy exhaust - Google Patents

Abstract

Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy. The first process uses the energy of the fuel, with the new cylinder charge pushing the hot exhaust gases through the open exhaust valve into the expansion chamber 10 by overpressure. The second process uses the thermal energy of the hot exhaust gases. The expanding mixture of hot exhaust gases and compressed air from the cylinder 1 flows from the expansion chamber 10 back to the cylinder 1 and presses on the piston 2, which performs the second working stroke.

Description

Technical field.

The invention relates to two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for spark ignition or compression ignition engines, which utilize the supercharged combustion process and the co-current flushing of the exhaust valve cylinders in the cylinder head, and are used in propulsion systems for vehicles, products and equipment in various industries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION.

We divide piston combustion engines:

1. Depending on the type of petrol used, which uses the energy of the gasoline fuel by its combustion and also fuels with properties similar to natural gas, propane-butane and others. Ignition of the fuel and air mixture is realized by an electric spark of the spark plug, and diesel, which use the energy of diesel fuel by burning it and also fuels with similar properties as biodiesel different types of biofuels. The ignition of the fuel-air mixture is based on the glow plug heat or the heat obtained by compressing the air supplied to the cylinder. .

2. Depending on the operating cycles, they are two-stroke, which utilize reversible or coarse flushing of the cylinders and their working process takes one revolution of the engine crankshaft, for four strokes, the working cycle takes two turns of the crankshaft.

3. According to the arrangement of the cylinders, they are in-line, V-shaped, horizontal, star-shaped, with counter-rotating pistons and a special design which determines their applicability

4. According to the magnitude of the revolutions are:

.-. Fast running in the speed range from 5,000 to 17,000 rpm, Slow running in the speed range from 750 to 5,000 rpm. very low speed and high power ranging from 50 to 150 rpm. / minute

5. Depending on the power output, they are: miniature for propulsion of aircraft, helicopters, locomotives, ships, low power for propulsion of hand-held saws, drills, hammers, etc., .-. Outputs from 50 kW to 300 kWfor cars and up to 1000 kW or more for trucks, .-. higher outputs up to 10.000 kW and higher outputs for stationary units,

6. Reciprocating internal combustion engines are mainly used as propulsion units:

.-. in road, rail and, in particular, propulsion systems of ships for their more efficient construction and longevity, .-. in stationary propulsion systems such as propulsion units for the production of electricity, for driving water pumps, compressors, etc.

A considerable disadvantage of reciprocating internal combustion engines is the low efficiency of the most modern ones, reaching only 45% and is due to high thermal and mechanical losses. Conditions for efficient combustion process for produced piston combustion engines are ensured only in a very low working speed range, which is evident from the graphs of specific consumption of petrol and diesel engines of MERCEDES cars A 160 with petrol engine and A 170 CDI with diesel engine shown in picture number first

and

7. Decisive shortcomings of reciprocating internal combustion engines: low efficiency resulting from outdated design, inefficient use of fuel thermal energy, considerable fuel consumption, significantly higher at lower load and lower at higher, significant emission of harmful emissions,

The essence of the technical solution.

Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines, using both fuel and exhaust energy in a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine, effectively utilize two types of energy in two consecutive two-stroke turbocharged workflows carried out in one cylinder by a single piston with piston rod, connecting rod pin crankshaft.

1. The first two-stroke turbocharging process takes place during the first crankshaft revolution as the piston moves towards the bottom dead center and the control system opens the exhaust valve and the piston uncoveres the air turbocharging holes which pressurize the burnt fuel / pressure mixture through the open exhaust valve. air from the previous working process. As the piston with lower dead center moves towards the upper piston, it closes the cylinder turbulence holes, and the control system also closes the exhaust valve, and the piston, when moving further towards the upper dead center, compresses the air over the piston to the upper dead center. Upon injection of fuel by the injector, the combustion of the fuel and the compressed air expands, which pressures the piston towards the bottom dead center and at the same time performs the first working stroke and effectively utilizes fuel energy by burning the fuel injector injected into the compressed air in the cylinder above the top dead center. .

2. The second two-stroke turbocharging process begins before the end of the first revolution when the piston, before lower dead center, reveals the holes for the introduction of a new air charge into the cylinder and the control system opens the exhaust valve. By pressurizing the new cylinder charge that flows into the cylinder from the chamber below the piston, hot exhaust gases are pushed through the open exhaust valve into the expansion chamber while pushing the expansion chamber piston toward the bottom dead center by a first portion of the piston stroke. After changing the movement of the piston from the bottom dead center towards the upper piston, the compression stroke closes the holes for the supply of new cylinder filling, the control system closes the exhaust valve and the piston compresses the air above the piston. When the control system evaluates to achieve the desired cylinder air pressure, it opens the exhaust valve and compressed air flows into the expansion chamber that is filled with hot exhaust gas and compresses the piston and its expansion chamber spring by the second part of the piston stroke. Prior to the top dead center position of the piston, the control system injects water with the water injector into the expansion chamber, which turns into steam and increases the efficiency of the expanding mixture of hot exhaust gas, compressed air and water vapor that exerts pressure on the expansion chamber piston. lower position. By continuing to expand the mixture of hot exhaust gas, compressed air and steam, the pressure builds up, forcing the expanding mixture to flow back into the cylinder through the open exhaust valve. It exerts pressure on the piston and pushes it towards the bottom dead center, which, when moving from the top dead center to the bottom dead center, rapidly increases the cylinder volume and the compressed spring in the expansion chamber fires the expansion chamber piston into the top dead center. valve into the cylinder.

As the mixture of hot exhaust gas, steam and air continues to expand, the piston makes a second working stroke by moving from top dead center to the bottom using the thermal energy of the exhaust gas.

When starting, starting, and subjecting the engine to an extreme load, the electronic control system repeatedly carries out only the first two-stroke turbocharged process using fuel energy. When the control system evaluates that the necessary engine parts have reached the desired operating temperature, it then carries out a second two-stroke supercharged process that also uses the exhaust thermal energy efficiently. In order to modify the diesel version of the engine, it is advantageous to enrich the liquid with urea, the benefit of which will be a significant reduction in emissions (NOx).

3. Two-stroke internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy utilize an electronic hose system for on-line coupled control, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the process's immediate state, the data needed to control and efficiently implement the new concept of two types of two kinds of energies.

3.1. The central control unit of the electronic engine control system has sensor outputs connected to its inputs to obtain information:

- the temperature and pressure of oil, fuel, water supplied by the actuators (common rail - oil, fuel and water),

- the fuel supplied to the fuel injector,

- the pressurized water supplied to the injector,

- air for cylinder supercharging,

- the position of the crankshaft,

- for cooperating engine units: alternator for power generation, hydraulic oil pressure pumps, cooling water pumps.

2.3 Actuators are connected to the outputs of the central control unit: fuel injection, water injection, exhaust valve, and exhaust flap.

3.3 Central control unit for piston engine control system

- continuously process the information obtained from the engine sensors and the cooperating engine units with which it operates;

- make decisions on the basis of an evaluation of the requirements entered in the program or those expressed by depressing the accelerator of the means of transport,

- generates current commands for the system sub-controllers: actuator control units, fuel injection, exhaust valve opening and exhaust flap, which perform the required control unit functions.

4. The decisive benefits of the new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy are:

- significantly more efficient use of fuel energy,

- a significant reduction in fuel consumption, which can reach up to 40%,

- a significant reduction in the production of noxious emissions, which is produced only by every other two-stroke turbulent working process when it uses fuel energy,

100% reproducibility of control unit functions resulting from the use of digital control systems,

- Easy reprogrammability of the central control unit functions for further possible expansion and use of the system.

Image overview.

Figure number 1.

Displays graphs specific fuel consumption graphically produced and used four-stroke internal combustion piston engines.

Image # 2

Diagram of the main parts of a two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine that uses both fuel and exhaust energy in the modification of a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine with co-irrigation cylinders having an exhaust valve located in the cylinder head. It effectively implements the new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy.

Figure number 3

Diagram of an electronic control system for a two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine that effectively implements a new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy.

Figure 4.

It shows a new embodiment of the expansion chamber piston seal ring.

EXAMPLES.

By analyzing the specific fuel consumption graph, we find that produced and used internal combustion piston engines during low load operation, with low mean effective pressure and low torque, have significantly lower efficiency and much higher fuel consumption. Graphs in figure no. 1 show the effect of a constant ratio of engine geometrical parameters and varying operating conditions for an efficient combustion process. The current state of specific fuel consumption of both petrol and diesel engines MERCEDES A 160-gasoline engine and A 170 GDI diesel engine is shown in the graphs.

The basic design of a two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion piston engine in a modification of a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine with a co-current flushing of cylinders and an exhaust valve located in the cylinder head shown in Figure 2 has the conditions to efficiently implement the new two-mode working and energy concept fuel energy and thermal energy of hot exhaust gases.

The main engine parts are cylinder / piston with piston rod 2 with pin 3 crankshaft with crank pin 4, exhaust valve with electronic control 7, fuel injector 6, expansion chamber with thermal insulation 10, expansion piston with spring 77 which pushes the piston into top dead center position switch, bottom dead center piston position switch 12, exhaust flow direction 8 from cylinder 7 to expansion chamber 10, and from expansion chamber 10 to cylinder 7, exhaust flap 73 is in the open position for exhaust to atmosphere in the direction of arrow 14 and the direction of rotation of the latch 16 to the closed position when hot exhaust gas expels a new compressed air cylinder cartridge 7 from the chambers 5 under the piston in the direction of the arrows into the expansion chamber 10. To increase the efficiency of expansion in the expansion chamber in the second process, liquid (distilled water) is injected into the expansion chamber by its injector, which by its expansion significantly increases the pressure of the expanding mixture of exhaust gases and compressed air. For the modification of the diesel version it is advantageous to enrich the liquid with urea, the benefit of which will be a significant reduction of emissions (NOx).

Main parts of the control system for on-line coupled control, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the immediate process state, data necessary for control and effective implementation of a new concept of two types of work processes using two types of energy to meet the required specified operational parameters for two-stroke internal combustion engine with supercharged combustion process:

The central control unit processes the information on a continuous basis and decides on the basis of it on the progress of implementation of the required operating parameters. The central control unit implements the required operating parameters efficiently through the actuator control units:

the magnitude of the speed for the desired power size, the magnitude of the power for the desired speed,

The main parts of the electronic control system are:

30. Central control unit for two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine;

31. Pressure fuel distribution, fuel injectors, common rail fuel,

32. Exhaust valve pressure oil distribution, common rail oil,

33. Pressure distribution system for injection into the common rail expansion chamber.

34. Quantity / volume / fuel injection control unit

6. Fuel injector 6 into cylinder 1,

35. Supply oil pressure control, for exhaust valve timing 7 36 Control of exhaust valve opening timing 7 by pressure oil,

15. Pressurized water injector into expansion chamber 10;

37. Quantity / volume / injection water control unit

38. Control the timing of the opening of the exhaust flap 7 by pressure oil,

39. Supply oil pressure control, for exhaust throttle timing 13,

40. Flow of sensor signals as well as function output signals

41. Crankshaft position sensor

Two-stroke internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy utilize an electronic control system for on-line coupled control, continuous monitoring and evaluation of process immediate status, data needed to control and efficiently implement a new two-work process concept using two types of energy .

At the input of the central control unit 30 of the reciprocating internal combustion engine, sensor outputs are connected to obtain information on:

Temperature and pressure:

oil 32 supplied by the actuator actuators for: timing of the exhaust valve 7, and the exhaust flap 13,. regulating the supply volume of fuel for the injector 6 to the cylinder 7, regulating the supply of pressurized water injected into the expansion chamber 10, the temperature, pressure and volume of fuel 31 supplied to the fuel injector 6, the temperature, pressure and volume of pressurized water 33 supplied to the injector 15 into the expansion chamber 10. air for filling the cylinders and compressing the air in the cylinder, .-. expanding fuel and air mixtures at the top dead center of the piston, exhaust gases delivered to the expansion chamber, .-. air at the end of the compression stroke and during its flow to exp. chambers, .-. expanding mixtures of exhaust gases and compressed air in the expansion. chamber, Outputs of other sensors:

.-. crankshaft position 41 ± .-. cooling system, .-. an alternator for generating electricity, .-. hydraulic oil pumps for lubrication, .-. for actuators, hydraulics - clutches,

Central control unit 30 of a reciprocating internal combustion engine:

.-. continuously processes the information obtained from the engine sensors, and from the cooperating engine units with which it operates, decides on the way it will implement the requirements specified in the program and the requirements expressed by the depressed accelerator, .-. implements the decision on the progress of implementation,

The central control unit 30 of the reciprocating internal combustion engine implements:

When starting and starting the engine, all the functions necessary to carry out only the first working process in each cylinder of the engine that uses fuel energy until the necessary engine parts have warmed up to operating temperature. .

The first process begins with the filling of the cylinder 1 in which the piston 2 moves to the bottom dead center and its upper part exposes the holes in the cylinder 5 through which a new cylinder filling - compressed air - flows through the open exhaust valve 7 and closed exhaust flap 13 into the expansion chamber. Hot exhaust gases. The piston 2 proceeds by a compression stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 7 in which it moves with the bottom dead center to the top and with its upper part closes the openings in the cylinder 5 and the exhaust valve actuator control unit 36 closes the exhaust valve 7.

The piston reaches the top dead center, and the fuel injector actuator control unit 34 injects fuel into the engine cylinder 1, with the exhaust valve 7 closed and also the exhaust flap 13. Fuel expansion begins to exert pressure on the piston 2 in the cylinder 7 which moves with top dead center. to the bottom ends the first working process. The second working process, which utilizes the heat energy of the hot exhaust gases, starts by filling the cylinder 7 in which the piston 2 moves to the bottom dead center and its upper part exposes the openings in the cylinder 5 through which a new cylinder charge starts to flow. closed exhaust flue 13 into the expansion chamber 10 hot exhaust gases and continues by compression stroke of the piston 2 in the cylinder 7. Before reaching the top dead center of the piston 2 in the cylinder 7 and the exhaust valve actuator control unit 36 opens the exhaust valve 7 and the piston 2 expels the compressed air in the cylinder 7 into the expansion chamber 10 and the pressurized water injector actuator actuator 37 injects pressurized water into the expansion chamber W Expansion of the mixture of exhaust gases, compressed air and pressurized water presses the piston of the expansion chamber 11 down to dead center. The pressure increase forces the expanding mixture to flow back through the open exhaust valve 7 back to the cylinder 7 and push the piston 2, which moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center and rapidly increases the volume in the cylinder 7 and the compressed spring in the expansion chamber fires the expansion chamber piston into the upper. dead center and expel the expanding mixture of hot exhaust gases and compressed air from the expansion chamber through the open exhaust valve to cylinder 7. The second process ends by exhausting the expanded mixture through the open exhaust valve and exhaust flap 13 into the exhaust manifold in the direction of the arrow 14

When operating the machine, the engine implements the requirements resulting from the program of operation or the specification of the needs during the operation of the engine for a fixed output power at a change of speed, constant speed at a change of power, change of speed and power.

The piston 11 of the expansion chamber 10 has only one sealing ring made of a self-lubricating surface material and has a length of 65 to 75 percent of the piston length and provides a seal of the expanding mixture of hot exhaust gases, pressurized water that changes into water vapor and compressed air in the expansion chamber. The sealing is realized by the flat given by the length of the sealing ring. The separating slot B is suitable for longer sealing rings and slot A is for shorter rings and higher pressures.

Industrial usability

Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion piston engines, equipped with an exhaust valve located in the cylinder head and effectively implement a new concept of two types of workflow using two types of energy, both fuel and hot exhaust gas in single- or multi-cylinder versions. Applicable to all propulsion systems where piston internal combustion engines are now used which only use fuel energy and allow exhaust gas thermal energy to escape through the exhaust or only partially use it to power auxiliary units. Two stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy are usable:

In versions:

.-. in-line design with cylinder arrangement in-line,, .-. a V-shaped design with a cylinder opening angle of 30 to 90 degrees is shorter. the horizontal design has a roll angle of 180 degrees of the cylinders being shorter.

For product drive systems:

passenger cars, vans and trucks and buses significantly reduce fuel consumption and, in particular, the production of harmful emissions for which E is continually reducing emissions of harmful emissions, .-. agricultural, forest, construction and road machines, generators of electric, compressed air and compressed air power generation, small transport and sport aircraft and helicopters, stationary equipment as backup systems for electric, compressed air and compressed air power generation.

Claims (5)

Protection claims. 1. Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion piston engines using both fuel and exhaust energy with a co-current flushing of cylinders in a positive-ignition or compression-ignition engine, characterized in that it consists of a cylinder (1) in which a piston (2), 3) and with a single crank mechanism (4), wherein a fuel injector (6) is placed in the cylinder (1) and an exhaust valve (7) at the top of the cylinder (1), with an exhaust pipe leading to the expansion chamber (10) thermal insulation in which the piston of the expansion chamber (11) is provided with one sealing ring and a return spring, at the bottom of the expansion chamber is located a switch (12) of the lower position of the piston of the expansion chamber (11), and above the expansion chamber (10) (15) into the expansion chamber (10), after the expansion chamber there is an exhaust pipe provided with an exhaust flap (13) and the operation of the engine is controlled by an on-line electronic control system. Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines using both fuel and exhaust energy in a spark-ignition or compression-ignition engine modification according to claim 1, characterized in that they have an on-line electronic control system comprising a central control unit (30) connected to: with a temperature and pressure sensor for fuel (31), oil (32) and water (33). an exhaust valve timing sensor (36) coupled to the exhaust valve mechanism; with a fuel supply control sensor (34) connected to the fuel injector mechanism (6). with a water supply sensor (37) and this is connected to a water injector (15) into the expansion chamber (10). an exhaust stall opening sensor (39) coupled to the exhaust stall mechanism (38) with a crankshaft position sensor (41), Two-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that they have an electro-hydraulic system for opening and closing the exhaust valve (7) and the exhaust flap (13). The four-stroke piston internal combustion engines of claim 1, 2 and 3, wherein the piston (11) of the expansion chamber (10) has a single sealing ring made of a self-lubricating surface material and has a length of 65 to 75 percent of the length of the piston. Two-stroke internal combustion piston engines as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that they have the following combinations of designs: 4.1. in series with cylinders in a row, 2.4 V-shaped design with cylinder opening angle of 30 to 90 degrees, 3.4 horizontal design with 180 ° cylinder opening angle,