SI23186A

SI23186A - Device for producing ortohydrogen and/or parahydrogen

Info

Publication number: SI23186A
Application number: SI200900327A
Authority: SI
Inventors: Navotnik AleĹˇ
Original assignee: Navotnik AleĹˇ
Priority date: 2009-10-29
Filing date: 2009-10-29
Publication date: 2011-04-29

Abstract

A device for producing ortohydrogen and/or parahydrogen is solving problems of retention of gases (50) around electrodes (37, 38), which arise in the standard procedure of water electrolysis. The electrodes (37, 38) installed into a container are separated mechanically and electrically from the environment and connected to an electric circuit (16). The pulsed signal on a cathode is adjustable in frequency and width. The generated gasses (50) travel through a magnetic field. The electric source of the magnetic field (20) is power-supplied by pulses of the electric circuit (16), which are adjustable in frequency and width. Less explosive parahydrogen is generated under the influence of magnetic field. The container is closed hermetically except for a safety valve (41), a gas outflow valve (42), a water inflow valve and a service tap (49). A substance (43) is fed from a reservoir (55) through a pump (56) or by a height difference. Gas (50) bubbles are moving faster from the electrodes (37, 38) towards the gas outflow valve (42), by which the electrolysis of the substance (43) is enhanced, so that the quantity of gases produced in time unit is increased, while the consumption of electric energy, which is converted into heat, is decreased at the same time.

Description

NAPRAVA ZA PROIZVAJANJE ORTOVODIKA IN/ALI PARAVODIKAAPPARATUS AND / OR PARAVODIC PRODUCTION DEVICE

Predmet izuma je naprava za proizvajanje ortovodika in/ali paravodika z elektrolizo. Bolj natančno pulzirajoče elektronsko vezje, nastavljivo frekvenčno, močnostno, z nastavljivim časovnim razmerjem med časom vklopa in časom izklopa napetosti med elektrodami, ter posebej ali dodatno nastavljivo močnostno, z nastavljivim časovnim razmerjem za napetost na tuljavi, pri čemer so tako elektrode kot tuljava, na katere je priklopljeno vezje, znotraj posode, ki je hermetično zaprta, z izjemo varnostnega ventila, odvodnega ventila plina, dovodnega ventila vode in odtočnega vzdrževalnega ventila, in v katero se iz druge posode, preko visokotlačne črpalke, dovaja voda.The subject of the invention is a device for the production of orthopedics and / or para-hydraulics by electrolysis. A more accurate pulsating electronic circuit, adjustable frequency, power, with adjustable time between on and off time between electrodes, and separately or additionally adjustable power, with adjustable time for voltage on the coil, wherein both the electrodes and the coil are at of which a circuit is connected, inside a container which is hermetically sealed, with the exception of a safety valve, a gas outlet valve, a water inlet valve and a drainage maintenance valve, and into which water is supplied from another vessel through a high pressure pump.

Konvencionalni postopki elektrolize vode so neučinkoviti za praktično uporabo, saj porabijo veliko električne energije, da proizvedejo majhno količino vodika in kisika. Pri konvencionalni elektrolizi moramo vodi dodati kemijski katalizator, da ločimo mehurčke plina od elektrod, kar podraži in zaplete postopek. Mehurčki, ki se pri konvencionalni elektrolizi nabirajo na elektrodah, delujejo kot izolator, s čemer zmanjšujejo učinkovitost postopka. Veliko energije se izgubi kot toplota, kar povzroča dodatne probleme. Za shranjevanje plinov potrebujemo posebno visokotlačno posodo, kar zmanjšuje praktično uporabnost konvencionalnih postopkov elektrolize za pridobivanje vodika in kisika.Conventional water electrolysis processes are inefficient for practical use as they consume a lot of electricity to produce a small amount of hydrogen and oxygen. In conventional electrolysis, a chemical catalyst must be added to the water to separate gas bubbles from the electrodes, which will make the process more expensive and complicated. The bubbles accumulated on the electrodes during conventional electrolysis act as an insulator, thus reducing the efficiency of the process. A lot of energy is lost as heat, which causes additional problems. A special high pressure vessel is required to store the gases, which reduces the practical utility of conventional electrolysis processes for hydrogen and oxygen production.

Izum rešuje tehnične probleme, ki se pojavljajo pri konvencionalni uporabi elektrolize za proizvajanje vodika in kisika iz vode. Omogoča boljše sprotno sproščanje mehurčkov (50) proti površju, kar omogoča boljši stik med vodo (43) in elektrodami (37,38). Vodi (43) ni potrebno dodati kemičnega katalizatorja.The invention solves the technical problems arising from the conventional use of electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water. It allows better release of bubbles (50) towards the surface, which allows better contact between water (43) and electrodes (37,38). The chemical catalyst need not be added to water (43).

Zaradi boljših elektrokemičnih lastnosti in zvišane učinkovitosti naprave, je za uporabo najbolj primerna navadna, nedestilirana voda. Z uporabo frekvenčne modulacije na elektrodah (37,38), pridobimo več plinov, z manjšo porabo električne energije. Ker je vodik zelo eksploziven plin, je za praktično uporabo pogosto neuporaben. S frekvenčno modulacijo elektromagnetnega polja tuljave (20) nad elektrodami, se del nastalih plinov kemijsko preoblikuje (45). Najbolje se v praksi obnesejo frekvence od 15-20 kHz na elektrodah in 15-20 Hz na tuljavi. Paravodik (45) in ortovodik sta dva različna izomera vodika, ki se razlikujeta po spinu jeder. Iz dela nastalega ortovodika na elektrodah, zaradi vpliva magnetnega polja tuljave (20), nastane paravodik. Ortovodik je takšno stanje vodikovih molekul, da je spin obeh jeder simetričen. Paravodik je takšno stanje vodikovih molekul, da je spin obeh jeder asimetričen. Oba izomera imata različne fizične lastnosti. Ortovodik je tako bolj eksploziven, medtem ko paravodik gori počasneje. Izum za praktično uporabo omogoča nastavitev potrebne mešanice obeh plinov. Shranjevanje večjih količin vodika je nevarno, učinkovitost elektrolize pa je izboljšana, če je proizvodna celica pod pritiskom. Zato se za odvod plina priporoča uporaba visoko tlačne in požarno varne cevi, vgradnja protipožarnega elementa in reducirni ventil. Priporoča se še vgradnja sonde za zaznavanje tlaka (58) v posodi (57), ki v primeru premajhne porabe plina ali napake in, kot posledice, previsokega tlaka v posodi (57), izklopi proizvodnjo plina, ter jo ob padcu tlaka v posodi (57) spet vklopi. Primer posode (sl.3) je namenjen uporabi pri optimalnem tlaku obratovanja 4,4 BAR. Tlak obratovanja se določi glede na namembnost naprave, kvalitete materialov in izdelave. Vgradi se še varnostni ventil, ki se za primer posode (sl.3) odpre pri 5,8 bar-a.Due to the better electrochemical properties and increased efficiency of the device, plain, non-distilled water is most suitable for use. By using frequency modulation on the electrodes (37,38), more gases are obtained, with less power consumption. Because hydrogen is a highly explosive gas, it is often unusable for practical use. By frequency modulation of the electromagnetic field of the coil (20) above the electrodes, part of the resulting gases is chemically transformed (45). In practice, frequencies of 15-20 kHz on the electrodes and 15-20 Hz on the coil are best implemented. The para-hydrogen (45) and the ortho-hydrogen are two different isomers of hydrogen, which differ in the spin of nuclei. Due to the influence of the magnetic field of the coil (20), a part of the resulting orthopedic material on the electrodes is formed. The orchard is such a state of hydrogen molecules that the spin of the two nuclei is symmetrical. The para-hydrogen is such a state of hydrogen molecules that the spin of both nuclei is asymmetric. Both isomers have different physical properties. The orchard is thus more explosive, while the paravodic burns more slowly. The invention for practical use makes it possible to adjust the required mixture of the two gases. Storing large amounts of hydrogen is dangerous, and electrolysis efficiency is improved when the production cell is pressurized. Therefore, it is recommended to use a high-pressure and fire-proof pipe, the installation of a fire-fighting element and a reducing valve for gas extraction. It is also recommended to install a pressure sensing probe (58) in the tank (57) which, in the event of insufficient gas consumption or defect and, as a consequence, excessive pressure in the tank (57), shut off gas production and, in the event of a pressure drop in the vessel ( 57) turn on again. The container example (Fig. 3) is intended to be used at an optimum operating pressure of 4.4 BAR. Operating pressure is determined by the purpose of the device, the quality of the materials and the workmanship. A safety valve is also installed, which opens at 5.8 bar in the case of the container (Fig. 3).

Namen tega izuma je preko priključka poslati proizvedene pline v napravo, kot je na primer motor z notranjim izgorevanjem, plinska turbina, peč, grelec, plavž, saj • · · · vodik omogoča boljše izgorevanje in izkoristek energije kar prinaša prihranek konvencionalnih fosilnih goriv, in zmanjšanje izpustov CO² v okolje, zaradi boljšega izgorevanja; destilacijska enota, enota za prečiščevanje vode.The purpose of the present invention is to send the produced gases through the connector to a device such as an internal combustion engine, gas turbine, furnace, heater, blast furnace, since hydrogen allows for better combustion and energy efficiency, saving conventional fossil fuels, and reducing CO ² emissions to the environment for better combustion; distillation unit, water purification unit.

V nadaljevanju je izum prikazan tudi slikovno (z osnovnimi geometrijskimi oblikami, ki prikazujejo) sl. 1 Primer elektronskega vezja za modulacijo frekvence na tuljavi sl. 2 Primer elektronskega vezja za modulacijo frekvence na elektrodah sl. 3 Primer proizvodne posode plina sl. 4 Modulacija stopničaste oblike sl. 5 Luknje v elektrodah sl. 6 Povezava tanka za vodo in proizvodne posode.In the following, the invention is also shown pictorially (with basic geometric shapes depicting) FIG. 1 Example of an electronic circuit for frequency modulation in a coil FIG. 2 Example of an electronic circuit for frequency modulation on electrodes FIG. 3 Example of a gas production vessel FIG. 4 Modulation of the stepped shape of FIG. 5 The holes in the electrodes of FIG. 6 Connection of water tank and production vessels.

sl. 7 Sedišče elektrodFIG. 7 Electrode seat

Naprava za proizvajanje ortovodika in/ali paravodika, ki je predmet izuma, rešuje probleme z elektronskim vezjem, ki proizvaja kombinacijo ON/OFF pulzov in omogoča prilagajanje moči, frekvence in razmerja med signalom ON.OFF na elektrodah 38 in 37 in dodatno na navitju 20 montiranim nad elektrodami 38 in 37. Majhen razmik cca. lmm med elektrodami 38, 37, ki so prednostno iz nerjavečega jekla (T304 (18-20% kroma in 8-10% nikla)), valjaste, polžaste ali ploske oblike. Posoda 57 je prednostno iz CPVC-ja - 52 CPVC cev premera llOmm, debelina sten 3,2 mm - pleksi, alkaten ali drugega visoko odpornega materiala, zaključena z zavarjenimi ali strojno privitimi in ojačanimi CPVC kapami 51, zalitimi z epoksi cementom ali zaključki iz drugega visoko odpornega materiala, v katere so vgrajeni varnostni ventil 41, nepovratni ventil za odvod • · plina 42, sonda za merjenje pritiska 58, vzdrževalni izpustni ventil vode 49, dovodni nepovratni ventil za dotok vode 48 in stikalo s plovčkom 46, za vklop črpalke 56, ki črpa vodo iz tanka 55. Elektrode 37, 38 so zalite s cementom v kapah 51. Elektrode so naluknjane; spodnja vrsta lukenj 54 je za boljšo pritrditev, zgornja 53 pa za pretok vode. Notranja elektroda 38 je za boljšo stabilnost nataknjena na dva valja 60, od katerih se zgornji tesno prilega notranjemu robu elektrode 38. Zunanja elektroda 37 je objeta z dvema kolobarjema 59. Od katerih se zgornji tesno prilega zunanjemu robu elektrode 37. Spodnja kolobar 59 in valj 60 sta odmaknjena od elektrod tako, da ustvarjata prostor za cement, s katerim so zalite elektrode 37, 38. Spodnja vrsta lukenj v elektrodah mora biti pod višino zgornjega valja 60 in zgornjega kolobarja 59, zgornja vrsta lukenj 53 pa cca lem nad zgornjima valjem 60 in kolobarjem 59. Na primeru vezja je razvidna zaporedna vezava integriranih čipov NE555 21,19, prek elementa CD4059A 34, ki zmanjša frekvenco na eno tisočino takta NE555 21 in jo pošilja na pin 2 elementa NE555 19. Oba čipa 21,19 sta v vezavi z RC vezjem (17,35 je vezano na 19. 33,25 je vezano na 21) tako, da delujeta v monostable načinu. Razmerje ON:OFF je za čip NE555 21 nastavljivo preko potenciometra 25, za čip NE555 19 pa preko potenciometra 17. Potenciometer 30 je namenjen nastavljanju moči elektromagnetnega polja. Frekvenca proženja čipa NE555 21 (pin 2), prihaja iz čipa CD4069 32. Oddajana frekvenca čipa 34 je nastavljiva s potenciometrom 31 in z DIP stikalci 29. Na pin 3 čipa NE555 21 se lahko nastavi frekvenca od 8-260 kHZ in ON:OFF razmerje od 1:1 - 10:1. Najbolje se obnesejo frekvence 15 - 20 kHZ z visokim razmerjem ON:OFF. Na pin 5 čipa NE555 21 je vezan operativni ojačevalec LM741 23, Katerega izhodna napetost je od 1-4V, nastavljiva pa je preko dveh potenciometrov 22 in 24, pri čemer je potenciometer 22 mišljen za sprotno krmiljenje glede na trenutne potrebe po plinu pri praktični uporabi, potenciometer 24 pa je mišljen za dodatno fiksno omejitev produkcije plina glede na namembnost naprave. Izhodni signal čipa NE555 pin3 21 je nato uporabljen preko MOSFET pogona TC4420 27 za gate signal MOSFET tranzistorja IRF510TR3 28. Na tranzistorski pin drain je priklopljena elektroda 38 s priklopom 40. Na priklop 39 je priklopljena elektroda 37. Jedro navitja 36 je toroid NiZn ferit z 2000 navitji bakrene AWG23 žice. Navitje je zaščiteno s tankim slojem CPVC cementa. Električne karakteristike toroida so: Al = 90 ± 25 % nH ; tg6/p, < 50 x 10' ⁶ ; ΐβδ/μ,ι < 70 x 10'⁶ ; a_Fi = 1 -j- 6 x 10'⁶/ K. tg6/pj merjen pri 10 MHz/0,lmT. Al => 10 kHz , na 1 ovoj / L0W - nivo. Tok skozi navitje se prekinja s tranzistorjem 2N3055 18. Frekvenca impulzov ON/OFF na navitju je enaka eni tisočini frekvence vklopa napetosti med elektrodami. Najbolje se obnese frekvenca med 15 in 20 Hz. Navitje je na vezje priklopljeno s priklopi 44, 47.The orthopedic and / or steam generating device of the invention solves problems with an electronic circuit that produces a combination of ON / OFF pulses and allows the power, frequency and ratio of the ON.OFF signal to be adjusted on electrodes 38 and 37 and additionally on coils 20 mounted above electrodes 38 and 37. Small spacing approx. lmm between electrodes 38, 37, preferably of stainless steel (T304 (18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel)), cylindrical, worm-shaped or flat. The container 57 is preferably CPVC - 52 CPVC pipe diameter 10mm, wall thickness 3.2mm - plexiglass, alkatene or other highly resistant material, terminated with welded or machine-screwed and reinforced CPVC caps 51, poured with epoxy cement or terminated from other high-strength material incorporating a safety valve 41, a non-return valve for • gas 42, a pressure measuring probe 58, a maintenance water outlet valve 49, a non-return water inlet valve 48 and a switch with a float 46 for switching on the pump 56, which draws water from the tank 55. The electrodes 37, 38 are flooded with cement in the caps 51. The electrodes are punched; the lower row of holes 54 is for better attachment and the upper 53 is for water flow. The inner electrode 38 is mounted on two cylinders 60 for better stability, the upper one of which fits tightly to the inner edge of the electrode 38. The outer electrode 37 is surrounded by two rings 59. Of which the upper one fits tightly to the outer edge of the electrode 37. The lower ring 59 and the cylinder 60 are spaced from the electrodes so as to create a space for the cement to be filled with the electrodes 37, 38. The lower row of holes in the electrodes must be below the height of the upper cylinder 60 and the upper ring 59, and the upper row of holes 53 approx. 59. The circuit example shows the sequential binding of integrated chips NE555 21,19 via element CD4059A 34, which reduces the frequency to one thousandth of the clock NE555 21 and sends it to pin 2 of element NE555 19. Both chips 21,19 are bound with an RC circuit (17.35 is tied to 19. 33.25 is tied to 21) by operating in monostable mode. The ON: OFF ratio is adjustable for chip NE555 21 via potentiometer 25 and for chip NE555 19 via adjustable potentiometer 17. Potentiometer 30 is intended to adjust the power of the electromagnetic field. The trigger frequency of chip NE555 21 (pin 2) comes from chip CD4069 32. The output frequency of chip 34 is adjustable with potentiometer 31 and with DIP switches 29. Frequency of 8-260 kHZ can be set on pin 3 of chip NE555 21 and ON: OFF a ratio of 1: 1 to 10: 1. The 15 - 20 kHZ frequencies with a high ON: OFF ratio are best performed. The pin 5 of the NE555 21 chip is connected to an operational amplifier LM741 23, whose output voltage is 1-4V and is adjustable via two potentiometers 22 and 24, the potentiometer 22 being intended for continuous control according to current gas requirements for practical use and potentiometer 24 is intended to provide an additional fixed limitation of gas production according to the intended purpose of the device. The output signal of the chip NE555 pin3 21 is then used via the MOSFET drive TC4420 27 for the gate signal of the MOSFET transistor IRF510TR3 28. An electrode 38 is connected to the transistor pin drain with a connection 40. The terminal 39 is connected to the electrode 37. The winding core 36 is a NiZn ferrite toroid z 2000 Coiled AWG23 Copper Wires. The winding is protected by a thin layer of CPVC cement. The electrical characteristics of the toroids are: Al = 90 ± 25% nH; tg6 / p, <50 x 10 '⁶; ΐβδ / μ, ι <70 x 10 ′ ⁶ ; a _F i = 1 -j- 6 x 10 ' ⁶ / K. tg6 / pj measured at 10 MHz / 0, lmT. Al => 10 kHz, at 1 this / L0W - level. The current through the winding is interrupted by transistor 2N3055 18. The pulse frequency ON / OFF on the winding is equal to one thousandth of the frequency of the voltage switching between the electrodes. A frequency between 15 and 20 Hz is best. The winding is connected to the circuit by terminals 44, 47.

Claims

PATENT APPLICATIONS

1. An orthopedic and / or steam generating plant is characterized in that it consists of a reservoir (55) connected to a reaction vessel (57) in which at least two electrodes (37,38) are connected by an electronic circuit ( 16) and from the magnetic field source (20).

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that in the reservoir (55) there is a substance (43) which is electrolyzable, which consists wholly or partly of water or other industrially applicable chemical element, which is wholly or partly in gaseous or liquid state, as well as from the added elements that play the role of a chemical catalyst in the electrolysis process.

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the use of the device from the substance (43) produces industrially usable gases (50) such as a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the substance (43) flows into the reaction vessel (57) from the reservoir (55) by means of a pump.

5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that

That a substance level gauge (46) is included in the reaction vessel (57) which switches on the pump (56).

6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that

That a substance level meter (43) is installed in the reservoir (55) to indicate a low substance level (43).

7. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that

That the substance flows from the reservoir (55) into the reaction vessel by means of a height difference.

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that there is a substance (43) between the electrodes (37, 38).

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes (37, 38) are of the same or different material.

Device according to claim 9, characterized in that the electrodes (37, 38) are made of stainless steel or other materials, which are selected according to the possible choice of a chemical catalyst.

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is two or more electrodes (37, 38), possibly e.g. three, so that we have one anode and two cathodes or vice versa, with smaller electrode spacing (37.38) up to one millimeter for greater efficiency.

Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrodes (37, 38) are cylinders, tubes, rods, nets, wormholes, spiral, oval, plates, punched plates, or other shapes or parts thereof. , it doesn't matter that they are all the same shape.

Apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that the electrodes are punctured (53) to pass the substance (43) or the gases (50).

Apparatus according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that some of the electrodes (37, 38) are not connected to the electrical circuit (16) nor to the other electrodes (37, 38), while between the circuit (16) ) unconnected electrodes (37, 38) alone, as well as between the circuit (16) unconnected electrodes (37, 38) and the connected electrodes (37,38) of the substance (43).

Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the part of the space between the electrodes (37,38) there is an electrically non-conductive element (15) or more such elements (15) which serve as spacers and electrical insulators between electrodes (37.38).

Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the elements (15) between the electrodes are impermeable to the substance (43) and the gases (50) and create a single enclosure between the electrodes (37, 38) in which the substance (43) , this space is limited by a large portion of the electrode surface (37, 38) and the inner edge of the element (15).

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the circuit (16) to which the electrodes are connected produces a pulse signal (26) of square, triangular, sine, saw, stepped or other shape, and allows for pulse width and / or frequency modulation.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the circuit (16) supplies electricity to the electrodes via a MOSFET transistor (28).

Device according to claim 17, characterized in that the frequency of the pulse signal (26) is constant and adjustable by changing the binding characteristics of the oscillator (32) by switching the DIP switches (29) and rotating the potentiometer (31).

Apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that the length of each pulse of the pulse signal (26) is adjustable by changing the binding characteristics of the chip NE555 (25) by means of a rotation of the potentiometer (25).

21. The device according to claim 20, characterized in that the length of each pulse signal (26) is further adjustable by changing the binding characteristics of the chip LM741 (23) by rotating the potentiometers (22, 24).

Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the potentiometer (22) is used to control the efficiency of the chemical process in the reaction vessel by the user.

23. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that a magnetic field source (20) is incorporated in the path of the produced gases (50), which affects the spin of the protons of the hydrogen gas molecules and consequently, in whole or in part, changes the obtained orthopedic (50) ) into the field guide (45), depending on the characteristics of the magnetic field emitted by the source of the magnetic field (20).

Apparatus according to claim 23, characterized in that a coil under voltage is used for the source of the magnetic field (20).

25. The device of claim 24, characterized in that the source of the magnetic field (20) is connected to an electrical circuit (14) by which it is possible to regulate the characteristics of the magnetic field emitted by the source of the magnetic field (20).

26. The device according to claim 25, characterized in that the electrical circuit (14) connected to the source of the magnetic field (20) emits a pulse signal (26) that is adjustable by pulse width modulation in a manner that changes the binding characteristics of the chip NE555 (19) by rotating the potentiometers (17.30).

Device according to claim 26, characterized in that the electrical circuit (14) is connected to the electrical circuit (16) via a frequency divider (34).

Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes (37, 38) are mounted in a container (57) that electrically separates the electrodes (37, 38) from the environment.

• ·

29. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the container (57) retains the substance (43) and the gases (50) before discharge into the environment.

30. The device according to claim 29, characterized in that a safety valve (41) and a pressure sensing probe (58) are included in the reaction vessel (57) to switch off the device in case of excessive increase or decrease of pressure, or individually.

31. The device according to claim 29, characterized in that a service valve (49) for releasing the substance (43) is incorporated into the reaction vessel (57).

Device according to claim 29, characterized in that a non-return gas exhaust valve (42) is installed in the reaction vessel (57) through which the gases produced (50) can be sent to the inlet valve of another device producing gases ( 50) used as an adjunct to conventional fuel or as a standalone fuel.

Device according to claim 32, characterized in that the gases (50) from the valve (42) are vented through the tank (55), in order to prevent any backfire.

* · ·

34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the device receiving the gases produced is for example:

a) Burner

b) Gas turbine

c) Plavz

d) Internal combustion engine

e) Stirling engine

f) Heater

g) Oven

h) Distillation unit

i) Water purification unit