SI22033A - Surge arrestor for high surge currents within low-voltage networks - Google Patents
Surge arrestor for high surge currents within low-voltage networks Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
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PRENAPETOSTNI ODVODNIK ZA VISOKE ODVODNE TOKOVE V NIZKONAPETOSTNIH OMREŽJIHHIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTOR FOR HIGH VOLTAGE CURRENTS IN LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORKS
Področje tehnikeThe field of technology
Predmet izuma je prenapetostni odvodnik za visoke odvodne tokove v nizko napetostnih omrežjih. Izum sodi po mednarodni patentni klasifikaciji v H02H9/00.The subject of the invention is a surge arrester for high drain currents in low voltage networks. The invention belongs to the international patent classification in H02H9 / 00.
Izum se nanaša na prenapetostni odvodnik za visoke odvodne tokove za ščitenje električnih in elektronskih naprav pred učinki udarnih tokov, ki nastajajo kot posledica udarov strele, pa tudi zaradi krakih stikov in prehodnih pojavov v nizko napetostih omrežjih. V nizkonapetostnih omrežjih se pogosto pojavlja pri izvajanju prenapetostne zaščite potreba, ki jo določa nivo učinkovitega izvajanja prenapetostne zaščite , da mora imeti prenapetostni odvodnik hkrati kar najnižjo preostalo napetost in istočasno sposobnost odvajanja visokih odvodnih tokov, kar je mogoče realizirati le z integracijo vseh razredov odvodnikov v eni napravi . S prenapetostim odvodnikom za visoke odvodne tokove po izumu dosežemo zaščito pred udari tokov, ki lahko dosegajo 100 kA, nizko preostalo napetost in zaščito pred časovno omejenimi prenapetostmi iz omrežja ( Temporary Overvoltage - TOV) izvedeno v splošnem v enem ohišju, ki ima dimenzije do 6 TE, prednostno z varistorskimi elementi.The invention relates to a surge arrester for high drain currents for the protection of electrical and electronic devices against the effects of shock currents resulting from lightning strikes, as well as due to short circuits and transient phenomena in low voltage networks. In low-voltage networks, overvoltage protection is often a requirement, which is determined by the level of effective overvoltage protection that the surge arrester must have as little residual voltage as possible and at the same time the ability to discharge high drain currents, which can only be realized by integrating all classes of arresters in one device. The high voltage surge arrester according to the invention achieves 100 kA surge protection, low residual voltage, and Temporary Overvoltage (TOV) protection generally performed in a single housing having dimensions up to 6 TE, preferably with varistor elements.
Izvedbe, ki so na trgu tega sedaj ne omogočajo. Po stanju tehnike je opisana v patentu DE 19838776C2 rešitev z dvostopenjsko napravo, vključuje krmiljeno iskrišče. Prva stopnja naprave prevzema zaščito pred visokimi udarnimi tokovi, druga stopnja pa ščiti pred preostalimi prenapetostmi, ki jih prva ne prestreže. Obe stopnji sta funkcijsko ločeni. Opisana rešitev se naslanja na uporabo iskrišč, ki imajo znane težave s počasnostjo odziva in visoko preostalo napetostjo V prvi stopnji je v splošnem vgrajeno iskrišče, ki ima visoko preostalo napetost (nekaj kV), kar ne ustreza pogojem zaščite za priključene naprave, saj ščitimo običajno občutljive naprave z vgrajeno elektroniko in digitalnimi vezji. V drugi stopnjo je vključen na primer varistor. Obe stopnji sta povezani, preko povezave med stopnjama, druga krmili prvo. Iskrišča imajo niz slabosti, se prepogosto odpirajo in pritegnejo visoke kratkostične tokove iz omrežja proti zemlji, tudi z do 10x več specifične energije kot jo vsebuje največja strela. Firme nato dodajajo k vzbujevalnim iskriščem varistorje za zaščitne odvodnike razreda II z odvodno sposobnostjo od 2 do 4 kA za standardni impulz za direktni udar strele (10/350 mikrosekund) po polu, da bi se doseglo hiter odziv, na nizke udare tako, da iskrišča delujejo šele pri višjem impulznem toku in je samougasnitev ionizacije pri prehodu faze skozi ničlo, s široko razprtimi elektrodami iskrišč, lažja.V primeru koordinacijske tuljave med odvodnikom za prenapetostni odvodnik z iskriščem zaščitnega razreda I in varistorski prenapetostni odvodnik razreda II, je možno,da se tuljava , ki omogoči s svojo prenapetostjo, ki nastane ob impulzu strele, hitro odpiranje iskrišča, napolni z visoko energijo in nato v naslednjem trenutku impulzno izprazni preko varistorja ter ga uniči.Performances that are not on the market now do not allow this. According to the prior art, a solution with a two-stage device is described in DE 19838776C2, which includes a controlled spark. The first stage of the device assumes protection against high shock currents, and the second stage protects against residual surges that the first one does not intercept. The two stages are functionally separate. The described solution relies on the use of sparks that have known problems with slow response and high residual voltage The first stage generally incorporates a spark having a high residual voltage (several kV), which does not meet the protection requirements for connected devices, as we usually protect Sensitive devices with integrated electronics and digital circuits. The second stage includes, for example, a varistor. The two stages are connected, via the connection between the stages, the second controls the first. Sparks have a number of disadvantages, too often open and attract high short-circuits from the grid to the earth, even with up to 10x more specific energy than the maximum lightning. The firms then add to the spark sparks varistors for Class II surge arresters with a drainage capacity of 2 to 4 kA for a standard pulse for direct lightning strikes (10/350 microseconds) across the pole to achieve a rapid response to low shocks such that the sparks they only operate at higher impulse currents and the self-extinguishing of ionization at phase transition through zero, with wide-spread spark electrodes, is easier. In the case of a coordinating coil between a surge arrester with a class I spark arrestor and a class II varistor surge arrester, it is possible that a coil that, by virtue of its surge generated by the lightning impulse, quickly opens the spark, fills it with high energy, and then pulses it out over the varistor at the next moment and destroys it.
V omenjenem patentu predlagana rešitev je manj racionalna, saj v primerjavi z rešitvijo po izumu zanjo potrebujemo dva ločeni stopnji. Povezava med stopnjam pa je tehnično občutljiva in izpostavljena možnim okvaram.The solution proposed in the aforementioned patent is less rational, since it requires two separate steps compared to the solution according to the invention. However, the link between the stages is technically sensitive and subject to possible failure.
Opisani problem rešujejo nekateri proizvajalci tudi z večjim številom ločenih modulov, ki jih je mogoče prilagoditi izvedbam prenapetostne zaščite v nizkonapetostnih omrežjih tako, da je vsak prenapetostni element v svojem ohišju ki ima ločene priključne sponke in da je mogoče zgraditi prenapetostni zaščitni sistem iz več modulov, ki so med seboj povezani, kar je opisano v patentu DE 4236584 A1. Slabost rešitev v primerjavi s prenapetostim odvodnikom po izumu je ekstenzivnost izvedbe, saj potrebujemo za izgradnjo posameznega prenapetostnega zaščitnega sistema večje število modulov, mnogo več dela s povezavami, ki prinašajo tudi večjo verjetnost, da pride do napak v izvedbi. Prenapetostni odvodnik za visoke odvodne tokove v nizko napetostnih omrežjih po izumu rešuje probleme visokih odvodnih tokov, ki so značilni za direktne udare strele in zagotavlja relativno nizko preostalo napetost in hitre odzivne čase z možnostjo vgradnje v že omenjeno enotno ohišje. Zaradi znanih slabosti iskrišč, prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu v splošnem vključuje energetske varistorske elemente. Že omenjeni osnovni energetski varistorski element je predmet nove tehnike izdelave varistorjev z diagonalo na primer 40 mm za nizko napetostne odvodnike do 1000V AC za energetiko, ki ima visoko sposobnost tokovnega impulznega odvoda, saj dosega na primer limp večji od 12,5 kA pri obliki standardnega impulza za direktni udar strele ( 10/350 mikrosekund) z Ures pod 1000 V, lmax večji od 90 -100 kA pri obliki standardnega tokovnega impulza (8/20 mikrosekund) z Ures pod 2500V za uvrstitev v odvodnike razreda II ( B po VDE ) in večje od 50 kA za standardni tokovni impulz ( 8/20 mikrosekund) z Ures pod 1500 V za razred ill po IEC ali C in D po VDE., pri Un na primer 320 V. Zato zajema tak varistor vgrajen v enem prenapetostnem odvodniku po izumu lahko vse tri razrede odvodnikov l+ll+lll po IEC in EN ali B+C+D po VDE . Prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu izveden z omenjenimi varistorji deluje z nizko preostalo napetostjo Ures in veliko odvodno sposobnostjo za I ,Q in specifično energijo in lahko je lahko izveden kot integracija odvodnikov razredov I razreda II in razreda III v en sam proizvod , ki pokrije vse tri razrede prenapetostne zaščite hkrati. Tako se dimenzije prenapetostnega odvodnika ob vhodu v stavbo zmanjšajo na 1/3 ali še manj glede na stanje tehnike, močno pa se poenostavi planiranje zaščite in montaže.The described problem is also solved by some manufacturers with a number of separate modules that can be adapted to the performance of surge protection in low-voltage networks so that each surge element in its housing has separate terminals and that a multi-module surge protection system can be built, interconnected, as described in patent DE 4236584 A1. The disadvantage of the solutions in comparison with the surge arrester according to the invention is the extensibility of the design, since for the construction of a single overvoltage protection system, a large number of modules are needed, much more work with connections, which also make it more likely that design errors will occur. The high voltage surge arrester in the low voltage networks according to the invention solves the problems of high discharge currents that are characteristic of direct lightning strikes and provides relatively low residual voltage and fast response times with the possibility of installation in the aforementioned single housing. Due to the known disadvantages of the spark, the surge arrester according to the invention generally includes energy varistor elements. The aforementioned basic energy varistor element is the subject of a new technique for producing varistors with a diagonal of, for example, 40 mm for low voltage arresters up to 1000V AC for energy, which has a high current impulse discharge capacity, for example l imp exceeding 12.5 kA in the form standard pulse for direct lightning strike (10/350 microseconds) with U res below 1000 V, l max greater than 90 -100 kA for standard current pulse (8/20 microseconds) with U res below 2500V for Class II arresters ( B according to VDE) and greater than 50 kA for a standard current pulse (8/20 microseconds) with U true below 1500 V for class ill according to IEC or C and D according to VDE. At U n for example 320 V. Therefore it covers such a varistor installed in one surge arrester according to the invention, all three classes of arresters l + ll + lll according to IEC and EN or B + C + D according to VDE can be installed. The surge arrester according to the invention made with said varistors operates with low residual voltage U true and high drainage capacity for I, Q and specific energy and can be implemented as an integration of class I and class III and class III arresters into a single product covering all three classes of surge protection at the same time. Thus, the dimensions of the surge arrester at the entrance to the building are reduced to 1/3 or even less depending on the state of the art, and the planning of protection and installation is greatly simplified.
Zaščitni elementi vgrajeni v prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu imajo omejeno življenjsko dobo. Na primer varistorji se starajo z vsakim tokovnim udarom . Pri tem se preostala napetost spreminja, varistor pa se segreva. Uničenje lahko povzroči tudi tokovni udar strele in previsoke napetosti iz omrežja. Najbolj očiten znak za defekt na zaščitnih elementih je pregrevanje elementa. Za primere izpada zaščitnih elementov vključenih v prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu ima le ta vgrajeno signalizacijo napak na zaščitnih elementih, ki deluje v primerih, ko pride do pregrevanja varistorjev in s tem do pregrevanja spajke na vzmetno odklopnem kontaktu, ki se sproži in povzroči lokalno in daljinsko signalizacijo napake. Zaščitne elemente vgrajene v prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu prednostno varistorje prekrijemo s toplotno folijo, ki ima dvojno funkcijo in sicer, da v primeru, da pride do intenzivnega pregrevanja zaščitnega elementa prednostno varistorja , toplota ne preide na ohišje prenapetostnega odvodnika in omenjeno ohišje uniči ali da v primeru normalnega segrevanja zaščitnega elementa prednostno varistorja, nastala toplota služi za pospeševanje spremembe stanja zaščitnega elementa prednostno varistorja.The safety components built into the surge arrester according to the invention have a limited life span. For example, varistors age with each current stroke. The residual voltage changes and the varistor heats up. Destruction can also cause lightning strike and overvoltage from the mains. The most obvious sign of a defect on the security features is the overheating of the element. In the event of a failure of the safety components included in the surge arrester according to the invention, only this has a built-in fault signaling on the safety elements, which works in cases of overheating of the varistors and thus overheating of the solder at the spring-breaking contact, which is triggered and causes local and remote fault signaling. The protective elements incorporated in the surge arrester according to the invention are preferably covered by a varistor with a thermal film having a dual function, namely that in case of intense overheating of the protective element preferably of the varistor, the heat does not pass on to the housing of the surge arrester and destroy said housing. in the case of the normal heating of the protective element preferably of the varistor, the heat generated serves to accelerate the change in the state of the protective element of the preferred varistor.
Prenapetostni odvodnik po izumu ima ozemljitvene sponke izvedene v enem kosu, nadalje so ozemljitvene sponke združene z ozemljitveno letvijo v eno celoto, ki daje mehanski konstrukciji trdnost in odpravlja probleme prehodnih upornosti.The surge arrester according to the invention has earthing terminals made in one piece, further earthing terminals are combined with the earthing strip into one unit, which gives the mechanical construction strength and eliminates the problems of transient resistance.
Kratek opis slikShort description of the pictures
Izum je opisan in prikazan v konkretni izvedbi na naslednjih risbah, kjer bodo še bolj jasno razložene prednosti izuma.The invention is described and shown in a concrete embodiment in the following drawings, which will further explain the advantages of the invention.
Slika 1a Prostorski prikaz prenapetostnega odvodnika po izumu brez ohišja Slika 1b Prostorski prikaz prenapetostnega odvodnika po izumu brez ohišja iz drugega zornega kotaFigure 1a Spatial view of the surge arrester according to the invention without housing Figure 1b Spatial view of the surge arrester according to the invention without housing from a different angle
Slika 2 Prikaz primerov električnih povezav prenapetostnega odvodnika po izumu v nizkonapetostnih omrežjih TNC, TNS, TTFigure 2 Examples of electrical connections of the surge arrester according to the invention in low-voltage networks TNC, TNS, TT
Slika 3a Prikaz izvedbe prenapetostnega odvodnika po izumuFigure 3a Illustration of an embodiment of an overvoltage arrester according to the invention
Slika 3b Prikaz odklopnega mehanizma za signalizacijo napakFigure 3b Displacement of the fault signaling mechanism
Slika 4 Pokrov prenapetostnega odvodnika z vgrajenim odklopnim mehanizmom Slika 5 Nosilec ozemljitvenih sponk integriran z ozemljitveno letvijoFig. 4 Surge arrester cover with built-in disconnect mechanism Fig. 5 Earthing terminal holder integrated with earthing strip
Na Slikah 1a in 1b je prikazan omenjeni prenapetostni odvodnik za visoke odvodne tokove po izumu, brez ohišja, iz dveh zornih kotov, ki vključuje enega ali več varistorjev 10, razvrščene paralelno in v taki poziciji, da je razdalja med priključnimi sponkami posameznega varistorja 44 in ozemljitvenim kontaktom omenjenega varistorja 48, najkrajša, temperaturno odporno folijo 40, s katero prekrijemo vgrajene varistorje, v ravno linijo razvrščene priključne sponke varistorjev 12, vzmetno odklopne kontakte 14, ki imajo izdelan odklopni mehanizem za preprečitev uničenja zaščitnega elementa , ki vključuje vdelane utore v katere vstavimo priključne sponke varistorja 44, ob stičnih mestih obojestransko prispajkane na omenjene priključne sponke varistorja 44 s temperaturno občutljivo spajko 50, visoko zmogljivi plinski odvodnik 16, skupno ozemljitveno letev 18.1a and 1b show said high voltage surge arrester according to the invention, without a housing, from two angles including one or more varistors 10, arranged in parallel and in such a position that the distance between the terminals of the individual varistor 44 and to the earthing contacts of said varistor 48, the shortest, temperature-resistant film 40 to cover the built-in varistors, in a straight line arranged terminals of the varistors 12, spring-disconnect contacts 14, having a disconnect mechanism for preventing the destruction of a safety element including embedded grooves insert the varistor connection terminals 44, jointed at the joints to each other on the said varistor terminals 44 with a temperature sensitive solder 50, a high performance gas arrester 16, a common earthing strip 18.
Po izumu že omenjeni odklopni mehanizem za preprečitev uničenja zaščitnega elementa deluje kot sledi: ko pride do preobremenitev in posledično do pregrevanja varistorja 10, se pri vnaprej določeni temperaturi spajka 50 obojestransko stali in vzmetno odklopni kontakt 14 se sproži in električno loči varistor 10 iz tokokroga in prepreči nadaljnje segrevanje varistorja.According to the invention, the aforementioned disconnect mechanism for preventing the destruction of the safety element acts as follows: when overload occurs and consequently overheating of the varistor 10, at a predetermined temperature, the solder 50 is mutually melted and the spring disconnect contact 14 is triggered and electrically separated the varistor 10 from the circuit prevent further varistor heating.
Slika 2 prikazuje primere uporabe prenapetostni odvodnik za visoke odvodne tokove po izumu v splošnih trifaznih nizko napetostnih omrežjih .Figure 2 shows examples of use of an overvoltage arrester for high drain currents according to the invention in general three phase low voltage networks.
Na sliki 3a je prikazana sestava prenapetostnega odvodnika za visoke odvodne tokove 20 po izumu, ki vključuje varistor 10, vgrajen v podnožje 22, vzmetno odklopni kontakt 14, temperaturno odporno folijo 40, pokrov prenapetostnega odvodnika 46, nosilec priključne sponke 12, impulzni preklopnik preko katerega izvedemo daljinsko signalizacijo.Figure 3a shows the composition of the high-voltage surge arrester 20 according to the invention, which includes a varistor 10 mounted in the base 22, a spring-break contact 14, a temperature-resistant film 40, a surge arrester cover 46, a terminal clamp carrier 12, a pulse switch through which carry out remote signaling.
Slika 3b prikazuje podrobno sestavo odklopnega mehanizma 36, ki vključuje vzmet 26, ki je običajno v napetem stanju in je priključena na pomični odklopnik 32 z vzmetnim mostom 28, ki je v splošnem signalno obarvan, signalno okence 42, vidno z zunanje strani omenjenega prenapetostnega odvodnika, nosilno ploščico 34. Odklopni mehanizem 36 po izumu, ki sproži lokalno in daljinsko signalizacijo napake deluje na naslednji način:Figure 3b shows a detailed arrangement of the disconnect mechanism 36, which includes a spring 26, which is normally in tension state and is connected to a movable circuit breaker 32 with a suspension bridge 28, which is generally signal-colored, signal box 42, visible from the outside of said surge arrester. 34. The disconnect mechanism 36 of the invention which triggers local and remote fault signaling operates as follows:
Pri pregrevanju varistorja 10, se sproži vzmetno odklopni kontakt 14 in sunkovito premakne pomični odklopnik 32 v skrajno lego tako, da že omenjeni pomični odklopnik 32 prekrije signalno okence 42 in zagotovi lokalno signalizacijo napake zaščitnega elementa vgrajenega v prenapetostni odvodnik, istočasno odmik pomičnega odklopnika 32 sproži tudi impulzni preklopnik 30, ki zagotovi daljinsko javljanje nastale napake.When the varistor 10 is overheated, the spring-break contact 14 is triggered and the sliding circuit breaker 32 is jerked to the extreme position by the aforementioned sliding circuit-breaker 32 covering the signal box 42 and providing the local fault signaling of the protection element built into the surge arrester. also a pulse switch 30 to provide remote error reporting.
Slika 4 vidimo sestavo pokrova prenapetostnega odvodnika za visoke odvodne tokove po izumu 46, ki služi kot fizična zaščita omenjenih zaščitnih elementov pred mehanskimi in atmosferskimi poškodbami in nosi že omenjeni odklopni mehanizma 36, impulzni preklopnik za daljinsko signalizacijo 30, ki javlja okvare v prenapetostni odvodnik vgrajenih zaščitnih elementov.Figure 4 shows the composition of the surge arrester cover for high drain currents according to the invention 46, which serves as a physical protection of said protective elements against mechanical and atmospheric damage and carries the aforementioned disconnect mechanism 36, a pulse switch for remote signaling 30 that reports failures in the surge arrester of the built-in security features.
Na Sliki 5 je prikazan nosilec ozemljitvene sponke 12, ki vključuje vijak 28 , ki je izveden tako, da je spodnji del nosilca oblikovan kot ozemljitvena letev na katero prednostno spajkamo ozemljitvene kontakte varistorja 48.Figure 5 shows a grounding bracket carrier 12, which includes a screw 28, which is designed so that the lower part of the bracket is formed as a grounding strip, to which the grounding contacts of the varistor 48 are preferably soldered.
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