SI1875463T1 - Sistemi, postopki in naprava za glajenje faktorja ojačenja - Google Patents

Sistemi, postopki in naprava za glajenje faktorja ojačenja

Info

Publication number
SI1875463T1
SI1875463T1 SI200632309T SI200632309T SI1875463T1 SI 1875463 T1 SI1875463 T1 SI 1875463T1 SI 200632309 T SI200632309 T SI 200632309T SI 200632309 T SI200632309 T SI 200632309T SI 1875463 T1 SI1875463 T1 SI 1875463T1
Authority
SI
Slovenia
Prior art keywords
systems
methods
gain factor
factor smoothing
smoothing
Prior art date
Application number
SI200632309T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Koen Bernard Vos
Ananthapadmanabhan A. Kandhadai
Original Assignee
Qualcomm Incorporated
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qualcomm Incorporated filed Critical Qualcomm Incorporated
Publication of SI1875463T1 publication Critical patent/SI1875463T1/sl

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/06Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g. of the short-term prediction coefficients
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/0204Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders using subband decomposition
    • G10L19/0208Subband vocoders
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/08Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/08Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters
    • G10L19/12Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters the excitation function being a code excitation, e.g. in code excited linear prediction [CELP] vocoders
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/16Vocoder architecture
    • GPHYSICS
    • G10MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10LSPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L21/00Speech or voice signal processing techniques to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
    • G10L21/02Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation
    • G10L21/038Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation using band spreading techniques

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Control Of Amplification And Gain Control (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Tone Control, Compression And Expansion, Limiting Amplitude (AREA)
SI200632309T 2005-04-22 2006-04-21 Sistemi, postopki in naprava za glajenje faktorja ojačenja SI1875463T1 (sl)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US67396505P 2005-04-22 2005-04-22
EP06750901.8A EP1875463B1 (en) 2005-04-22 2006-04-21 Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing
PCT/US2006/014993 WO2006116025A1 (en) 2005-04-22 2006-04-21 Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
SI1875463T1 true SI1875463T1 (sl) 2019-02-28

Family

ID=36741298

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SI200632309T SI1875463T1 (sl) 2005-04-22 2006-04-21 Sistemi, postopki in naprava za glajenje faktorja ojačenja

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (2) US9043214B2 (sl)
EP (2) EP1875464B9 (sl)
KR (2) KR100956878B1 (sl)
CN (3) CN101199003B (sl)
DK (1) DK1875463T3 (sl)
ES (1) ES2705589T3 (sl)
HU (1) HUE040628T2 (sl)
NO (1) NO20075509L (sl)
PL (1) PL1875463T3 (sl)
PT (1) PT1875463T (sl)
SI (1) SI1875463T1 (sl)
TR (1) TR201821299T4 (sl)
TW (2) TWI317933B (sl)
WO (2) WO2006116025A1 (sl)

Families Citing this family (109)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006062202A1 (ja) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-15 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. 広帯域符号化装置、広帯域lsp予測装置、帯域スケーラブル符号化装置及び広帯域符号化方法
JP5129117B2 (ja) 2005-04-01 2013-01-23 クゥアルコム・インコーポレイテッド 音声信号の高帯域部分を符号化及び復号する方法及び装置
WO2006116025A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-11-02 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing
US20070050441A1 (en) * 2005-08-26 2007-03-01 Step Communications Corporation,A Nevada Corporati Method and apparatus for improving noise discrimination using attenuation factor
US7619563B2 (en) 2005-08-26 2009-11-17 Step Communications Corporation Beam former using phase difference enhancement
US7472041B2 (en) * 2005-08-26 2008-12-30 Step Communications Corporation Method and apparatus for accommodating device and/or signal mismatch in a sensor array
US7436188B2 (en) * 2005-08-26 2008-10-14 Step Communications Corporation System and method for improving time domain processed sensor signals
US7415372B2 (en) * 2005-08-26 2008-08-19 Step Communications Corporation Method and apparatus for improving noise discrimination in multiple sensor pairs
US20070047742A1 (en) * 2005-08-26 2007-03-01 Step Communications Corporation, A Nevada Corporation Method and system for enhancing regional sensitivity noise discrimination
US20070047743A1 (en) * 2005-08-26 2007-03-01 Step Communications Corporation, A Nevada Corporation Method and apparatus for improving noise discrimination using enhanced phase difference value
RU2474972C2 (ru) * 2006-01-17 2013-02-10 Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс Н.В. Обнаружение присутствия телевизионных сигналов, погруженных в шум, с использованием набора инструментальных средств циклостационарности
US8260609B2 (en) 2006-07-31 2012-09-04 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for wideband encoding and decoding of inactive frames
US9454974B2 (en) * 2006-07-31 2016-09-27 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor limiting
US8725499B2 (en) * 2006-07-31 2014-05-13 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for signal change detection
US8532984B2 (en) * 2006-07-31 2013-09-10 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for wideband encoding and decoding of active frames
JP4827661B2 (ja) * 2006-08-30 2011-11-30 富士通株式会社 信号処理方法及び装置
US8639500B2 (en) * 2006-11-17 2014-01-28 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method, medium, and apparatus with bandwidth extension encoding and/or decoding
KR100788706B1 (ko) * 2006-11-28 2007-12-26 삼성전자주식회사 광대역 음성 신호의 부호화/복호화 방법
KR101379263B1 (ko) * 2007-01-12 2014-03-28 삼성전자주식회사 대역폭 확장 복호화 방법 및 장치
DE602008001787D1 (de) * 2007-02-12 2010-08-26 Dolby Lab Licensing Corp Verbessertes verhältnis von sprachlichen zu nichtsprachlichen audio-inhalten für ältere oder hörgeschädigte zuhörer
JP5530720B2 (ja) 2007-02-26 2014-06-25 ドルビー ラボラトリーズ ライセンシング コーポレイション エンターテイメントオーディオにおける音声強調方法、装置、およびコンピュータ読取り可能な記録媒体
KR101411900B1 (ko) * 2007-05-08 2014-06-26 삼성전자주식회사 오디오 신호의 부호화 및 복호화 방법 및 장치
WO2009001874A1 (ja) * 2007-06-27 2008-12-31 Nec Corporation オーディオ符号化方法、オーディオ復号方法、オーディオ符号化装置、オーディオ復号装置、プログラム、およびオーディオ符号化・復号システム
US20100250260A1 (en) * 2007-11-06 2010-09-30 Lasse Laaksonen Encoder
CN101896967A (zh) 2007-11-06 2010-11-24 诺基亚公司 编码器
US8688441B2 (en) * 2007-11-29 2014-04-01 Motorola Mobility Llc Method and apparatus to facilitate provision and use of an energy value to determine a spectral envelope shape for out-of-signal bandwidth content
KR101413967B1 (ko) * 2008-01-29 2014-07-01 삼성전자주식회사 오디오 신호의 부호화 방법 및 복호화 방법, 및 그에 대한 기록 매체, 오디오 신호의 부호화 장치 및 복호화 장치
US8433582B2 (en) * 2008-02-01 2013-04-30 Motorola Mobility Llc Method and apparatus for estimating high-band energy in a bandwidth extension system
US20090201983A1 (en) * 2008-02-07 2009-08-13 Motorola, Inc. Method and apparatus for estimating high-band energy in a bandwidth extension system
US8326641B2 (en) * 2008-03-20 2012-12-04 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding using bandwidth extension in portable terminal
KR101228165B1 (ko) * 2008-06-13 2013-01-30 노키아 코포레이션 프레임 에러 은폐 방법, 장치 및 컴퓨터 판독가능한 저장 매체
MY154452A (en) 2008-07-11 2015-06-15 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung An apparatus and a method for decoding an encoded audio signal
CA2836871C (en) 2008-07-11 2017-07-18 Stefan Bayer Time warp activation signal provider, audio signal encoder, method for providing a time warp activation signal, method for encoding an audio signal and computer programs
US8463412B2 (en) * 2008-08-21 2013-06-11 Motorola Mobility Llc Method and apparatus to facilitate determining signal bounding frequencies
GB2466201B (en) 2008-12-10 2012-07-11 Skype Ltd Regeneration of wideband speech
GB0822537D0 (en) 2008-12-10 2009-01-14 Skype Ltd Regeneration of wideband speech
US9947340B2 (en) 2008-12-10 2018-04-17 Skype Regeneration of wideband speech
CN101604525B (zh) * 2008-12-31 2011-04-06 华为技术有限公司 基音增益获取方法、装置及编码器、解码器
GB2466670B (en) * 2009-01-06 2012-11-14 Skype Speech encoding
GB2466675B (en) 2009-01-06 2013-03-06 Skype Speech coding
GB2466673B (en) 2009-01-06 2012-11-07 Skype Quantization
GB2466671B (en) * 2009-01-06 2013-03-27 Skype Speech encoding
US8463599B2 (en) * 2009-02-04 2013-06-11 Motorola Mobility Llc Bandwidth extension method and apparatus for a modified discrete cosine transform audio coder
JP4932917B2 (ja) 2009-04-03 2012-05-16 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ 音声復号装置、音声復号方法、及び音声復号プログラム
CN102257567B (zh) 2009-10-21 2014-05-07 松下电器产业株式会社 音响信号处理装置、音响编码装置及音响解码装置
US20110096942A1 (en) * 2009-10-23 2011-04-28 Broadcom Corporation Noise suppression system and method
US10115386B2 (en) * 2009-11-18 2018-10-30 Qualcomm Incorporated Delay techniques in active noise cancellation circuits or other circuits that perform filtering of decimated coefficients
EP2502231B1 (en) * 2009-11-19 2014-06-04 Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (PUBL) Bandwidth extension of a low band audio signal
GB2476043B (en) * 2009-12-08 2016-10-26 Skype Decoding speech signals
US8447617B2 (en) * 2009-12-21 2013-05-21 Mindspeed Technologies, Inc. Method and system for speech bandwidth extension
EP2357649B1 (en) 2010-01-21 2012-12-19 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Method and apparatus for decoding audio signal
US9525569B2 (en) * 2010-03-03 2016-12-20 Skype Enhanced circuit-switched calls
CN102844810B (zh) * 2010-04-14 2017-05-03 沃伊斯亚吉公司 用于在码激励线性预测编码器和解码器中使用的灵活和可缩放的组合式创新代码本
US8600737B2 (en) 2010-06-01 2013-12-03 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, apparatus, and computer program products for wideband speech coding
JP4923161B1 (ja) * 2010-09-29 2012-04-25 シャープ株式会社 移動通信システム、移動局装置、基地局装置、通信方法および集積回路
CN102800317B (zh) * 2011-05-25 2014-09-17 华为技术有限公司 信号分类方法及设备、编解码方法及设备
US9059786B2 (en) * 2011-07-07 2015-06-16 Vecima Networks Inc. Ingress suppression for communication systems
ITTO20110890A1 (it) * 2011-10-05 2013-04-06 Inst Rundfunktechnik Gmbh Interpolationsschaltung zum interpolieren eines ersten und zweiten mikrofonsignals.
CN103035248B (zh) 2011-10-08 2015-01-21 华为技术有限公司 音频信号编码方法和装置
US9444452B2 (en) 2012-02-24 2016-09-13 Parade Technologies, Ltd. Frequency hopping algorithm for capacitance sensing devices
US10448161B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2019-10-15 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media for gestural manipulation of a sound field
JP5998603B2 (ja) * 2012-04-18 2016-09-28 ソニー株式会社 音検出装置、音検出方法、音特徴量検出装置、音特徴量検出方法、音区間検出装置、音区間検出方法およびプログラム
JP5997592B2 (ja) * 2012-04-27 2016-09-28 株式会社Nttドコモ 音声復号装置
US20140006017A1 (en) * 2012-06-29 2014-01-02 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media for generating obfuscated speech signal
CN103928031B (zh) 2013-01-15 2016-03-30 华为技术有限公司 编码方法、解码方法、编码装置和解码装置
WO2014118156A1 (en) * 2013-01-29 2014-08-07 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Apparatus and method for synthesizing an audio signal, decoder, encoder, system and computer program
EP2951822B1 (en) 2013-01-29 2019-11-13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Audio encoder, audio decoder, method for providing an encoded audio information, method for providing a decoded audio information, computer program and encoded representation using a signal-adaptive bandwidth extension
US9741350B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2017-08-22 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems and methods of performing gain control
WO2014136629A1 (ja) 2013-03-05 2014-09-12 日本電気株式会社 信号処理装置、信号処理方法および信号処理プログラム
US9570087B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-02-14 Broadcom Corporation Single channel suppression of interfering sources
JP6153661B2 (ja) 2013-06-21 2017-06-28 フラウンホーファーゲゼルシャフト ツール フォルデルング デル アンゲヴァンテン フォルシユング エー.フアー. 改善されたパルス再同期化を採用するacelp型封じ込めにおける適応型コードブックの改善された封じ込めのための装置および方法
BR112015031181A2 (pt) * 2013-06-21 2017-07-25 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung aparelho e método que realizam conceitos aperfeiçoados para tcx ltp
CN104282312B (zh) 2013-07-01 2018-02-23 华为技术有限公司 信号编码和解码方法以及设备
FR3008533A1 (fr) 2013-07-12 2015-01-16 Orange Facteur d'echelle optimise pour l'extension de bande de frequence dans un decodeur de signaux audiofrequences
CN104301064B (zh) 2013-07-16 2018-05-04 华为技术有限公司 处理丢失帧的方法和解码器
CN107818789B (zh) * 2013-07-16 2020-11-17 华为技术有限公司 解码方法和解码装置
EP2830061A1 (en) 2013-07-22 2015-01-28 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding an encoded audio signal using temporal noise/patch shaping
CN105493182B (zh) * 2013-08-28 2020-01-21 杜比实验室特许公司 混合波形编码和参数编码语音增强
TWI557726B (zh) * 2013-08-29 2016-11-11 杜比國際公司 用於決定音頻信號的高頻帶信號的主比例因子頻帶表之系統和方法
CN104517610B (zh) 2013-09-26 2018-03-06 华为技术有限公司 频带扩展的方法及装置
CN104517611B (zh) 2013-09-26 2016-05-25 华为技术有限公司 一种高频激励信号预测方法及装置
US9620134B2 (en) * 2013-10-10 2017-04-11 Qualcomm Incorporated Gain shape estimation for improved tracking of high-band temporal characteristics
US9564141B2 (en) * 2014-02-13 2017-02-07 Qualcomm Incorporated Harmonic bandwidth extension of audio signals
US9697843B2 (en) * 2014-04-30 2017-07-04 Qualcomm Incorporated High band excitation signal generation
CN106409304B (zh) 2014-06-12 2020-08-25 华为技术有限公司 一种音频信号的时域包络处理方法及装置、编码器
CN105336338B (zh) 2014-06-24 2017-04-12 华为技术有限公司 音频编码方法和装置
CN106683681B (zh) 2014-06-25 2020-09-25 华为技术有限公司 处理丢失帧的方法和装置
US9984699B2 (en) * 2014-06-26 2018-05-29 Qualcomm Incorporated High-band signal coding using mismatched frequency ranges
US9583115B2 (en) * 2014-06-26 2017-02-28 Qualcomm Incorporated Temporal gain adjustment based on high-band signal characteristic
CN106486129B (zh) * 2014-06-27 2019-10-25 华为技术有限公司 一种音频编码方法和装置
KR101591597B1 (ko) * 2014-07-02 2016-02-19 한양대학교 산학협력단 G.722 코덱 패킷손실은닉 및 최급강하법을 이용한 적응형 뮤팅 시스템 및 방법
JP6668372B2 (ja) * 2015-02-26 2020-03-18 フラウンホッファー−ゲゼルシャフト ツァ フェルダールング デァ アンゲヴァンテン フォアシュンク エー.ファオ 目標時間領域エンベロープを用いて処理されたオーディオ信号を得るためにオーディオ信号を処理するための装置および方法
WO2016142002A1 (en) 2015-03-09 2016-09-15 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Audio encoder, audio decoder, method for encoding an audio signal and method for decoding an encoded audio signal
US9837089B2 (en) * 2015-06-18 2017-12-05 Qualcomm Incorporated High-band signal generation
US10847170B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2020-11-24 Qualcomm Incorporated Device and method for generating a high-band signal from non-linearly processed sub-ranges
US9613628B2 (en) 2015-07-01 2017-04-04 Gopro, Inc. Audio decoder for wind and microphone noise reduction in a microphone array system
EP3182411A1 (en) 2015-12-14 2017-06-21 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Apparatus and method for processing an encoded audio signal
EP3242295B1 (en) * 2016-05-06 2019-10-23 Nxp B.V. A signal processor
TWI594231B (zh) * 2016-12-23 2017-08-01 瑞軒科技股份有限公司 分頻壓縮電路,音訊處理方法以及音訊處理系統
CN106856623B (zh) * 2017-02-20 2020-02-11 鲁睿 基带语音信号通讯噪声抑制方法及系统
US10553222B2 (en) * 2017-03-09 2020-02-04 Qualcomm Incorporated Inter-channel bandwidth extension spectral mapping and adjustment
US10200727B2 (en) 2017-03-29 2019-02-05 International Business Machines Corporation Video encoding and transcoding for multiple simultaneous qualities of service
US10825467B2 (en) * 2017-04-21 2020-11-03 Qualcomm Incorporated Non-harmonic speech detection and bandwidth extension in a multi-source environment
US20190051286A1 (en) * 2017-08-14 2019-02-14 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Normalization of high band signals in network telephony communications
CN115334444A (zh) * 2018-04-11 2022-11-11 杜比国际公司 用于音频渲染的预渲染信号的方法、设备和系统
US10847172B2 (en) * 2018-12-17 2020-11-24 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Phase quantization in a speech encoder
US10957331B2 (en) 2018-12-17 2021-03-23 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Phase reconstruction in a speech decoder
BR112023006291A2 (pt) * 2020-10-09 2023-05-09 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Dispositivo, método ou programa de computador para processar uma cena de áudio codificada usando uma conversão de parâmetro
AU2021357364B2 (en) * 2020-10-09 2024-06-27 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Apparatus, method, or computer program for processing an encoded audio scene using a parameter smoothing

Family Cites Families (131)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3158693A (en) * 1962-08-07 1964-11-24 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Speech interpolation communication system
US3855416A (en) 1972-12-01 1974-12-17 F Fuller Method and apparatus for phonation analysis leading to valid truth/lie decisions by fundamental speech-energy weighted vibratto component assessment
US3855414A (en) 1973-04-24 1974-12-17 Anaconda Co Cable armor clamp
JPS59139099A (ja) 1983-01-31 1984-08-09 株式会社東芝 音声区間検出装置
US4616659A (en) 1985-05-06 1986-10-14 At&T Bell Laboratories Heart rate detection utilizing autoregressive analysis
US4630305A (en) 1985-07-01 1986-12-16 Motorola, Inc. Automatic gain selector for a noise suppression system
US4747143A (en) 1985-07-12 1988-05-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Speech enhancement system having dynamic gain control
US4862168A (en) 1987-03-19 1989-08-29 Beard Terry D Audio digital/analog encoding and decoding
US4805193A (en) 1987-06-04 1989-02-14 Motorola, Inc. Protection of energy information in sub-band coding
US4852179A (en) 1987-10-05 1989-07-25 Motorola, Inc. Variable frame rate, fixed bit rate vocoding method
JP2707564B2 (ja) 1987-12-14 1998-01-28 株式会社日立製作所 音声符号化方式
US5285520A (en) 1988-03-02 1994-02-08 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha Predictive coding apparatus
JPH0639229B2 (ja) * 1988-08-29 1994-05-25 株式会社大井製作所 パワーシートスライド装置
US5077798A (en) 1988-09-28 1991-12-31 Hitachi, Ltd. Method and system for voice coding based on vector quantization
US5086475A (en) 1988-11-19 1992-02-04 Sony Corporation Apparatus for generating, recording or reproducing sound source data
BR9105987A (pt) 1990-09-19 1993-02-02 Philips Nv Portador de registro no qual foram registrados um arquivo de dados principais e um arquivo de controle,processo e dispositivo para registrar um arquivo de dados principais e um arquivo de controle num portador de registro,e dispositivo para ter um portador de registro
JP2779886B2 (ja) 1992-10-05 1998-07-23 日本電信電話株式会社 広帯域音声信号復元方法
JP3191457B2 (ja) 1992-10-31 2001-07-23 ソニー株式会社 高能率符号化装置、ノイズスペクトル変更装置及び方法
US5455888A (en) 1992-12-04 1995-10-03 Northern Telecom Limited Speech bandwidth extension method and apparatus
RU2131169C1 (ru) 1993-06-30 1999-05-27 Сони Корпорейшн Устройство кодирования сигнала, устройство декодирования сигнала, носитель записи и способ кодирования и декодирования
AU7960994A (en) 1993-10-08 1995-05-04 Comsat Corporation Improved low bit rate vocoders and methods of operation therefor
US5684920A (en) 1994-03-17 1997-11-04 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Acoustic signal transform coding method and decoding method having a high efficiency envelope flattening method therein
US5487087A (en) 1994-05-17 1996-01-23 Texas Instruments Incorporated Signal quantizer with reduced output fluctuation
US5797118A (en) 1994-08-09 1998-08-18 Yamaha Corporation Learning vector quantization and a temporary memory such that the codebook contents are renewed when a first speaker returns
JP2770137B2 (ja) 1994-09-22 1998-06-25 日本プレシジョン・サーキッツ株式会社 波形データ圧縮装置
US5699477A (en) 1994-11-09 1997-12-16 Texas Instruments Incorporated Mixed excitation linear prediction with fractional pitch
FI97182C (fi) 1994-12-05 1996-10-25 Nokia Telecommunications Oy Menetelmä vastaanotettujen huonojen puhekehysten korvaamiseksi digitaalisessa vastaanottimessa sekä digitaalisen tietoliikennejärjestelmän vastaanotin
JP3365113B2 (ja) 1994-12-22 2003-01-08 ソニー株式会社 音声レベル制御装置
EP0732687B2 (en) 1995-03-13 2005-10-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Apparatus for expanding speech bandwidth
US5706395A (en) 1995-04-19 1998-01-06 Texas Instruments Incorporated Adaptive weiner filtering using a dynamic suppression factor
US6263307B1 (en) 1995-04-19 2001-07-17 Texas Instruments Incorporated Adaptive weiner filtering using line spectral frequencies
JP3334419B2 (ja) 1995-04-20 2002-10-15 ソニー株式会社 ノイズ低減方法及びノイズ低減装置
US5699485A (en) 1995-06-07 1997-12-16 Lucent Technologies Inc. Pitch delay modification during frame erasures
US5704003A (en) 1995-09-19 1997-12-30 Lucent Technologies Inc. RCELP coder
US6097824A (en) 1997-06-06 2000-08-01 Audiologic, Incorporated Continuous frequency dynamic range audio compressor
JP3707116B2 (ja) 1995-10-26 2005-10-19 ソニー株式会社 音声復号化方法及び装置
US5737716A (en) 1995-12-26 1998-04-07 Motorola Method and apparatus for encoding speech using neural network technology for speech classification
US5689615A (en) 1996-01-22 1997-11-18 Rockwell International Corporation Usage of voice activity detection for efficient coding of speech
TW307960B (en) 1996-02-15 1997-06-11 Philips Electronics Nv Reduced complexity signal transmission system
EP0814458B1 (en) * 1996-06-19 2004-09-22 Texas Instruments Incorporated Improvements in or relating to speech coding
JP3246715B2 (ja) 1996-07-01 2002-01-15 松下電器産業株式会社 オーディオ信号圧縮方法,およびオーディオ信号圧縮装置
EP1071081B1 (en) 1996-11-07 2002-05-08 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Vector quantization codebook generation method
US6009395A (en) * 1997-01-02 1999-12-28 Texas Instruments Incorporated Synthesizer and method using scaled excitation signal
US6202046B1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2001-03-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Background noise/speech classification method
US6041297A (en) 1997-03-10 2000-03-21 At&T Corp Vocoder for coding speech by using a correlation between spectral magnitudes and candidate excitations
US5890126A (en) 1997-03-10 1999-03-30 Euphonics, Incorporated Audio data decompression and interpolation apparatus and method
US6385235B1 (en) 1997-04-22 2002-05-07 Silicon Laboratories, Inc. Direct digital access arrangement circuitry and method for connecting to phone lines
EP0878790A1 (en) 1997-05-15 1998-11-18 Hewlett-Packard Company Voice coding system and method
SE512719C2 (sv) 1997-06-10 2000-05-02 Lars Gustaf Liljeryd En metod och anordning för reduktion av dataflöde baserad på harmonisk bandbreddsexpansion
US6889185B1 (en) 1997-08-28 2005-05-03 Texas Instruments Incorporated Quantization of linear prediction coefficients using perceptual weighting
US6122384A (en) 1997-09-02 2000-09-19 Qualcomm Inc. Noise suppression system and method
US6029125A (en) 1997-09-02 2000-02-22 Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, (Publ) Reducing sparseness in coded speech signals
AU4661497A (en) 1997-09-30 1999-03-22 Qualcomm Incorporated Channel gain modification system and method for noise reduction in voice communication
JPH11205166A (ja) 1998-01-19 1999-07-30 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ノイズ検出装置
US6301556B1 (en) 1998-03-04 2001-10-09 Telefonaktiebolaget L M. Ericsson (Publ) Reducing sparseness in coded speech signals
WO1999065017A1 (en) * 1998-06-09 1999-12-16 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Speech coding apparatus and speech decoding apparatus
US6449590B1 (en) * 1998-08-24 2002-09-10 Conexant Systems, Inc. Speech encoder using warping in long term preprocessing
US6385573B1 (en) 1998-08-24 2002-05-07 Conexant Systems, Inc. Adaptive tilt compensation for synthesized speech residual
JP4170458B2 (ja) 1998-08-27 2008-10-22 ローランド株式会社 波形信号の時間軸圧縮伸長装置
US6353808B1 (en) 1998-10-22 2002-03-05 Sony Corporation Apparatus and method for encoding a signal as well as apparatus and method for decoding a signal
KR20000047944A (ko) 1998-12-11 2000-07-25 이데이 노부유끼 수신장치 및 방법과 통신장치 및 방법
JP4354561B2 (ja) 1999-01-08 2009-10-28 パナソニック株式会社 オーディオ信号符号化装置及び復号化装置
US6223151B1 (en) 1999-02-10 2001-04-24 Telefon Aktie Bolaget Lm Ericsson Method and apparatus for pre-processing speech signals prior to coding by transform-based speech coders
JP3696091B2 (ja) 1999-05-14 2005-09-14 松下電器産業株式会社 オーディオ信号の帯域を拡張するための方法及び装置
US6604070B1 (en) * 1999-09-22 2003-08-05 Conexant Systems, Inc. System of encoding and decoding speech signals
JP4792613B2 (ja) 1999-09-29 2011-10-12 ソニー株式会社 情報処理装置および方法、並びに記録媒体
US6715125B1 (en) 1999-10-18 2004-03-30 Agere Systems Inc. Source coding and transmission with time diversity
DE60019268T2 (de) 1999-11-16 2006-02-02 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Breitbandiges audio-übertragungssystem
CA2290037A1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2001-05-18 Voiceage Corporation Gain-smoothing amplifier device and method in codecs for wideband speech and audio signals
US7260523B2 (en) 1999-12-21 2007-08-21 Texas Instruments Incorporated Sub-band speech coding system
AU2547201A (en) * 2000-01-11 2001-07-24 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Multi-mode voice encoding device and decoding device
US6757395B1 (en) 2000-01-12 2004-06-29 Sonic Innovations, Inc. Noise reduction apparatus and method
US6704711B2 (en) 2000-01-28 2004-03-09 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) System and method for modifying speech signals
US6732070B1 (en) * 2000-02-16 2004-05-04 Nokia Mobile Phones, Ltd. Wideband speech codec using a higher sampling rate in analysis and synthesis filtering than in excitation searching
JP3681105B2 (ja) 2000-02-24 2005-08-10 アルパイン株式会社 データ処理方式
US6523003B1 (en) * 2000-03-28 2003-02-18 Tellabs Operations, Inc. Spectrally interdependent gain adjustment techniques
US6757654B1 (en) 2000-05-11 2004-06-29 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson Forward error correction in speech coding
US7136810B2 (en) * 2000-05-22 2006-11-14 Texas Instruments Incorporated Wideband speech coding system and method
DE60118627T2 (de) 2000-05-22 2007-01-11 Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Breitbandcodierung von Sprachsignalen
US7330814B2 (en) 2000-05-22 2008-02-12 Texas Instruments Incorporated Wideband speech coding with modulated noise highband excitation system and method
JP2002055699A (ja) 2000-08-10 2002-02-20 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 音声符号化装置および音声符号化方法
JP2004507191A (ja) 2000-08-25 2004-03-04 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ デジタル入力信号のワード長を低減する方法及び装置並びにデジタル入力信号を回復させる方法及び装置
US7386444B2 (en) 2000-09-22 2008-06-10 Texas Instruments Incorporated Hybrid speech coding and system
US6947888B1 (en) 2000-10-17 2005-09-20 Qualcomm Incorporated Method and apparatus for high performance low bit-rate coding of unvoiced speech
JP2002202799A (ja) 2000-10-30 2002-07-19 Fujitsu Ltd 音声符号変換装置
JP3558031B2 (ja) * 2000-11-06 2004-08-25 日本電気株式会社 音声復号化装置
CN1216368C (zh) * 2000-11-09 2005-08-24 皇家菲利浦电子有限公司 用于扩展语音信号的频率范围的方法和系统
SE0004163D0 (sv) 2000-11-14 2000-11-14 Coding Technologies Sweden Ab Enhancing perceptual performance of high frequency reconstruction coding methods by adaptive filtering
US7230931B2 (en) 2001-01-19 2007-06-12 Raze Technologies, Inc. Wireless access system using selectively adaptable beam forming in TDD frames and method of operation
SE0004187D0 (sv) 2000-11-15 2000-11-15 Coding Technologies Sweden Ab Enhancing the performance of coding systems that use high frequency reconstruction methods
CA2429832C (en) 2000-11-30 2011-05-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Lpc vector quantization apparatus
GB0031461D0 (en) 2000-12-22 2001-02-07 Thales Defence Ltd Communication sets
US20040204935A1 (en) * 2001-02-21 2004-10-14 Krishnasamy Anandakumar Adaptive voice playout in VOP
JP2002268698A (ja) 2001-03-08 2002-09-20 Nec Corp 音声認識装置と標準パターン作成装置及び方法並びにプログラム
US20030028386A1 (en) 2001-04-02 2003-02-06 Zinser Richard L. Compressed domain universal transcoder
SE522553C2 (sv) * 2001-04-23 2004-02-17 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Bandbreddsutsträckning av akustiska signaler
DE50104998D1 (de) 2001-05-11 2005-02-03 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur erweiterung der bandbreite eines schmalbandig gefilterten sprachsignals, insbesondere eines von einem telekommunikationsgerät gesendeten sprachsignals
CN1235192C (zh) 2001-06-28 2006-01-04 皇家菲利浦电子有限公司 传输系统以及用于接收窄带音频信号的接收机和方法
US6879955B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2005-04-12 Microsoft Corporation Signal modification based on continuous time warping for low bit rate CELP coding
SE0202159D0 (sv) * 2001-07-10 2002-07-09 Coding Technologies Sweden Ab Efficientand scalable parametric stereo coding for low bitrate applications
JP2003036097A (ja) 2001-07-25 2003-02-07 Sony Corp 情報検出装置及び方法、並びに情報検索装置及び方法
TW525147B (en) 2001-09-28 2003-03-21 Inventec Besta Co Ltd Method of obtaining and decoding basic cycle of voice
US6895375B2 (en) * 2001-10-04 2005-05-17 At&T Corp. System for bandwidth extension of Narrow-band speech
US6988066B2 (en) 2001-10-04 2006-01-17 At&T Corp. Method of bandwidth extension for narrow-band speech
TW526468B (en) 2001-10-19 2003-04-01 Chunghwa Telecom Co Ltd System and method for eliminating background noise of voice signal
JP4245288B2 (ja) 2001-11-13 2009-03-25 パナソニック株式会社 音声符号化装置および音声復号化装置
US20030108108A1 (en) * 2001-11-15 2003-06-12 Takashi Katayama Decoder, decoding method, and program distribution medium therefor
AU2002348961A1 (en) 2001-11-23 2003-06-10 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Audio signal bandwidth extension
CA2365203A1 (en) 2001-12-14 2003-06-14 Voiceage Corporation A signal modification method for efficient coding of speech signals
US6751587B2 (en) 2002-01-04 2004-06-15 Broadcom Corporation Efficient excitation quantization in noise feedback coding with general noise shaping
JP4290917B2 (ja) 2002-02-08 2009-07-08 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ 復号装置、符号化装置、復号方法、及び、符号化方法
JP3826813B2 (ja) 2002-02-18 2006-09-27 ソニー株式会社 ディジタル信号処理装置及びディジタル信号処理方法
EP1543307B1 (en) * 2002-09-19 2006-02-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Audio decoding apparatus and method
JP3756864B2 (ja) 2002-09-30 2006-03-15 株式会社東芝 音声合成方法と装置及び音声合成プログラム
KR100841096B1 (ko) 2002-10-14 2008-06-25 리얼네트웍스아시아퍼시픽 주식회사 음성 코덱에 대한 디지털 오디오 신호의 전처리 방법
US20040098255A1 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-05-20 France Telecom Generalized analysis-by-synthesis speech coding method, and coder implementing such method
US7242763B2 (en) * 2002-11-26 2007-07-10 Lucent Technologies Inc. Systems and methods for far-end noise reduction and near-end noise compensation in a mixed time-frequency domain compander to improve signal quality in communications systems
CA2415105A1 (en) 2002-12-24 2004-06-24 Voiceage Corporation A method and device for robust predictive vector quantization of linear prediction parameters in variable bit rate speech coding
KR100480341B1 (ko) * 2003-03-13 2005-03-31 한국전자통신연구원 광대역 저전송률 음성 신호의 부호화기
RU2316059C2 (ru) 2003-05-01 2008-01-27 Нокиа Корпорейшн Способ и устройство для квантования усиления в широкополосном речевом кодировании с переменной битовой скоростью передачи
WO2005004113A1 (ja) 2003-06-30 2005-01-13 Fujitsu Limited オーディオ符号化装置
US20050004793A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-06 Pasi Ojala Signal adaptation for higher band coding in a codec utilizing band split coding
FI118550B (fi) 2003-07-14 2007-12-14 Nokia Corp Parannettu eksitaatio ylemmän kaistan koodaukselle koodekissa, joka käyttää kaistojen jakoon perustuvia koodausmenetelmiä
US7428490B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2008-09-23 Intel Corporation Method for spectral subtraction in speech enhancement
KR100587953B1 (ko) 2003-12-26 2006-06-08 한국전자통신연구원 대역-분할 광대역 음성 코덱에서의 고대역 오류 은닉 장치 및 그를 이용한 비트스트림 복호화 시스템
CA2454296A1 (en) 2003-12-29 2005-06-29 Nokia Corporation Method and device for speech enhancement in the presence of background noise
JP4259401B2 (ja) 2004-06-02 2009-04-30 カシオ計算機株式会社 音声処理装置及び音声符号化方法
US8000967B2 (en) 2005-03-09 2011-08-16 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Low-complexity code excited linear prediction encoding
US8155965B2 (en) * 2005-03-11 2012-04-10 Qualcomm Incorporated Time warping frames inside the vocoder by modifying the residual
JP5129117B2 (ja) * 2005-04-01 2013-01-23 クゥアルコム・インコーポレイテッド 音声信号の高帯域部分を符号化及び復号する方法及び装置
WO2006116025A1 (en) 2005-04-22 2006-11-02 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1875464B9 (en) 2020-10-28
KR100956878B1 (ko) 2010-05-11
TW200710824A (en) 2007-03-16
PL1875463T3 (pl) 2019-03-29
DK1875463T3 (en) 2019-01-28
CN101199004A (zh) 2008-06-11
WO2006116025A1 (en) 2006-11-02
US20060282262A1 (en) 2006-12-14
KR20080003912A (ko) 2008-01-08
KR20080002996A (ko) 2008-01-04
NO20075509L (no) 2007-12-27
TWI324336B (en) 2010-05-01
KR100947421B1 (ko) 2010-03-12
WO2006116024A2 (en) 2006-11-02
PT1875463T (pt) 2019-01-24
EP1875464B1 (en) 2012-12-05
CN101199003B (zh) 2012-01-11
EP1875464A2 (en) 2008-01-09
ES2705589T3 (es) 2019-03-26
US9043214B2 (en) 2015-05-26
CN101199003A (zh) 2008-06-11
CN101199004B (zh) 2011-11-09
TWI317933B (en) 2009-12-01
HUE040628T2 (hu) 2019-03-28
EP1875463A1 (en) 2008-01-09
WO2006116024A3 (en) 2007-03-22
CN102110440B (zh) 2012-09-26
EP1875463B1 (en) 2018-10-17
TW200707410A (en) 2007-02-16
TR201821299T4 (tr) 2019-01-21
US20060277039A1 (en) 2006-12-07
CN102110440A (zh) 2011-06-29
US8892448B2 (en) 2014-11-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PL1875463T3 (pl) Układy, sposoby i urządzenie do wygładzania współczynnika wzmocnienia
GB2430297B (en) Transaction apparatus, systems and methods
EP1928570A4 (en) DEVICE, SYSTEM AND METHOD USING DISCRETE VOLUMES OF NON-MISCIBLE FLUIDS
EP1880234A4 (en) SYSTEMS, METHODS AND DEVICES FOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
EP1854219A4 (en) METHOD, APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING ENERGY
TWI347760B (en) Methods, apparatus, and system for venue-cast
GB2435567B (en) Systems, methods, and apparatuses for coarse-sensing modules
EP1946549A4 (en) APPARATUSES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ADMINISTERING RADIO ADVERTISING
IL191556A0 (en) Solar system and method for the operation thereof
EP1789893A4 (en) METHODS, SYSTEMS AND APPARATUS FOR INTENSIVE BUSINESS TRADE
HK1097123A1 (en) Communication system, communication apparatus and method
EP1850755A4 (en) DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR PLAQUE RECOGNITION
EP2151500A4 (en) BRANCHED A-GLUCAN, THESE PRODUCING A-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND USE THEREOF
HK1126835A1 (en) Improved construction system, method and apparatus
HK1116716A1 (en) Pressurized-training apparatus and control method for the same
GB0620956D0 (en) Systems, methods, and apparatuses for fine-sensing modules
IL178053A0 (en) System, method and apparatus for self-cleaning dry etch
EP1863685A4 (en) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS AND CONNECTION THEREOF
GB2437038B (en) Passive scanning apparatus, systems, and methods
GB0521454D0 (en) Devices, method and apparatus
EP1865607A4 (en) REDUCING DEVICE AND METHOD AND RECEIVING DEVICE
EP1914593A4 (en) AUXILIARY DEVICE FOR PROJECTION DEVICE, AND PROJECTION SYSTEM
EP1947539A4 (en) CONTROL METHOD, AND CONTROL SYSTEM
EP1821466A4 (en) COMMUNICATION DEVICE, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND COMMUNICATION PROCESS
HK1097124A1 (en) Communications system, communications apparatus and method