SG188681A1 - Building board and building production method - Google Patents
Building board and building production method Download PDFInfo
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- SG188681A1 SG188681A1 SG2011066230A SG2011066230A SG188681A1 SG 188681 A1 SG188681 A1 SG 188681A1 SG 2011066230 A SG2011066230 A SG 2011066230A SG 2011066230 A SG2011066230 A SG 2011066230A SG 188681 A1 SG188681 A1 SG 188681A1
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- Singapore
- Prior art keywords
- coating film
- building board
- building
- inkjet
- ink
- Prior art date
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001041 dye based ink Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001042 pigment based ink Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 241000206607 Porphyra umbilicalis Species 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 2
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000812633 Varicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- WTFXARWRTYJXII-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] WTFXARWRTYJXII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Abstract
OF THE DISCLOSURE Provided are a building board that exhibits high weathering performance and that has an inkjet coating film unaffected by the drying state of a base coating film, and a coating method for the building board. In the building board, a base coating film, an inkjet coating film and a clear coating film are sequentially formed on a surface of an inorganic board; the inkjet coating film is a cured product of a UV-curable ink; and the clear coating film contains 0.1 to 10.0 wt% of a light stabilizer and/or ultraviolet absorbent. A method of producing a building board includes the steps of:implementing base coating onto a surface of an inorganic board; performing inkjet coating by coating a UV-curable ink onto the surface of the base-coated inorganic board and curing the UV-curable ink through irradiation of UV rays; and performing clear coating by applying a clear coating material containing 0.1 to 10.0 wt%, on solids basis, of a light stabilizer and/or ultraviolet absorbent, onto the surface of the inkjet-coated inorganic board. NO FIGURE
Description
BUILDING BOARD AND BUILDING BOARD PRODUCTION METHOD
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a building board suitably used as a wall material, and to a method of producing the building board. 2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional inorganic boards have, as main components, a water-setiable ineorganic powder such as a cement and a wooden reinforcing material such as wood pulp fibers. Such inorganic boards have excellent properties, for instance flexural strength, and hence are used, as ccated boards, in, for example , inner wall materials and outer siding materials in houses. For instance,
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-182245 discloses a building board in which, via an undercoat layer, that are disposed an intermediate coat laver containing an ink-adsorbing component and an inkjet coating laver, in this order.
In the building board disclosed in Japanese Patent
Application Publication Neo. 2007-162245, however, the ink in the inkjet coating laver becomes adhered through adsorption onto the intermediate coat layer. This is problematic, in that, as a result, the hus of the inkjet coating layer varies depending on the drying state of the intermediats coat layer.
Ever more challenging quality requirements in recent vears have resulted in a demand for cecatings that have high weathering performance with little color fading even after 20 years.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a building board that has an inkjet coating film that is unaffected by the drying state of the base coating film, such that the building board exhibits high weathering performance, and to provide a method of producing the building board.
The present invention provides a building board. In the pbuilding board of the present invention, a base coating film, an inkjet coating film and a clear coating £ilm are formed, in this order, on the surface of an inorganic beard. The inorganic board is, for instance, a ceramic siding board such as a wood fiber reinforced cement board, a fiber reinforced cement board, a fiber reinforced cement-calcium silicate board or a slag gypsum board; or ametallic siding board, an ALC board or the like. The base coating film comprises, for instance, an acrylic resin, a silicone resin, a fluororesin, an acrylic silicone resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin or the like. The inkjet coating film comprises a cured product of a UV-curable ink. The clear coating film comprisas an acrylic silicone resin, a fluororesin, an acrylic resin, a silicone resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin or an inorganic material. In terms of weathering performance, however, the clazar coating film comprises at least any from among an acrylic silicone resin, a fluororesin and an inorganic material. The clear coating film contains 0.1 to 10.0 wt% of a light stabilizer and/or an ultraviolet absorbent.
In the present invention, an inkjet coating film, as a cured product of a UV-curable ink, is formed on a base coating film. An inkjet coating film layer can be obtained as a result that is unaffected by the drying state of the base coating film. The clear coating film comprises 0.1 to 10.0 wt% of a light stabilizer and/or an ultraviolet absorbent. As a result, the clear coating film has high weathering performance and little color fading even after 20 years.
The UV-curable ink may be a dye-based ink, or a pigment-based ink, or may comprise both a dye-based ink and a pigment-~based ink.
Examples of light stabilizers include, for instance, thoss vased on a hindered amine. Ultraviolet absorbents include organic and inorganic cones. Examples of organic ultraviolet absorbents include, for instance, benzophenone-based, benzotriazole-based, salicylate-based, cyanocacrylate-based and triazine-based ones.
Examples of inorganic ultraviolet absorbents include, for instance, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, zinc oxide, black iron oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, talc and kaolin.
The present invention provides also a method of producing a building beard. The method of producing a building board of the present invention comprises the steps of: implementing base coating onto a surface of an inorganic board; performing inkjet coating on the surface of the base-ccated inorganic board; and performing clear coating on the surface of the inkjet~coated inorganic beard:
wherein inkjet coating is performed by applying a UV-curable ink and curing the UV-curable ink through irradiation of UV rays; and clear coating is performed by applying a clear coating material containing 0.1 to 10.0 wt%, on solids basis, of a light stabilizer and/or ultraviolet absorbent. As a result there can be produced a building beard having a inkjet coating film layer that i= unaffected by the drying state of the base coating film, such that the building board exhibits high weathering performance.
In implementing base coating there can be used a woating material comprising, for instance, an acrylic resin, a silicons resin, a fluororesin, an acrylic silicone resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin or the like. The UV-curable ink may be a dye-based ink or a pigment-based ink, or may comprise both a dve-based ink and z pigment-based ink. In clear coating there can be used a coating material comprising, for instance, an acrylic silicone resin, a fluororesin, an acrylic resin, a silicone resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin or an inorganic material. In terms of weathering performance, however, there 1s preferably used a coating material that comprises at least any from among an acrylic silicone resin, a flucoraresin and an inorganic material. A hindered amine-based light stabilizer or the like can be used as the light stabilizer. An organic or inorganic ultravioletl absorbent can be used as the ultraviolet absorbent. The above-described substances can be used as the crganilc or inorganic ultraviolet absorbent.
In the present invention, preferably, the base coating film is formed through coating of 30 to 150 g/m? of coating material.
An amount smaller than 30 g/m” may result in, for instance, poor waterproofing performance and poor adhesion to an inorganic board,
If the amount is greater than 150 g/m®, cracks may appear in the coating film during drying, and workability may become significantly impaired.
Preferably, the clear coating film is formed by coasting 50 to 150 g/m’ of a clear coating material. An amount smaller than 50 g/m’ may result in poor waterproofing performance; and high weathering performance may fail to be achieved. If the amount is greater than 150 g/m?, cracks may appear in the coating film during drying, and workability may become significantly impaired.
The present invention succeeds in providing a building board, boasting high weathering performance, that has an inkjet coating film that is uvnaffected by the drying state of the base coating film, and a coating method of the building board.
Examples of the present invention are explained next.
There were coated 50 g/m? of an agueous coating material having an acrylic resin as a main component onto the surface of a 14-mm thick smooth-surface inorganic beard comprising a cement, silica sand and pulp, followed by drying for about 3 minutes in a dryer at about 120°C. On the surface there were coated next 80 g/m? of an aqueous coating material containing a pigment and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component, followed by drying for about 5 minutes in a dryer at about 120°C. A marbled pattern was imparted to the surface by using four-color UV-curable inks, namely cyan, magenta, vellow and black. The coating apparatus of the UV-curable ink was provided with an UV irradiating unit at the back of ink~jetting ports. After jetting, ths ink was immediately cured through irradiation of UV rays. Dye-based inks were used for all the UV-curable inks of four colors. Onto the surface there were coated 110 g/m* of a clear coating material containing 0.5 wt$%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component, followed by drying for about 15 minutes in a dryer at about 100°C, to vield a building board cf Example 1.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein, 90 g/m” of an aqueous coating material containing a pigment and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component were applisd, followed by drying for about 5 minutes in a dryer at about 120°C, and the board was left to stand at normal temperature for one day, after which UV-curable inks cf four colors were applied, to yield a bullding board of Example 2.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the UV-curakle inks of four colors were changed to pigment-based inks, to yield a building board of Example 3.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, hut the black ink alone, from among the UV-curabls inks of four colors, was changed to a pigment-=based ink, to yield a building hoard of &
Example 4.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the clear coating material containing 0.5 wt%, on sclids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main componsnt was changed to a clear coating material containing 1.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a benzophenona=-based ultraviolet absorbent and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component, to yield a bullding beard of
Example 5.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the clear cecating material containing 0.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component was changed to a clear coating material containing 1.0 wt%, on solids basis, of zinc cxide and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component, to yield a building board of Example 6.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the clear coating material containing 0.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component was changed to a clear coating material having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component and containing 0.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, and 0.8 wt%, on solids hasis, of a benzophenone-based ultraviolet absorbent, to yield a building board of Example 7.
Ceating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the clear coating material containing 0.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component was changed to a clear coating material having a fluororesin as a main component and containing 0.5 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, and 0.8 wt%, on sclids basis, of a benzophenone-bhased : ultraviolet absorbent, to vield a building board of Example 8.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1 but changing herein the UV-curable inks of four colors to non-UV-curable conventional inks, to yield a building board of
Comparative example 1.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Examples 1, but herein there was coated no clear coating material containing 0.5 wi%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as a main component, to vield : a bullding board of Comparative example 2.
Coating was performed in the same way as in Example 1, but herein the clear coating material containing 0.3 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as & main component was changed to a clear coating material containing 20.0 wt%, on solids basis, of a hindered amine-based light stabilizer and having an acrylic silicone resin as amain component, toyielda building board of Comparative examples 3.
The coating condition of the obtained Examples 1 tc 8 and
Comparative examples 1 to 3 was observed, and weathering perfcrmance, ccating film adhesion performance and freeze-thaw resistance performance were measured. In the weathering performance test, the specimens were subjected to 30 test cycles wherein each cycle involved UV irradiation for 16 hours using a metal halide lamp as a light source (temperature 65°C, humidity 70%), two hours of no UV irradiation (temperature 65°C, humidity 70%), 10 seconds of shower spray, 6 hours of dew condensation {temperature 30°C, humidity 98%) and 10 seconds of shower spray.
Rach specimen was evaluated by comparing the appearance and color differences of the coating filmbefore and after the test. As regards coating film adhesion performance, the specimens were caused to absorb water through immersion in water for 24 hours, followed by humidity conditioning at 50°C and relative humidity RH70% for 2 hours, after which a peeling test was performed using an adhesive tape. The coating film adhesion performance was svaluated on the basis of the adhesiveness of the coating film. To evaluate freeze-thaw resistance performance, the specimens were subjected to 300 cycles according to ASTM B, and were then checked for anomalies.
In the building boards of Examples 1 to 8, the marbled pattern was imparted sharply by the inkjet coating film, and ne anomalies such as color fading, coating filmpesling and the like were observed in the weathering performance test, the ccating film adhesion performance test or the freeze-thaw resistance performance test.
No hue differences were observed in the marbled patterns of Examples
S
1 and 2.
By contrast, the building board of Comparative example 1 exhibited a blurred marbled pattern bv the inkjet coating film, and performed poorly, 1l.e. exhibited coating film peeling, stark color fading and the like in the weathering performance test, the coating film adhesion performance test and the freeze-thaw resistance performance test.
The building board of Comparative ezample 2 was imparted with a sharp marbled pattern by the inkjet coating film, but performed poorly, i.e. exhibited coating film peeling, stark color fading and the like in the weathering performance test, the coating film adhesion performance test and the freeze-thaw resistance performance test.
The building board of Comparative example 3 was imparted with a sharp marbled pattern by the inkjet coating film, and no color fading was observed in the weathering performance test. However, the performance of the building board was poor, for instance due to peeling of part of the coating film, in the coating film adhesion performance fast and the freeze-thaw resistance performance test.
Embodiments of the present invention have besn explained above, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and can be embodied in varicus manners wiring board departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims,
As explained above, the present invention succeeds in providing a building board, boasting high weathering performance, that has an inkjet coating film that is unaffected by the drying state of the base coating film, and succeeds in providing a coating method of the building board.
Claims (1)
- What Is Claimed Is:i. A building board, wherein a base coating film, an inkjet coating film anda clear coating film are sequentially formed on a surface of an inorganic board; the inkjet coating film is a cured product of a UV-curable ink; and the clear coating film contains 0.1 to 10.0 wt% of a light stabilizer and/or ultraviclet absorbent.Z. The building board according te claim 1, wherein the UV-curable ink is a dye-based ink.3. The building board according to claim 1, wherein the UV-curable ink is a pilgment-based ink.4. The building board according to claim 1, wherein the UV=-curable ink comprises a dye-based ink and a pigment-based ink.5. The building board according to claim 1, wherein the light stabilizer is a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, and the ultraviolet absorbent is at least either organic- or inorganic-based.&. The building board according toe <laim L, wherein the clear coating film is at least any from among an acrylic silicone resin, a fluororesin and an inorganic material,7. A method of producing a building board, comprising the steps of: implementing base coating onto a surface of an inorganic board; performing inkjet coating on ths surface of the base-coated inorganic board; and performing clear coating on the surface of the inkjet-coated inorganic board, wherein the inkjet coating is performed by applying a UV-curable ink and curing the UV-curable ink through irradiation of UV rays; and clear coating is performed by applying a clear coating material containing 0.1 to 10.0 wt%, on solids basis, of a light stabilizer and/or ultraviolet absorbent.8. The method of producing a building beard according to claim 7, wherein a dye-based ink is used as the UV-curable ink.Sg. The method of producing a building board according to claim 7, wherein a pigment-based ink is used as the UV-curable ink.10. The method of producing a building beard according to claim 7, wherein a dye-based ink and a pigment-based ink are used as the UV¥-curable ink.11. The method of producing a building board according to claim 7, wherein the light stabilizer is a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, and the ultraviolet absorbent is at least either organic- or inerganic-based.12. The method of producing a building board according to claim 7, wherein at least any from among an acrylic silicone resin, a £fluororssin and an inorganic material is used as the clear coating material.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG2011066230A SG188681A1 (en) | 2011-09-14 | 2011-09-14 | Building board and building production method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG2011066230A SG188681A1 (en) | 2011-09-14 | 2011-09-14 | Building board and building production method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SG188681A1 true SG188681A1 (en) | 2013-04-30 |
Family
ID=48700030
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG2011066230A SG188681A1 (en) | 2011-09-14 | 2011-09-14 | Building board and building production method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| SG (1) | SG188681A1 (en) |
-
2011
- 2011-09-14 SG SG2011066230A patent/SG188681A1/en unknown
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