SG185109A1 - Pest control material - Google Patents
Pest control material Download PDFInfo
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- SG185109A1 SG185109A1 SG2012080438A SG2012080438A SG185109A1 SG 185109 A1 SG185109 A1 SG 185109A1 SG 2012080438 A SG2012080438 A SG 2012080438A SG 2012080438 A SG2012080438 A SG 2012080438A SG 185109 A1 SG185109 A1 SG 185109A1
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- Singapore
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- pest control
- control material
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- QQODLKZGRKWIFG-QSFXBCCZSA-N cyfluthrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](C=C(Cl)Cl)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H](C#N)C1=CC=C(F)C(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 QQODLKZGRKWIFG-QSFXBCCZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-UNOMPAQXSA-N cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-UNOMPAQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cypermethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVQDKIWDGQRHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyromazine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(NC2CC2)=N1 LVQDKIWDGQRHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950000775 cyromazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002781 deodorant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 description 1
- 229910001649 dickite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940019503 diflubenzuron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- NYPJDWWKZLNGGM-RPWUZVMVSA-N esfenvalerate Chemical compound C=1C([C@@H](C#N)OC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)C)C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 NYPJDWWKZLNGGM-RPWUZVMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- YREQHYQNNWYQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N etofenprox Chemical compound C1=CC(OCC)=CC=C1C(C)(C)COCC1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YREQHYQNNWYQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- HJUFTIJOISQSKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenoxycarb Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCNC(=O)OCC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 HJUFTIJOISQSKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XQUXKZZNEFRCAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenpropathrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C)(C)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 XQUXKZZNEFRCAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- YOWNVPAUWYHLQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluazuron Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(F)=C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(OC=2C(=CC(=CN=2)C(F)(F)F)Cl)=C1 YOWNVPAUWYHLQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950006719 fluazuron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GBIHOLCMZGAKNG-CGAIIQECSA-N flucythrinate Chemical compound O=C([C@@H](C(C)C)C=1C=CC(OC(F)F)=CC=1)OC(C#N)C(C=1)=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 GBIHOLCMZGAKNG-CGAIIQECSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYLHNOVXKPXDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N flufenoxuron Chemical compound C=1C=C(NC(=O)NC(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2F)F)C(F)=CC=1OC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl RYLHNOVXKPXDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N gamma-cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WIFXJBMOTMKRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N halfenprox Chemical compound C=1C=C(OC(F)(F)Br)C=CC=1C(C)(C)COCC(C=1)=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 WIFXJBMOTMKRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- RGNPBRKPHBKNKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexaflumuron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(F)F)=C(Cl)C=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F RGNPBRKPHBKNKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VPRAQYXPZIFIOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N imiprothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(C)C)C1C(=O)OCN1C(=O)N(CC#C)CC1=O VPRAQYXPZIFIOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005910 lambda-Cyhalothrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000521 lufenuron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PWPJGUXAGUPAHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lufenuron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(C(F)(F)F)F)=CC(Cl)=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F PWPJGUXAGUPAHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YNKFZRGTXAPYFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[[2-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(F)=C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1Cl YNKFZRGTXAPYFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTYGAJLZOJPJGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N noviflumuron Chemical compound FC1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(C(F)(F)F)F)=C(Cl)C=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F YTYGAJLZOJPJGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008048 phenylpyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- SMKRKQBMYOFFMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N prallethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(C)C)C1C(=O)OC1C(C)=C(CC#C)C(=O)C1 SMKRKQBMYOFFMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJFUPGQZSXIULQ-XIGJTORUSA-N pyrethrin II Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](/C=C(\C)C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1 VJFUPGQZSXIULQ-XIGJTORUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070846 pyrethrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- VEMKTZHHVJILDY-FIWHBWSRSA-N resmethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(C)C)C1C(=O)OCC1=COC(CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 VEMKTZHHVJILDY-FIWHBWSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000011685 response to pyrethroid Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000275 saponite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HPYNBECUCCGGPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silafluofen Chemical compound C1=CC(OCC)=CC=C1[Si](C)(C)CCCC1=CC=C(F)C(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 HPYNBECUCCGGPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021647 smectite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- MVKYQJHRHHQPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N synepirin 500 Chemical compound C1CC2(C)C3C(=O)N(CC(CC)CCCC)C(=O)C3C1(C(C)C)C=C2 MVKYQJHRHHQPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005936 tau-Fluvalinate Substances 0.000 description 1
- INISTDXBRIBGOC-XMMISQBUSA-N tau-fluvalinate Chemical compound N([C@H](C(C)C)C(=O)OC(C#N)C=1C=C(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl INISTDXBRIBGOC-XMMISQBUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJDWRQLODFKPEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N teflubenzuron Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(F)=C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=CC(Cl)=C(F)C(Cl)=C1F CJDWRQLODFKPEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005199 tetramethrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWSCPYYRJXKUDB-KAKFPZCNSA-N tralomethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](C(Br)C(Br)(Br)Br)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YWSCPYYRJXKUDB-KAKFPZCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CSC1=NC(C(C)(C)C)=NN1C(=O)N(C)C NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflumuron Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000005943 zeta-Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed is a pest control material having a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator held on a carrier.
Description
PEST CONTROL MATERIAL
The present invention relates to a pest control material for controlling pests.
A pest control material having a pest control component held on a carrier such as a thermoplastic resin and the like is shown in a patent document 1. A net-shaped pest control material made with a resin composition containing a pest control component is shown in a patent document 2. }
Patent document 1: JP-A-H11-21206
Patent document 2: JP-A-2008-13508
Disclosure of Invention (Problem to be Solved by the Invention)
The present invention has an object of providing a pest control material manifesting an excellent controlling effect on pests. (Means for solving the Problem)
The present invention is a pest control material having a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator held on a carrier.
That is, the present invention includes the following inventions.
[1] A pest control material having a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator held on a carrier.
[2] The pest control material according to [1] wherein the carrier is a resin.
[3] The pest control material according to [1] or [2], in the configuration of a net.
[4] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [3], in the configuration of a mosquito net.
[5] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [4], wherein the pyrethroid compound and/or the insect growth regulator is mixed in the carrier.
[6] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [5], wherein the pyrethroid compound and/or the insect growth regulator is coated on the surface of the carrier.
[7] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [6], wherein the pyrethroid compound is permethrin.
[8] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [7], wherein the insect growth regulator is pyriproxyfen.
[9] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [7], wherein the insect growth regulator is methoprene.
[10] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [9], wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:20 to 20:1.
[11] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [9], wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:5 to 5:1.
[12] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [9], wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:2 to 2:1.
[13] The pest control material according to any one of
[1] to [12], further comprising a synergist. (Effect of the Invention)
The present invention 1s capable of manifesting an excellent pest controlling effect.
Fig 1 is a partial view of a pest control material of the present invention having a knitted net configuration.
Fig 2 is a partial view of a pest control material of the present invention having a woven net configuration.
1: string 3: mesh
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
The pest control material of the present invention has a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator held : on a carrier. (1) Carrier (s)
It is preferable to use a resin. Fibrous material ~ such as natural fiber, glass fiber and the like may also be used. Examples of the natural fiber include pulp, cellulose, cotton, wool and the like.
As the resin, thermoplastic resins are preferable.
Polyolefin resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyvinyl chloride and the like can be used as the thermoplastic resin.
As the thermoplastic resin, polyolefin resins are preferable. As the polyolefin resin, the following compounds are preferable. (i) Homopolymers of «a-olefins: e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene and the like. (ii) Ethylene-a-olefin copolymers: e.g., ethylene- | propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene-1 copolymer, ethylene-
4-methyl-l-pentene copolymer, ethylene-hexene copolymer and the like. (111) Copolymers of ethylene with an organic carboxylic acid derivative having an ethylenically 5 ‘unsaturated bond: e.g., ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene- acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the like. (2) Pyrethroid compound (s) and insect growth regulator (s) (2-1) Pyrethroid compound
Examples of the pyrethroid compound include acrinathrin, allethrin, d-allethrin, dd-allethrin, beta- cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, dimefluthrin, empenthrin, deltamethrin, terarethrin, tefluthrin, esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flufenoprox, flumethrin, fluvalinate, profluthrin, hal fenprox, imiprothrin, permethrin, benfluthrin, prallethrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin, d-resmethrin, sigma- cypermethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, tetramethrin, d-tetramethrin, phenothrin, d- phenothrin, cyphenothrin, alpha-cypermethrin, sialpha- cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma- cyhalothrin, furamethrin, tau-fluvalinate, metofluthrin, natural pyrethrin and the like.
0
As the pyrethroid compound(s), permethrin, deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin is preferable.
These pyrethroid compounds can be used singly or in combination of two or more. In some of the above-described compounds, optical isomers, steric isomers, geometric isomer and the like are present, and the pyrethroid compound of the present invention includes active isomers and mixtures thereof. (2-2) Insect growth regulator
The insect growth regulator includes, specifically, juvenile hormone analogs and chitin synthesis inhibitors.
Examples of the juvenile hormone analogs include pyriproxyfen, methoprene, hydroprene, fenoxycarb and the like. : Examples of the chitin synthesis inhibitor include ethoxazole, chlorfluazuron, fluazuron, triazuron, novaluron, hexaflumuron, diflubenzuron, cyromazine, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, flucycloxuron, hydroprene, lufenuron, noviflumuron, bistrifluron and the like. (3) Forms
For example, the following forms are specifically mentioned. (3-1) A pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator are mixed in a carrier. (3-2) A pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator are coated on the surface of a carrier. (3-3) A pyrethroid compound is mixed in a carrier, and an insect growth regulator is coated on the surface of a carrier. (3-4) A pyrethroid compound is coated on the surface of a carrier, and an insect growth regulator is mixed in a carrier.
The compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:10000 to 1000:1, preferably 1:1000 to 100:1. Further, the compounding ratios of specific components are as shown below. permethrin to pyriproxyfen = 1:100 to 100:1 deltamethrin to pyriproxyfen = 1:1000 to 20:1 alpha-cypermethrin to pyriproxyfen = 1:1000 to 20:1 permethrin to methoprene = 1:100 to 100:1 deltamethrin to methoprene = 1:1000 to 20:1 alpha-cypermethrin to methoprene = 1:1000 to 20:1
More preferably, the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:20 to 20:1, further preferably 1:10 to 10:1, further more preferably 1:5 to 5:1, especially preferably 1:2 to 2:1. (4) Production Method (s)
The pest control material of the present invention can : be produced, for example, as described in the following method (i), (ii), or (iii). In (i) to (iii), cases of using a thermoplastic resin as a carrier are described. (1) A thermoplastic resin, a pyrethroid compound, an insect growth regulator and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt-kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition.
A pest control material is thus obtained. (ii) A thermoplastic resin, one of a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator, and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt-kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition. Then, the other of a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator is coated on the surface of the resin body. A pest control material is thus obtained. (iii) A thermoplastic resin and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt-kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition.
Then, a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator are coated on the surface of the resin body. A pest control material is thus obtained.
In the above-described methods (i) to (iii), a resin body can be formed for example by melt-molding a resin composition, however, the resin body may also be formed by other molding methods. As the molding method, methods usually used in resin molding processing can be used, and examples thereof include extrusion molding, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, powder molding, press molding and the like.
The method of coating a pyrethroid compound and /or an insect growth regulator on the surface of a carrier includes, for example, methods in which these components are used as they are or dissolved in a solvent such as an alcohol and the like and the resultant solution is used, for an immersion treatment, spray treatment or coating treatment of the resin body.
It is also possible that at least one of a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator is supported on an auxiliary carrier, then, this is melt-kneaded with a thermoplastic resin to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition. The above-described auxiliary carrier includes silica type compounds, zeolites, clay minerals, metal oxides, micas, hydrotalcites, organic carriers and the like. The silica type compound includes amorphous silica and crystalline silica, and examples thereof include powder silicic acid, fine powder silicic acid, acid clay, diatomaceous earth, quartz, white carbon and the like. ‘The zeolites include A-type zeolite, mordenite and the like, the clay mineral includes montmorillonite, saponite, beidellite, bentonite, kaolinite, halloysite, nacrite, dickite, anauxite, illite, sericite and the like, the metal oxide includes zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide and the like, the micas include mica, vermiculite and the like, the hydrotalcites include hydrotalcite, smectite and the like, and the organic carrier includes coals (charcoal, peat, grass peat and the like), polymer beads (microcrystalline cellulose, polystyrene beads, acrylate beads, methacrylate beads, polyvinyl alcohol beads and the like), and cross-linked polymer beads thereof, and the like. Additionally, pearlite, gypsum, ceramic, volcanic rock and the like can be used. As the above-described auxiliary «carrier, amorphous inorganic carriers are preferable, amorphous silica is further preferable.
The pest control material of the present invention may contain compounding agents as listed below: synergists; insecticides such as neonicotinoids, carbamates, organophosphorates, phenylpyrazoles and the like; repellents; antioxidants; fungicides; antibacterial agents; pigments; aromatic substances; deodorant agents; spreading agents; ultraviolet absorbers; light stabilizers;
lubricants; antiblocking agents; antistatic agents; surfactants; fillers; flame retardants; plasticizers; antirustic agents; and the like.
In the case of use of a synergist as the above- described compounding agent, the pest control material of the present invention can be produced, for example, as described in the following method (i), (ii), or (iii). In (i) to (iii), cases of using a thermoplastic resin as a carrier are described. (i) A thermoplastic resin, a pyrethroid compound, an insect growth regulator, a synergist, and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt- kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition. A pest control material is thus obtained. (ii) A thermoplastic resin, at least one component selected from the group consisting of a pyrethroid compound, insect growth requlator and synergist, and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt- kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition. Then, the other components not selected in the above-described group are coated on the surface of the resin body. A pest control material is thus obtained. (iii) A thermoplastic resin and any compounding agents are stirred to mix, the resultant mixture is melt-kneaded to obtain a resin composition, and a resin body of a given configuration is obtained by using this resin composition.
Then, a pyrethroid compound, an insect growth regulator and a synergist are coated on the surface of the resin body. A pest control material is thus obtained.
Examples of the synergist include the following compounds. a-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2- propyltoluene [piperonyl butoxide (PBO)]
N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1-isopropyl-4- methylbicyclo(2,2,2)oct-5-ene-2, 3-dicarboxyimide [Synepirin 500]
Butyl stearate
Bis-(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether [S-421]
N-(2-ethylhexyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2, 3- dicarboxyimide [MGK264]
The compounding amounts of components in the pest control material of the present invention include, preferably, 30 to 99 wt% of a thermoplastic resin, 0.01 to 50 wt% of a pyrethroid compound and 0.001 to 50 wt% of an insect growth regulator, more preferably, 50 to 99 wt% of a thermoplastic resin, 0.1 to 25 wt% of a pyrethroid compound, and 0.01 to 25 wt% of an insect growth regulator.
Further, when a synergist is contained, the compounding amounts of components in the pest control material of the present invention include, preferably, 30 to 99 wt% of a thermoplastic resin, 0.01 to 50 wt% of a pyrethroid compound, 0.001 to 50 wt% of an insect growth regulator, and 0.01 to 50 wt% of a synergist, more preferably, 50 to 99 wt% of a thermoplastic resin, 0.1 to 25 wt% of a pyrethroid compound, 0.01 to 25 wt% of an insect growth regulator, and 0.1 to 25 wt#% of a synergist. (5) Configuration
The pest control material of the present invention has preferably a configuration of a net. This net can be formed by knitting or weaving a string obtained by spinning the resin composition in the above-described methods (i) to (iii), so as to form a lot of meshes. The above-described net has a knitted structure when formed by knitting, and has a woven structure when formed by weaving. Fig. 1 shows one example of a knitted structure net formed by knitting a string 1, so as to form a lot of meshes 3, and Fig. 2 shows one example of a woven structure net formed by weaving a string 1, so as to form a lot of meshes 3. It is preferable that this net has a knitted structure.
The size of the mesh 3 is appropriately set depending on the body length of a pest as a control subject, and it is preferable that the size is so adjusted that the pest gets into touch with the net in trying to pass through the net. In general, the size of the mesh 3 (hole size) is 1 to 5 mm, preferably 2 to 4 mm. -
It is preferable that the string 1 is a monofilament having a given thickness. By this, a knitting work or weaving work becomes easy. In this case, “given thickness” means a thickness capable of maintaining the strength as a pest control material. In general, when the string 1 is a monofilament, it is preferable to use a monofilament of 50 to 350 deniers.
The string 1 may also be a multifilament having a given thickness.
In the above-described net, a coming pest gets into touch with the string 1 when trying to pass through the mesh 3. Thus, the insect is controlled without fail.
Examples of those having a configuration of a net include a mosquito net, net window, insect screen and the like, and particularly, the configuration of a mosquito net is preferable.
Further, the configuration of the pest control material of the present invention includes distribution materials such as a film, sheet, paper, wallpaper, cloth, curtain, floor material, packing material, hose, tape, tube, pipe, bag, tent-turf, store curtain, electric wire, cable, sheath, string, synthetic fiber thread, rope, filter, shoe, bag, clothes, electronic device, electric device, home electric appliance, sport good, office equipment, vehicle equipment, transport machine, container, case, and the like; those used in house articles and components for house; pet supplies such as a dog house, mat, sheet, collar, tags and the like; etc., and these are used as an insect- proof product for human; pets such as dog, cat, bird and the like; domestic animals such as cow, pig, sheep, bird and the like; etc. Films and sheets can be further processed into a molded body of a desired shape by vacuum molding and the like. (6) Effect (s)
With the pest control material of the present invention, pests such as, for example, harmful insects, : harmful mites and the like can be controlled. Examples of such pests include, specifically, the following organisms.
Mosquitoes of genus Anopheles: An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. melas, An. minimus, An. dirus,
An. stephensi, An. sinensis, An. anthropophagus, and the like.
Mosquitoes of genus Culex: Cx. pipiens pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. pipiens ff. molestus, Cx. restuans, Cx. tarsalis, Cx. modestus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and the like.
Mosquitoes of genus Aedes: Aedes aegypti, = Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. vexans, and the like.
Horse-flies (Tabanidae), flies (Muscidae), black-flies (Simuliidae), sand-flies (Phlebotominae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), tsetse-flies (Glossinidae), chironomids (Chironomidae), fleas (Siphonaptera), sucking-lice (Anoplura), bedbugs (Cimicidae), triatomine bugs (Triatominae), ants (Formicidae), termites (Termitidae), cockroaches (Blattaria), mites, ticks and the like.
When a pest gets into tough with the pest control material of the present invention, pest controlling effects as described below are specifically manifested. (1) Blood-sucking by a pest can be prevented. (2) A pest can be sterilized. (3) Egg hatching of a pest can be inhibited. (4) Blood-sucking of second or later times by a pest can be inhibited. (5) The longevity of a pest can be shortened. (6) The population density of a pest can be decreases by the above-described effects. (7) Transmission of pathogens to men and animals can be prevented by the above-described blood-sucking inhibiting effect. (8) When a pest transmits an infectious disease, the infectious disease transmitting ability of a pest can be "significantly decreased by the above-described effect.
Thus, when the pest control material of the present invention is used in the entire area of a given region, infectious diseases in this region can be eliminated. (9) The above-described effect is excellent also on pests having a kdr and/or metabolic pyrethroid-resistance. (10) Not only human infectious diseases, but also domestic animal infectious diseases can be controlled. (EXAMPLES)
Examples of the pest control material of the present invention will be illustrated below. The present invention is not limited to these examples. [Example 1] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of permethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder Al. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder Al so that the amount of the powder Al was 27.4 parts by weight with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net Al. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100.
Then, the net Al was immersed in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of pyriproxyfen for 1 hour, taken out, and air- dried for 24 hours. : [Example 2] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of ‘permethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder Al. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder Al so that the amount of the powder Al is 27.4 parts by weight with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net Bl. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100. [Example 3]
From polyethylene, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net Cl. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of permethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of pyriproxyfen, and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid Al.
Then, the spray liquid Al is sprayed on the net Cl, and this is air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 4]
From polyester, multifilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 260°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net D1. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of permethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of pyriproxyfen, and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid Al.
Then, the spray liquid Al is sprayed on the net D1, and this is air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 5] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder Hl. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder Hl so that the amount of the powder Hl is 17.4 parts by weight with respect to 72 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder. ~ Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net HI. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net Hl is immersed in a 0.1% w/v isopropanol solution of permethrin for 1 hour, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 6] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of a pyrethroid compound selected from the group consisting of permethrin, deltamethrin, and alpha- cypermethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A2. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder A2 so that the : amount of the powder A2 is 27.4 parts by weight with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master
C22 batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. oo Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net A2. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net A2 is immersed in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of methoprene, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 7] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of a pyrethroid compound selected from the group consisting of permethrin, ‘deltamethrin and alpha- cypermethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A2. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder A2 so that the amount of the powder A2 is 27.4 parts by weight with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, methoprene melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is gut ruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net B2. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100. [Example 8]
From polyethylene, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net C2. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of a pyrethroid compound selected from the group consisting of permethrin, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of methoprene, and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid A2.
Then, the spray liquid A2 is sprayed on the net C2, and this is air-dried for 24 hours. oo
[Example 9]
From polyester, multifilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 260°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net D2. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of a pyrethroid compound selected from the group consisting of permethrin, ‘deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of methoprene, and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid AZ.
Then, the spray liquid A2 is sprayed on the net D2, snd this is air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 10] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 7, 0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder H2.
To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder H2 so that the amount of the powder is 17.4 parts by weight with respect to 72 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net H2. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm’? is 100.
Then, the net H2 is immersed for 1 hour in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of a pyrethroid compound selected from the group consisting of permethrin, deltamethrin and alpha- cypermethrin, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 11] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A3.
To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder A3 so that the amount of the powder A3 is 27.4 parts by welght with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, the melt-
kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net A3. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net A3 1s immersed in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of pyriproxyfen for 1 hour, taken out, and air- dried for 24 hours. [Example 12] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 10.0 parts by weight of deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A3.
To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder A3 so that the amount of the powder A3 was 27.4 parts by weight with respect to 62 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net B3. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100. [Example 13]
From polyethylene, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net C3. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of pyriproxyfen, and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid A3.
Then, the spray liquid A3 is sprayed on the net C3, and this is air-dried for 24 hours.
[Example 14]
From polyester, multifilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 260°C. Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net D3. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm® is 100.
Separately, 5.0 parts by weight of deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of pyriproxyfen and 3.0 parts by weight of propylene glycol are dissolved in 87.0 parts by weight of an alcohol, to obtain spray liquid
A3.
Then, the spray liquid A3 is sprayed on the net D3, and this is air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 15] 10.0 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 7.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.4 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder H3. To polyethylene melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder H3 so that the amount of the powder H3 is 17.4 parts by weight with respect to 72 parts by weight of the polyethylene and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 20.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 80.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net H3. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net H3 is immersed for 1 hour in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 16] 7.0 parts by weight of permethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A4. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder A4 so that the amount of the powder A4 is 12.3 parts by weight with respect to 87.7 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net EI. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net El is immersed for 1 hour in a 0.1% w/v alcohol solution of pyriproxyfen, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 17] 7.0 parts by weight of permethrin, 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder A4. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A4 so that the amount of the powder A4 was 12.3 parts by weight with respect to 84.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was
31° kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 3.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net Fl. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Example 18] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT are stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder H4. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and "20 ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder is added the powder H4 so that the amount of the powder H4 is 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 91.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture is kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C is added in an amount of 3.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture is kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material is extruded through a die into a strand which is then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene are stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments are spun at a processing temperature of 240°C.
Then, the resultant resin strings are knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net H4. The size of the mesh is so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? is 100.
Then, the net H4 is immersed in a 0.1% w/v isopropanol solution of permethrin for 1 hour, taken out, and air-dried for 24 hours. [Example 19] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A5 so that the amount of the powder AS was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 84.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was kneaded, further, a mixture at 2:1 of permethrin and pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 10.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net F2. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Example 20] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A5 so that the amount of the powder A5 was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 87.7 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of
BY polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and - the mixture was kneaded, further, a mixture at 1:1 of permethrin and pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 7.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net F3. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Example 21] : 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A5 so that the amount of the powder AS was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 84.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was kneaded, further, a mixture at 1:1 of permethrin and pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 10.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through-a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, . then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net F4. The size "of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Example 22] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A5 so that the amount of the powder A5 was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 84.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was kneaded, further, a mixture at 1:2 of permethrin and pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 10.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net F5. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Example 23] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder AS5 so that the amount of the powder A5 was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 87.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and “the mixture was kneaded, further, a mixture at 2:1 of permethrin and pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 7.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt- kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net F6. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Comparative Example 1] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder AS. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder A5 so that the amount of the powder AS5 was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 87.7 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was kneaded, further, permethrin melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 7.0 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted so as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net Gl. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm? was 100. [Comparative Example 2] 5.0 parts by weight of zinc stearate and 0.3 parts by weight of BHT were stirred to mix by a super mixer to obtain a powder H4. To a mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer melted at 150°C in a single screw extruder was added the powder H4 so that the amount of the powder HA was 5.3 parts by weight with respect to 84.2 parts by weight of the mixture at 3:2 of polyethylene and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer and the mixture was kneaded, further, pyriproxyfen melted by heating at 55°C was added in an amount of 10.5 parts by weight by using an infusion pump and the mixture was kneaded, and the melt-kneaded material was extruded through a die into a strand which was then cooled with water, then, cut by a pelletizer, to obtain master batch pellets in the shape of a cylinder.
Next, 30.0 parts by weight of the resultant master batch pellets and 70.0 parts by weight of polyethylene were stirred to mix. Next, from the resultant mixture, monofilaments were spun at a processing temperature of 240°C. Then, the resultant resin strings were knitted SO as to form a lot of meshes, fabricating a net G2. The size of the mesh was so set that the number of holes per 6.45 cm’ was 100. [Test Example 1]
From the pest control materials having a configuration of a net in Examples 19, 21, and 22 and Comparative
Examples 1 and 2, pieces of 25 cm x 25 cm were cut as test samples. Each of pieces was put in a glass bottle of 900 ml and active ingredients on the surface of which was washed away with 500 ml of acetone. And then, each of pieces was kept at 30°C for one day and exposed to females of Anopheles albimanus for three minutes according to the standard WHO cone method disclosed in the following reference literature. After exposure, Anopheles albimanus were put in an observation plastic-cup of 200 ml and the knock down individual number after sixty minutes was measured. Mosquitoes which were unable to stand up were judged as "knocked down". The results are as shown in
Table 1. (Reference Literature)
WHOPES (2005), Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets,
WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.11 Geneva, WHO. (Table 1)
Number of |. females (%) Knockdown tested
Example 19
Example 21
Example 22 | 40 [ 95
Comparative
Comparative 39
Example 2
As described . above, the pest control material of the present invention showed an excellent pest controlling effect.
The pest control material of the present invention has an excellent controlling effect on pests, thus, it has a significant industrial utility value.
Claims (13)
1. A pest control material having a pyrethroid compound and an insect growth regulator held on a carrier.
2. The pest control material according to Claim 1 wherein the carrier is a resin.
3. The pest control material according to Claim 1 or 2, in the configuration of a net.
4. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, in the configuration of a mosquito net.
5. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the pyrethroid compound and/or the insect growth regulator is mixed in the carrier.
6. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the pyrethroid compound and/or the insect growth regulator is coated on the surface of the carrier.
7. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the pyrethroid compound is permethrin.
8. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the insect growth regulator is pyriproxyfen.
9. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the insect growth regulator is methoprene.
10. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:20 to 20:1.
11. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:5 to
5:1. : oo
12. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the compounding ratio of a pyrethroid compound to an insect growth regulator is 1:2 to
2:1. :
13. The pest control material according to any one of Claims 1 to 12, further comprising a synergist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010115308 | 2010-05-19 | ||
| PCT/JP2011/061467 WO2011145667A1 (en) | 2010-05-19 | 2011-05-12 | Pest control material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SG185109A1 true SG185109A1 (en) | 2012-12-28 |
Family
ID=44991760
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG2012080438A SG185109A1 (en) | 2010-05-19 | 2011-05-12 | Pest control material |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (2) | JP2012001533A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN102883611B (en) |
| AP (1) | AP3632A (en) |
| SG (1) | SG185109A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011145667A1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| MX351108B (en) | 2012-04-19 | 2017-10-02 | Univ Florida | Dual action lethal containers and compositions for killing adult mosquitos and larvae. |
| WO2014086666A1 (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-12 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Method to produce an insecticide-containing fabric |
| JP5571265B1 (en) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-08-13 | 大日本除蟲菊株式会社 | Scented insect repellent, scented insect repellent, and method for producing scented insect repellent |
| US9775335B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2017-10-03 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Durable coating-embedded pesticides with peel and stick mosquito treatment of containers |
| EP2967020B1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2021-06-30 | University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Mosquito control devices using durable coating-embedded pesticides |
| JP6119009B2 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2017-04-26 | 平岡織染株式会社 | Industrial material sheet |
| CN103444691A (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2013-12-18 | 山东鲁普科技有限公司 | Mosquito and insect repellent rope net and production method thereof |
| JP6578745B2 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2019-09-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | Resin formulation for pest control that lives in water |
| CN104969997A (en) * | 2015-06-05 | 2015-10-14 | 陈东霖 | Disinfestation mat and applications thereof |
| WO2017051841A1 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | 住友化学株式会社 | Insect pest control material |
| WO2017051840A1 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | 住友化学株式会社 | Resin composition including insecticidal component |
| JP6698449B2 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2020-05-27 | イノベイティブ・ベクター・コントロール・コンソーティアムＩｎｎｏｖａｔｉｖｅ Ｖｅｃｔｏｒ Ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ Ｃｏｎｓｏｒｔｉｕｍ | Multifilaments and textile products containing insecticidal ingredients |
| CN105532714A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-05-04 | 浙江新安化工集团股份有限公司 | Safe, environment-friendly and efficient insecticidal composition and use thereof |
| CN105325449A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-02-17 | 济南舜昊生物科技有限公司 | Ultra-low volume spray containing methoprene and transfluthrin and application |
| CN105532715A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-05-04 | 济南舜昊生物科技有限公司 | Composition containing methoprene and application thereof |
| US11026424B2 (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2021-06-08 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Texturized insecticidal formulation |
| IL254439A0 (en) * | 2017-09-07 | 2017-11-30 | Rivulis Plastro Ltd | Pest repelling drip irrigation pipe |
| US12077886B2 (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2024-09-03 | North Carolina State University | Insect barrier textile liner system |
| CN114513953A (en) * | 2019-10-07 | 2022-05-17 | 可乐丽贸易株式会社 | Insect-proof cover |
| CN116918827A (en) * | 2023-07-26 | 2023-10-24 | 常州胜杰生命科技股份有限公司 | Long-acting flea insecticidal aerosol formula containing S-methoprene and permethrin |
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| JP2615729B2 (en) * | 1987-12-25 | 1997-06-04 | 住友化学工業株式会社 | Insecticidal composition |
| JP3016155B2 (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 2000-03-06 | アース製薬株式会社 | Pest control method in septic tank |
| WO1994022299A1 (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-13 | Zeneca Limited | Insecticidal compositions |
| US5632999A (en) * | 1993-08-18 | 1997-05-27 | Virbac, Inc. | Sustained release pyriproxifen compositions for parasite control |
| AU715843B2 (en) * | 1994-11-28 | 2000-02-10 | Laboratoires Virbac | Residual control of parasites by long-acting shampoo formulations |
| JP3735953B2 (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 2006-01-18 | 住友化学株式会社 | Pest control method |
| NZ286944A (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 1998-08-26 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Resin composition containing a biocide and a vapourisable plasticiser; shaped forms |
| US5705175A (en) * | 1996-02-29 | 1998-01-06 | Pennzoil Products Company | Non-aqueous controlled release insect repellent and insecticide gels |
| JP4448595B2 (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2010-04-14 | 住友化学株式会社 | Resin composition and molded body |
| CN1863457A (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2006-11-15 | 哈茨山公司 | High concentration topical insecticides containing pyrethroids |
| US20050132500A1 (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Composition for impregnation of fibers, fabrics and nettings imparting a protective activity against pests |
| WO2007143298A2 (en) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-12-13 | Summit Vetpharm, Llc | High concentration topical insecticides containing pyrethroids |
| ES2381900T3 (en) * | 2007-06-12 | 2012-06-01 | Basf Se | Aqueous formulation and impregnation procedure of inert materials to impart a protective activity against pests |
| JP2010057476A (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-03-18 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | Insect pest controlling net |
| JP5258115B2 (en) * | 2009-12-24 | 2013-08-07 | 住化ライフテク株式会社 | Insect repellent resin composition and sustained-release insect repellent molded article obtained therefrom |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JP2012001533A (en) | 2012-01-05 |
| WO2011145667A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
| AP3632A (en) | 2016-03-08 |
| JP2016025862A (en) | 2016-02-12 |
| AP2012006605A0 (en) | 2012-12-31 |
| CN102883611B (en) | 2015-01-21 |
| CN102883611A (en) | 2013-01-16 |
| JP6028078B2 (en) | 2016-11-16 |
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